Sci7 ch00 fm 3rd.qxd 7/16/08 8:34 AM Page i SCIENCEAND ...
Transcript of Sci7 ch00 fm 3rd.qxd 7/16/08 8:34 AM Page i SCIENCEAND ...
P E A R S O N
7Investigating
SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY
Senior Author
Lionel SandnerScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Lead Coordinator, Pan-Canadian Science Project
Authors
Nora AlexanderRosebank Road Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Mike CarlinVice-PrincipalWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Glen FatkinNorth Surrey Secondary SchoolSurrey School District, BC
Doug HerridgeGreensborough Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Michael LattnerSpecial Assignment TeacherAlgonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board
Catherine LittleProgram CoordinatorScience, Environmental and Ecological StudiesToronto District School Board
Jim WalshInstructor, Science and TechnologyFaculty of Education, University of Ottawa
Sandy M. WohlInstructor, Curriculum StudiesFaculty of Education, University of British Columbia
Contributing Authors
Jay IngramScience JournalistDaily PlanetDiscovery Channel Canada
Sandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4–8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Senior Technology Consultant
Josef MarthaScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Northern Gateway Public Schools, AB
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canadaa division of Pearson Canada Inc.
All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should beobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the PermissionsDepartment at Pearson Education Canada.
The information and activities presented in this book have been carefully edited andreviewed. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole orin part, from the reader’s use of this material.
Brand names that appear in photographs of products in this textbook are intended toprovide students with a sense of the real-world applications of science and technology andare in no way intended to endorse specific products.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-208004-0ISBN-10: 0-13-208004-4
Printed and bound in Canada
3 4 5 TC 12 11 10 09 08
PROJECT MANAGER: Yvonne Van Ruskenveld (Edvantage Press)
DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Janis Barr, David Gargaro, Susan Girvan, Georgina Montgomery,Eileen Pyne-Rudzik, Ph.D., Rosemary Tanner
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Erin Khelouiati, Ken Peck
COPY EDITOR : Moira Calder
PROOFREADERS: Maja Grip, Christine McPhee, Jennifer Hedges
INDEXER: Jennifer Hedges
PRODUCTION COORDINATORS: Sharlene Ross, Shonelle Ramserran
SENIOR MANUFACTURING COORDINATOR: Jane Schell
DESIGN: Alex Li
COMPOSITION: Carolyn E. Sebestyen
ILLUSTRATORS: Kevin Cheng, David Cheung, Crowle Art Group, Jeff Dixon, Jane Whitney
PHOTO RESEARCHERS: Nancy Cook, Rosie Gowsell, Alison Lloyd-Baker
PUBLISHER: Reid McAlpine
MANAGING EDITOR: Cecilia Chan
RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION MANAGER: Deborah Nelson
This book was printed using paper containing recycled fibre content.
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, Louise OborneS
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ProgramMarietta (Mars) BlochDirector, Education ServicesLet’s Talk Science
Assessment Derek TottenCurriculum Consultant York Region District School Board
LiteracySandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4 - 8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Catherine CostelloEducation Consultantformerly Curriculum Coordinator, LiteracyYork Region District School Board
Environmental EducationJane ForbesInstructor, Science and TechnologyOntario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto
Aboriginal EducationDarin CorbiereConsultant, Aboriginal EducationToronto District School Board
Differentiated InstructionKaren HumeStudent Success LeaderDurham District School Board
NumeracySue ContinelliGrapeview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Character EducationDennis CaronSt. Maurice Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Leda OstafichukJosyf Cardinal Slipyj Catholic Elementary SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Raymond WiersmaLord Elgin Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Combined GradesMaureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
ELL/ESLJane E. SimsEducation Consultantformerly Sir Sandford Fleming AcademyToronto District School Board
Maureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board
Safety Peter BlochNorthern Secondary SchoolToronto District School Board
Expert ReviewersRandy DumontMcMaster University
Dr. Monika HavelkaUniversity of Toronto (Mississauga)
Marina Milner-BolotinRyerson University
Steven SaduraUniversity of Guelph
Dr. Rashmi VenkateswaranUniversity of Ottawa
Unit ReviewersDaniel Birkenbergs St. Edmund Campion Senior SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Paul BosackiJohn P. Robarts Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Laura ChristianR.A. Riddel SchoolHamilton Wentworth District School Board
Consultants and Reviewers
Acknowledgements
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Acknowledgements
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Field-Test TeachersChris AtkinsonSt. Francis Xavier Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Jody Bonner-VickersJ.W. Walker SchoolRainy River District School Board
