School of Distance Education...

tIc-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-IÄ 1

School of Distance Education

tIc-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-IÄ

_n. F. ae-bmfw

ska--ÌÀ Bdv

tImÀ tImgvkv

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Study Material

B.A MALAYALAM

VI SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

tIc-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-IÄ

Prepared by :

tUm. {ioPnXv Pn.ae-bm-f-hn-`mKwae-_mÀ {InkvXy³ tImf-Pv,tImgn-t¡m-Sv.

Scrutinized by

tUm. A\nÂ hÅ-t¯mÄ,hIp¸p ta[m-hn,ae-bm-f- ]T\ hn- mKwtImgn-t¡m-S kÀÆ-I-em-ime.

Type settings & Lay outComputer Section, SDE

©Reserved



DÅ-S¡w

samUyqÄ 1 cwK-I-em- ]m-c-¼cyw þ BZym-¦p-c-§Ä 5

samUyqÄ 2 IqSn-bm«w 24

samUyqÄ 3 I-YIfn 42

samUyqÄ 4 ]nev¡me-cw-K-I-e-IÄ 50



samUyqÄ 1

cwK-I-em- ]m-c-¼cyw þ BZym-¦p-c-§Ä1.0. BapJw

"cwKw' F¶ ]Z- n\v \mS-I-im-e, Ac-§v, X«v, k`, \r¯w, A`n-\-bw, hnt\mZw F¶n-§-

s\-sbÃmw AÀ°-§-fp-v. {]IrXnsb a\pjy³ kuµ-cym-ß-I-ambn ]cp-h-s¸-Sp- p-Ibpw

B\µmßIambn hn\ntbmKn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶n-S¯mWv Ie P\n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]nev¡m-e v Ie-

bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c- n\v þ{]-I-S-\- n-\vþ \nÝn-X-Øew cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX-tXmsS ]e-X-c- n-

epÅ cwK-th-Zn-I-fp-m-bn. temI-s -Ãm-bn-S¯pw AXXp kwkvIm-c-km-l-N-cy-§Ä¡pw qan-

im-kv{X-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ¡pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn-emWv Ah cq]-s -«-Xv.

tIc-f- nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-I-L-S\ At\Iw k¦-c-X-I-Ä sImv k¦oÀ®amWv. k¦-cX

F-¶mÂ At\Iw P\-hw-i-§-fpsS, kwkvIm-c-§-fpsS, temI-ho-£-W-§-fpsS, Bhn-jvIm-c-

§-fpsS ASp- n-cn- m-Wv. Cu ASp- ncn¸v tIc-f-a\-Ên\v Hcp _lp-kz-cX ]IÀ¶n-«p-apv.

tIc-f- nse a\p-jy-cpsS \m\m-hn-[-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä¡p-]n-¶nÂ F¡m-e¯pw ImWm-

\m-hp¶ Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-ØenbpsS a\x-im-kv{Xhpw AXp-X-s¶.

1.1. cwK-I-e-Ifpw Ah-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-chpw

{]Ir-Xnsb Bcm-[n- n-cp¶ tIc-f- nse (tem-I- n-se) {]mà-\-a-\pjy³ Ahsâ hnizm-

k-kw-ln-X-Isf Imem-\p-km-cn-bmbn BhÀ¯n- p-d- n- n-cp-¶p. Cu Ime-{I-ahpw BhÀ¯-\-

hp-amWv A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-b-sX¶p ImWmw. A\pjvTm-\-§-fm-Is«- A\u-tZym-Kn-

Ihpw kXzc-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-hp-am-bn-cp¶p. kÀh-P-\-kv]Àin-bmb BJym-\-Xew

Ahbv¡v P\-{]n-b-Xbpw \evIn. a\p-jysâ C¯cw D]-Nm-c-c-ln-X-amb Pohn-X-hr- n-IÄ¡v

]n¶oSv A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-IÄ F¶ t]cv h¶p-tN-cp-I-bp-ap-m-bn. Ch-bnÂ s]Sm¯, XnI¨pw

`uXn-I-amb ASn- -d-bpÅ Ie-Ifpw H¸w hnI-kn- p-h-¶p.

Bcm-[y-k-¦-ev]-§fpw uXn-I-Po-hn-Xm-h-Ø-Ifpw P\-km-am-\y- n-\p-ap-¶nÂ ]e-cq-]-§-

fn-emWv Ah-X-cn- -Xv. Ah-sbsbÃmw Iem-{]-I-S-\§fmbn ]nev¡m-e¯v hne-bn-cp- n. Nne

BJym-\-§Ä Xmsg hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.

1.1.1. shfn- - mSv XpÅÂ

P\-X-bpsS Bcm-[\maqÀ¯n-sb þA½ssZ-h-§-fmWv Ch-bnÂ Gsd-bpwþ {]Xy-£-cq-]-

¯n-em¡n Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-XmWv shfn- - mSv XpÅÂ. CXv tImacw XpÅÂ F¶pw A-dn-b-s -

Sp-¶p. tIc-f- nse `K-h-Xn-t£-{X-§-fnÂ ao\-am-k- nepw aäpw tIma-c-§-fpsS ]pd- m-Sp-v.

th«-¡m-c³-]m-«nsâ CS-bnÂ shfn- - mSv XpÅÂ Ip-h-cp-¶p. Cu BhnjvIm-cw sshZn-I-a-Ã.



1.1.2. tImXm-½qcn

D¯-c-tI-c-f- nse {KmaoW\r¯-I-e-bm-WnXv . tImXm-½qcn B«w F¶pw CXdn-b-s¸-Sp-

¶p. I®qÀ, ImkÀtImSv PnÃ-Ifn-emWv tImXm-½q-cn-bm«w kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn ImWp¶Xv. CXnÂ

Hcm¬Ip«n tKmZmhcn F¶ hnip-²-]-ip-hnsâ thjw sI«n-s¡mp Nph-Sp-sh-bv¡p¶p.

lmkym-ß-I-th-j-§fmb ]Xn-b-·mcpw CXnÂ ]¦p-tN-cp¶p.Xpem¸¯p apX-Â taSwhscbmWv

tImXm-½q-cn-bm«w \op\nev¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bÀ, ]-mWÀ F¶o hn`m-K- nÂs¸Sp-¶-h-cmWv CXnsâ

Bhn-jvIÀ¯m-¡Ä. P\-X-bpsS hnizm-k-§Ä kwc£n-¡pI F¶-XmWv CXnsâ

kmam\y[À½w. tIc-f- nse DÀh-cXm\p-jvTm-\-§-fnÂ {][m-\-s¸« H¶m-Wv tImXm-½q-cn-bm«w.

1.1.3. sIt{´m³]m«v

tIc-f- nÂ \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ A\pjvTm\-]-c-amb KÀ`-_enIÀ½-amWv sIt{´m³]m«v.

kwkvIr-X- nÂ KÔÀÆ- m«v. tIc-f- n-et§m-f-an-t§mfw CXnsâ hyXy-kvX-cq-]-§Ä -ImWmw.

Øe-§-Ä¡\p-k-cn v ]m«p-IÄ¡v amäw hcp-¶p. h®m³ hn`m-K- nÂs¸Sp-¶-hcmWv Ah--Xm-

c-IÀ. ]pe-b-hn- m-K- nÂs¸Sp-¶-hÀ kz´w hoSp-I-fnÂ sIt{´m³]m«v ]mSn-h-cp¶p. KÀ`n-Wn-

Isf _m[n- n-«pÅ _m[-Isf CÃm-Xm-¡m-\pÅ IÀ½-§-fm-Wv CXnÂ apJyw.

1.1.4. Xobm«v

"h¶mÂ t]mhm³ Xobm-«pw hcm-Xn-cn-¡m³ apSn-tbäpw' Fs¶mcp sNmÃp-v. hkqcn

h¶mÂ AXp-am-äm³ Xobm«p \S- p-¶p. Fd-Wm-Ipfw PnÃ-bnepw XriqÀ, ]¯\wXn«-bnepw

Xobm«v ImW-s -Sp-¶p. cp Xc- n-epÅ Xobm-«p-v, A¿- ³Xobm«v, {Z-Imfn¯obm«v F¶n-

§s\. ]d-hqÀ, tImX-aw-K-e- n-\-Sp¯v Xr¡m-cnbq-À F¶n-hbmWv CXnsâ tI{µ-§-fm-bn-«p-

Å-Xv. Ah-Xm-c-IÀ Xobm-«p®nIÄ F¶-dn-b-s -Sp¶p. Ip`w, ao\w, taSw, amk-§-fn-emWv CXv

{][m-\ambpw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶Xv. A¿- ³ Xobm«v hrÝn-I-am-k- n-emWv \S- mdv.

1.1.5. kwL-¡fn (]m-t\-¦-fn)

imkv{X¡fn, Nm¯n-cm¦w, bm{X-Ifn, ]m\bpw Ifnbpw F¶ot]cp-I-fnepw Cu Iem-

cq]w Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. thZm-[n-Im-c-an-Ãm¯ \¼q-Xn-cn-amcmWv CXv Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. s]cp-am-

¡-·m-cpsS ]X\¯n\p Imc-W-amb bp²w sNbvX \¼q-Xn-cn-amcmWt{X Cu bm{Xm-\-¼q-Xn-cn-

amÀ. kwL-¡fn A\p-jvTm-\m`mkkz`m-h-apÅ \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I--amWv. tImgn-t¡m-Sp-ap-XÂ amth-

en-¡chsc CXp ImW-s -Sp-¶p. ]pcp-j-·mÀ am{Xw ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ Hcp Iem-cq-]-am-WnXv. tNmdqWv,

hnhmlw, ASn-b- ncw F¶o BtLm-j-§-fnÂ kwL-¡fn kwL-Sn- n-¡p-¶p.



1.1.6. ]m\

`{Z-Im-fn-bpsS Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-§-fnÂ H¶mWv ]m\.hÅp-h-\mSv, Gd-\mSv, sIm¨n, XriqÀ,

]me-¡mSv XpS-§nb Øe-§-fnÂ CXv \ne-\nev¡p-¶pv. ]m\-bpsS cq]-t`Z§Ä tIc-f- n-

e§-tfm-an-t§mfw Dv. {Z-Im-fnsb kvXpXn- p-sIm-pÅ ]m«p-Ifpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw ]m\-

bnÂ ImWmw. A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-bmbXpsImpXs¶ hnizm-k-§Ä kwc-£n-¡pIsb¶-XmWv

Cu Iem-{]-I-S- nsâ apJy-[À½w. Hcp ]IepsImv Ah-km-\n-¡p¶Xv Ifn- m\sb¶pw Hcp

cm¸-IÂ sIm-h-km-\n-¡p¶Xv ]Ån- m-\sb¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. A¼-e- pg {ioIrjvW

t£{X- nÂ 12 hÀjw IqSp-t´mdpw ]m\ Ifn- p-h-cp-¶p. \mbÀ hn`m-K- nÂs¸Sp-¶-hcpw

]m«pIpdp- ·m-cp-amWv CX-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. DÕ-h-§-tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn- mWv ]m\ \S- mdv.

1.1.7. IWymÀIfn

]me-¡mSv PnÃ-bn-emWv IWymÀIfn Ac-t§-dp¶Xv. I®In-bmÀIfn-bmWt{X IWn-bmÀI-

fn-bm-bXv. tZi- p-Ifn, s]m¶m-\-¡fn F¶n-§s\ cpt]-cpIÄ -Iq-Sn- CXn\pv. Ipw`w,

ao\w, taSw amk-§-fn-emWv Cu Ifn \S- m-dp-ÅXv. \mb-·mtcm Xpey-k-aql]Z-hn-bn-ep-Å-

htcm BWv CXh-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]ÃÈ\(]m-e-¡m-Sv), s\·m-d, Xr -aw-K-ew, NnäqÀ, Ip-gÂaµw

Cu {]tZ-i-§-fnemWv CX-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. DÀÆ-cm-cm-[-\-bpsS mK-ambn CXv \S- nh-cp-¶p.

hn-f-¡p-sh¨v ]m«p]mSn I-fn-¡p¶ kvXpXn-bm-b h«-¡-fn, h«-¡-fn- m«v, B-n-Iq- v ]m«v,

htÅm¡-hn-]m-«v, ae-a¡-fn-]m«v XpS-§n-bh IWn-bmÀIfn]m«p-I-fnÂ s]Sp-¶p.

1.1.8. ]qX\pw Xndbpw

]me-¡mSv, ae- pdw PnÃ-bnÂ {]Nm-c- n-epÅ A\p-jvTm\Ie-bm-Wn-Xv. a®m³, ]mW³,

ae-bÀ XpS-§nb hn`m-K- n-epÅ-hcmWv ]qX\pw Xndbpw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. CsXm-c-\p-jvTm-

\-I-e-bmWv. hnizm-k-§sf kwc-£n-¡pI F¶-XmWv CXnsâ [À½w.Imhp-I-fnÂ ]qcw, Xme-

s¸m-en BtLm-j-§-tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn- mWv ]qX\pw Xndbpw \S- p-¶-Xv. ]q-Xw `qX-K-W-§sf

kqNn- n-¡p¶p. hoSp-IÄtXmdpw ]qXw Ibdn Cd-§pw. A\p-{K-ln¨v s\Ãpw Acnbpw hm§pw.

DÕhka-b- mWv CXv {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶-Xv. ]qX- nsâ Xe-bnÂ henb apSn (In-co-Sw) Dmhpw.

Ac-bnÂ Ac-aWnbpw Nph¶ DS- p-sI«pw Dmhpw. ]d-bmWv CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hmZyw.

