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  • P E A R S O N

    8Investigating

    SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY

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  • P E A R S O N

    8Investigating

    SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY

    Senior Author

    Lionel SandnerScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Lead Coordinator, Pan-Canadian Science Project

    Authors

    Nora AlexanderRosebank Road Public SchoolDurham District School Board

    Mike CarlinVice-PrincipalWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Glen FatkinNorth Surrey Secondary SchoolSurrey School District, BC

    Doug HerridgeGreensborough Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Michael LattnerSpecial Assignment TeacherAlgonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board

    Catherine LittleProgram CoordinatorScience, Environmental and Ecological StudiesToronto District School Board

    Jim WalshInstructor, Science and TechnologyFaculty of Education, University of Ottawa

    Sandy M. WohlInstructor, Curriculum StudiesFaculty of Education, University of British Columbia

    Contributing Authors

    Jay IngramScience JournalistDaily PlanetDiscovery Channel Canada

    Sandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 48Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

    Senior Technology Consultant

    Josef MarthaScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Northern Gateway Public Schools, AB

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  • iv

    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Canadaa division of Pearson Canada Inc.

    All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should beobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the PermissionsDepartment at Pearson Education Canada.

    The information and activities presented in this book have been carefully edited andreviewed. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole orin part, from the readers use of this material.

    Brand names that appear in photographs of products in this textbook are intended toprovide students with a sense of the real-world applications of science and technology andare in no way intended to endorse specific products.

    ISBN-13: 978-0-13-208049-1ISBN-10: 0-13-208049-4

    Printed and bound in Canada

    3 4 5 TC 12 11 10 9 8

    PROJECT MANAGER: Yvonne Van Ruskenveld (Edvantage Press)

    DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Nancy Andraos, Tricia Armstrong, Janis Barr, Susan Girvan,Georgina Montgomery, Rosemary Tanner

    CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Erin Khelouiati, Ken Peck

    COPY EDITORS: Moira Calder, Louise Oborne

    PROOFREADERS: Jennifer Hedges, Christine McPhee, Kari Magnuson

    INDEXER: Jennifer Hedges

    PRODUCTION COORDINATORS: Sharlene Ross, Shonelle Ramserran

    SENIOR MANUFACTURING COORDINATOR: Jane Schell

    DESIGN: Alex Li

    COMPOSITION: Carolyn E. Sebestyen

    ILLUSTRATORS: Kevin Cheng, David Cheung, Crowle Art Group, Jeff Dixon, Jane Whitney

    PHOTO RESEARCHER: Terri Rothman

    PUBLISHER: Reid McAlpine

    MANAGING EDITOR: Cecilia Chan

    RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION MANAGER: Deborah Nelson

    This book was printed using paper containing recycled fibre content.

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  • vProgramMarietta (Mars) BlochDirector, Education ServicesLets Talk Science

    Assessment Derek TottenCurriculum Consultant York Region District School Board

    LiteracySandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4 - 8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

    Catherine CostelloEducation Consultantformerly Curriculum Coordinator, LiteracyYork Region District School Board

    Environmental EducationJane ForbesInstructor, Science and TechnologyOntario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto

    Aboriginal Education

    Darin CorbiereConsultant, Aboriginal EducationToronto District School Board

    Differentiated InstructionKaren HumeStudent Success LeaderDurham District School Board

    NumeracySue ContinelliGrapeview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

    Character EducationDennis CaronSt. Maurice Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

    Leda OstafichukJosyf Cardinal Slipyj Catholic Elementary SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

    Mirella SanwalkaCurriculum ConsultantScience K-12, EnvironmentYork Region District School Board

    Raymond WiersmaLord Elgin Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

    Combined GradesMaureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

    ELL/ESLJane E. SimsEducation Consultantformerly Sir Sandford Fleming AcademyToronto District School Board

    Maureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board

    Safety Peter BlochNorthern Secondary SchoolToronto District School Board

    Expert ReviewersIngrid BajewskyNipissing University

    Randy DumontMcMaster University

    Marina Milner-BolotinRyerson University

    Dr. Nagina ParmarHospital for Sick Children (Toronto)

    Unit ReviewersMarietta AlibrantiBayview Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Chris AtkinsonMath/Science/Technology ConsultantCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    Angela CuleHighview Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