Anne BradleySt. James the Greater Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Helen BrownGordon B. Attersley Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Patricia Cava Sacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board
Brenda CollinsSt. Jude Catholic SchoolLondon Catholic District School Board
Joan D’EliaRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Chris di TomassoSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Jessica EgelnickRoyal Orchard Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Jody FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Heidi FergusonOur Lady of Sorrows Catholic SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Alison FernandesSt. Sebastian Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Andy ForgraveHarmony Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Donna Forward Sacred Heart Intermediate SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board
David GillespieRoland Michener Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Jocelyn HarrisonDixon Grove Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Ian ChristieAldershot School Halton District School Board
Julie GrandoAcademic Consultant, Science and Mathematics, Grades 7-12Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Jodie Hancox-MeyerDoon Public SchoolWaterloo District School Board
Jocelyn HarrisonD.A. Morrison Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Shawna HopkinsConsultant, Science, K-12 ScienceDistrict School Board of Niagara
Stephanie InsleyChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Heather A. MaceFeatherston Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Michael J. NewnhamLearning Coordinator, 7-12 ScienceThames Valley District School Board
Bruno PullaraAll Saints and St. Christopher SchoolsDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Katherine ShawInstructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board
Micheline TamminenFive Mile Public SchoolLakehead Public Schools
Margaret WardOrchard Park Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Matthew WilsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
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Acknowledgements
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Pat Hogan St. Francis de Sales Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Bill HrynkiwNottingham Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Nizam HussainMilitary Trail Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Matt JohnstonBirch Cliff Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Kristi Johnston BatesSt. Michael Catholic High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Irene KicakGlenview Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Heather LanningGeneral Crerar Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Jeff LauckeRosedale Public SchoolLambton Kent District School Board
Nicholas LemireHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board
Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Hugh MacLeanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Marjory MassonEarl Beatty Junior and Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Irene McCuaigLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board
Mary Sue McIntyreMonsignor Michael O’Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Brian MurrantVictoria Harbour Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Tom RhindLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board
Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Phil SandersNorthdale Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Rey SandreSt. Mark Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Ryan SealeSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
John StarrattMonsignor Michael O’Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Corinna Taverna-RossiKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board
Stacy van BoxtelSt. Andrew’s SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Janice WhitonKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board
Raymond WiersmaChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Craig WinslowSt. Martin SchoolNiagara Catholic District School Board
StudentsThe authors and Pearson Education Canada would like to thank allthe students who participated in focus groups and field tests duringthe development of this book.
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Acknowledgements
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Michele ChomniakAbbey Lane Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Brenda CollinsSt. Jude SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Craig CorbettRolling Meadows Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Rosalie CrossBlossom Park Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Mary CuylleHillcrest Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Kara DalgleishBellmore Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Brett DavisQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Ian DawsonRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Veronica DeignanSt. Elizabeth Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Sonia DiCola KopichanskiOur Lady of Lourdes SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Nadine Dodds CormackW.H. Day Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Seana DonohueNotre Dame