1.1.9. If-sa-gp v

Imhp-I-fnepw t£{X-§-fnepw A\p-jvTm\§-tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v ]©-hÀ®-s]m-Sn-sImv

(]- , shfp- v, Idp- v, Nph- v, aª) [qfocq]-§Ä Hcp-¡p¶ {]{In-b-bmWv If-sa-gp- v. b£n-

¡-fw, th«-bvs¡m-cp-a-I³ Ifw, a{ -hm-Z-¡-fw, \mK-¡-fw, `{Z-Im-fn-¡fw F¶nh DZm-l-c-W-

§Ä. tIc-f- nse A\p-jvTm-\-{In-b-I-fnÂ If-sa-gp¯v \nÀ_-Ô-ambn ImWp¶p. apSn-tbäv,

Xobm-«v, F¶n-hbv¡v Ifsagp v Dv. Xobm-«p-®n-IÄ, Ipdp- -·mÀ, amcm-·mÀ, XobmSn \¼ym·mÀ,

sX¿-¼mSnIÄ F¶n-h-cmWv If-sa-gpXp¶-Xv. DÕ-h-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨pw A\p-jvTm-\-§-tfm-S-

\p-_-Ôn¨papÅ NS-§p-I-fnÂ Ifw hc-bv¡p-¶p.



1.1.10. ]m¼n³ XpÅÂ

kÀ¸w XpÅÂ, kÀ¸w-]m«v F¶o t]cp-Ifpw ]m¼n³ XpÅ-en-\p-v. CsXmcp A\p-jvTm-

\-I-e-bmWv. \mK-§-fn-epÅ a\p-jy-cpsS hnizmkw kwc-£n-¡pI F¶-XmWv [À½w.

]pÅphhn`m-K- nÂs]-«p-¶-h-cmWv CXnsâ Ah-Xm-c-IÀ. ]e-X-c- nÂ ]m¼n³ XpÅ-enÂ

If-sa-gp-Xp¶p. kva-¡-fw, ]©-hÀ®-s¸mSn¡fw, Acn-s¸mSn¡fw, F¶n-h- DZm-l-c-W-§Ä.

tIc-f- nsâ At§m-f-an-t§m-f-apÅ \mK-¡m-hp-I-fmWv CXnsâ tI{µw. A]qÀhw Nne ho-Sp-

I-fnepw ]m¼n³ XpÅ-Â A-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. IpSpw-_-§-fntem \m«ntem tZmj-§-fp-m-bmÂ

AXn\pÅ ]cn-lm-c-ambmWv CX-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]pÅ-h-¡p-Sw, ]pÅ-h-ho-W, ssI-a-Wn F¶n-

h-bmWv {][m-\-hm-Zy-§-Ä. Xmfw apdp-Ip-¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn ]m¼n³ XpÅepw cq£-am-hp¶p. kv{XoI-

fmWv If- nÂ Ccn-¡p-¶-Xv.

1.1.11. th«-¡m-c³ ]m«v

tKm{X-hÀ¤- nÂs -Sp¶ \mbm-«p-tZ-h-cmWv th«-s¡m-cp-a-I³. th«-bvs¡m-cp-a-Is\ kvXpXn-

¡p¶ A\p-jvTm-\-am-Wn-Xv. inh-]mÀÆ-Xn-am-cpsS aI\mWt{X Cu tZhX. Imhp-I-fn-emWv ]m«v

\S- p-¶-Xv. ]m]-§-fnÂ \n¶pw _m[-I-fnÂ\n¶pw apàn-t\-SpI F¶-XmWv [À½w. sX¿-¼m-

Sn-Ifpw Ipdp- ·mcp-amWv CX-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

1.1.12. A¿- ³ ]m«v

A¿- s\ kvXpXn-¡p¶ Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-am-WnXv. A¿-¸³ hnf-¡v, A¿-¸³ Xobm«v

F¶nhsbms¡ CXnt\mSv tNÀ¶p- \n-ev¡p-¶p. Ah-Xm-c-IÀ Ipdp- ·mcpw sX¿¼m-Sn-I-fp-amWv,

Ah-X-c-W-Øew A¿- ³ Imhp-I-fpw. sX¡³ tIc-f-¯nÂ imkvXmw-]m«v, DSp-¡p-]m«v,

Zmlwhbv v, ]m\Iw F¶o t]cpI-fpapv A¿- ³]m«n-\v. hrÝnIamk-§-fn-emWv CXv IqSp-

X-embn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv [\p, aIcw amk-§-fnepw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. hnizm-k-kw-c-£-WamWv

CXnsâ apJy[À½w. A¿- ³ tIc-f- nÂ am{Xw ImWp¶ Hcp Bcm-[-\m-aqÀ¯n-bm-sW¶

Imcyw Gsd {it²-b-am-Wv. A¿- ³/imkvXmhv F¶ Zzµzhpw kq£va-]-cn-tim-[\ AÀln-

¡p¶p.

1.1.13. ]qc-¡fn

D¯-c-tI-c-f- (I-®qÀ, ImkÀtIm-Sv)¯nse Imhp-I-fnepw K-h-Xn-t£-{X-§-fnepw Ah-X-

cn- n-¡p-¶ A\p-jvTm-\-¡fn-bm-Wn-Xv. ao\-am-k- nse ]qc- nsâ \mfnemWv Ah-X-cWw.

inhsâ Ima-Z-l-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« IY-bmWv CXnsâ ]pcm-X-\-]m-Tw. ]qc-¡fnbv¡v t\XrXzw

hln-¡p-¶-hÀ aWn-bm-Wn, Xo¿, imenb, Bimcn XpS-§nb hn`m-K-§-fnÂs¸-Sp-¶- P\-§-

fmWv. ]qc-¡fnbnÂ A\pjvTm\hpw hnPvRm-\hpw hnt\m-Zhpw CSI-eÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. 9 Znhkw

\op-\nev¡p¶ Ifnbm-WnXv. ]qc-¡m-hp-IÄ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ {]kn-²-amb Imhp-IÄ D -c-

tI-c-f- n-ep-v. Awiw, tbmKn, Bv, ]Åv XpS-§nb hnhn[ cwK-§Ä CXn-epv. ]qc-¡fn

Hcp \r¯-I-e- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.



1.1.14. XncphmXn-c-Ifn

[\p-am-k- nse Xncp-hm-Xn-c-\m-fnÂ \S- p-¶ kv{XoI-fpsS Iem-cq-]-amWv Xncp-hm-Xn-c-

Ifn. \mbÀ hn`m-K- nÂs¸-Sp¶hcmWv CXv apJy-ambpw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. F-¦nepw FÃm

P\hn`m-K- nepw IS-¶p-h-cp¶ Hcp EXq-ÕhamWnXv. [\p-am-k- nse AizXn \£{Xw apXÂ

Xncp-hm-Xn-c \£{Xwhsc- \op-\nev¡p¶ Iem-{]-I-S-\-am-Wn-Xv. hÀ¯pf\r¯hn`mK- nÂs¸Sp-

¯mhp¶ H¶mWv Xncp-hm-XncIfn. a[y-tI-c-f- nÂ At§m-f-an-t§mfw CXv hym]n¨p \nev¡p-

¶p. ]ucm-WnI ]Ým- e¯nÂ Ima-tZ-hsâ ]p\ÀP-\n-¡mbn \S- p¶ Ie-bmWv Xncp-

hmXnc. \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpw (am-cmÀ, Ipdp- v) A -cm-f-hÀ¤-§-fp-amWv Xncp-hm-Xncsb t{]mÕm-ln-

¸n- n-cp-¶-Xv. hnt\m-Z-amWv CXnsâ {][m-\-s¸« [À½w. ]mXn-c- q-Nq-SÂ CXnse {][m-\-s¸« Hcp

NS-§mWv.

1.1.15. X«n-t·ÂIfn

]pebhn`m-K- nÂs¸Sp-¶-h-cpw th«phhn`m-K- nÂs¸Sp-¶-hcpw \S- p¶ Nhn-«p-I-fn-

¡mWv X«n-t·ÂIfn F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. CXn-s\mcp Ifn- -«p-m-bn-cn¡pw. tIm«bw PnÃ-bnÂ

\mb-·mcpw CXp Ifn-¡p-¶p. hnt\m-Z-amWv CXnsâ [À½w. t£{X-§-fnepw s]mXp-th-Zn-bn-ep-

amWv CXnsâ Ah-X-c-Ww. sN, tN¦ne, Ce- m-fw, a±-fw F¶n-h-bmWv hmtZym-]-I-c-W-

§Ä. Nnse-S-§-fnÂ sFhÀIfn F¶pw Cu Ifn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-v.

1.1.16. h«-¡fn

{][m-\-ambpw 3 Xe§fnÂ h«-¡fn \ne-\nev¡p¶p. H¶v, ss{IkvX-hÀ¡n-S-bnÂ (hnti-

jn v Iv\m-\mb hn`m-K- nÂs¸Sp-¶-hÀ¡n-S-bnÂ) hnhm-l-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn v. cv, IWymÀI-

fn-bnÂ A\p-jvTm-\[À½t¯msS. Ipdp-aÀ, ]pe-bÀ, hb-\m-S³ sN«n-IÄ F¶n-hÀ¡nS-bnepÅ

h«-¡fn aq¶m-a-t¯-Xv. BËm-Zm-h-k-c-§-fn-emWv CX-h-X-cn- n-¡pI.

1.1.17. Z vap«v

tIc-f- nse apÉnw P\-hn- m-K-§Ä¡nSbnÂ {]N-cn¡p¶ Hcp Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv. aX-]-c-ambn

A\p-h-Zn- n-«pÅ Hcp Ifn-bpam-Wn-Xv. D¯c-tI-c-f- nemWv Z vap«v {][m-\-ambpw ImWp¶Xv.

Z^v F¶ hmZyw ac- nsâ ]pd¯v GsX-¦nepw arK- nsâ tXmÂ H«n- p-sh¨pm¡p-¶p.

aZo-\-bnÂ Cu Ifnbpv Fs¶mc`n-{]m-b-ap-v. Nne Øe-§-fnÂ AÀ_\ F¶ hmZyhpw

CXnÂ D]-tbm-Kn- p ImWp¶p. A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb [À½-amWv CXn-\p-Å-Xv. aX-]-c-amb {]mÀ°-

\-IÄ ]m«nsâ XpS-¡- n-Â ImWmw. Ad-_n-Km-\-§-fmWv BZyw ]mSn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Npcp-¡- nÂ

ae-_m-dnÂam{Xw \S-¡p¶ A\p-jvTm\þhnt\mZIe-bm-Wn-Xv.



1.1.18. H¸\

ae-_m-dnse apÉo§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ \ne\nev¡p¶ -I-em-cq-]-§-fn-sem-¶mWv H -\. kv{XoIfpw

]pcp-j³am-cpw CXhX-cn- n-¡mdpv. BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ hnhm-l-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨pw aäp hnti-

j-Zn-h-k-§-fnepamWv Ah-X-cn- n- n-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ C¶v aÕ-c¡-fn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ CXv kmÀÆ-

{Xn-I-ambn. A^v\ F¶ Ad_n ]Z- nÂ \n¶mWv H¸-\-bp-m-b-sX¶pw AXÃ, Hcni-ensâ

t]cmWv H¸\ F¶pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v. tIc-f- nse {][m-\-s¸« Hcp Zriyþ{ihyþ hnt\mZam[y-

a-amWv H¸\.

1.1.19. Ad-_-\-ap«v

ae-_m-dnse am¸n-f-amÀ¡nSbnÂ \ne-\nev¡p¶ Ie-mcq]am-Wv Ad-_-\-ap«v. Ad-h\ F¶

hmtZym-]-I-c-W-amWv CXn-\p-thn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. dwkm³ XpS-§nb hnti-jm-h-k-c-§-fn-

emWv Ah-X-cWw. hnt\m-Z-amWv apJy[À½w. ]m«p-IÄ ]mSn-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn D-kvXmZv

Dm-bn-cn¡pw. tIhehnt\m-Z¯n\- p-d¯v sa¿- ym-k-§fpw CXnÂ ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

1.1.20. Ip vdm- o_v

ae-_m-dnse am¸n-f-amÀ¡n-S-bnÂ {]N-cn¡p¶ A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-bmWv Ip vdm- o-_v. hkqcn

tcmKs¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn CXp \S- p-¶p. I¯n, ITm-cn XpS-§nb Bbp-[-§Ä

ico-c- n-te¡v Ip¯n-bn-d-¡p¶ Hcp Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv. Bßo-b-am-b-Xn-\mÂ GXp-Im-e¯pw CX-h-

X-cn- n-¡mw.

1.1.21. amÀ¤w-Ifn

tIc-f- nse kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡nSnÂ \ne-\nev¡p¶ Hcp Ifn-bmWv amÀ¤w-I-

fn. BZy-Im-e v CXv ]pcp-j³am-cpsS Ifn-bm-bn-cp¶p. skâ vtXm-a-knsâ IS-¶p-h-c-hmWv amÀ¤w-

I-fnbnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. A\p-jvTm-\-ap-s-¦nepw CXnsâ apJy-[À½w hnt\m-Z-amWv. {InkvXp-

a-X- n-te-¡pÅ IqSn-t -cÂ F¶mWv amÀ¤w F¶-Xp-sIm-p-t±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. hÀ¯pf-\r- -cq-

]- n-emWv Ah-X-cWw.

1.1.22. sN-tafw

tIcfo-b-hm-Zy-§-fnÂ Gähpw apJy-amWv sN. "]Xn-s\«p hmZy-§fpw sN-bv¡p-Xmsg'

F¶mWv sNmÃv. Xmb-¼-I, tIfn, ]cn-j-hm-Zyw XpS-§n-bh sN-bnse {]tbm-K-hn-ti-j-§-fm-

Wv. Dcp-«p-sN-, ho¡³sN F¶n-h- hmZ-\- n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. tafw F¶mÂ IqSn-t¨-

cÂ F¶mWÀ°w. ChnsS sNsb tI{µo-I-cn- p-Å kwbp-à-{]-tbm-K-§-fm-Wp-ÅXv.

1.1.23. ]©-hmZyw

Xnan-e, a±-fw, CS-bv¡, Ce- m-fw, sIm¼v F¶n-h-bmWv ]©-hm-Zy-§Ä F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-

¶-Xv. Ch-bpsS H¶n- pÅ {]tbmK¯n\v kmam-\y-ambn ]©-hmZyw F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.



1.1.24. in¦mcn-tafw

C¶v sN-ta-f- nse Gähpw P\-{]n-b-amb {]I-S-\-amWv in¦mcntafw. apdp-Inb Xmf-

¯nÂ sIm«p-Im-cpsS Nne imco-cnINe-\-§-fpsS AI-¼-Sn-tbmsS CXp \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ

P\-km-am\yw Ahcdn-bmsXXs¶ CXnÂ ]¦p-tNÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p.