    Consultants and Reviewers

    Acknowledgements

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  • Acknowledgements

    vi

    Anne BradleySt. James the Greater Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    Helen BrownGordon B. Attersley Public SchoolDurham District School Board

    Patricia Cava Sacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board

    Brenda CollinsSt. Jude Catholic SchoolLondon Catholic District School Board

    Joan DEliaRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Chris di TomassoSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    Jessica EgelnickRoyal Orchard Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Jody FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

    Heidi FergusonOur Lady of Sorrows Catholic SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

    Alison FernandesSt. Sebastian Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

    Andy ForgraveHarmony Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

    Donna Forward Sacred Heart Intermediate SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board

    David GillespieRoland Michener Public SchoolDurham District School Board

    Jocelyn HarrisonDixon Grove Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Pat Hogan St. Francis de Sales Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    Bill HrynkiwNottingham Public SchoolDurham District School Board

    Jodie Hancox-Meyer Doon Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

    Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board

    Jessica KotsopoulosYorkhill Elementary SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Heather A. MaceFeatherston Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Audra MorganDonview Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Brian MurrantRegent Park Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Jette PowrieOrchard Park Public SchoolHalton District School Board

    Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Allan SavageJoseph Howe Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board

    Jeffrey SchaefferBlue Willow Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Robert StronachAnnette Street Public SchoolToronto District School Board

    Casey WilsonW.G. Davis Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Susan WilsonSt. Rita Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

    Field-Test TeachersChris AtkinsonSt. Francis Xavier Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    Jody Bonner-VickersJ.W. Walker SchoolRainy River District School Board

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  • Acknowledgements

    vii

    Nizam HussainMilitary Trail Public SchoolToronto District School Board

    Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Matt JohnstonBirch Cliff Public SchoolToronto District School Board

    Kristi Johnston BatesSt. Michael Catholic High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

    Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board

    Irene KicakGlenview Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board

    Heather LanningGeneral Crerar Public SchoolToronto District School Board

    Jeff LauckeRosedale Public SchoolLambton Kent District School Board

    Nicholas LemireHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board

    Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Hugh MacLeanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

    Marjory MassonEarl Beatty Junior and Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board

    Irene McCuaigLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board

    Mary Sue McIntyreMonsignor Michael O'Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

    Brian MurrantVictoria Harbour Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Tom RhindLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board

    Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Phil SandersNorthdale Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

    Rey SandreSt. Mark Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

    Ryan SealeSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    John StarrattMonsignor Michael OLeary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

    Corinna Taverna-RossiKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board

    Stacy van BoxtelSt. Andrews SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

    Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

    Janice WhitonKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board

    Raymond WiersmaChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

    Craig WinslowSt. Martin SchoolNiagara Catholic District School Board

    StudentsThe authors and Pearson Education Canada would like to thank allthe students who participated in focus groups and field tests duringthe development of this book.

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  • Acknowledgements

    viii

    Michele ChomniakAbbey Lane Public SchoolHalton District School Board

    Brenda CollinsSt. Jude SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

    Craig CorbettRolling Meadows Public SchoolHalton District School Board

    Rosalie CrossBlossom Park Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Mary CuylleHillcrest Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Kara DalgleishBellmore Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

    Brett DavisQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

    Ian DawsonRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Veronica DeignanSt. Elizabeth Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

    Sonia DiCola KopichanskiOur Lady of Lourdes SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

    Nadine Dodds CormackW.H. Day Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Seana DonohueNotre Dame High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

    Kristy DuncanLockview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

    Sam FalzoneR.J. Lang Elementary & Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Julia FarewellCamilla Road Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Jodi FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

    Prepublication ReviewersLisa AckmanHighview Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

    Ann-Marie BabineauD.A. Moodie Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Savita BalagopalSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Vijaya BalchandaniNorth Kipling Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Swarnaly Banerjee-ModiTomken Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Janet BartoliniHumber Valley Village Junior SchoolToronto District School Board

    Martin BeswickPrincess Margaret Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

    Shivani BhagriaHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Marlene BilkeyRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Tracy BridgenWestdale Park Public SchoolLimestone District School Board

    Melissa BrownlowEarnscliffe Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Mahlon BryantonBeachburg Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

    Sukwinder BuallElia Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Shayne CampbellKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