High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Kristy DuncanLockview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Sam FalzoneR.J. Lang Elementary & Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Julia FarewellCamilla Road Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Jodi FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Prepublication ReviewersLisa AckmanHighview Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Ann-Marie BabineauD.A. Moodie Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Savita BalagopalSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Vijaya BalchandaniNorth Kipling Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Swarnaly Banerjee-ModiTomken Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Janet BartoliniHumber Valley Village Junior SchoolToronto District School Board
Martin BeswickPrincess Margaret Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Shivani BhagriaHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Marlene BilkeyRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Tracy BridgenWestdale Park Public SchoolLimestone District School Board
Melissa BrownlowEarnscliffe Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Mahlon BryantonBeachburg Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Sukwinder BuallElia Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Shayne CampbellKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Patricia CavaSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Lenny ChiroAmesbury Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
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Heidi FergusonOur Lady of SorrowsRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Ian FischerSt. Joseph High SchoolOttawa Catholic School
Erika Fleming GillespieSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Kim FoleyPerth Road Public SchoolLimestone District School Board
Donna ForwardSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Michael Frankfort Public School
York Region District School Board
Jeff FraserRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Jennifer FreelandtImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Lorraine GaneshFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Sarah GarrettKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Krista GauthierRockwood SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Fraser GillMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Mike GlazierLondon District Catholic School Board
Kevin GoodeMinesing Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Shaunna GoodeMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Rob GreenTreeline Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Akaran GuyadinThe Elms Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Deb HearnMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Tara HewittAgnes Hodge Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Marc HodgkinsonLorn Avenue Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Bryan HonsingerCarleton Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Wayne IsaacSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Krista JarvieHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Brent Johnston W.T. Townsend Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Kristi Johnston-BatesSt. Michael High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Darayus KangaHilltop Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Adam KellyGreenbank Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Gita KhannaFisherville Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board
Deb KiekensEarling Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Amy Kilty SchwandtOxbow Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Dr. Jean Kisoon-SinghMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board
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Thornhill Woods
Acknowledgements
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Elizabeth MayockHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Monica McArthur-JosephErin Centre Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Rob McBeth Baden Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Cara McCraeCentennial Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Diana McFarland-MundyQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Dave McGaghranRyerson Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Mark McKinleyJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board
Chris McKinnonSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Hugh McleanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Manish MehtaLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Paul MenicaninWinona Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Cindi Mitchell Armadale Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Yvan MoiseSt. Paul High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Ginny MonaghanBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Luis MorgadinhoSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Frank MullerBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Brenda KusmenkoFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Helen Laferriere Monsignor J.E. Ronan SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Marilyn LajeunesseMonsignor William Gleason Catholic SchoolWaterloo District School Board