1.1.25. sX¿w

D¯-c-tIc-f- nse {it²-b-amb A\p-jvTm-\-\À¯-\-I-e-bmWv sX¿w. tZho-tZ-h-·mÀ,

b£-K-ÔÀÆm-Zn-IÄ, qX-§Ä, \mK-§Ä, Imc-W-h-·mÀ, hoc-]p-cp-j-·mÀ F¶n-h-scÃmw sX¿-

þ-ssZ-h-þ-§-fmbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xpem-amkw apXÂ ao\-amkw hsc-bmWv Ah-X-c-W-Im-ew.

h®m³, ae-b³, amhn-e³ XpS-§n-b-h-cmWv sX¿w Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. B\p-jvTm-\n-I-amb

kÀh-Zp-cn-Xm-]-l-cWw F¶ [À½-amWv Cu \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-Im-h-X-c-W- n-\p-Å-Xv.

sX¿-§Ä kwkm-cn-¡p¶ ssZh-§-fm-Wv. \À -Isâ Acp-f¸m-Sp-Isf P\-§Ä tZh-Xm-

h-N-\-§-fmbn¯s¶ Icp-Xp-¶p. sX¿-§Ä kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v "Dcn-bm«p tIÄ¸n-¡Â' F¶mWv

]d-bp-¶-Xv. à-P-\-§Ä X§-fpsS thZ-\-Ifpw hnj-a-X-Ifpw aäp {]iv\-§fpw ssZh-t¯m-Sp-

WÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw t\À -Ifpw hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw t\cn«p kaÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. At¸mÄ sX¿-

§Ä "Ipdn-sIm-Sp¯v' Dcn-bm«p tIÄ¸n-¡pw. sX¿-§-fpsS A\p-{Kl hrjvSn `à-·m-cnÂ

Bizmkw ]I-cp-¶p.

1.1.26. apSn-tbäv

FdWmIpfw PnÃ, tIm«-bw PnÃ, XriqÀ PnÃ-bpsS sX¡³ {]tZ-i-§Ä F¶n-hn-S-§-

fnse tZho-t£-{X-§-fnÂ Ac-t§-dp¶ A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-amWv apSn-tb-äv. Imfn-

þ-Zm-cn-I-bp²w CXnÂ \mS-Io-b-a-mbn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. Zmcp-I³ F¶ Akp-csâ D]-{Zhw

kln-¡m-\m-hmsX qX-e-hm-kn-IÄ IjvS-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ \mc-Zsâ hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS hnh-c-a-dnª

{io]-c-ta-iz-c³ Imfnsb krjvSn v Zmcp-Is\ h[n-¡p-¶ ]pcmW IY-bm-Wn-XnÂ A`n-\-bn-¡p-

¶-Xv. H¶n-e-[nIw IYm-]m-{X-§Ä kwKo-Xw, \r¯w, Na-bw, L«-§-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸« CXn-

hr- w, IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-eqsS kw`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sS, A\m-hr-X-am-Ip¶ IY þ F¶n-§s\ FÃm

\mS-I-L-S-I-§fpw apSn-tb-än-\p-v. sI«n-hbv]v Ac-§p-hm-gÂ ]pd- m-Sv, kwhm-Zw, Xnc-t\m-«w,

IqSn-bm-«w, t]iÂ F¶n-§s\ Ah-X-c-W- n\v n¶-L-«-§-fp-v. Ipdp- v, amcmÀ hn`m-K- nÂ

s]Sp-¶-h-cmWv Ah-Xm-c-IÀ. Imhp-I-fnse DÕ-h-Im-e- mWv {]I-S-\w. hkqcn t]mepÅ tcmK-

§-fnÂ\n¶v apàn-t\-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bmWv apSn-tbäv \S- p-¶-Xv.

1.1.27. ]S-bWn

] -\w-Xn-«, Be- pg PnÃ-I-fnse t£{X-§-fnÂ sI«n-bm-Sp¶ A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb \mtSm-

Sn-\m-S-I-amWv ]S-b-Wn. ]£n-t¡m-ew, b£n-t¡mew F¶n-§s\bpÅ tIme-§-fmWv CXnsâ

apJy BIÀj-Ww. \mbÀ hn`m-K- nÂs]-Sp-¶-h-cmWv {][m\ Ah-Xm-c-IÀ. tIc-f- nse {it²-

b-am-sbmcp Btá-tbm-Õ-h-amWv ]S-bWn F¶p ]d-bmw. X v BWv Cu \mS-I- n\p]-tbm-Kn-

¡p¶ {][m-\-hm-Zyw.



tIcf- nsâ khn-ti-j- q-an-im-kv{X- nÂ a\p-jysâ Bhn-jvIm-c-§Äs¡Ãmw h¶p-

tNÀ¶n-«pÅ cq]-ssh-Nn-{Xy-§-fmWv CXp-hsc I-Xv. C\n sX¿w, apSn-tb-äv, ]S-b-Wn XpS§n

Ie-bpsS hnI-kn-X-cq-]-§-sf¶p ]d-bm-hp¶ \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-§-fpsS LS-\mhnti-j§-sf-¡p-

dn¨v hni-Z-ambn At\z-jn-¡mw.

1.2. \mtSmSn\mS-I-§Ä þ tUm. F.- sI. \¼ymÀ

tIc-f- nse {]apJ t^mIvtemÀ Kth-j-I\pw ]WvUn-X-\p-amWv tUm. F.- sI. \¼ymÀ.

At±-l- nsâ "tIc-f- nse \mS³Ie-IÄ' F¶ ]pkvX-I- nse Bdmw A[ym-b-amWv

"\mtSmSn\mS-I-§Ä'. \mtSmSn\mS-I-§-sf-¡p-dn v kmam-\y-ambpw tIc-f-¡-c-bnÂ Cu P\p-ÊnÂ

cq]-s¸-«p-h-¶n-«pÅ Bhn-jvIm-c-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hnti-j-ambpw Cu ]T\w NÀ¨ sN¿p¶p.

1.2.1. \mtSmSn\mS-I-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

a\pjykaq-l- nsâ Gähpw {]mNo-\-amb Ie-bmWv \mS-I-sa¶v GWÌv ^njÀ. aX-

§Ä Dm-hp-¶-Xn\p ap¼p-Xs¶, {]Ir-Xy\p-I-c-W- n-eqsS a\p-jy³ \mS-I- nsâ {]m{Kq-]-

§Ä \nP-s¸-Sp- n-bn-cp-¶p. th«-bm-SÂ, arK-§Ä X½n-ep-ff t]mcm-«-§Ä, hÀj-\r- -§Ä,

{]Ir-Xn-bnse i_vZ-§Ä XpS-§n-h-bpsS ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cWw C¯-c- n-ep-Å-h-bmWv. temI-

sa-¼mSpw \mSI- n\v aX-]qÀÆ-Ime L«- nse BJym-\-§-tfm-SmWv ASp¸w. arK-bm-\p-I-c-

W- nsâ Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶ amXr-I-bmWv ae-_m-dnse "tImXm-aq-cn-bm«w'. tKm]q-P-bnÂ\n¶v-

Dcp¯n-cn-ªp-h¶ DÀh-c-Xm-\m-SI (Fertility play) §fnÂ H¶m-Wn-Xv.

\mtSmSn\mS-I-§Ä Ah-bpsS hnIm-k-Z-i-bnÂ aXm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-ambn CgpIntNÀ¶Xmbn

ImWmw. A\p-jvTm-\mw-i- nsâ Gä-¡p-d- n-en-s\-¡p-dn- p-am-{Xta AhnsS \mw At\z-jn-t¡-

-Xm-bp-Åq. ssIsIm-«n-¡-fnbpw tImÂ¡-fnbpw hnt\mZ{]-[m-\w am{X-am-sW¶p tXm¶m-sa-

¦nepw A\p-jvTm-\-L-S-I-§-fpsS Ipd-hmWv Ahsb {it²-b-am-¡p-¶Xv.

1.2.1.1. A\p-jvTm-t\-Xc \mtSmSn\mS-I-§Ä

Ipd- n-bm«w, s]mdm-«p-\m-SIw, Im¡m-cÈn \mSIw F¶nh A\p-jvTm-\mwiw Xosc-bn-

Ãm¯ cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-§-fmWv. Ch-bnÂ Xangv kzm[o\w ià-am-sW¶v HmÀ¡-Ww. Ipd- n-

bm-«- nsâ X«Iw I®qcpw AXnse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Xangv \m«nÂ \n¶p-h¶v Ducp-Npän \S-

¡p¶ Ipd-h³ Ipd- n-am-cp-am-Wv. Ipd- n-bm«w t£t{Xm-Õ-h-§-tfm-S-\p-_-Ôn v \S- n-h-cp-

¶p. "]pds¯ B«'amb (a-Xn-evsI-«n\p shfn-bnÂ \S-¡p¶, A\u-tZym-Kn-I-amb) s]mdm«p

\mSIw XriqÀ, ]me-¡mSv PnÃ-I-fnÂ Ac-t§-dp-¶p, ]me-¡mSv PnÃ-bnse Xs¶ ]m¦fn, "Bcy-

½me' \mSIw F¶n-h-bnepw Xangv kzm[o\w ImWmw. hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-§sf Ifn-bm-¡n-sImv

thj-§Ä Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ s]mdm-«p-\m-S-I- nÂ Ihd³þ Ih-d- n, sN«n-bm³þ sN«n¨n, sNdp-

a³þ sNdpan, Ipdp-h³þ Ipd¯n XpS-§nb anYp-\-§-fmWv {]Xy-£-s -Sp-¶Xv. Z£nWXncp-hn-



Xmw-Iq-dnse Hcp Bhn-jvIm-c-cq]-amWv Im¡-cn-Èn-\m-SIw. inh³ Im¡\pw ]mÀÆXoKwK-amÀ

Im¡m- n-am-cmbpw `qan-bn-se¯n Agn-an-Xn-IÄ Ah-km-\n- n-¡p¶ ]pcm-hr- -amWv CXn\p

]n¶n-ep-ÅXv. Cu aq¶v A\p-jvTm-\-t\-Xc \mtSmSnIem-cq-]-§fpw kwKo-Xm-ß-Ihpw \r¯-

¯nsâ {]_-e-amb kzm[o-\-ap-Å-h-bp-am-Wv.

1.2.1.2. A\p-jvTm\\mS-I-§Ä

tIc-f- nse \mtSmSn\mS-I-§-fnÂ qcn- m-Khpw B\p-jvTm-\n-I-§fm-Wv. Ah Htc-k-abw

A\p-jvTm\{][m-\hpw cwK-{]-[m-\-hp-amb LS\ Im¯p-kq-£n-¡p-¶p. A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Ifpw

cwK-I-e-Ifpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-§Ä Xmsg ]d-bp-¶p.

1. A\p-jvTm\Ie-I-fpsS e£yw t{]£Ik-aq-l-aÃ, ]¦m-fn-I-fmWv. cwK-I-e-IÄ

t{]£-Isc e£yw hbv¡p¶p.

2.A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-I-fnÂ \S³, IYm-]m{Xw F¶ Zzµzw (Duality) A{]-k-à-am-Wv.

cwK-I-e-I-fnÂ AXp-v.

3.A\p-jvTm-\- nÂ XmZmßy (Identification) ¯n\p {][m\yw. cwK-I-e-IÄ t{]£-

Isc hniz-kn- n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. A\p-jvTm-\- nÂ Bbn- o-cepw cwK-I-e-bnÂ

hniz-kn-¡-ep-amWv \S-¡p¶Xv.

4.A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-bnÂ Ign-hnt\m kn²nt¡m {][m-\y-anÃ. cwK-I-e-bnÂ Ahbv¡v

{]m[m-\y-ap-v.

5. A\p-jvTm\kt¦-X-§Ä (Ritual Convensions) ¡v {][m\yw. cwK-I-e-bnÂ \mS-

Io-b-k-t¦-X-§Ä (Theatrical conversions) -¡v {]m[m\yw.

C§s\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ tIc-f- nse an¡ cwKm-h-X-c-W-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-§-fmsW¶p

ImWmw.

1.2.1.2.1. apSn-tbäv

Imfn-Zm-cn-]p-cm-hr¯w hni-Z-ambn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ apSn-tbäv ]qÀ®-ambpw Hcp A\p-jvTm-

\-\m-S-I-am-Wv. Fd-Wm-Ipfw, tIm«bw PnÃ-I-fnse tZho-t£-{X-§-fmWv Ac-§v. Ipdp- vþ amcmÀ

hn`m-K-§-fnÂ s]Sp¶hcmWv Ah-Xm-c-IÀ. Imfn, Zmcn-I³, Zm\-th-{µ³, tImbn-¼n-SmÀ XpS-

§nb IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv CXn-hr¯w CXÄ hncn-ªp-h-cp¶Xv. Xucy-{Xn-Im-[njvTn-X-

amb (B«wþ ]m«vþ sIm«v) Bh-jvIm-c-co-Xn-bmWv apSn-tb-änepw ImWp-¶-Xv.

1.2.1.2.2. Imfn-bq«v

Imfnþ ZmcnIIY Xs¶-bmWv Imfn-bq-«nepw Ac-t§-dp-¶Xv. H¼Xp Znhkw sImmWv

Ah-X-cWw. CtX ]pcm-hr¯w Xs¶ Imfn-sI-«nepw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. sX¡³ tIc-f- nse

"imÀ¡c¡mfn-bq«v' {]kn-²-am-Wv.



1.2.1.2.3. \nW-_en

I®qÀ PnÃ-bpsS sX¡³{]tZ-i-§-fnÂ ImWp¶ \nW-_-enbpw ImfnþZmcnI ]pcm-hr¯w

Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶p. ]qÀ®-ambpw \nW-a-Wnªphcp¶ Zmcn-I\pw IY-I-fn-bnse kv{Xoth-js¯

A\p-kva-cn- n-¡p¶ Imfn-bp-amWv Cu {]I-S\cq]- nse hyXy-kvX-XIÄ.

