School of Electronics and Computer Science
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Transcript of School of Electronics and Computer Science
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School of Electronicsand Computer Science
Knowledge Repositories: The Next 10 YearsProfessor Nigel Shadbolt
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Drivers for Change
The Open Access debate and the Open Archive Initiative
Moore’s Law The Semantic Web The Nature of Research
Publications
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Drivers for Change
The Open Access debate and the Open Archive Initiative
Moore’s Law The Semantic Web The Nature of Research
Publications
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Faster and Smaller
Devices are getting smaller and faster all the time
Moore’s Law has held for 40 years
This leads to orders of magnitude
Increase in power Increase in memory Decrease in size Decrease in cost
Constant migration and obsolescence
Our processors will have very limited shelf life
Our storage does too Our physics does too
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Drivers for Change
The Open Access debate and the Open Archive Initiative
Moore’s Law The Semantic Web The Nature of Research
Publications
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Making the Web Semantic…
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Via meta content…
This is a type of object event and this is its title
This is the URL of the web page for the event
This is a type of object photograph and the photograph is of Tim Berners-Lee
Tim Berners-Lee is an invited speaker at the event
That is machine readable….
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Can Annotate Anything
Publications…
Databases…
Metadata on scientific structures
Web data set (XHTML)
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The SW Community: Structured Spaces
Linkage of heterogeneous information web content databases meta-data
repository multimedia
Via ontologies as information mediation structures
Using Semantic Web languages
Oncogene(MYC): Found_In_Organism(Human). Gene_Has_Function(Transcriptional_Regulation). Gene_Has_Function(Gene_Transcription). In_Chromosomal_Location(8q24). Gene_Associated_With_Disease(Burkitts_Lymphoma).
NCI Cancer Ontology (OWL)
<meta> <classifications> <classification type="MYC” subtype="old_arx_id">bcr-2-1-059</classification> </classifications></meta>
BioMedCentral Metadata (XML)
Web data set (XHTML)
Vocabulary (RDFS)
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Ontologies: Fundamental Building Blocks of the Semantic Web
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The Ontology
A shared conceptualisation of a domain
Provides the semantic backbone
Lightweight and is deployed using a W3C recommended standard language
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Genetics: Gene Ontology
One of the earliest examples of the benefits of ontologies
Integration and interoperability were big wins
Specific tool support Considerable resources
invested and continuing in maintenance
Spawned more generic biological ontology efforts
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Standards are fundamental
HTML XML + Name Space + XML Schema
Topic Maps
SMIL
RDF(S)XOL
OWL
RDF
Unicode URI
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Advanced Knowledge Technologies IRC
AKT started Sept 00, 6 years, £8.8 Meg, EPSRC
www.aktors.org
Around 65 investigators and research staff
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Infrastructures and Components
Built core infrastructures Constructed component technologies that cover the knowledge life
cycle in a number of applications
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Exemplar Technology: ClassAKT
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Semantic Spaces: Integrating Knowledge Technologies
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The CS AKTive Space:International Semantic Web Challenge Winner
24/7 update of content Content continually harvested and acquired against
community agreed ontology Easy access to information gestalts - who, what, where Hot spots
• Institutions
• Individuals
• Topics Impact of research
• citation services etc
• funding levels
• Changes and deltas Dynamic Communities of Practice…
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Components of a Solution
Information sets
Ontology to mediate information sets
Semantic Storage Capability
Query Capability on Storage
Network and graph analysis tools
Browsing and Visualisation tools
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CS AKTiveSpace
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Extending the model
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EPSRC: Knowing what they know
data sources
gatherers and
mediators
ontology knowledge repository
(triplestore)
applications
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Visualising Interaction
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Visualising Interaction: Programmes
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Drivers for Change
The Open Access debate and the Open Archive Initiative
Moore’s Law The Semantic Web The Nature of Research and
Publication Knowledge Mapping
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New ways of discovery: e-Science
A large part of scientific discovery is now a joint human machine endeavour
Without considerable compute power no hope of progress
Examples from physics, astronomy, biology, chemistry and engineering
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Grid
E-Scientists
Entire E-Science CycleEncompassing experimentation, analysis, publication, research, learning
5
Institutional Archive
LocalWebPublisher
Holdings
Digital Library
E-Scientists Graduate Students
Undergraduate Students
Virtual Learning Environment
E-Experimentation
E-Scientists
Technical Reports
Reprints
Peer-Reviewed Journal &
Conference Papers
Preprints & Metadata
Certified Experimental
Results & Analyses
Data, Metadata & Ontologies
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Combichem
Combechem
The need for xtl-Prints
DATA PUBLICATION
DISSEMINATION
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Structural Eprints
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Drivers for Change
The Open Access debate and the Open Archive Initiative
Moore’s Law The Semantic Web The Nature of Research and
Publication Knowledge Mapping
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Increasing Use of Value Added Services
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Communities of Authors
● An example of a small coauthorship network depicting collaborations among scientists at a private research institution. Newman, M. E. J. (2004)
● Web services to run over archives at varying grainsize
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Evolving Domains: Impact Analysis
● Three time periods in the PNAS high-impact map show the progression from the basic gene and protein work and techniques that dominated the 1980s to more diverse applications in the 1990s (Boyack, Kevin W. 2004)
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Fig. 2. Bursting onto the scene: New Topics
● Co-word space of the top 50 highly frequent and bursty words used in the top 10% most highly cited PNAS publications in 1982-2001
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Self Organising Maps: Topic Landscapes
● Use of k-means clustering in combination with a term dominance landscape to support semantic zooming. Skupin et al 2004
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Detecting Key Moments: Pathfinder
A 624-node merged network with global pruning by using Pathfinder Chen (2004)
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A future…
With institutional OAI at its heart… A semantic web of knowledge Knowledge repositories as key holdings Knowledge mapping services increasing in
range and capability Beyond bibliometrics…