SCIEl CENsw Suzs SUBSCRIPTION, $6.00VoL. 96, No. 2490 BO Y, 18, -1942 SIGLZ COPIS, .15

"Eyes Right" Has Never Meant So Much To AmericaEVERY job in Production for Victory ealls for

top visual efficiency. Without nsn totime, place or-condition, work must go on. Thismeans that eyes must function unfailingly andunflinchingly-at lathe, bench and on assembIXline, in research and control laboratory, overdrafting board and foundry flask.Upon the shoulders of the nation's eyesight

specialists, skilled by training aEd experence in

the correction of visual defects and conservationof human vision, rests the responsibility of fore-stalling eyestrain as an unconscious saboteur.As a maker of ophthalmic products-the ins -.

ments used in the scientific examination of

human eye, the spectacle lenses, frames and rimlessmountings which these specialists use-Bausch &Lomb has an important part in America's war efort.

In the development and manufacture of actualfighting equipment, such as rangefinders, aerialheight finders, binoculars, aerial map-makingequipment, Bausch & Lomb is serving the ArmedForez directly. At the same tim, Bausch & Lombis providing the metallographic equipment, themicope, spectrographs, contour measuring pro-jectors, optical glass and special-instruments requir-ed'by other manufacturers in filling military needs.The ideals, ability and resources which have

made the name of Bausch & Lomb a symbol ofprecision and scientific integrity for 89 years are

concentrated upon America's job at hand.

BAUSCH & LOMBOPTICAL COMPANY * lSTABLISHED 1853

AN AMERICAN- SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION PRODUCING OPTICAL GLASS AND INSTRUMENTSFOR MILITARY USE, EDUCATION, RESEARCH, ANDUSTRY AND EYES;GHT CORRECTION

goece: pubUshed teekif by The 8cnce Press, Lancaster, PsEntered as secou-ols matter Juili 18, 1988, at the Post Ofs at, Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 8, 1879.

2SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS2490

At +1/soC Under Full LoadConditions

A constancy of ± 1/50 C. and a uniformityof + 7/8° C. under full load conditions

characterizes the performance of the CastlePrecision Incubator No. 554. This is far inexcess of the tolerance of ± 10 C., recom-mended by the American Public Health Asso-ciation.Accurate temperature measurements are pro-

vided with the use of a single thermometer.Because heat is transmitted by interior radi-ation rather than by convection, variationthroughout the chamber is minimized.Any heat lost by opening of the door is

quickly compensated for by the large heat re-serve provided by twenty-two gallons of ac-curately controlled warm water.The Model No. 554, illustrated, is recom-

mended for milk analysis by the agar platemethod. Other models in varying capacitiesfor various bacteriological applications are alsoavailable. Write-

WILMOT CASTLE COMPANY1212 University Ave.,

Rochester, N. Y.

Klett made ...

Glass Absorption Cells

Fused unde high temperature with acid, alkali and othersolvent resisting cement. Optical flat walls. Many stock siss.

Special requirements made to order.Bole manuetw r in the UnitedStates of fused Ee*ctrophoresis coils

Makers of complete Electrophoresis Apparatus

Klett Manufacturing Co.179 Est S7t Street, New York, New York

We have available for immediatedelivery partly without Priorities:

pH-Meters: Beckman (Lab. and Ind.Model) recondite fullyguaranteed

Leitz (with internal andexternal electrodes)

Colorimeters: Klett, B&L, Leitz (re-condit.)

Ultropak with microscope

Microscope Lamps

Monocular and Binoc. Microscopes f.transm. and reflected light (VerticalIlluminators)

GAMMA INSTRUMENTCOMPANY, INC.

8049 221st St., Queens Village, N. Y.

m

VoL. 96, No. 24902 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

SEPTEMiBE 18, 1942 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

CRYSTALLINE BIOTIN and BIOTIN CONCENTRATES

The following solutions of crystalline biotin and biotin concentratesare supplied for research purposes only.

SMACO Solutions Crystalline Biotin suitable for standard-ization and microbiological assay procedures.