1.2.1.2.4. ]S-bWn

sX¡³ tIc-f- nÂþ ]¯-\w-Xn-«, Be- pg PnÃ-IÄþ {]Nm-c- n-epÅ \mtSmSn\mS-I-

amWv ]S-b-Wn. tIme-§-fpsS tLmj-bm-{X-bmWv CXn-se {][m\ C\w. ]pe-hr¯w, ]q¸-S,

Ims¸m-en-¡Â XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv aäv cwK-§Ä. Ime³tImew, amS³, adpX XpS-§n-bh tIme-

§Ä¡v DZm-l-c-W-§-fmWv. hmNn-Im- n-\-bhpw H¶n-e-[nIw IYm-]m-{X-§Ä IqSn-tNÀ¶pÅ

A`n-\-bhpw ]S-b-Wn-bn-ep-v.

Imfo-]p-cm-hr- s¯ GIm- n-\-b-cq-]- nÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ Imfn- o-bm«v, A¿- sâ

P·-c-lkyw hnh-cn- p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ A¿- ³Iq¯v F¶nhbvs¡Ãmw cwK-I-em-h-g-¡-§-fpsS

kz`m-h-ap-v.

1.2.1.2.5. sX¿m«w

\mS-Io-bmw-i-§Ä \ndª A\p-jvTm-\m-h-X-c-W-amWv sX¿m-«w. mhm- n-\b{][m\yw IqSn-

bm-Wn-Xv. ]pen-s¯-¿-§Ä, ]penadª sXm- ³, am¡-t¸m-Xn, hnjvWp-aqÀ¯n, _men, IXn-

h-¶qÀ hoc³ XpS-§n-bh DZm-l-c-W-§Ä, Nabw, hmNnIw, BwKnIw F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw aäv

\mtSmSn cwKm-h-X-c-W-§-fnÂ\n¶v sX¿m«w thdn«p \nev¡p-¶p. tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃ-bnse Xnd-

bm-«- n\v sX¿m-«-t¯mSv ASp- -ap-v.

1.2.1.2.6. koX-¡fn

D¯-c-tI--c-f- nse Kncn-hÀK-¡m-cmb Icn-¼me-cpsS DÀÆ-cXm-\m-S-I-amWv koX-¡-fn.

I¶ns¡mbv n-\p-tijw s]m«³, ss]\m³, koX XpS-§nb I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS thj-a-Wnªv

hoSp-IÄ Ibdnbn-d-§p¶Ah-X-cW cq]-amWn-Xv. CSo-e-½bv¡pw CSo-e- -\p-ap-mb k´m-\-

amWv koX.

]¯\wXn« PnÃ-bnse ae-th-S-cpsS s]md-amSn (s]m-d-\m-Sn) bm«- nepw \mS-Io-bmw-i-

§Ä A\-h-[n-bp-v.

1.2.1.2.7. a{ -hmZmh-X-c-W-§Ä

hb-\m-«nse ASn-bm-fcpsS CS-bn-epÅ K±nI, IÅn-bm«v, shÅm«v (FÃmw am{´nI

IÀ½-§Ä) tIc-f-¯n-e-t§m-f-an-t§mfw ImWp¶ tImewXp¶Â, ae-b³sI«v, ]q¸«,

sIt{´m³]m«v, shen-¡f F¶n-h-sbÃmw cwK-I-emw-i-§Ä DÅ-S-§p-¶-h-bmWv. h®m³Iq-

¯v, `mc-Xw-I-Y-]-d-bp¶ ae-bn-¡q¯v, thZm-[n-Im-c-an-Ãm¯ \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS CS-bnÂ {]N-cn-

¡p¶ kwL-¡fn (bm-{X-¡-fn) XpS-§nbhbpw tIc-f- nsâ sshhn-[y-apÅ cwK-Iem kwkvIm-

cs¯ ]cn-N-b-s -Sp- p-¶p.



1.2.1.3. s]mdm-«p-IÄ

s]mdm«v F¶ ]Z- n\v "t\c-t¼m¡v F¶v HcÀ°w. s]mdw + B«w F¶ kÔn-{In-b-

bn-eqsS hcp¶ AÀYhpw {]k-à-am-Wv. hnt\m-Z-amWv Ch-bpsS apJy-[Àaw AXm-b-Xv, A\p-

jvTm-\- nse apdp¡w Ipd-bv¡pI F¶ ZuXyw. hnt\m-Z-t¯m-sSm¸w kmaq-lnI hnaÀi-\hpw

kq£va-¯nÂ PmXn hnaÀi-\hpw s]mdm«p-I-fnÂ ImWmw. ambn-tem³, Nmen-b³, ]«À,

sIm§nWn, ]c-tZin {_mÒ-W³, am¸nf, a®m¯n, ]m¼m«n, ]q¡mcn XpS-§n-b-hÀ DZm-l-c-W-

§Ä. apSn-tb-änse Iqfn, ]S-b-W-bnse hr², tNmh³, At´mWn F¶o IYm-]m-{X-§fpw

s]mdm-«p-am-Xr-I-IÄ Xs¶ sIt{´m³]m-«nsâ mK-ambn \S- p¶ Nn½m-\-¡fn s]mdm-«p-\mSIw

Xs¶. temI-[Àan-bmb A`n-\-b-amWv s]mdm-«p-IÄ¡p \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. kw`m-jWw at\m-

[Àa-{]-[m-\hpw.

1.2.1.4. \mtSmSn \mS-I-§-fnse cwK-thZn

\mtSmSn\mS-I-§-fnse cwK-th-Zn-bpsS khn-ti-jX-IÄ Xmsg ImWpwhn[w {Ia-s¸Sp¯mw.

1. sI«n-sbm-cp-¡nb NXpÀam\ cwK-thZn Ch-bv¡nÃ.

2.Abª (Flexible) Ac§v

3.Nen-¡p¶ cwK-thZn (Øm\wamdp¶ Ac-§v)

4.AhXm-c-IÀþ kZ-kyÀ F¶ thÀXn-cn-hnÃ

5.t{]£I ]¦m-fn¯w (Audience participation)

6.]cn-k-cm- n-\bw (Environmental Acting)

7.\mSy-[Àan-bmb A`n-\-b-coXn

8.ssieo-Ir-X-amb hmNnIw (Stylized dialogues)

9.ssieo-Ir-X-amb Nabw (Stylized costumes)

10. at\m-[Àam- n-\bw (improvised Acting)

11. AXn-i-tbmàn]c-amb Ah-X-cWw (Exagerrated performance)

tIc-fob]mc¼-cy- nse A\p-jvTm\]mX-I-fnÂ {]Xy-£-s -Sp¶ A\p-jvTm-\-þ-A-\p-jvTm-

t\-X-c-{]-I-S-\-§-fpsS cwK-I-emkm[y-X-IÄ kq£va ]T-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-t¡--Xpv.

1.3. \mSy-th-Zn-bnÂ \S³ þ Imhmew \mcm-b-W- -Wn-¡À

ae-bm-f- nse {it²-b-\mb \mS-I-Nn- -I\pw Ihn-bp-amWv Imhmew \mcm-b-W- -Wn-

¡À. ]n. hn. them-bp-[³]nÅ kam-l-cn¨ F³. IrjvW-]n-Åbpw `mc-Xo-b-\m-S-I-th-Znbpw

F¶ ]pkvX-I- nÂ\n-s¶-Sp- -XmWv "\mSy-th-Zn-bnÂ \S³' F¶ {]_-Ôw. mc-Xo-b-\m-S-I-

th-Znbpw \mSy-k-¦-ev]-§-fp-amWv Cu ]T-\- nsâ tI{µw.



]mc-¼-cy- nÂ ]co-£Ww \S- p-t¼mÄ \mSy-th-Zn-bpsS tI{µ-Øm-\¯p \n¶p-sImv

Gähpw iàn-bpÅ LS-I-ambn {]hÀ¯n¡p-¶Xp \S-\m-sW¶v Imhmew \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

Ifn- -d-bpsS -]-cn-[n-¡p-ÅnÂ \nev¡p¶ \S³ Xsâ \ne t_m[y-s¸-Sp- n, ^e-h- mbpw

AÀ°h¯mbpw kzbw {]Im-i\w \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶p. Ac-§nsâ InS v Øe¯nsâ ka-\n-c-

¸mb kz`m-hs¯ A`n-hy-RvPn- n-¡p-t¼mÄ, \S³ ew_-am-\-amb \s«-Ãp-ambn Xsâ ]mÝm- -

e- n-s\-Xnsc {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p. \Ssâ ]cn-io-e\w Bcw- n-¡p-t¼mÄ, \mSy-th-Zn-bnÂ \¶mbn

{]tbmKhnt[-b-am-t¡ ASn-Øm-\-X¯zw CXp Xs¶bmWv. Cu kn²m- - nÂ AS§p¶

cp LS-I-§-fnÂ, \Ssâ \mSy-th-Zn-bn-epÅ kwkvIm-cw-þ-i-co-c- nsâbpw mh- n-sâbpw

kwkvIm-cw-þ-A-S-§p-¶p. CXn\v BwKn-Iw, kmXznIw F¶n-§s\ mc-X- nepw bq (yu) Xmbv

( tai) P¸m-\nepw kwRvP-I-fp-v.

a\p-jy-iàn aqem-[m-c- nÂ Ncp kÀ - nsâ cq]- nÂ \n{Zm-W-ambn InS-¡p-¶p.

AXv AhnsS \n¶pw qan, Pew, Aán, hmbp XpS-§nb X¯z-§-fpsS taJ-e-IÄ IS-¶v apI-

fn-te¡p Nen¨v e£y-Øm-\-amb ]qÀ®-X-bn-te¡p {]bmWw sN¿p-¶p. "aqÀ¯n-I-ev]n-¡Â'

F¶ {Inb X{ -hn-Zy-bnÂ A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb Hcp AXo-{µnb k¼À¡-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv. \mSy-

th-ZnbnÂ \S³ Cu XXz- nsâ Bhn-jvIm-c- n-eqsS- -s¶-bmWv IYm-]m-{X-ambn amdp-¶-Xv.

X{ -hn-Zy-bnse kÀ¤-{]-{Inb AXnsâ apgp-h³ iàn-bnÂ \Ssâ DÅnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

cq]- m-h-§-fpsS ka-\z-bhpw At\ym-\y-Xbpw kÀ¤m-ß-I-hym-]m-c- nÂ F¶pw NÀ¨

sN¿-s¸-«n-«pÅ hnj-b-am-Wv. \mSy- nÂ \Ssâ icocw kÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS am[y-a-am-Wv.- kwth-

Z\- nsâ Icp-hmWv Xmfw. AXn\v \mSy- nsâ aqÀ¯-amb L«w apXÂ AXy´w X·-bm-h-

Ø-tbm-f-w hsc hfsc {][m-\y-ap-v. Cu Xmf-am-Is« \Ssâ icocw k©-cn-¡p¶ Øe-hp-

ambn Hcp Ime-bfthmsSm¯p _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Øe-X-cWw \S³ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ ka-b-

¯n-eqsS sImp \S- p¶ Hcp Øqe-IÀ½-amWv. Ifn- -d-bnse Øehpw \Ssâ k©m-c-

{I-ahpw A§-s\ AÀ°h- m-bn-cp-¶p. \mSy-[À½n-bpsS C{µ-Pmew krjvSn-¡p-hm\pw \S-þ-

]m{X ]cn-hÀ¯\w F¶ efn-Xhpw hniz-k-\o-b-hp-amb \mSy-hn-kvabw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-hm\pw,

a\-¡mbtaf-\- n-eqsS \S\p Ign-bp-¶p. Cu kÀ¤{In-b-bnÂ Øes¯ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-

Xn\p Imew Xm§m-bn- o-cp-¶p.

icocw, `mhw F¶o cp LS-I-§-fnÂ A´Àeo-\am-bn-cn-¡p¶ apg-¡w, \Ssâ i_vZ-

¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ Bßm-hn-jv¡m-c-s -bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXm-bXv \Ssâ {]Im-i-

\-¯nse hmNn-Imwiw i_vZhpw Ai-_vZ-hpw \r¯w Nmcnbpw Øm\-I-hpw-þ-A-h-bpsS

At\ym\y kt½-f-\- n-eqsS \mSy- nse kvfX-Im-e- p-SÀ¨-bpsS ka-{Km-thm-[-amWv Dm-

¡p-¶-Xv. Chn-sS-bmWv Xmfhpw Xmf- nse Xmf-an-Ãm-bvabpw, Ne-\s¯ AXnsâ ]cn-[n-bn-

em¡n hymJym-\n-¡p¶ {]iv\w DÛ-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. \mSy-th-Zn-bnÂ \r -t¯bpw kwKo-X-t¯bpw

cp kzX{´hnZy-I-fmbn KWn- p-IqSm . \r¯-hn-Zy-I-fmbn KWn- p-Iq-Sm. \r¯w Ne-\s¯

hnti-jn- n-¡p-¶p.



Øehpw Imehpw X½nÂ, Øehpw \S\pw X½nÂ, \S\pw Ime-hpw X½nÂ þ FÃm-

apÅ At\ym\y{]hÀ -\-§Ä \Ssâ \mSy-th-Zn-bn-se Bßm-hn-jvIm-c- n\p ssNX\yw ]I-

cp-¶p. Øe-Im-e-§-fn-eqsS k©-cn-¡p¶ \S³ IYm-]m-{X-ambn ]cn-{I-an-¡p¶ Ah-Ø-bn-

Â\n¶mWv \mSykn²m- - nsâ ASn-Øm\w Dm-tI-Xv. \S³ Hcp Ah-Ø-bpsS cq]-

¯n\pw IYm-]m{Xw AXnsâ mh- n\pw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶Xmbn sXfn-bp-¶p. ka-Im-enIkml-

N-cy- nÂ\n-¶pÅ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-am-Ip-t¼mÄ \S³ ]p¯-\mbn ]Tn¨v, kz´w kmwkvImcnI

]cn-[n-¡p-ÅnÂ\n-¶p-sImv A]-{K-Y\w \nÀÆ-ln¨v Xsâ A\p- hw t{]£-\p-ambn ]¦p-sh-

¡p-¶p.

