Science 3000 / Chemistry 1 - Particle Theory and States
Transcript of Science 3000 / Chemistry 1 - Particle Theory and States
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Unit 1: Chemistry
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What is Chemistry
• Chemistry: study of matter and energy and
the interactions between them.
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Chemistry is the study of:• Properties of matter – colour,
taste, smell, hardness, reactivity
• What matter is made of –water, iron, nickel, carbon dioxide
• The effect of matter’s composition on its properties: how what something is made of affects its characteristics (foods containing sugar taste sweet; bronze (copper and tin) is harder than just copper)
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I understand chemistry, so what?• The central focus of chemistry is on the way
chemicals interact with one another to form
new materials with new properties. By
studying materials and their properties
scientists hope to make new substances
with better properties for specific needs.
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Where is chemistry?Chemical reactions and their applications
have significant implications for society
and the environment.
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What is matter?
• Matter: Anything that has a mass and volume.
Mass Volume
Mass: a measure of the quantity of
matter in an object (how much of the
object there is).
Units: often measured in grams (g)
or kilograms (kg).
Example: a brick has more mass
than an equal-sized volume of
Styrofoam.
Volume: a measure of how “big” an
object is or how much space a fluid
takes up.
Units: often measured in liters (L) or
millilitres (mL).
Example: A volleyball is larger than
a baseball. My water bottle can hold
a volume of water of 1 L.
Energy is NOT
matter!
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Examples of Matter
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The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the
structure and behaviour of matter (e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).
1) All matter is composed of very tiny objects called particles.
2) All particles have spaces between them.
3) Particles present in matter are always in motion.
4) Particles in a substance attracteach other.
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The Three States of Matter
Matter can exists in
3 states (Phases)
Solid (e.g. Ice
water)
Liquid (e.g. a glass
of water
that you drink)
Gas (e.g. the steam
that comes out of
a kettle when
water is heated)
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The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the
structure and behaviour of matter (e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).
1) All matter is composed of very tiny objects called particles.
-These particles are too small to be seen. Even with a powerful microscope.
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The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the structure and behaviour of matter
(e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).
2) All particles have spaces between them.
-Particles of a solid are very close together.
-Particles of a liquid are farther apart than those of a solid.
-Particles of a gas are farther apart than those of a solid and liquid.
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The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the structure and behaviour of
matter (e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).
3) Particles present in matter are always in motion.
Particles of solid are very
close together and vibrate
in a fixed position.
Particles of a liquid stay
close to each other but can
slide past one another.
Particles of a gas are far
apart and move rapidly in
all directions.
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The Particle Theory of Matter• A theory used to describe the structure and behaviour of
matter (e.g. why does water flow faster than maple syrup?).
4) Particles in a substance attract each.
The attraction between the
particles of solid are very
strong.
The attraction between the
particles of a liquid are not
as strong as those of a
solid.
The attractions between
the particles of gases (e.g.
in air) are not very strong.
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Changes of States: Matter can
change states (Phase changes)
• Condensation
• Evaporation
• Melting
• Solidification
• Sublimation
• Deposition
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Change of State
Change From To Heat Removed/Added
Condensation Gas Liquid Removed
Evaporation Liquid Gas Added
Melting Solid Liquid Added
Solidification Liquid Solid Removed
Sublimation Solid Gas Added
Deposition Gas Solid Removed
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Particles and Heat (energy):
adding heat
• Movement: particles of a substance move more quickly
• Attraction between particles: weakens.
• When enough heat is added, the particles of a substance become so agitated that they break free from each other and form a gas.
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Particles and Heat (energy):
Removing heat• Movement: the particles
of a substance move more slowly.
• Attraction between particles: strengthens.
• When enough heat is removed, the particles of a substance get so close together that they form a solid.
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Notebook Questions
1) What happens to the movement of the particles as heat is added? As heat is removed?
2) What happens to the level of the liquid water in the beaker as heat is added (when the temperature reaches 100 C). Why?
3) What happens to the liquid water when the temperature reaches 0 C? Why?
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Three states
of matter
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How do we get from solid to liquid
and from liquid to gas?
Boiling
Point
Melting
Point
Tem
pera
ture
Heat Added
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Melting Point: Temperature at which a solid
turns into a liquid (melts).
Boiling Point: Temperature at
which a liquid turns into a gas
(evaporates).
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• State: gas
• Made of: particles
• Space: A lot (spread out)
• Attraction: Very weak
• Motion: Very fast, all
directions
• State: Liquid
• Made of: particles
• Space: Not as much as a gas (closer)
• Attraction: Weaker than a solid.
• Motion: Slide past one another.
• State: Solid
• Made of: particles
• Space: Very close together
• Attraction: Very strong
• Motion: Slow vibration at fixed position
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Summary Slide: What have we seen
• Matter
• Mass
• Volume
• Particles
• Particle Theory of matter (4 main points)
• Chemistry
• States and change of states
• States and heat (energy)