Jean-Benoit LancaImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Chris LanisJohn English Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Bill LegateBeavercrest Community SchoolBluewater District School Board
Natalie LeitchJ.D. Hogarth Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Andrew LeslieHillcrest Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Steve LogueCheyne Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lara LosetoWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Andrew LovattSt. Thomas Aquinas High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Heather MaceFeatherstone Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Jenn MacKinnonSt. Agnes Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Tracey MacMillianHerman Street Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Art MacNeilMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Sean MathesonHighland Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board
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Katie MullerGateway Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Trevor OrmerodElementary Instructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board
Johanna PastmaCaistor Central Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Steacy PetersenKortright Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Jennifer PhillipsHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board
Elizabeth PiwowarSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Julie PodestaHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Georgina PurchaseJack Donahue Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Rena RoSunny View Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lisa RomeHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Michaeline RowberryBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Ernie SalacJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board
Shirley SaundersHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Tamara Sayers-PringleHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Ericka SchroederSt. Clemens Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Manny Sciberras John McCrae Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Clare ShannonEgremont Community SchoolBluewater District School Board
David Shulman German Mills Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Denise StansfieldSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Trevor StarkesRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Corrina StrongLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Enzo TignanelliSt. Luke Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
John ToveyNobleton Sr. Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Brandon TseLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Dana WallaceSir Winston Churchill Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Greg WatsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Corey WellsBaxter Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Deborah WestonLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lisa Weston TourignySir Arthur Carty SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Annie WhiteBennetto Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Michelle WillsonCourtland Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Sandy WilsonHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
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A17 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Mapping Consequences 30
Science and Technology in Your World The Wainfleet Bog 31
1.0 Chapter Review 32A18 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Zoos and Ecosystems 33
Interactions in ecosystems support the transfer of energy and the cycling of matter. 34
A19 Quick Lab Recycling Paper 37
2.1 The Transfer of Energy in Ecosystems 38A20 Starting Point Representing Food Chains 38
A21 During Reading Reading like a Writer 40
A22 Quick Lab Pass It On 41
Check and Reflect 42
A23 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Holes in the Food Web 42
2.2 Cycling Matter 43A24 Starting Point Organic Wastes and You 43
A25 Learning Checkpoint Going in Circles 44
A26 Problem-Solving ActivityRedesign a Package 46
Check and Reflect 47
A27 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Chemicals in Food Chains 47
2.3 Interactions and Changes in Ecosystems 48A28 Starting Point Limiting Factors 48
A29 During Reading Visualizing 50
A30 Design a Lab Competition in Ecosystems 52
A31 Inquiry Activity Ecosystem in a Jar, Part 2 53
Check and Reflect 54
A32 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Revisiting Your Consequences Map 54
Science and Technology in Your World Foresters 55
Common-Sense Science Safety in Your Classroom xviii
Exploring Your Textbook —Investigating Science and Technology 7 xxi
UNITA 2
Interactions in theEnvironment
A1 Quick Lab Interactions and Connections 6
A2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment What Is Stewardship? 6
Ecosystems are communities where biotic and abiotic elements interact. 8A3 Quick Lab Ecosystems Are Everywhere 11
1.1 Interactions of Biotic and AbioticElements 12A4 Starting Point Living and Non-living Things in Ecosystems 12
A5 During Reading Let the Titles Guide You 13
A6 Quick Lab Interactions of Biotic and Abiotic 15
Check and Reflect 16
A7 Thinking about Science and the Environment Your Ecosystems Mind Map 16
1.2 The Roles of Producers 17A8 Starting Point The Year with No Summer 17