Crystalline Biotin (free acid)1 ml. ampuls-25 micrograms . . $4.00 each

Crystalline Biotin (methyl ester)1 ml. ampuls-25 micrograms. . 3.50 each

SMACo Biotin Concentrates suitable for biological research.

Biotin Concentrate No. 200Standardized to contain 20 micro-grams per ml. of solution. Bottlesof 50m. . . . . . . . $ 5.00each

Biotin Concentrate No. 1000Standardized to contain 100 micro-grams per ml. of solution. Vialsof 5 ml . . .. . 3.75 each

Biotin Concentrate No. 5000Standardized to contain 200 micro-grams jer ml. of solution. Ampuls 10.00 each

We will be pleased to send on request an 8 x 10 glossy print oftypical biotin deficiency in the rat.

Your request for the above print, quotations on larger quantities, or yourorder, will receive our prompt attention.

U5 PAT. 011

S. M. A. CORPORATIONC H A G R I N F A L L O,0 H IAO

3

1-

The A4UTO

.,

U8Ps...q. .a O . Pending

U. L-M 1~ No. 2,15s7,97~ dO Patu Pwm

The TECIIHNICON CO.NEW YORK. -

.. . --- --- --- --- ._--- - 1.

SZPTZMBER 18, 1942SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

On guard against Electrical BlackoutsA blinding flash! A short cir-cuitl The saboteur thinks hiswork is done ... and it would be,but for the giant circuit breakersthat stand guard over America'spower lines.

For, without fast-acting circuitbreakers, a short circuit in a sub-station would melt the powerlines in an instant. Transformersand huge electric generatorswould be damaged or destroyed.Power would be disrupted fordays or weeks. Vital war workwould be brought to a standstill.

Recently, Westinghouse Re-search Engineers developed radi-cally new types of circuit break-ers. Theseimproveddevicesbreakthe circuit in a short power lineat the incredible speed of onetwentieth of a second.Then a problem arose. How

could Westinghouse scientists besure these new circuit breakerswould cut off the power quicklyenough ... in the split secondthat spells the difference be-tween protection and disaster?

SOLUTION: the mammothWestinghouse High Power Labo-ratory where torrents of electricpower . . . equivalent to thesmashing force of 75,000thunder-bolts . . . are made to order.

Here, two 500-ton electric gen-erators build up power of an in-stantaneous value of 2,000,000 kw.

This terrific force is discharg-ed into a new Westinghouseoil circuit breaker, to test itsefficiency in protecting America'spower systems. In a fraction of asecond, the short circuit is blot-ted out . . . with no harmful

effect upon generators or otherelectrical equipment.Outdoorair-blast circuit break-

ers are tested in insulated cells,at 20 degrees below zero. Al-though coated inch-deep in ice,these breakers operate perfectlyunder a flood of power 30 timesgreater than the normal power-line load.Out of the Westinghouse High

Power Laboratoty have comemany improvements in circuitbreakers, giant fuses, and powerswitches . . . guardians of powerlines against enemy sabotage,possible aerial bombing,and acci-dental short circuits.Thus Westinghouse "know

how" helps keep power flowinginto America's mighty war in-dustry upon which our very sur-vival depends.

@'WestinghouseWESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA

BZPTZMBER 18 1942 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 5

6 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

A MAGNETIC SIGNAL-A

for Graphic Recording

The Ten-Millimeter Magnet. One-half the actual size

An unusually versatile instrument forphysiological and other laboratories

The vibrator adjustments control accurately the initial position of thewriting point.

Alternating current from a transformer may be used for recording time inwave form. As supplied, the spring is tuned to 120 d. v./sec. for use with60-cycle current (low voltage).

The vibrator may be caused to operate an enclosed relay, for interruptionof a second circuit of widely optional rating. The make or break of sucha circuit thus records itself at the actual instant of occurrence. Relaybinding-screws are mounted on the side of the casing-main binding-screws, at the end of the rod.

When replacements or repairs are in order, the design of this instrumentenables all operations to be put through inexpensively and with slightloss of time. Every part is interchangeable. The coil has no wired con-nections: it is inserted and removed 'cartridge-wise'.