    Patricia CavaSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

    Lenny ChiroAmesbury Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

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  • Acknowledgements

    ix

    Heidi FergusonOur Lady of SorrowsRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

    Ian FischerSt. Joseph High SchoolOttawa Catholic School

    Erika Fleming GillespieSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

    Kim FoleyPerth Road Public SchoolLimestone District School Board

    Donna ForwardSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

    Michael Frankfort Public School

    York Region District School Board

    Jeff FraserRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Jennifer FreelandtImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

    Lorraine GaneshFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Sarah GarrettKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

    Krista GauthierRockwood SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

    Fraser GillMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Mike GlazierLondon District Catholic School Board

    Kevin GoodeMinesing Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Shaunna GoodeMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Rob GreenTreeline Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Akaran GuyadinThe Elms Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Deb HearnMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Tara HewittAgnes Hodge Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

    Marc HodgkinsonLorn Avenue Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

    Bryan HonsingerCarleton Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

    Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Wayne IsaacSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

    Krista JarvieHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Brent Johnston W.T. Townsend Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

    Kristi Johnston-BatesSt. Michael High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    Darayus KangaHilltop Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

    Adam KellyGreenbank Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Gita KhannaFisherville Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board

    Deb KiekensEarling Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

    Amy Kilty SchwandtOxbow Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

    Dr. Jean Kisoon-SinghMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board

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    Thornhill Woods

  • Acknowledgements

    x

    Elizabeth MayockHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

    Monica McArthur-JosephErin Centre Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Rob McBeth Baden Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

    Cara McCraeCentennial Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

    Diana McFarland-MundyQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Dave McGaghranRyerson Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

    Mark McKinleyJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board

    Chris McKinnonSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

    Hugh McleanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

    Manish MehtaLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Paul MenicaninWinona Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

    Cindi Mitchell Armadale Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Yvan MoiseSt. Paul High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

    Ginny MonaghanBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Luis MorgadinhoSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Frank MullerBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Brenda KusmenkoFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Helen Laferriere Monsignor J.E. Ronan SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

    Marilyn LajeunesseMonsignor William Gleason Catholic SchoolWaterloo District School Board

    Jean-Benoit LancaImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

    Chris LanisJohn English Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

    Bill LegateBeavercrest Community SchoolBluewater District School Board

    Natalie LeitchJ.D. Hogarth Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

    Andrew LeslieHillcrest Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Steve LogueCheyne Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Lara LosetoWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Andrew LovattSt. Thomas Aquinas High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

    Heather MaceFeatherstone Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Jenn MacKinnonSt. Agnes Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

    Tracey MacMillianHerman Street Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

    Art MacNeilMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Sean MathesonHighland Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board

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  • Acknowledgements

    xi

    Katie MullerGateway Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

    Trevor OrmerodElementary Instructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board

    Johanna PastmaCaistor Central Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

    Steacy PetersenKortright Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

    Jennifer PhillipsHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board

    Elizabeth PiwowarSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Julie PodestaHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

    Georgina PurchaseJack Donahue Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Rena RoSunny View Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Lisa RomeHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Michaeline RowberryBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Ernie SalacJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board

    Shirley SaundersHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board

    Tamara Sayers-PringleHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

    Ericka SchroederSt. Clemens Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

    Manny Sciberras John McCrae Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Clare ShannonEgremont Community SchoolBluewater District School Board

    David Shulman German Mills Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Denise StansfieldSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Trevor StarkesRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Corrina StrongLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Enzo TignanelliSt. Luke Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

    John ToveyNobleton Sr. Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

    Brandon TseLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

    Dana WallaceSir Winston Churchill Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

    Greg WatsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

    Corey WellsBaxter Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

    Deborah WestonLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

    Lisa Weston TourignySir Arthur Carty SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