A9 Learning Checkpoint Plants and the Sun 20
A10 During Reading Reading like a Writer 21
A11 Quick Lab How an Abiotic Element AffectsProducers 22
Check and Reflect 23
A12 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Connections 23
1.3 Producers and Consumers 24A13 Starting Point Where Does Their Food Come From? 24
A14 During Reading Origins of Scientific Words 25
A15 Quick Lab Food Chains and You 28
A16 Inquiry Activity Ecosystem in a Jar, Part 1 29
Check and Reflect 30
Contents
1.0
2.0
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2.0 Chapter Review 56A33 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Impact of Expanding Human Habitats on Other Living Things 57
We can change our actions andtechnologies to better protect the environment. 58
A34 Quick Lab Dealing with Sudden Natural Events 61
3.1 Succession, Recovery, and Renewalin Natural Communities 62A35 Starting Point What Happens to a Vacant Lot? 62
A36 Learning Checkpoint Change Over Time 65
A37 Decision-Making Analysis Managing Forests and Forest Fires 66
Check and Reflect 67
A38 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Declaring War on Weeds 67
3.2 The Environmental Impact of Humans 68A39 Starting Point Ecotourism 68
A40 During Writing Gathering Ideas for Writing 70
A41 Decision-Making Analysis Taking Out the E-Trash 71
A42 Problem-Solving Activity Cleaning Up anOil Spill 72
Check and Reflect 73
A43 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Limiting Factors and HumanCommunities 73
3.3 Sustainable Human Communities 74A44 Starting Point Too Much Phosphorus in the Water 74
A45 During Writing Considering Other Opinions 76
A46 Decision-Making Analysis What kind of car will you be driving? 78
A47 Decision-Making Analysis What do you want to do today? 79
Check and Reflect 80
A48 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Positive Actions for the Environment 80
Making Connections Rewilding 81
3.0 Chapter Review 82A49 Thinking about Science and the Environment Stewardship 83
Unit A Summary 84
Unit A Task 85
Unit A Review 86A50 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Can you go “carbon neutral”? 89
3.0
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Science and Technology in Your World Confederation Bridge 123
4.0 Chapter Review 124B21 Thinking about Science and TechnologyStructures and Technology 125
Good design, materials, andconstruction make structures stable and strong. 126
B22 Quick Lab Materials and Fasteners Hunt 129
5.1 Stabilizing Structures 130B23 Starting Point The Tipping Point 130
B24 Learning Checkpoint Triangular Strength 131
B25 During Reading Inferring 135
B26 Quick Lab Stability 137
B27 Inquiry Activity Structural Components and Materials 138
Check and Reflect 139
B28 Thinking about Science and TechnologyNews Flash 139
5.2 Elements of Design 140B29 Starting Point Bicycles Built for Two 140
B30 During Reading Inferring 142
B31 Learning Checkpoint Design and Function 143
B32 Quick Lab Supporting a Load 144
B33 Problem-Solving Activity Newspaper Bookcase 145
Check and Reflect 146
B34 Thinking about Science and TechnologyAn Aging Population 146
Science and Technology in Your World Beth Anne Currie, Children’sEnvironment and Health Consultant 147
5.0 Chapter Review 148B35 Thinking about Science and TechnologyCar Sales 149
UNITB 90
Structures:Form and Function
B1 Quick Lab Design a Better Desk 94
B2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Considering Form and Function 94
Designers consider the form and the function of a structure and the forces that act on it. 96
B3 Quick Lab Wind Effects 99
4.1 Classification of Structures 100B4 Starting Point Have a Seat 100
B5 During Reading Making Connections 101
B6 Learning Checkpoint Classifying Structures 102
B7 Quick Lab Building Solid, Frame, and ShellStructures 105
B8 Quick Lab Unpacking the Packaging 106
Check and Reflect 107
B9 Thinking about Science and TechnologyStructures in Your Lunchbox 107
4.2 Forces That Can Act on Structures 108B10 Starting Point Gravity Is a Force 108
B11 During Reading Note Taking 109
B12 Quick Lab What It Feels Like to Be a Structure 113
B13 Quick Lab Raise the Flag 114
Check and Reflect 115
B14 Thinking about Science and TechnologyDamaged Structures 115
4.3 Designing for Safety 116B15 Starting Point Everyday Failures 116
B16 During Reading Making Connections 117
B17 Learning Checkpoint Designing for Risks 118
B18 Quick Lab Be an Inspector 120
B19 Inquiry Activity Loads to Measure 121
Check and Reflect 122
B20 Thinking about Science and TechnologySafe Activities 122
4.0
5.0
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The lifespans of structures need to be considered to makeresponsible decisions. 150
B36 Quick Lab How Many Phones? 153
6.1 Determining Consumer Need 154B37 Starting Point Reading Advertisements 154
B38 During Writing Anticipating Readers’ Questions 156
B39 Design a Lab Surveying the Market 159
B40 Quick Lab Wise Choices 160
Check and Reflect 161
B41 Thinking about Science and TechnologyScience and Advertising 161
6.2 Lifespans of Common Structures 162B42 Starting Point Where Did It Go? 162
B43 Learning Checkpoint Everything Has a Lifespan 163
B44 Quick Lab Research a Lifespan 166
B45 Decision-Making Analysis Altering a Product Lifespan 167
Check and Reflect 168
B46 Thinking about Science and TechnologyProduct Disposal 168
6.3 Exploring Greener Options 169B47 Starting Point Take Stock 169
B48 During Writing Reorganizing Ideas: ARMS 171