For the Catalogue, with further details, write

The HARVARD APPARATUS COMPANY, Incorporated

Dover, Massachusetts

a SCIENCE-ADVERTISE, rENTS VOL. 96,. No. 2490

SCIENCEVOL. 90 FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1942 No. 2489

The First Natural History Museum in America: DR. Reports:GE ORGESIMPSON ...................................... 261 The RoyalObservatory,Greenwich

............................276

Cooperation with the Film Industries in the Study of Special Articles:Primitive Music: PROFESSOR CARL E. SEASHORE ...... 263

The Effect of Humidity on Beta StreptococciScientificc Events: (Group C) Atomized into Air: PROFESSOR W. F.WELLS and PETER ZAPPASODI. Isolation of a New

Recent Deaths; The Achievements of Medicine in "Carotenoid" from Bat Liver: DR. CHRISTOPHERSiberia; Aeronautics at the University of Illinois; CARRUTHERS and DR. FRANK URBAN. Mock Domi-Microfilm Photography; The Committee on Conser- nance and Hybrid Vigor: FREDERICK D. RICHEY ...... 277vation Education; The Research Advisory Commit-tee of the National Association of Manufacturers 265 Scientific Apparatus and Laboratory Methods:

A Simple Photoelectric Relay: DR. EARL B. WORK-Scientific Notes and News ..... ............... 268 ING. A New Agar Medium for Drosophila Cul-

ture: PROFESSOR M. T. LEWIS .......... ............... 281Discussion:Modern Vocational Agriculture: DR. H. M. HAM- Science News ......................... 8LIN. Ants as Probable Agents in the Spread ofShigella Infections: SOPHIE DEHLER GRIFFITS.Medical Orthoepy: DR. BRADFORD N. CRAVER. SCIENCE: A Weekly Journal devoted to the Advance-A Seven-Year-Old Bank Swallow: DR. DAYTON ment of Science, edited by J. MCKEEN CATTELL and pub-STONER and LILLIAN C. STONER. A Sting-Ray lished every Friday byAttack on a Man on the Upper Amazon: DR.HARVEY BASSLER ................. 270 THE SCIENCE PRESS

Quotations: Lancaster, PennsylvaniaScience and the Censor ................. 274 Annual Subscription, $6.00 Single Copies, 15 Cts.

SCIENCE Is the official organ of the American Associa-Scientific Books: tion for the Advancement of Science. Information regard-An Etomoogicl Jurne in raba:POFESOR ion membership In the Association may be secured fromAn Entomological Journey in Arabia: PROFESSOR the office of the permanent secretary in the SmithsonianT. D. A. COCKERELL ............... 275 Institution Building, Washington, D. C.

THE FIRST NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM IN AMERICABy Dr. GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

ADMIRATION for superlatives is a human (some saymore particularly an American) trait. For the thou-sands of employees of American natural history mu-

seums and for their millions of visitors the identifica-tion of the first and the oldest institution of this sorthas inevitable fascination. This honor is frequentlyand authoritatively claimed for the Charleston Mu-seum.1 As far as I know, the claim is not currently

1 The claim is included in most of the publications ofthe Charleston Museum and was particularly publicizedby a meeting of the American Association of Museumsin Charleston in 1923 on the occasion of celebrating the"150th anniversary" of the "first museum founded inAmerica.'" The following are among the many historicalpapers and books in which the Charleston Museum is un-qualifiedly accepted as first and oldest in America: P. M.Rea, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Mus., IX, pp. 53-65, 1915; L. M.

made for any other museum. Nevertheless, renewedstudy of the available historical data shows that somefacts have been overlooked and that the previoushonest and able interpretation of others becomesequivocal when provided with more complete back-ground. It is, in fact, most unlikely that the Charles-ton Museum can properly be designated either thefirst or the oldest in America, and the statement re-quires careful reconsideration before it becomes in-eradicably imbedded in the accepted histories of sci-ence.

Bragg, Charleston Mus. Quart., I, pp. 3-13, 1923; C.Schuchert, Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., I, No. 1, pp.9-23, 1926; W. M. Smallwood and M. S. C. Smallwood,"Natural History and the American Mind." 1 vol., 8vo.New York. 1941.