\Ssâ IYm-]m-{X- n-te-bv¡pÅ kµÀi\w Hcp Ah-Ø-bpsS cq]- m-h-§sf ià-

ambn Iq«n-bn-W-¡p-¶p. kÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS am\-kn-Im- ym-k- n-eqsS \S- p¶ ssZh-amb _mlym-

`y- -c-kw-tbm-K- nsâ t\À¡pÅ kz´w {]Xn-I-c-W-§sf ASp-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p¶p. Iemw-iw,

hSnhv, Npgn v F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ imco-cn-Im`n-\b {Ia-§sf ]m{X-kz- m-hhpambn hfsc kq£-

amb A\p-jvTm-\-{I-a-§-fn-eq-sSbpw hnizm-k-§-fn-eq-sSbpw \S³ ka-c-k-s¸-Sp- p-¶p. CXp

\Ss\ IYm-]m-{X- nsâ ambm-tem-I- nÂ sN¶n-d-§m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Cu temIw Xsâ

PohnX k¦-ev]-§fpw \nXyss\an¯n-I-amb s]cp-am-ä-§-fpw \ndª \Ssâ temI- p-\n¶pw

hn`n-¶-amWv. ]t£ Xsâ kmaqlym\p- -h-§-fnÂ\n¶pw \S³ ]m{X-kz- m-h- nsâ Nne {]tXyI

LS-I-§Ä Xnc-R-sR-Sp¯v AXnÂ apgp-In-bmWv \mSy- nsâ hniz-k-\o-bX Dm-¡p-¶Xv.

\Ssâ hnizm-khpw s]cp-am-ähpw F§s\ kzcq-]n-¡p¶p F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v ChnsS

{]kànbpm-Ip¶p CXp km²y-am-¡p-¶Xv \Sþ ]m{X ]cn-{Iaw F¶ Ie-bpsS C{µ-Pm-e-

¯n-eqsSbm-Wv. CXns\ icn¡v A\y-h-evI-cWw F¶ ]ZwsImp IrXy-ambn hyh-tÑ-Zn-¡m-

h-X-Ã. \ap-¡nXp ]IÀ¶m-«-am-Wv. AXmWv ]m{X-]-cn-{I-aWw. IrjvW-\m-bÀ F¶ \S³ \f³

F¶ IYm-]m-{X-hp-ambn CS-s]-Sp-t¼mÄ IrjvW-\-f-\mWv Dcp- n-cn-bp-¶Xv. ]m{X-hym-Jym-\-

¯nÂ Xs¶ Cu ssZzX-kwÚ AÀ°-h- m-Wv. "]IÀ¶m«w' F¶ kn²m- - nÂ ]mXn

\S\pw ]mXn ]m{Xhpw F¶ k¦ev]-ap-v.

Hcp mh- nsâ ASn-Øm\ tNmZ-\sb kq£-a-ambn A]-{K-Yn-¡p-t¼mÄ ico-c- nsâ

hm«w-]n-Sp-¯hpw ka-Xp-e-\hpw AS-§p¶ _mly-amb B¡hpw DÅnÂ \n¶pÅ

hmbpkvtXm`hpw \S-¡p-¶-Xmbn a\-Ên-em-¡mw. \S³ Hcm-i-bs¯ t{]£-I-\n-te¡pw asämcp

\S-\n-tet¡m, \S-·m-cn-tet¡m ]I-cp-t¼mÄ, bm{´n-I-ambn Cu ]{Inb \S-¡p-¶p-v. sshjvWh

\ne-bnÂ\n¶v ASn-Øm-\-\n-e-bn-te-¡pÅ ico-c- nsâ amäw ]mc-¼-cy- nsâ {]tbm-K- n-

em-bmepw imkv{X-{K-Ù-§n-em-bmepw Htc Dt±-iy- nÂ Xs¶-bmWv Du¶p-¶-Xv. sshjvW-h-

\ne AXnsâ XpS-¡- nÂ \Ssâ \ne-bmWvþ AYhm km[m-cW PohnX¯nse \nesb

t_m[-]qÀÆw {]I-S-\-]-c-am-¡nb \ne. Cu \ne-bnÂ\n¶v \S³ ASn-Øm-\-\n-e-bn-te-¡p \o§p-

¶p. mhs¯ Ft§m-«mtWm {]k-cn- n-t¡Xv B hi-t¯¡v ico-c- nsâ Xq¡w sImSp-

¡p-¶p. \mSy-th-Zn-bnÂ ASn-Øm\ \ne-bnÂ\n-¶pÅ Nmcn-hn-[m\w AÀ°kwth-Z-\¯ klm-

bn-¡p-¶p. BwKnI hmNnIkmXzn-Im-lm-cy-§-fn-eqsSbpÅ AÀ°-{In-bm-kw-th-Z-\-¯n\v

aqÀ¯hpw AaqÀ¯-hp-amb Xe-§-fp-v. ]mTym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw ]mtTy-X-c-hp-am-Imw.



Imhmew Cu {]_-Ô- n-eqsS `mc-Xo-b-\m-S-I-th-Zn- \S-s\-¡p-dn- p cq]-h-XvI-cn- n-«pÅ

Bi-b-§fpw kn²m- -§fpw t{ImUo-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. \mS-I-th-Znsb ASp- -dn-

bm³ {ian-¡p-¶-hÀ¡pÅ \nÀt±-i-I-X- z-§Ä CXnÂ hyà-ambn hnh-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶p.1.

1.4. apSn-tbäv þ tUm. Fkv. sI. \mbÀ

BZy-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-K-th-j-I-cnÂ {it²-b-\mWv tUm. Fkv. sI. \mbÀ. At±-l- nsâ

]T-\m-t\z-j-W-§-fpsS kZv^-e-amWv "tIc-f- nse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-§Ä' F¶ {KÙw. "apSn-tbäv'

F¶ {]_Ôw B {KÙ- nÂ\n¶v FSp- -Xm-Wv.

Imhp-I-fnÂ IpSn-sIm-Åp¶ Imfnsb (A-½-sb) {]oWn- n-¡m³ \S- p¶ Hc-\p-jvTm-\-

\m-S-I-amWv apSn-tb-äv. "apSn-tbäpw Xmes¸m-enbpw' \S- p-I-sb-¶Xv tIcf- nse an¡ Imfo-

t£-{X-§-fn-tebpw A\n-hmcy-amb Hcp-Õ-h- -S-§m-Wv. Xncp-hn-Xm-Iq-dn-se Nne Zn¡p-I-fnÂ apSn-

tb-än\v apSn-sb-Sp-s¸¶pw ]d-ªp-h-cp-¶p.

If-sa-gp- mWv apSn-tb-änse H¶m-as¯ NS-§v. ] -ep-s-¦nÂ apät¯m CsÃ-¦nÂ

ip²-ambn sh¨n-cn-¡p¶ apdn-¡-It¯m If-sa-gp-Xmw. apSn-tbäv \S- m³ A[n-Im-cn-IÄ Ipdp-

-·m-cm-Wv. ]mc-¼-cy-ambn AhÀ¡v Cu Nn{X-te-J-\- n-epÅ {]mhoWyw Bscbpw hnk-abn¸n-

¡pw.

If-sa-gp¯p Ign-ªm-Â {]XnjvTm-]q-P-bm-bn. IpSn-bn-cp- n-bn-«pÅ aqÀ¯n-I-sfbpw aäpw

Dt±-in- mWv Cu NS§v \S- p-¶-Xv. Zo]m-cm-[\ XpS-§nb N-S-§p-IÄ Ignªv "Ifw ]qP' \S-

¯p-¶p. Ifw-]m«v ]mSm-\pÅ Ah-kcw CXm-Wv. ASp¯ NS§v "Xncn-bp-gn- n'-em-Wv. _mt[m-]-

{Z-h-§fpw aäp amen-\y-§fpw Dgn-ªp-am-äm-\mWv Xncn-bp-gn- nÂ \S- p-¶-Xv. Xncn-bp-gn- nÂ

Ign-ªmÂ Xme-s¸m-en-bm-bn. kpaw-K-en-IÄ Xmesa-Sp¯v ]Sn-¡Â \n¶pw tZhnsb FXn-tc-

ev¡pI F¶-XmWv Xmes¸mensImv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. Xmb-¼I ]©-hmZyw XpS-§nb taf-

§Ä Cu FXn-tc-ev]n\v sImgp- p-Iq-«p-¶p. FXn-tcÂ v {]jvTm-ebw Npän If- n\p kwao]w

h¶v A-Xn-t\bpw {]Z-£nWw sNbvXv \nÂ¡p-¶-tXmsS B NS§pw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

ASp¯Xv Ifw ambv¡-em-Wv. {Z-Im-fn-bpsS cq]-amWv HSp-hnÂ ambv-t¡-Xv; Ifw ambv¡-en\v

Nne {]tXy-I-\n-_-Ô-\-I-fp-v. ]mZm-Zn-tI-i-amtb cq]w ambv¡m-hq. HSp-hnÂ ambv¡p-¶Xv ap-

Jhpw ape-bp-am-Wv. ape-bpsS Øm\¯v Acnbpw s\Ãpw Iq¼mcw sh¨n-«p-m-hpw.

Ifw ambv¡Â Ignªv Ipdp- -·mÀ apSn-tbän\v h«w Iq«p-I-bm-bn. AWn-b-d-bpsS k¦-

ev]- nÂ Hgnª Hcp mK-t¯¡v AhÀ amdp-¶p. apSn-tb-änÂ \n¶mWv IY-Ifnt]mepÅ Ie-

IÄ ]-eXpw kzoI-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. BZyw Zmcn-Isâ thj-amWv sI«n- p-S-§p-I. ASp- Xv

ImfnbpsS thj-am-Wv. apJw apgp-h³ Icn-tX¨p Idp- n v Acn-am-hp-sImv hkq-cn-¡pcp XoÀ¡p-

I-bmWv BZyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. s\än-bnepw Ihn-fnepw sX¨n¸q IqSn H«n¨p ]nSn- n- mÂ B apJw

D{Kw-]-iy-am-hm-³ asäm¶pw thW-sa-¶n-Ã. Inco-S- n\p Hcp henb apSn shbv¡p-¶p. Imh-Sn-

t]mse hfªv B apSn \ndsb Ipcp-t¯me sImv Be-¦-cn- n-cn-¡pw. ]n¶nÂ tIi- mcw



ImWpw. Imfnbpw Zmcn-I\pw XoÀ¶p-I-gn-ªmÂ tijw thj-§Ä s]«¶v sNbvXp XoÀ¡m-hp-

¶ Xc- -nep-Å-h-bm-Wv. inh³, Zm\-h³, tImbn-¼n-Smcv (tImbn-¼-S-\m-b-cv) thXm-fw, Iqfn

C{X-bp-amWv C\n thXv thj-§Ä. inh\v {]tXyIw apJ-t¯¸p In-«n-Ã. Is®-gp-Xpw;

tKm]n sXmSpw, IY-I-fn-¡m-cpsS apSnbpw shbv¡pw. inhsâ apJw am{Xta cwK-hm-kn-IÄ¡p

{]Xy-£-s¸-Sq. AXp-sImv Igp- n\p Iotgm«v F´m-bmepw F§-s\-bm-bmepw Xc-t¡-Sn-Ã.

DbÀ¯n-s¡-«nb Ac-s§m¶pw apSn-tb-än-\m-h-iy-an-Ã. thWsa-¦nÂ IY-I-fn-¡p-Å-t]mse

Hcp \mep-ImÂ¸- Â \m«mw. henb Ifn-hn-f¡v ap¼nÂ sImfp- n-sh¨p Ign-ªmÂ Ac-

s§m-cp¡w XoÀ¶p. hmkvX-h- nÂ B ] -en-sem-Xp-§p-¶-XÃm apSn-tb-än-\pÅ Ac-§v. cp

sN, Hcp ho¡³ ( hewtXe-s¨-), Ce- mfw C{Xbpw sImv tafw ]qÀ¯n-bmIpw.

"Ac-§- p-tIfn'sb¶ NS-t§m-Sp-IqSn Ifn XpS-§p¶p. tIfn Ign-ªmÂ cmKw aqf-

embn. HcmÄ {ipXn aqfpw asä-bmÄ Ht¶m ctm cmKw tkm]m-\-a-«nÂ Be-]n-¡p-¶p. A´cw

"Ac-§p-hm-gv¯-'se¶ NS-§m-Wv. inhsâ thjsa-Sp- -bmÄ au\-ambn AhnsS \nÂ¡p-

Itb DÅq. ]n³]m-«p-IÄ inhsâ `mKw apdbv¡p ]mSn-s¡m-Åpw. IY-I-fn-bn-se-¶-t]mse

ap{Z ImWn-¡p¶ k{¼-Zmbw inh-\n-Ã. Zmcn-Isâ ]pd- m-SmWv ASp- p-Xv. Xnc-t\m«w GXmp

IY-I-fn-sb-t¸mse Xs¶. cp IbvI-fnepw Npcn-I-t¡m-se-¶p ]d-bp¶ Bbp[w ]nSn- n-cn-

¡pw. Xnc-t\m«w aq¶p-X-h-W-bp-v. aq¶m-as¯ Xnc-t\m-«-t¯msS Xnc-Èoe \ntÈjw \o¡p-

¶p. ]pd- m-Sv-k-a-b¯p ]pjv]-hr-jvSn-bp-v. apSn-tbänse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« cwK-amWv Ien-]p-

-d- m-sS¶ aq¶mw cmKw. thjaWnªp \S³ t£{X- nt\m I¿m-ebvt¡m ap¶nÂ h¶p-\n-

¶p. [ym\n v apSn ap-dp-¡p-¶p. taf¡mcpw Iqfn-Ifpw Imfn-bpsS Npäp-ambn IqSn \n¶p hmZytLm-

j§-sfs¡mpw BÀ¯phn-fn-IÄsImpw A -co£w apJ-cn-X-am-¡p-¶p. Imfn-bpsS I¿nÂ

Hcp hmfmWv Bbp[w; Iqfn-I-fp-sS I¿nÂ Xq¸p-I-fpw.