B49 Quick Lab Personal Action Plan 172
B50 Decision-Making Analysis How Green Can We Be? 173
Check and Reflect 174
B51 Thinking about Science and TechnologyRe-structures 174
Making Connections A Changing Centre of Gravity 175
6.0 Chapter Review 176B52 Thinking about Science and TechnologyWhat’s in a Bag? 177
Unit B Summary 178
Unit B Task 179
Unit B Review 180B53 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentStructures and You 183
6.0
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Mixtures and solutions can beanalyzed through concentration,solubility, and separation. 210
C14 Quick Lab Making a Solution 213
8.1 Solutions: Concentration and Solubility 214C15 Starting Point Dissolving Common Kitchen Ingredients in Water 214
C16 During Reading Pause and Check 215
C17 Learning Checkpoint Components of Solutions 216
C18 Quick Lab Soluble or Insoluble 218
Check and Reflect 219
C19 Thinking about Science and the Environment Solutes and Solvents 219
8.2 Factors Affecting Solubility 220C20 Starting Point One Lump or Two Teaspoons 220
C21 Learning Checkpoint Using a Particle Diagram to Explain Rate of Dissolving 223
C22 Design a Lab Growing Crystals 224
C23 Quick Lab Particle Size and Rate of Dissolving 224
C24 Inquiry Activity Factors Affecting Rate ofDissolving 225
Check and Reflect 226
C25 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Winter Safety and Salt on Roads 226
8.3 Separating Solutions and Mechanical Mixtures 227C26 Starting Point Coffee Filter Chromatography 227
C27 During Reading Checking the Meaning of Key Words 230
C28 Problem-Solving Activity Designing a Method to Separate a Mixture 232
C29 Inquiry Activity Separating a Mixture of Nails, Salt, Sand, Oil, and Water 233
Check and Reflect 234
C30 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Carbon Removal and the Environment 234
UNITC 184
Pure Substances andMixtures
C1 Quick Lab Concentrating a Mixture — A Simulation 188
C2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Environmental Impact of Maple Syrup Production 188
The particle theory of matter can be used to describe puresubstances and mixtures. 190
C3 Quick Lab Animal, Plant, or Mineral 193
7.1 Classification of Matter by Composition 194C4 Starting Point Classify This 194
C5 During Reading A Hypothesis Is a Prediction 196
C6 Inquiry Activity Classifying Substances by Composition 197
Check and Reflect 198
C7 Thinking about Science and TechnologyClassifying Common Substances 198
7.2 The Particle Theory of Matter 199C8 Starting Point Sugar Cubes and Particles 199
C9 Learning Checkpoint Particle Theory — Points to Ponder 201
C10 Inquiry Activity Acting Out the Particle 204
C11 Inquiry Activity Melting and Freezing ofDeodorizer Blocks 205
Check and Reflect 206
C12 Thinking about Science and TechnologyUsing Models 206
Science and Technology in Your World Carbon Dioxide: Dry Ice and Greenhouse Gas 207
7.0 Chapter Review 208C13 Thinking about Science and Technology
7.0
8.0
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Polluted Air 209
Theory
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Science and Technology in Your World Careers in Consumer Products Safety 235
8.0 Chapter Review 236C31 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment What Colour Is Your Food? 237
The everyday use of mixtures and solutions has an impact on society and the environment. 238
C32 Quick Lab Sifting for Precious Metals 241
9.1 Industrial Methods of SeparatingComponents of Mixtures 242C33 Starting Point Distillation of Antifreeze 242
C34 Learning Checkpoint Fractional Distillation 243
C35 Quick Lab Using Magnetism to SeparateRecycled Metals 245
Check and Reflect 246
C36 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentSeparating Industrial Mixtures 246
9.2 Impact of Industrial Methods ofSeparating Mixtures and Solutions 247C37 Starting Point Industrial Methods of Separating Pure Substances and Mixtures 247
C38 During Writing Elements ofProcedural/Sequential Writing 249
C39 Quick Lab Benefits of an Air Filter on Indoor Air Quality 251
C40 Inquiry Activity Removing Carbon Dioxide from Air 252
Check and Reflect 253
C41 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Air Purifiers 253
9.3 Effects of Use and Disposal of Pure Substances and Mixtures on theEnvironment 254C42 Starting Point Dilution versus Pollution 254
C43 During Writing Using Procedural/Sequential Pattern 257
C44 Decision-Making Analysis CommunityTreatment of Waste Water 260
C45 Decision-Making Analysis Dealing withDangerous Disposal Practices 261
Check and Reflect 262
C46 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment The Cost ofGenerating Electricity 262
Making Connections The Brazil Nut Effect 263
9.0 Chapter Review 264C47 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Bottled Water 265
Unit C Summary 266
Unit C Task 267
Unit C Review 268C48 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentChanging Your Consumption Habits 271
9.0
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D17 Learning Checkpoint Identifying Heat Transfers 304
D18 Quick Lab Battling Bottles 306
D19 Inquiry Activity You’re Getting Warmer 307
Check and Reflect 308
D20 Thinking about Science and TechnologyHot or Not? 308
Science and Technology in Your World Phil Nuytten — Engineer and Deep-Sea Explorer 309
10.0 Chapter Review 310D21 Thinking about Science and TechnologyHeating Past and Present 311