    Annie WhiteBennetto Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

    Michelle WillsonCourtland Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

    Sandy WilsonHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

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  • xii

    1.0 Chapter Review 32A19 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Reverse Osmosis 33

    Cellular processes sustain living things. 34

    A20 Quick Lab Meeting Basic Needs for Survival 37

    2.1 Unicellular Organisms 38A21 Starting Point What Is Going on in theComposter? 38

    A22 During Reading Visualizing with Combination Notes 39

    A23 Inquiry Activity Observing Unicellular Organisms 41

    Check and Reflect 42

    A24 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Cooking and Freezing 42

    2.2 Multicellular Organisms and CellSpecialization 43A25 Starting Point Specialized Structures to Do Specialized Jobs 43

    A26 Learning Checkpoint Explaining the Size 46

    A27 Inquiry Activity Observing MulticellularOrganisms 47

    A28 Design a Lab Cells and Solutions 48

    Check and Reflect 49

    A29 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Water for Cells 49

    2.3 Plant and Animal Cellular Processes 50A30 Starting Point Yeast in Action 50

    A31 During Reading Visualizing the Cell as a Factory or a City 51

    A32 Quick Lab Modelling Diffusion 53

    Check and Reflect 54

    A33 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Helping Cells, Harming Cells 55

    Science and Technology in Your WorldMicrobiologists at Work 55

    2.0 Chapter Review 56A34 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Protecting Cells in the Environment 57

    Science and Technology Safety Procedures xx

    Exploring Your Textbook Investigating Science and Technology 8 xxiii

    UNITA 2Cells

    A1 Quick Lab One Big Cell 6

    A2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Using an Insecticide 6

    Cells are the basic units of all living things. 8

    A3 Quick Lab Defining Living Things 11

    1.1 Living Things and Cell Theory 12A4 Starting Point Make Your Own Magnifier 12

    A5 During Reading Reading Like a Writer 13

    A6 Quick Lab Care and Use of a Microscope 15

    Check and Reflect 16

    A7 Thinking about Science, Technology, andSociety The Importance of Technology in Science 16

    1.2 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells 17A8 Starting Point Whats the Magnification? 17

    A9 During Reading Using Headings 19

    A10 Quick Lab Building a Cell 21

    A11 Quick Lab Preparing Dry Mount Slides 21

    A12 Quick Lab Preparing Wet Mount Slides 22

    Check and Reflect 23

    A13 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Perfecting Plants 23

    1.3 The Flow of Materials into and ut of Cells 24

    A14 Starting Point Finding Buried Treasure 24

    A15 Learning Checkpoint Build a Mind Map 25

    A16 Inquiry Activity Diffusion Detective 28

    A17 Inquiry Activity Food for Thought 29

    Check and Reflect 30

    A18 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society The Artificial Kidney 30

    Science and Technology in Your WorldSolving the Mystery of Viruses 31

    Contents

    1.0

    2.0

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    Healthy organisms depend on the interaction of healthy cells,tissues, and organs. 58

    A35 Quick Lab Amoeba Race 61

    3.1 From Cells to Tissues to Organs 62A36 Starting Point Your Body Can Heal Itself 62

    A37 Learning Checkpoint Note Taking 64

    A38 Problem-Solving Activity Special-EffectsTechnician 65

    Check and Reflect 66

    A39 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society X-Rays and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 66

    3.2 Interdependent Organ Systems 67A40 Starting Point An Open and Shut Case 67

    A41 During Writing The Structure of a Newspaper Article 69

    A42 Inquiry Activity Flower Power 70

    Check and Reflect 71

    A43 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society How Loud Is Too Loud? 71

    3.3 The Impact of Research in Cell Biology 72A44 Starting Point Simple Solutions 72

    A45 During Writing Whats Your Opinion? 75

    A46 Decision-Making Analysis Stopping the Spread of Infectious Disease 76

    A47 Decision-Making Analysis Growing Bt Corn and Other Modified Plants 77

    Check and Reflect 78

    A48 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society What Kind of Testing Should Be Done? 78

    Making Connections Wow! Bacteria 79

    3.0 Chapter Review 80A49 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Public Choices Affect the Health of Cells 81

    Unit A Summary 82

    Unit A Task 83

    Unit A Review 84A50 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Whats the Limit? 87

    3.0

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    Science and Technology in Your WorldArtificial Limbs 123

    4.0 Chapter Review 124B22 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Garden Rake versus Leaf Blower 125

    Mechanical systems involvemachines that are designed to do work efficiently. 126

    B23 Quick Lab Locating Simple Machines on a Mountain Bike 129

    5.1 Simple Machines and Mechanisms 130B24 Starting Point Choose a Simple Machine 130

    B25 During Reading To Predict or to Infer? 132

    B26 Learning Checkpoint Three Classes of Levers 135

    B27 Inquiry Activity Measuring the MechanicalAdvantage of Simple Machines 141

    B28 Problem-Solving Activity Best Machine for the Job 142

    Check and Reflect 143

    B29 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Think Before You Buy 143