\memw cwKw tImb-¼n-Sm-cpsS ]pd- m-Sm-Wv. hmfpw ]cn-bp-ambn "ae-a-I-f-ar-Xn-\n-b-arXv'

F¶p ]d-ªp-sIm-mWv At±-l- nsâ ]pd- m-Sv.

apSn-tb-änÂ IqSn-bm«w F¶p hnfn- p-h-cp¶ A©mw cwK- n-emWv Imfnbpw Zmcn-I\pw

X½nÂ bp²w \S- p-¶-Xv. tImb-¼n-Sm-cpsS cwK-{]-tbm-K-th-f-bnÂ Imfn apSn Agn¨v ]oT-

¯nÂ Ccn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cn¡pw. tImbn-¼n-SmÀ ad-bp-t¼mÄ Imfn apSn apdp¡n hnf-¡n\p ap¼nÂ

h¶p \nÂ¡p-¶p. Zmcn-I³, Zm\-h³, qXw (Im-fn-bpsS hml-\-amb thXm-fw) F¶o aqhÀ Xnc-

Èo-e¡p ]n¶nÂ \n¶p Xnc-t\m«w \S- p-¶p. Chn-cnÂ thXmfw GXm-smcp hnZ-qj-Isâ

a«n-emWv cwK- p-h-cp-¶Xpw BSp-¶-Xp. Imfnbpw Zmcn-I\pw X½nÂ Ac§p XIÀ v t]mÀ \S-

¯p-t¼mÄ thXmfw I¿nÂ Hcp ] -hp-ta´n ImWn-Isf kao-]n v Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw ssI\o«w

Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXv tIhew t\c-t¼m-¡n\p am{X-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Imfnbpw Zmcn-I\pw X½n-

epÅ Ip-ap-«Â XnI¨pw A`n-\-b-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. Xnc- Xmgv¯n Imfn Zmcn-I-t\bpw Zmcn-I³

Imfn-tbbpw t\m¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v thXmfw Xnc-bpsS Hcp hi¯p \n¶v Zmcn-Is\ Nqn-

¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.



Zmcn-I\pw Zm\h\pw asämcp ]oT- nepw. Aev]w Ignªv Imfn apSnbpw I¿n-se-Sp¯v

Ac-§¯p hcp¶p CXmWv apSn-sb-Sp- v. apSn-sb-Sp¯p hcp-t¼mÄ Imfn Hcp inhkvtXm{Xw

sNmÃp¶tXmsS apSn-tbäv Ah-km-\n-¡p¶p.

apSn-tb-än-s\-¡p-dn v BZy-Im-e-§-fn-ep-mb ]T-\-§-fnÂ Gsd {it²-b-amWv Cu {]_Ôw.

1.5. tIc-fobXmf-hm-Zy-I-e-I-fpsS DÛ-hhpw hnIm-khpw þ F. Fkv. F³. \¼o-i³

hmZy-kw-Ko-X-hn-j-b-§-fnÂ Ht«sd Kth-j-W-{]-_-Ô-§Ä X¿m-dm-¡n-bn-«p-Å ]WvUn-X-

\mWv F. Fkv. F³. \¼o-i³. At±-l- nsâ "Xmf-§Ä Xmf-hm-Zy-§Ä' F¶ {KÙ- nse

teJ-\-amWv "tIc-fobXmf-hm-Zy-I-e-I-fpsS DÛ-hhpw hnIm-khpw'.

Xmf-hm-Zy-I-e-IÄ Iem-tem-I- n-\pÅ tIc-f- nsâ anI¨ kw`m-h-\-b-mWv. atä-sX-¦nepw

kwØm-\t¯m cmPyt¯m Xmf-hm-Zy-I-e-IÄ¡v tIc-f- n-te-Xp-t]m-epÅ Hcp kzX-{ -]-Zhn

ssIh-cn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-«nÃ. \r¯w, kwKoXw XpS-§nb atä-sX-¦nepw Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS ]Ým-

¯ew F¶ \ne-bnÂ am{X-amWv aän-S-§-fnÂ Xmf-hm-Zy-§Ä \n \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv. tIc-f- nÂ

Xs¶ aXm-\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb BNm-c-§-fpsS A\p-_-Ô-amb t£{X-I-e-IÄ F¶ \ne-bn-emWv

Ch cq]w sIm-Xv. F¶mÂ Ch-bnÂ Nn-e-Xv Iemkuµ-cy- nsâ ta³a-sIm-v, hnhn-[- a-X-

ØÀ¡pw atX-Xc {]Øm-\-§Ä¡pw kzoIm-cyhpw Bkzm-Zy-hp-am-bn- oÀ¶p. AXnsâ km£y-

]-{X-amWv Ct¸mÄ s]mXpNS§p-I-fnepw thZn-I-fnepw AhXcn¸n¡-s -Sp¶ ]©-hm-Zyw, Xmb-

¼-I, sN-ta-f-§Ä XpS-§nb hmZy-cq-]-§Ä.

IqSn-bm-«w, IrjvW-\m-«w, IY-I-fn, Hm«³Xp-ÅÂ, \r¯w, ]mWn, IpgÂ¸-äv, sIm¼p-]-äv,

]©hmZyw, Xmb¼-I, sN--ta-f§Ä, sN«n-hmZyw, in¦m-c-ta-fw, kwL-¡fn (]-t\-¦-fn) Xncp-

hm-Xn-c-¡-fn, IWymÀI-fn, sX¿w, Xnd, ]qX³, apt¡m³ Nm¯³, apSn-tb-äv, Ipd- n-bm-«w,

apSnbm«w. ]tS\n, IWymÀ¡-fn, ]qc-¡fn, sFhÀ¡-fn, Bn-¡-fn, \mbm-Sn-¡-fn, Ad-h-\w-ap-

«v, Z^n-ap-«v, H¸-\, amÀ¤w Ifn, hnÃ-Sn- m³]m-«v, A¿- ³ ]m«v, tXmäw-]m-«v, ]pÅp-h³]m-«v,

sImbv p-]m-«v, ]S- m-«v, am¸n-f- m-«v, \´pWn- m-«v, h©n- m-«v XpS§n \qdp IW-¡nÂ \op-t]m-

Ip¶ Iem-cp-]-§Ä \ap-¡p-v. Ch-sbÃmw Xmfm[njvTn-X-am-Wv. Ch-bn-e-[n-Ihpw D]-I-c-W-§-

fp-]-tbm-Kn- pw, Nne-Xp-am{Xw ssI¸Sw Iq«n-b-Sn¨pw Xmfw ]nSn-¡p-¶p. Cu Xmfm-[n-jvTn-X-I-e-I-

tfm-sSm¸w Xmfw ]nSn-¡m-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-§fpapm-bn. ]d, s]cp-¼-d, sN, A¨³ sN,

X v, DSp-¡v, CS-bv¡, a±-fw, acw, sXm¸n-a-±fw Xnane, Ce- mfw, Ipgn- mfw, tN§n-e, XhnÂ,

arZwKw XpS-§nb sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ Xmtfm-]-I-c-W-§fpw \ap-¡p-v.

Cu Xmtfm]-I-c-W-§fpw Iem-cq-]-§-fpw, Fs¶Ãmw F§-s\-sbÃmw BhnÀ -hn¨p F¶p

IrXy-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {]bm-k-am-Wv. Cu Ie-Ifpw D]-I-c-W-§-fp-saÃmw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-

¯nsâ At -Zyhpw A\n-hm-cy-hp-amb mK-ambn a\p-jy³Xs¶ krjvSn- n-«p-Å-XmWv. {]Ir-Xn-

bpsS {]Xn-Iq-e-i-àn-Isf t\cn-Sm-\pÅ Bß-c£m \S-]-Sn-IÄ, ao³]n-Sp- w, \mbm-«v, Irjn,



]mÀ¸n-S-\nÀ½m-Ww, Bi-b-hn-\n-abw XpS-§nb Poh-k-Ôm-cW¯n\pÅ aäp-{]-hÀ -\-§Äþ-

C-h-bpsS `mK-ambn ]e i_vZ-§fpw i_vtZm-]-I-c-W-§fpw Dm-¡m³ a\p-jy³ ]Tn- p.

{]Ir-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p Ahsâ Kpcp-\m-Y³. IS-ense Xnc-b-Sn-IÄ, CSn-sh«v, shÅ- m-«w, ]qt©m-

e-I-fpsS If-\m-Zw, ]£n arKm-Zn-I-fpsS IqP-\-tcm-Z-\-KÀÖ-\-§Ä, hv, tX\o- , sImXpIv

apX-emb ie- -§-fpsS aqfn- m«v Ch-sbÃmw Ah³ A\p-I-cn- p. IÃp-I-fp-c¨v aqÀ¨p-bp-m-¡p-

Ibpw ]n¶oSv teml-§Ä Is¯n Ah-sImv Bbp-[-§-fp-m-¡p-Ibpw aäpw sNbvXp-

sIm-mWv Ah³ PohnXw IqSp-XÂ kpK-a-am-¡m\pw Ah³ \nc-h[n Bbp-[-§fp]-tbm-

Kn¨p.

Poh-k-Ôm-c-W- n-\p-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp¶ D]-I-c-W-§-fnÂ ]eXpw Ime-{I-a- nÂ Pohn-

X¯nsâ asämcp taJ-e-bmb hnt\m-Z-§Ä¡pw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp- m³ XpS-§n. {]Ir-Xn-bnse

ss\kÀ¤n-I-i-_vZ-§sf A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]pdsa ]e \nco-£-W-§fpw \S- n, ]pXnb Xc-

¯n-epÅ i_vZ-§-fp-m-¡m-\pw, aäp Poh-Pm-e-§-fnÂ \n¶v Ft{Xmb DbÀ¶ tXmXnÂ a\p-

jys\ hyXy-kvX-\m-¡p¶ Ahsâ ImbnI kzm[o-\hpw _u²nItijnbpw Ahs\ klm-bn-

¨p. A§-s\-bmWv Zi-e-£m-_vZ-§Ä \op-\n¶ a\pjysâ A²zm-\-§-fnÂ¡qSn C¶p temI-

sa-¼mSpw {]tbm-K- n-ep-ÅXpw, ]e Ime-§-fn-ep-ambn \ne-hnÂ h¶Xpamb kwKo-Xhpw hmZy-

þ-kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-§fpw BhnÀ`-hn- -Xv. apf-¦q-Sp-I-fnÂ¡n-S-bnÂ¡q-Snbpw ]mä Xpf¨ Zzmc-

§-fnÂ¡q-Snbpw Imäp-I-S-¡p-t¼m-gp-m-Ip¶ i_vZs¯ A\p-I-cn- v, sNdp-Zzm-c-§-fp-m¡n

Ah-bnÂ¡qSn DuXn Imäp-I-S¯n Ah³ sshhn-²y-amÀ¶ \mZ-§Ä krjvSn- p. C¶p ImWp¶

]pÃm-¦p-g-epw iwJpw sIm¼pw Ipg-epw kmIvk-t^m-Wpw, ¢mc-\äpw aäpw A§-s\-bmWv BhnÀ -

hn- Xv. NnÃ-IÄ Iq«n Db-cp-t¼mgpw hnÃnsâ RmWn³taÂ A¼v Db-cp-t¼mgpw Dm-Ip¶

i_vZs¯ A\p-I-cn- p-m-¡nb D]-I-c-W-§-fmWv ]ptÅmÀ¡p-Sw, \´pWn XpS-§n, hoW,

hb-en³, kn¯mÀ, k´qÀ, ktcmZv hscbpÅ X{´n-hmZy-§Ä. teml-§Ä X½nÂ Iq«nap-«p-

t¼m-gp-m-Ip¶ i_vZs¯ A\p-I-cn¨v ssIa-Wn, Ipgn-Xm-fw, tN§n-e, Ce- mfw XpS-§nb

L\hmZy-§fpw Dm-¡n.

FÃm kpJZp:J§-fp-sSbpw \·-Xn-·-I-fp-sSbpw DdhnShpw {kjvSm-hp-ambn Hc-Zr-iy-i-

ànsb AYhm kÀtÆ-iz-cs\ kt´m-jn- n-¡m-\pÅ hgn-IÄ a\pjy³ Bcm-ªp. ssZhs¯

{]oXn-s -Sp- m-\pÅ Bcm-[-\m-cq-]-§fpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§fpw hnhn[ cmPy-§-fnÂ hyXy-

kvX-Im-e-L-«-§-fnÂ sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ cq]-§ÄssI-s¡m-p. Ch-tbmSv _Ô-s¸«v ]e-co-Xn-I-

fn-epÅ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§fpw DS-se-Sp- p. Cu hnizm-k-{]m-a-mW-§-sfbpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-

\-§-sf-bpw mKn-I-ambpw ]qÀ®-ambpw tNmZyw-sNbvXp sImpÅ {]Øm-\-§fpw ho£-W-

§fpw ]e-t¸mgpw ]e-bn-S¯pw DS-se-Sp- n-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw C¶pw BtKm-f-X-e- n-em-bmepw,

taÂ¸-dª hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§Ä¡v kaq-l- nÂ KWy-amb kzm[o\w sNep- m³ Ign-bp-

¶p-v. C -c- n-epÅ aXm-Nm-c-§Ä¡-\p-_-Ô-am-bn-«mWv \½psS \m«nÂ BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ



Iem-cq-]-§Ä DS-se-Sp- n-«p-Å-Xv. kaq-l- nsâ ]e-X-«nepapÅ P\-hn- m-K-§Ä, Ah-c-hsc

\bn- n-cp¶ Bibk¦-ev]-§Ä¡-\p-kr-X-amb coXn-bnÂ tZh-·m-cp-sSbpw tZhn-am-cp-sSbpw

{]oXn-¡mbn bpà-sa¶p tXm¶nb Iem-cq-]-§Ä A\p-jvTm\Ie-I-fmbn BN-cn- p-t]m-¶p.

a\p-jy-cq-]n-I-fmb ssZh-hn-{K-l-§Ä apXÂ Ah-cpsS hml-\-§fpw A\p-_-Ô-§-fp-ambn

t]m¯v, ]pen, Ipc-§v, ]cp- v, aqjn-I³ XpS§n kÀ¸w hsc-bpÅ hn{K-l-§Ä Dm¡n

Bcm-[n- p-t]m-¶p. CXn-s\-Ãm-ap-X-Ip¶ sFXn-ly-§fpw {]N-cn- n- p.