Heat plays an important role innature. 312
D22 Quick Lab Cycling Water and Heat 315
11.1 Heat Affects the Air Around Us 316D23 Starting Point Coming Up for Air 316
D24 During Reading Question Types 317
D25 Learning Checkpoint Reflecting on the Sun 319
D26 Inquiry Activity Curious Candle 320
Check and Reflect 321
D27 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Mapping the Atmosphere 321
11.2 Heat Affects Water 322D28 Starting Point Wonderful Water 322
D29 Learning Checkpoint Weather and the Water Cycle 324
D30 Inquiry Activity Bottled Weather — TeacherDemonstration 327
Check and Reflect 328
D31 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Monitoring the Oceans — Argo 328
11.3 Heat Affects Land 329D32 Starting Point Earth’s Mysterious History 329
D33 During ReadingFacts — Questions — Responses 330
UNITD 272
Heat in theEnvironment
D1 Quick Lab Heat in Your Home 276
D2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentThe Environment in the News 276
Heat causes changes in solids,liquids, and gases. 278
D3 Quick Lab What Is Hot? What Is Not? 281
10.1 Energy Transformations 282D4 Starting Point Talking about Forms of Energy 282
D5 Learning Checkpoint Ten Terrific Forms of Energy 284
D6 Inquiry Activity Amazing Transformations 285
Check and Reflect 286
D7 Thinking about Science and TechnologyExciting Energy 286
10.2 What Is Hot? What Is Cold? 287D8 Starting Point Heating Things Up and Cooling Things Down 287
D9 During Reading Important versus Interesting Information 289
D10 Inquiry Activity Heating Up 292
Check and Reflect 293
D11 Thinking about Science and TechnologyHeat Technologies in Your Life 293
10.3 Changes of State 294D12 Starting Point Particles and Changes in Matter 294
D13 Inquiry Activity Melting Away 298
D14 Quick Lab — Teacher DemonstrationFast Change 299
Check and Reflect 300
D15 Thinking about Science and TechnologyKeeping the Warm Air In 300
10.4 Heat Transfer 301D16 Starting Point Thinking Things Through 301
10.0
11.0
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D34 Learning Checkpoint How Rocks and Minerals Form 334
D35 Quick Lab Colour in a Beaker 336
D36 Inquiry Activity Crystallize Your Thinking 336
Check and Reflect 338
D37 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment A Volcano in the Neighbourhood 338
Science and Technology in Your World Hurricane Katrina 339
11.0 Chapter Review 340D38 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Disaster Preparedness 341
Heat technologies offer benefits and require choices. 342
D39 Quick Lab Keep Your Cool 345
12.1 Energy Transformations and HeatPollution 346D40 Starting Point Go with the Flow 346
D41 Learning Checkpoint Energy Conversion 347
D42 Quick Lab Heat Transfers Between Containers 349
Check and Reflect 350
D43 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Extra Energy 350
12.2 Heat, Gases, and the Atmosphere 351D44 Starting Point Heat Islands 351
D45 During Writing Cause or Effect or Both? 352
D46 Inquiry Activity Make Your Own Greenhouse 356
D47 Decision-Making Analysis Reduce, Re-use, Recycle, Recover 357
Check and Reflect 358
D48 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Read All about It 358
12.3 Managing Heat Issues 359D49 Starting Point Sorting Things Out 359
D50 During Writing Point, Proof, Comment 360
D51 Decision-Making Analysis Cutting Energy Costs 365
Check and Reflect 366
D52 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment It’s Your Choice 366
Making Connections The Snake and the Squirrel 367
12.0 Chapter Review 368D53 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Take Action Now 369
Unit D Summary 370
Unit D Task 371
Unit D Review 372D54 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentTie It All Together 375
Toolkits 376
Glossary 412
Index 419
Photo Credits and Acknowledgements 425
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You will be doing many activities in thisbook. Before you begin an activity, readthrough it and watch for “Caution” notes.These notes will tell you how to take extracare as you work through the activity. Makesure you understand what the cautions mean.
When doing an activity, it is veryimportant that you follow the safety rulesbelow. Your teacher may have safetyinstructions to add to this list. As you readthe rules, discuss with a partner or note why each one is an example of common-sense safety.
Before You Begin
1. Read and make sure you understand theinstructions in the text or in anyhandouts your teacher may provide.Follow your teacher’s direction always.Never change or start an activitywithout approval.
2. Learn to recognize the warning symbolsfor hazardous materials shown inToolkit 1, pages 377–378.
3. Keep your work area uncluttered andorganized.
4. Know the location of fire extinguishersand other safety equipment.
5. Always wear safety goggles and anyother safety clothing as requested byyour teacher or this book.
6. If you have long or loose hair, tie it back.Roll up long shirt sleeves.
7. Inform your teacher if you have anyallergies or medical conditions, oranything else that might affect yourwork in the science classroom.
During the Activity
8. Report any safety concerns you have orhazards you see (such as spills) to yourteacher.
9. Don’t eat, drink, or chew gum in yourscience classroom.
10. Never taste any substance.
11. Never smell any substance directly.Instead, gently wave your hand over itto bring its vapours toward your nose, asshown in the photo below.