    5.2 Efficiency 144B30 Starting Point Work Can Be a Drag 144

    B31 Learning Checkpoint Calculating Efficiency 147

    B32 Inquiry Activity Increasing Efficiency 149

    Check and Reflect 150

    B33 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment Ontarios Bright Idea 150

    Science and Technology in Your WorldMechanical Engineer 151

    5.0 Chapter Review 152B34 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Building a Modern Pyramid 153

    UNITB 88Systems in Action

    B1 Quick Lab Clothes Peg Surgery 92

    B2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Components of a System 92

    Mechanical systems use forces to transfer energy. 94

    B3 Quick Lab Lift This 97

    4.1 Force 98B4 Starting Point Identifying Forces 98

    B5 During Reading Making Connections 100

    B6 Learning Checkpoint Weight and Mass 102

    B7 Quick Lab Measuring Force with a Spring Scale 103

    B8 Inquiry Activity The Force of Gravity 104

    Check and Reflect 105

    B9 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment The Right Shoe 105

    4.2 Work and Energy 106B10 Starting Point What Is Work? 106

    B11 During Reading Making Connections 107

    B12 Learning Checkpoint Calculating Work 111

    B13 Quick Lab How Much Work Does It Take? 111

    Check and Reflect 112

    B14 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Giving Society a Lift 112

    4.3 Mechanical Advantage 113B15 Starting Point Everyday Machines 113

    B16 Learning Checkpoint Describing Machine Forces 116

    B17 Learning Checkpoint Mechanical Advantage119

    B18 Learning Checkpoint Human MechanicalAdvantage 119

    B19 Quick Lab Calculating Mechanical Advantage 120

    B20 Design a Lab My Bicycles Mechanical Advantage 121

    Check and Reflect 122

    B21 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Can Opener 122

    4.0 5.0

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    Systems have an impact on our society. 154

    B35 Quick Lab Your Schools Waste Management 157

    6.1 Non-mechanical Systems in Society 158B36 Starting Point Non-mechanical Systems inSociety 158

    B37 During Writing A Problem, Its Causes, and Some Solutions 159

    B38 Quick Lab Assembly Not Included 161

    B39 Quick Lab Providing a Service to Society 162

    Check and Reflect 163

    B40 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society You: The Consumer 163

    6.2 Assessing the Impact of Automation and Alternative Systems 164B41 Starting Point To Mall or Not to Mall: That Is the Question 164

    B42 During Writing Organizing Writing Ideas 165

    B43 Decision-Making Analysis My Opinion ofAutomation 171

    Check and Reflect 172

    B44 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Automating Your Schools Recycling Program 172

    Making Connections The Trebuchet 173

    6.0 Chapter Review 174B45 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Assessing the Change 175

    Unit B Summary 176

    Unit B Task 177

    Unit B Review 178B46 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Rethinking the Engine 181

    6.0

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    8.1 Viscosity and the Effects of Temperature 210C15 Starting Point Thick or Thin? 210