\½psS \m«n-epÅ Cu Iem-cq-]-§sf sam¯- nÂ cp {][m\ hn`m-K-§-fmbn Xncn-

¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. A`n-PmXIe-fmWv H¶v. atä-Xns\ \mS³I-e-I-sf¶pw hnti-jn- n¡mw. A`n-

Pm-X-I-e-IÄ htcWyhÀ¤- n-sâ-Xm-bn-«m-Wv cq]w sIm-Xv. \mS³Ie-IÄ km[-c-W-¡m-cp-sS-

Xp-am-Wv. A`nPmX-I-e-I-fnse Iem-Im-c³amÀ km[m-c-W-¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw AhÀ khÀ®

hn`m-K- nÂs -«-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ \mS³I-e-I-fnse Iem-Im-c³amÀ A[n-Ihpw AhÀ®cpw,

{]mtbW kaq-l- nsâ ASn- -«n-ep-Å-h-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. cmPm-¡-·mcpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw {_mÒ-

Wcpw A`n-Pm-X-I-e-Isf Ah-cpsS sIm«m-c-§-fnepw CÃ-§-fnepw t£{X-§-fp-sSbpw Ac-a-\-

I-fp-sSbpw hnfn- m-S-Ise AhX-c-Wm-\p-a-Xnbpw Hu]-Nm-cnI{]Xn- -ehpw \evIn-t¸m-¶p. \mS³I-

e-I-Ä ]eXpw CXn-\p-]p-dsa AhÀ®hn- m-K- nsâ ssZh-§fpsS k¶n-[m-\- nepw Ah-X-cn-

¸n- n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ kmaq-ln-Ip-]-cn-hÀ -\-§fpw \mSp-hm-gn- -IÀ¨bpw h¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn Cu

Iem-cq-]-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw kwc-£-I-cm-bn-cp¶p ]gb P·n-hÀ¤w _e-lo-\-cm-bn. Cu kml-N-cy-

¯nÂ, tIc-f- nsâ Aaq-ey-§-fmb Cu Ie-IÄ ]pXnb kwc-£-Isc Is- m³ ]mSps]SpI-

bm-Wv.

ap¼p hnh-cn¨ hmtZym-]-I-c-W-§-fnÂ NÀ½-hm-Zy-hn- m-K- nÂs¸« Xnan-e, sN, a±-fw,

CSbv¡ XpS-§n-b-hbpw X{´n-hm-Zy-§Ä¡pw kpjn-c-hm-Zy-§Ä¡pw kwKoXw. \r¯w XSp-

§nb Iem-cq-]-§Ä¡pw Xmfw \evIm-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-§Ä am{X-am-bmWv BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ

kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambpw (C-t¸mgpw _lp- q-cn-]£w {]tZ-i-§-fn-epw) D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

F¶mÂ tIc-f- nÂ NÀ½-hm-Zy-§Ä aäp Iem-cp-]-§Ä¡v Xmfw \ÂIpI F¶ aän-S-§-fn-

epÅ IÀ¯hy- nsemXp§n-\n-ev¡msX, kzX-{ -amb Hcp ]Z-hn-bn-se- p-Ibpw {][m\

hmZy-§-fmbn Db-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-v. Z£n-tW- y³ imkv{Xo-b-kw-Ko-X-¡-t -cn-I-fnÂt¸mepw

X\n-bm-hÀ¯\w F¶ LS- nepw aäp Nne Iem-cp-]-§-fnse taf- Zw F¶ hn`m-K- nse

Hcp L«- n-epw, IY-I-fn-bnse taf- Zw F¶ hn`m-K- nse Hcp L«- nepw aäp Nne Iemcq]-

§-fnse Nne khn-ti-j-L-«-§-fnepw NÀ½-hm-Zy-§Ä apJy-\m-b-I-·m-cmbn cq]w sImÅm-dp-

-tÃm. Cu kµÀ - nÂ Xmfw ]nSn-¡p-¶Xv L\-hm-Zy-§-fm-Wv. C -c- nÂ \S-¶p-h-¶n-cp¶

Xmf-hmZy D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS kzX-{ -amb {]tbmKw sImp-mb kµ-cym-\p- qXn Imc-W-am-

Imw. ]n¶oSv Cu NÀ½-Z-hm-Zy-§sf aäp aäp Iem-cp-]-§-fnÂ \n¶p thÀs]-Sp¯n kz´hpw

kzX-{ -hp-amb Hcp Ie-bpsS aptJym-]-I-c-W-§-fmbn DbÀ¯n-bX.v C¶s¯ ]©-hm-Zyhpw



Xmb-¼-Ibpw sN-ta-f-§-fp-saÃmw Cu ]cn-hÀ¯-\- nsâ {]Xy-£hpw {][m-\-hp-amb DZm-

l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. kwKo-Xtam \r¯tam CÃm¯ Häs -«-Xm-f-hm-Zy-§Ä ipjvI-am-sW¶ c-X-ap-

\n-bpsS ap³hn-[n-Isf Akm-[p-hm-¡n-s¡mv Cu Iem-cq-]-§Ä AXym-IÀj-Ihpw AXn-a-

t\m-l-tcm-hp-amb \qX\ hmZy-in-ev]-§-fmbn hfÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

tIc-fo-b-hm-Zy-tem-I-s¯¡p-dn¨v Hcp {]mY-an-I-Nn{Xw am{X-amWv Cu {]_-Ô- nÂ\n¶v

e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. D]-cn-hm-b-\-I-fn-te-bv¡pÅ kqN-\-IÄ AXnÂ [mcm-f-ap-p-Xm-\pw.

1.6. am¸nf¡e-IÄ Hc-h-tem-I\w þ F³. ImXn-cn-t¡mb amÌÀ

am¸n-f-kw-kvIm-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw Ie-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Kuc-h-ambn At\z-jn- n-«pÅ Kth-j-

I-\mWv F³. ImXn-cn-t¡mb amÌÀ. At±-l- nsâ "am¸n-f-I-em-ZÀi\w' F¶ IrXn. Cu hnj-

b- nepÅ Hcp B[n-Im-cn-I-{K-Ù-am-Wv. ae-_m-dnse apÉo-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ {]N-cn-¡p¶ Iem-cq-

]-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hnh-cn-¡p¶ teJ-\-amWv "am¸nf¡e-IÄ Hc-h-tem-I\w'.

apÉo-§-fpsS Iem-cq-]-§-fnÂ Gsd {it²-b-amb am¸n-f-¸m-«v, H¸\, Z^v ap«p-I-fn,

tImev¡fn XpS-§n-b-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v teJ-\- nÂ hni-Z-ambn NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p. amdnb Ime¯v

Ch F§s\ ]cn-W-an- n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw Cu ]cn-Wm-a-§-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf- m-sW¶pw amÌÀ

kq£va-ambn hne-bn-cp- p-¶p-v. H¸\ t]mepÅ Iem-{]-I-S-\-§Ä aÕ-c-§-fmbn cwK- p-h-

cp-t¼mÄ AXnsâ {]mtZ-in-I- -\n-amap-{Z-Ifpw Ah-X-c-W-{I-a-§fpw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-a-Ãm¯ coXn-

bnÂ ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p-sh¶v At±lw \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. am¸n-f-¡-e-I-fpsS Cu X\n-a-IÄ \jvS-

s¸-Sp-¶Xv Ah-bpsS AkvXn-Xz-s - s¶ _m[n-¡p-sa¶mWv amÌdpsS A`n-{]mbw.

am¸n-f-¡-e-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v kmam-\y-ambn ]Tn-¡p¶ cN\-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ Cu {]_-Ô- n\pw

]pkvX-I- n\pw \nÀ®m-b-I-Øm-\-ap-v.

tIc-f- nsâ cwK-I-em-{]-I-S-\-§-fnÂ \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-cq-]-§fpw sNep-

¯nb kzm[o-\- nsâ AXn-i-à-amb AS-bm-f-§-fmWv Cu {]_-Ô-§-fnÂ DÅ-S-§n-bn-«p-Å-

Xv. mc-Xo-b-\m-Sy-k-¦-ev]- nsâ ASn-Øm-\m-i-b-§fpw Chn-Sps¯ Iem-{]-I-S-\-§Ä¡v A\y-

a-Ã. cwK-I-e-Ifpw Ah-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-§fpw tIc-f- nsâ ]Ým- -e- nÂ {]mtZ-in-Im-\p-

-h-kaÀ -W- n-\pÅ am[y-a-ambpw PmXn-kz-Xz- nsâ {]Jym-]-\- n-\pÅ D]m-[n-bmbpw amdp-

¶p.



samUyqÄ 2

IqSn-bm«w2.0. BapJw

\mtSm-Sn-]m-c-¼-cy- n-eqsS hnI-kn- p-h¶ tIc-f- nsâ cwK-th-Zn¡v hyXykvXsbmcp

hfÀ¨m-hgn Dm-Ip-¶Xv G. Un. F«mw \qäm-p-ap-X-em-Wv. Cu hfÀ¨-bm-I-s«, tIc-f- nsâ

kmw-kvIm-cn-I-N-cn-{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«p InS¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {]mtZ-in-Iþ-\m-tSmSn

BJym\temIt¯bv¡v IqSn-bm-«w-t]m-epÅ HutZym-Kn-I-cq-]-§Ä C¡m-e v IS-¶p-h-¶p. Hu]-

Nm-cn-I-]m-c-¼-cy- nsâ Cu kc-Wnbpw \½psS cwK-I-em-h-g-¡-§sf ià-ambn ]cn-t]m-jn- n-

¨p.

21. Ncn-{X-]-Ým- ew

8þmw \qämp apXÂ 11þmw \qämphsc atlmZb]pcw tI{µam¡n cWw \S¯nbncp¶

cmw tNckm{amPy¯nÂ s]« cmPm¡·msc s]cpam¡·mÀ F¶p ]dªncp¶p. IpetiJc

km{amPy¯nsâ {]Xm]Ime¯v _p²ssP\aX§Ä Gsd¡psd AkvXan¨p. CXn\v

\nan¯ambn XoÀ¶Xv IetiJc·mcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ \S¶ sslµhthZ{]NmcW

bá§fmWv. IpetiJc·mcnÂ sshjvWhcpw ssihcpapv. IpetiJcsâ

]n·mKnbmbncp¶ cmPtiJchÀ½³ ssih]p{Xnbmb tNcam³ s]cpamÄ \mb\mcmsW¶v

{]_eamb hnizmkapv. sshjvWh àn {]Øm\¯nse \mbIcmb 12 BgvhmÀ amcnÂ

10þma\mWv IpetiJc BgvhmÀ. tIcf¯nÂ \n¶pÅ Htcsbmcp BgvhmcmWt±lw.

IpetiJcsâ PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v At±l¯nsâ \mSIamb X]Xn kwhcW¯nsâ

BapJ¯nÂ \n¶v Npcp¡w Nne hnhc§Ä e`n¡p¶pv. kwkvIrX¯nÂ apIpµamebpw,

XangnÂ s]cpamÄ Xncpsamgnbpw cNn¨ IpetiJc BgvhmÀ `ànkmlnXy¯n\v Aaqey

kw`mh\IÄ \ÂIn. X]Xn kwhcWw, kp`{Zm [\RvPbw hnÑn¶m`ntjIw F¶

At±l¯nsâ \mSI§fmWv. NmIym·mÀ Ct¸mgpw Ch IqSnbm« cq]¯nÂ AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.

IpetiJc·mcpsS Ime¯mWv Iq¯pw, IqSnbm«hpw t£{XIeIsf¶ \nebnÂ A`nhr²n

{]m]n¨Xv. IhnIsfbpw ]ÞnX·mscbpw At±lw kZkycmbn kzoIcn¨mcm[n¨ncp¶p.

hmkptZh `«Xncn Ct±l¯nsâ kZky\mbncp¶p. tIcfkmlnXyNcn{X¯nÂ ]eh«w

{]Xy£s¸Sp¶ tXmeIhn IpetiJcsâ kZky\mWv. IqSnbm«¯nÂ hnZqjI\v ]änb

tÇmI§Ä cNn¨p sImSp¯Xv tXmeIhnbmWv. hnZqjI³ aebmf¯nÂ kwkmcn¡Wsa¶

]cnjvImc¯n\v hfsctbsd {]m[m\yapv. \mSIthZnbpsS Ncn{X¯nÂ am{XaÃ mjbpsS

Ncn{X¯nepw Npcp¡¯nÂ tIcf¯nsâ aXNcn{X¯nepw kmwkvImcnI Ncn{X¯nepw

AhnkvacWobamWv IpetiJc BgvhmcpsS cWw.



IpetiJc·mcpsS Ime v tIcfkwkvImc¯nsâ cq]`mh§Ä amdnt¸mbn. kmaqlnI

km¼¯nIXe§fnepmb amä§fmbncn¡mw CXn\SnØm\w. IpetiJchÀ½sâ X]Xo

kwhcWw, hnÑn¶m`ntjIw, kp`{Zm[\RvPbw F¶nhbv¡p]pdsa iàn`{Zsâ BÝcy

NqVmaWnbpw C¡me¯pmb anI¨ \mSI§fmWv. s]cpamÄ Xncpsamgn¡p]pdsa aäp

hninjvS Xangv Imhy§sfm¶pw C¡me¯pmbn«nÃ. àn{]Øm\w Bcy kwkvImc¯nsâ

hgn¡v HgpIn¯pS§nsb¶Xnsâ sXfnhmWv IpetiJc BgvhmcpsS apIpµame

kwkvIrX¯nsegpXs¸« tIcf¯nse BZys¯ sslµh ànImhyamWnXv.

]eXcw Iq¯pIsf¡pdn¨v kwLw IrXnIfnÂ ]cmaÀiapv. Iq¯S¡apÅ ]e

hninjvS Iemcq]§Ä¡pw ]hn{XX \ÂIn t£{X IeIfm¡n amänbXv IpetiJc·mcpsS

Ime¯mWv. a¯hnemk {]lk\w, KhZÖpIw XpS§nb {]lk\§Ä 7þmw \qämpapÂ

tIcf¯nÂ IqSnbm«ambn A`n\bn¨pt]m¶ncp¶p. Cu {]lk\§Ä¡pw aäv kwkvIrX

\mSI§Ä¡w hniZamb B«{]Imc§fpw {IaZo]nIbpw DmbXv IpetiJc·mcpsS

Ime¯mWv. IpetiJc·mcpsS Ime¯mWv aebmf`mj XangnÂ \n¶v hyXykvXambn Hcp

kzX{´ mjbmbXv.