Common-Sense Science Safety in Your Classroom
Safety
Smell an odour by wafting it toward you.
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12. Handle all glassware carefully. If you seebroken glass, ask your teacher how todispose of it properly.
13. Handle knives and other sharp objectswith care. Always cut away fromyourself, and never point a sharp objectat another person.
14. Heat solids and liquids only in openheat-resistant glass containers and testtubes. Use tongs or protective gloves topick up hot objects.
15. When you heat test tubes, make sure thatthe open end is pointing away from youand anyone else in the room. The photobelow shows the correct way to do this.
16. When heating a substance, make sure thecontainer does not boil dry.
17. Keep water or wet hands away fromelectrical outlets or sockets.
18. Use tools safely when cutting, joining, ordrilling. Make sure you know how to useany tools properly.
19. If any part of your body comes in contactwith a chemical, wash the areaimmediately and thoroughly with water.If you get anything in your eyes, do nottouch them. Wash them immediately and continuously with water for 15minutes. Inform your teacher.
20. Treat all living things with respect.Follow your teacher’s instructions whenworking with living things in theclassroom or on a field trip.
21. On a field trip, do not disturb the areaany more than you need to. If you haveto take any plant material, take as littleas possible and remove it carefully.
When You Finish the Activity
22. Make sure you close the containers ofchemicals immediately after you use them.
23. Follow your teacher’s instructions tosafely dispose of all waste materials.
The open end of the test tube should point away from youwhen you heat it.
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24. Always wash your hands well with soap,preferably liquid soap, after handlingchemicals or other materials. Alwayswash your hands after touching plants,soil, or any animals and their cages orcontainers.
25. When you have finished an experiment,clean all the equipment before putting itaway. Be careful with hot plates andequipment that have been heated as theymay take a long time to cool down.
After Reading
With a partner or small group, think of a wayyou could share your knowledge of safety in thescience classroom through a poster or a skit. Forexample, you could create a poster about the
correct way to smell a substance or how to heata liquid in a container. Or, you could plan andpresent a skit about getting yourselves and yourworkspace ready for a science activity.
Share Your Knowledge
Follow the safety instructions outlined by your teacherand this book.
Keep an eye open for possible hazards, and reportthem immediately.
Show respect and concern for your own safety andthe safety of your classmates and teachers.
Say “Yes!” to Safety
Wear the proper safety equipment when doing science activities.
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Investigating Science and Technology 7
Exploring Your Textbook
Explore the different ways Investigating Science and Technology 7 isorganized by finding the answers to the following questions.
Titles and Organizers
1. How many units will you study in
Investigating Science and Technology 7?
List their titles. For each unit, describe what
you think it’s about.
2. Turn to the Unit Overview at the beginning
of one of the units. What information about
the unit can you find there?
3. Who is Jay Ingram? What is the title of the
page with information from him? (HINT:
look near the end of Chapter 3.)
Symbols1. What is the symbol in the upper right handcorner of a During Reading feature? What isthe purpose of a During Reading feature?2. Find an Inquiry Lab in Chapter 8 and sketchtwo of the safety symbols found in the
activity. Where can you find more informationabout the safety symbols in your textbook?
Colours1. Name three different types of activities
printed on blue backgrounds. Find anexample of each type in Unit A.
2. At the end of each chapter, there is aChapter Review printed on a yellowbackground. What are the different parts ofa Chapter Review called?
3. There is a Unit Task described at thebeginning of each unit. Find the Unit Taskfor Unit C and summarize it. Look at the endof each chapter in Unit C for the Unit TaskLinks printed on blue backgrounds. How
many Unit Task Links are there in Unit C?
Words and Skills
1. Find the list of key terms for Chapter 2.
Where can you find the definitions for all of
the key terms in your textbook?
2. You will use many different skills as you
work through this book. Find the list of skills
you will use in Chapter 7. Choose one and
describe how you could practise that skill.
3. Find an example of a Words Matter margin
feature in Chapter 7. What can you learn
about from a Words Matter?
4. Look for an activity in Chapter 4 that refers
you to Toolkit 4. Where can you go in your
textbook to find the Toolkit section? What
can you learn about in Toolkit 4?
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