    C16 During Reading Monitoring Comprehension ith Fix-up Strategies 212

    C17 Design a Lab Flow Rate of Fluids 214

    Check and Reflect 215

    C18 Thinking about Science and TechnologyMeasuring the Flow Rate of Gas 215

    8.2 Density and Buoyancy 216C19 Starting Point Dense and Denser 216

    C20 Learning Checkpoint Calculate and Compare 219

    C21 Inquiry Activity Calculating Mass-to-Volume Ratio 222

    C22 Problem-Solving Activity HomemadeHydrometer 224

    Check and Reflect 226

    C23 Thinking about Science and TechnologyWorldwide Shipping 226

    8.3 Pressure in Fluids 227C24 Starting Point Pressure Can TeacherDemonstration 227

    C25 Inquiry Activity Compressing Fluids 230

    Check and Reflect 232

    C26 Thinking about Science and TechnologyPipes and Plumbing 232

    Science and Technology in Your WorldMeteorologist 233

    8.0 Chapter Review 234C27 Thinking about Science and TechnologyPropane Tanks 235

    Many technologies are based on the properties of fluids. 236

    C28 Quick Lab Soap Foam 239

    9.1 Fluid Systems 240C29 Starting Point Pressure Push 240

    C30 During Writing Using a Venn Diagram toCompare and Contrast 243

    UNITC 182Fluids

    C1 Quick Lab Pump Up the Volume 186

    C2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Fluids on the Move 186

    Fluids are used in technologicaldevices and everyday materials. 188

    C3 Quick Lab Cartesian Diver 191

    7.1 The Many Uses of Fluids 192C4 Starting Point Finding Flowing Fluids 192

    C5 During ReadingPOE (Predict, Observe, Explain) 194

    C6 Quick Lab Functions of Fluids 195

    Check and Reflect 196

    C7 Thinking about Science and TechnologyUseful Properties of Fluids 196

    7.2 Fluids and the Particle Theory of Matter 197C8 Starting Point Colourful Crystal 197

    C9 Learning Checkpoint Understanding the Text 199

    C10 Quick Lab Balloon Tricks 200

    C11 Inquiry Activity Mixtures of Matter 201

    Check and Reflect 202

    C12 Thinking about Science and TechnologyWhen Water Freezes 202

    Science and Technology in Your WorldGlowing Glass 203

    7.0 Chapter Review 204C13 Thinking about Science and TechnologyTechnology Tools 205

    Viscosity, density, andcompressibility are all properties of fluids. 206

    C14 Quick Lab Full of Hot Air TeacherDemonstration 209

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    C31 During Writing Talk Time A Rehearsal forWriting 246

    C32 Decision-Making Analysis The Cost ofExtracting Oil 248

    C33 Problem-Solving Activity Golf Ball Loader 249

    Check and Reflect 250

    C34 Thinking about Science and TechnologyTransporting Fluid 250

    9.2 The Impact of Fluid Spills 251C35 Starting Point Not Every Oil Spill Is the Same 251

    C36 Learning Checkpoint Classifying Clean-upMethods 255

    C37 Decision-Making Analysis Disposing ofHousehold Fluids 257

    C38 Inquiry Activity Oil Spill Clean-up 258

    Check and Reflect 260

    C39 Thinking about Science and TechnologySearching for the Source of Spills 260

    Making Connections Quicksand 261

    9.0 Chapter Review 262C40 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Taking Care of Fluids 263

    Unit C Summary 264

    Unit C Task 265

    Unit C Review 266C41 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentPipeline Problems 269

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    Check and Reflect 302

    D18 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment The Unfreezing of the Northwest Passage 302

    Science and Technology in Your WorldPoint Pelee: A Great Lakes Microclimate 303

    10.0 Chapter Review 304D19 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Predicting Major Storms 305

    Monitoring water systems is critical for maintaining water supply and quality. 306

    D20 Quick Lab Dissecting a Water Filtration Device Teacher Demonstration 309

    11.1 Natural and Human Factors Affecting Our Water Supply 310D21 Starting Point Nature and the Water Table 310

    D22 Learning Checkpoint Your Water Table K-W-L Chart 313

    D23 Problem-Solving Activity Clearing MuddyWaters 315

    Check and Reflect 316

    D24 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Competing for Water Use 316

    11.2 Obtaining Water Quality 317D25 Starting Point How Much Do You Know About Your Drinking Water? 317

    D26 Learning Checkpoint The Water You Drink 321

    D27 Inquiry Activity Be a Water Quality Inspector 322

    Check and Reflect 323

    D28 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Down the Drain 323

    11.3 Managing Our Water Systems 324D29 Starting Point How Much Do You Know About Waste Water? 324

    D30 Learning Checkpoint Treating Waste Water 326

    D31 During Reading The Question-AnswerRelationship 330

    UNITD 270Water Systems

    D1 Quick Lab Taking a Closer Look at EarthsPopulation 274

    D2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Caring for Our Global Water Supply 274

    Water on Earth exists in different states and is alwaysmoving and changing. 276

    D3 Quick Lab Would You Drink It? 279

    10.1 Earths Supply of Water 280D4 Starting Point Water Systems Alphabet 280

    D5 Learning Checkpoint Liquid Water 283

    D6 Learning Checkpoint The Watershed Connection 287

    D7 Quick Lab How Much Fresh Water Is Available for Use? 287

    D8 Inquiry Activity Make a Model Aquifer 288

    Check and Reflect 289

    D9 Thinking about Science and the Environment Canadas Groundwater MappingProgram 289

    10.2 Waters Influence on Weather and Climate 290D10 Starting Point The Water Cycle and Weather 290

    D11 During Reading Main Idea or Supporting Detail? 291

    D12 Learning Checkpoint Waters Heat 293

    D13 Quick Lab Investigating Climate Data 295

    D14 Inquiry Activity Can It Take the Heat? 296

    Check and Reflect 297

    D15 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Weather in the Media 297

    10.3 The Effects of Ice on Water Systems 298D16 Starting Point Predicting the Effects of Water System Changes 298

    D17 Inquiry Activity Researching a Changing Glacier 301

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    D32 Quick Lab How Phosphates Affect Our Water Supply 330

    D33 Decision-Making Analysis Managing Small Sounds Water Supply 331

    Check and Reflect 332

    D34 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Educating the Community 332

    Science and Technology in Your WorldCareer: Public Health Inspector 333

    11.0 Chapter Review 334D35 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Lessons Learned 335

    Stewardship of our water systems is needed to ensure their sustainability. 336

    D36 Quick Lab What Does Stewardship of WaterSystems Look Like? 339

    12.1 Stewardship through WaterConservation 340D37 Starting Point Daily Water Use in an Average Canadian Home 340

    D38 During Writing Gathering Information in a Web 341

    D39 Inquiry Activity Be a Water Watchdog 344

    Check and Reflect 345

    D40 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment You and Your Water Bill 345

    12.2 Issues Relating to Waters Sustainability 346D41 Starting Point Finding Messages ehind Words 347

    D42 During Writing Writers Make Decisionswith RAFTS 349

    D43 Decision-Making Analysis Exploring a Great Lakes Issue 350

    Check and Reflect 351

    D44 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Mini Media Analysis 351

    12.3 Water Sustainability through Science and Technology 352D45 Starting Point Looking More Closely at Solutions 352

    D46 Inquiry Activity Changing Salt Water into Fresh Water 355

    Check and Reflect 356

    D47 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment Fog Water 356

    Making Connections A Tea Cup of Storm Clouds 357

    12.0 Chapter Review 358D48 Thinking about Society and the Environment Group Actions 359

    Unit D Summary 360

    Unit D Task 361

    Unit D Review 362D49 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Water for All 365

    Toolkits 366Glossary 405Index 411Photo Credits and Acknowledgements 417

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    You will be doing many activities in thisbook.

    When doing an activity, it is veryimportant that you follow the safety rulesbelow. Your teacher may have safetyinstructions to add to this list. As you readthe rules, discuss with a partner or note why each one is an example of common-sense safety.

    Before You Begin

    1. Read and make sure you understand theinstructions in the text or in anyhandouts your teacher may provide.Follow your teachers direction always.Never change or start an activitywithout approval.

    2. Watch for Caution notes. These noteswill tell you how to take extra care asyou work through the activity. Makesure you understand what the cautionsmean.

    3. Learn to recognize the warning symbolsfor hazardous materials shown inToolkit 1, pages 367368.

    4. Keep your work area uncluttered andorganized.

    5. Know the location of fire extinguishersand other safety equipment.

    6. Always wear safety goggles and anyother safety clothing as requested byyour teacher or this book.

    7. If you have long or loose hair, tie it back.Roll up long shirt sleeves.

    8. Inform your teacher if you have anyallergies or medical conditions, oranything else that might affect yourwork in the science classroom.

    During the Activity

    9. Report any safety concerns you have orhazards you see (such as spills) to yourteacher.

    10. Dont eat, drink, or chew gum in yourscience classroom.

    11. Never taste anything in science class.

    12. Never smell any substance directly.Instead, gently wave your hand over itto bring its vapours toward your nose, asshown in the photo below.

    Science and Technology Safety Procedures

    Safety

    Smell an odour by wafting it toward you.

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    13. Handle all glassware carefully. If you seecracked or broken glass, ask your teacherhow to dispose of it properly.

    14. Handle knives and other sharp objectswith care. Always cut away fromyourself, and never point a sharp objectat another person.

    15. Heat solids and liquids only in openheat-resistant glass containers and testtubes. Use tongs or protective gloves topick up hot objects.

    16. When you heat test tubes, make sure thatthe open end is pointing away from youand anyone else in the room. The photobelow shows the correct way to do this.

    17. When heating a substance, make sure thecontainer does not boil dry.

    18. If any part of your body comes in contactwith a chemical, wash the areaimmediately and thoroughly with water.If you get anything in your eyes, do nottouch them. Wash them immediately and continuously with water for 15 minutes. Inform your teacher.

    19. Keep water or wet hands away fromelectrical outlets or sockets.

    20. Use tools safely when cutting, joining, ordrilling. Make sure you know how to useany tools properly.

    21. Use special care when you are nearobjects in motion, gears and pulleys, andelevated objects.

    22. Make sure equipment is placed safely sothat people will not knock it over or tripover it. Report any damaged equipmentto your teacher immediately.

    23. Treat all living things with respect.Follow your teachers instructions whenworking with living things in theclassroom or on a field trip.

    When You Finish the Activity

    24. Make sure you close the containers ofchemicals immediately after you use them.

    25. Follow your teachers instructions tosafely dispose of all waste materials.

    Make sure the open end of the test tube is pointing awayfrom you when you heat it.

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    26. Always wash your hands well with soap,preferably liquid soap, after handlingchemicals or other materials. Alwayswash your hands after touching plants,soil, or any animals and their cages orcontainers.

    27. When you have finished an experiment,clean all the equipment before putting itaway. Be careful with hot plates andequipment that have been heated as theymay take a long time to cool down.

    Wear the proper safety equipment when doing science activities.

    Learning Checkpoint

    The picture shows a

    science class performing

    a science activity.

    Unfortunately, some of

    the students are not

    following proper safety

    procedures. Work with a

    partner to identify and

    list the problem actions.

    Then suggest a better,

    safer way to perform

    each action. After you

    have finished, share

    your observations with

    the class.

    Safety Skills

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    Investigating Science and Technology 8

    Exploring Your Textbook

    Discover how to use your Investigating Science and Technology 8 book.Explore the different parts of your textbook by finding the answers to thefollowing questions.

    EExxpplloorree1. Find the Unit Overview for Unit B. What BigIdeas will you learn as you explore this unit?2. At the beginning of each chapter you canfind a list of key terms. How many key

    terms are there in Chapter 5? Where canyou go to find the meanings of these terms?

    3. Find a Take it Further margin feature inChapter 7 that describes plasma. Where canyou go to explore this topic in more detail?

    4. For some of the Inquiry Activities, there aresymbols at the top of the Materials &Equipment list. Find and sketch three ofthese symbols and describe what theymean. Can you find a place in your textbookwhere all of the symbols are explained?

    AAnnaallyyzzee

    1. Look at the Getting Ready to Re

    ad feature at

    the beginning of Unit A. What doe

    s it

    suggest you do to help you read

    the unit?

    Find an example of another Getti

    ng Ready

    to Read feature in your textbook.

    2. When would you use the Toolk

    its located at

    the back of the book? Find an acti

    vity that

    refers you to Toolkit 2.

    3. Find an example of a Before Re

    ading Activity

    at the beginning of a chapter. How

    could

    this activity help you to understan

    d the

    chapter better?

    4. Look at the headings for a Chap

    ter Review

    and a Unit Review. Which headin

    gs occur in

    both reviews? Which headings occ

    ur in only

    one review?

    DDiissccoovveerr

    1. What are the four units you wil

    l study in

    Investigating Science and Technol

    ogy 8?

    2. How many chapters are there

    in Unit A?

    Each chapter is divided into parts.

    What are

    these parts called? How many are

    there in

    Chapter 3?

    3. Find examples of two different

    types of

    reading activities. Where will you f

    ind

    each one?

    LLeeaarrnn1. Where can you find a summary of what youwill learn in each section?2. Find a Words Matter margin feature from

    Chapter 9 that describes what SCUBAmeans. What can you learn about in aWords Matter margin feature?

    3. When would you use a LearningCheckpoint?

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