2.2. Iq¯-¼-e-§-fpsS kw`m-h\ þ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W- n-jm-tcmSn

kwkvIr-X- nepÅ AKm-[-]m-WvUn-Xyw-sImpw A\p-]-a-amb klr-Z-b-t_m-[w-sImpw

{it²-b-\mb Iem-\n-cq-]-I-\mWv sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W- n-jm-tcm-Sn. At±-l- nsâ Gähpw {]kn-

²-amb ]pkvX-I-amWv "Iq -¼-e-§-fnÂ'. CXnse {][m-\-s¸« Hcp teJ-\-amWv Iq -¼-e-§-

fpsS kw`m-h\.

\mSIm`n\-b- n\v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m\yw sImSp- n-«pÅ Hcp cmPy-amWv \½psS tIcfw.

P\-§Ä¡v hnt\m-Zhpw hnth-Ihpw D -a-kw-kvIm-chpw P\n- n-¡p-hm³ \mS-Im- n-\bt¯mfw

\Ã D]mbw thsd-bn-sÃ¶v \½psS ]qÀhnI-·mÀ \Ã-t]mse a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp¶p. {][m-\-s¸«

FÃm alm-t£-{X-§fnepw \mS-I-§Ä A- n-\-bn-¡-W-sa¶v AhÀ XoÀ¨-s¸-Sp- n. ]WvUn-X-

s\t¶m ]ma-c-s\t¶m Zcn-{Z-s\t¶m [\n-I-s\t¶m kpio-e-s\t¶m ZpÈo-e-s\t¶m DÅ t`Z-

sam¶pw t\m¡msX FÃm-hÀ¡pw Hcp-t]mse sN¶p-tN-cm-hp¶, FÃm hscbpw ]£-t`Zw

IqSmsX kzmKXw sN¿p¶ A`-b-Øm-\-§fpw ]v t£{X--§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. the-Ifpw ]qc-

§fpw DÕ-h-§fpw aäp-sa-¶-t]mse \mS-Im- n-\-bhpw t£{X-§-fnÂ \S- -W-sa¶v ]p-Å-

hÀ Xocp-am-\n- p. \mS-Im- n-\-b- n\pw Hcp {]tXyIw kap-Zm-bs¯ Npa-X-e-s -Sp¯n.

NmIym-·m-cmWv tIc-f-t£-{X-§-fnse \S-·mÀ. tIc-f- nÂ NmIym-·m-cpsS IYm-I-Y-\-

amb Iq¯p-v. sN¦p-«p-h-s]-cp-am-fpsS A\pP\mb Cf-t¦m-h-Sn-IÄ Hcp Xangv alm-Imhyw

\nÀ½n- n-«p-vþ Nne- -Xn-Imcw. AXnÂ ]d-hqÀ NmIym-cp-sS-A- n-\-b-]m-S-hs¯ {]iw-kn- p-sIm-

pÅ Hcp hÀW-\-bp-v.



`mkiq{Z-I-Im-fn-Zm-kmZn Ihn-I-fpsS kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fmWv ]v tIc-f- nepw A`n-

\-bn- p-h-¶n-cp-¶Xv. kz]v\hmk-h-Z¯w, {]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-bWw, {]Xnam\mSIw, A`n-tjI

\mSIw, arÑ-I-SnIw, imIp- fw apX-emb \mS-I-§Ä c-X-ap\nbpsS \mSy-im-kv{Xhn[n-IÄ¡-

\p-k-cn¨v ]p-ap-XÂt¡ tIcft£{X-§-fnÂ NmIym-·mÀ A`n-\-bn- n-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ lÀj-tZ-

h³ \mKm-µ\w \nÀ½n- -t¸mÄ AXpw ChnsS A`n-\-bn- p-Xp-S-§n. \mKm-\-µ- nse ]d-¡pw-

Iq¯v ]v hfsc BtLm-j-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ChnsS \S- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. A¶v kwkvIr-X- m-

j-bn-emWv {KÙ-IÀ¯m-¡-·mÀ Imcy-amb IrXn-I-sfÃmw \nÀ½n- n-cp-¶-Xv. \sÃmcp IrXn GXp-

\m-«nÂ BÀ \nÀ½n- mepw icn AÂ -Im-e- n-\p-ÅnÂ AXn\p mc-X- nÂ kÀÆ{X {]Nmcw

hcpw. mc-X- n-s\m-«msI Hsc Hcp hnZym- ymk`mj kwkvIr-X-am-bn-cp¶p. cmjv{S- m-jbpw AXp-

X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. AXp-t]mse mc-Xo-bÀ¡v FÃm-hÀ¡pw hmevao-In-bpsS cmambWamWv BZn-

Imhyw. `mc-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-im-kv{X-hn-[n-I-fmWv FÃm cmPy-¡m-cp-sSbpw \mS-Iob \nb-a-

§Ä. Htc Hcp BÀj-kw-kvIm-c- nsâ {]Nm-c-W-am-Wv FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw GI-e£yw. CXm-bn-

cp¶p A¶s¯ ØnXn. AXn-\mÂ tIc-f- nse BZn-Ime \mS-I-§Ä FÃm cmPy-¡mÀ¡pw

s]mXp-sh-bpÅ kwkvIrX \mS-I-§Ä Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p.

tIc-fo-bÀ \nÀ½n- n-«pÅ {][m-\-s¸« aq¶p kwkvIrX \mS-I-§Ä Dv. iàn`{Zsâ

BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wnbpw Ipe-ti-J-c-hÀabpsS kp -{Zm-[-\-RvP-bw, X]Xo kwh-cWw F¶ cp

\mS-I-§fpw. A`n-\-bn-¡m³ thn-Xs¶ Dm¡o«pÅ \mS-I-§-fmWv aq¶pw. Ah-bnÂ BÝ-

cy-Nq-Um-aWn NmIym-·m-cpsS thZ-sa¶p ]dbmw. A{X-am{Xw BZ-c-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv AhÀ

AXpw ]Tn¨pw A`n-\-bn¨pw c£n¨pw kq£n- p-t]m-cp-¶Xv. sX¡³ Zn¡nÂ BZy-ap-m-bn-

«pÅ kwkvIr-X-\m-SIw NqUm-a-Wn-bm-sW¶v AXnsâ {]kvXm-h-\-bnÂ ]dªp ImWp-¶p-v.

Ipe-ti-J-c-hÀam-hnsâ [\-RvP-b-kw-h-c-W-§-fnÂ \n¶v A¡m-e v s]mXpsh t£{X-§-fnÂ

A`n-\-bn- n-cp-¶Xv iq{Z-I³. Imfn-Zm-k³, lÀj³ apX-em-b-h-cpsS \mS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶p

{Kln-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXn-\mÂ tIc-fo-bÀ \nÀan- n-«pÅ BZy-Ime \mS-I-§Ä NqUm-a-Wnbpw

[\-RvP-b-kw-h-c-W-§-fp-am-sW¶v ]dbmw. {]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-b-Ww, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w

F¶n§s\ DZ-b³ \mb-I-\m-bn-«pÅ cp \mS-I-§Ä; {]Xna, A`n-tjIw, NqUmaWn F¶n-

§s\ cmam-bW IYsb B{i-bn- p \nÀan- n-«pÅ aq¶p \mS-I-§Ä; [\-RvPbw, kwh-cWw

F¶n-§s\ `mc-X-I-Y-Isf ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n \nÀan- n-«pÅ cp \mS-I-§Ä; `mK-h-X-I-

Ysb Bkv]-Z-am¡n _me-N-cnXw Fs¶mcp \mSIw; Poap-X-hm-l-\s\ A[n-I-cn¨v \mKm-\µw

\mSIw Cu H³]Xp \mS-I-§fpw ]nhnsS [mcmfw {]Nm-c- n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. Ch-bv¡p-

]pdsa Ducp-`wKw, ]©-cm{Xw, a[y-a-hym-tbmKw, Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-I-hym-tbmKw, ZqX-L-

tSmÂINw, ZqX-hmIyw F¶o `mc-X-IYm kw_-Ôn-I-fmb cq]-I§Ä¡pw {]Nm-c-ap-m-bn-

cp¶p. a -hn-em-k-{]-l-k\w, K-h-Z-Öp-Io-b-{]-l-k\w, arÑ-I-Sn-Iw-{]-I-cWw C§s\ Ht«sd

kwkvIr-X-cq-]-I-§Ä thsdbpw NmIym-·mÀ A`n-\-bn- n-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\p sXfn-hp-I-fp-v. BZÀi-

§-fnepw A`n-\b{]Im-c-§-fnepw sshhn-[yhpw sshNn-{Xy-hp-ap-m-bn-cp¶ Cu hI Zriy-{]-

tbm-K-§-fnÂ GXm\pw Nne A¦-§Ä am{Xta CubnsS NmIym-·mÀ {]ZÀin- n-¡m-dq-Åq.



km[m-cW P\-§Ä¡p-X-s¶-bmWv kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Im- n-\bw A[nIw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-«n-

cp-¶Xv. amXr- m-j-bv¡p-X-s¶-bmWv A[nIw t\«-ap-m-bn-«p-ÅXpw. sIm«v, ]m«v, \r¯w, A`n-

\bw, thj-hn-[m\w XpS§n km[m-cW P\-§Ä¡p ckn-¡m-hp¶ ]e LS-I-§fpw \mS-I-§-

fn-ep-v. kwkvIr-X-hm-Iy-§fpw ]Zy-§fpw Ah-bnÂ sNdn-sbmcp LSIw am{X-amWv. Htc kwkvIr-

X-hm-Iyw Xs¶ cp-aq-¶p-h«w kmh-[m-\- nÂ sNmÃn A`n-\-bn-¡pw. hnZq-j-I³ hgn¡pw

aäpw `mj-bnÂ hyà-ambn AÀYw hnh-cn- p-sIm-Sp-¡m\pw GÀ¸m-Sp-v. A§s\ Hcp Znh-

ks¯ \mSIw Ip-a-S-§m-dm-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v kwkvIr-X- nepw ip²-amb

amXr- m-j-bnepw Ipd-s¨m-s¡ ]pXnb Adnhp k¼m-Zn-¡m³ km[n- n-cp¶p. tIc-f- nse kmam\y

P\-§Ä¡v hnt\m-Zhpw hZym- ym-khpw hnth-Ihpw kwkvIm-chpw P\n- n-¡p-¶-XnÂ NmIym-

·m-cpsS \mS-Im- n-\bw hln- n-«pÅ ]¦v Gähpw hen-b-Xm-Wv. am{X-a-Ã, hnZp-j-I-\pÅ \mS-I-

§-fn-eqsS [Àa-imkv{Xw, AÀY-imkv{Xw, Ima-imkv{Xw, tam£-imkv{Xw, sshZyw, tPymXnjw

apX-emb kIe imkv{Xob hnj-b-§-fp-sSbpw Adnhv s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡v \ÂIn-h-¶n-cp-¶p.

Hmtcm¶pw hÀ¯-am-Po-hn-X-I-Y-IÄ DZm-l-cn v hyà-am-¡p-I-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. {]Xn-Úm-

bu-K-Ô-cm-b-W- nse a{´m¦w IpSn-bm-«- nÂ cmPy-X{´w hfsc hnkvX-cn¨p hÀWn-¡p-¶p.

`K-h-Z-Öp-Iob {]l-k-\- nÂ NmÀhm-I-aXw, _p²-aXw, aowam-k-I-aXw, thZm´w ChbpsS-

sbÃmw hni-Z-amb {]]-©-\-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. hnZq-j-Isâ ]pcp-jmÀY-¡q- nÂ Xcw-t]mse

FÃm hnj-b-§fpw {]mkw-Kn-I-ambn h¶p-tNÀ¶p. AXp-sImv km[m-cW P\-§Ä¡v temI-

]-cn-Nbhpw imkv{X-]-cn-N-bhpw mjm-]-cn-N-bhw Iem-]-cn-N-bhpw Dm-¡n-sIm-Sp-¡pI F¶p-

Å-Xp-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p ]s¯ kwkvIrX \mS-Im- n-\-b- nsâ {][m-\-e-£yw.

tIc-f- nse {]mNo\\mS-I-km-lnXyw ]cn-tim-[n- mÂ, AXns\ Bkv]-Z-am¡n kwkvIr-

X- nepw mj-bnepw hen-sbmcp {KÙ-k-ap- bw Dm-¡n-bn-«p-s¶v ImWm-hp-¶-XmWv. Ipsd

kwkvIr-X-cq-]-I-§Ä, Ah A`n-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\p thp¶ \nÀtZ-i-§fpw hymJym-\-§fpw

DÄsIm-Åp¶ {KÙ-§Ä, \mS-I-§-fpsS Hcp-hI mjm-hn-hÀ -\-§Ä, ip²- m-jbpw kwkvIr-

Xhpw Pohn-X-I-Y-Ifpw kmam-\y-P-\-§-fnÂ {]N-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn \mS-I-cw-K-§-fnÂ btYm-

NnXw {]tbm-Kn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-¡n-sh- n-«pÅ KZy-§fpw ]Zy-§fpw IYm-{]-kw-K-§fpw Ipdn- p-

sh- n-«pÅ Nne {KÙ-§Ä C§s\ B C\- nÂ ]eXpw ImWmw.

`mk³, iq{Z-I³, Imfn-Zm-k³, lÀj³ apX-emb D¯-c- m-c-Xob Ihn-I-fpsS \mS-I-§-

fmWv BZy-Im-e v ChnsS A`n-\-bn- n-cp-¶p-sX¶p ]d-ªp-htÃm. ]ns¶, B amXr-I-bnÂ ]e

\mS-I-§fpw tIc-fo-bcpw \nÀ½n- n-«p-v. Ah-bnÂ ]eXpw {]kn-²-s¸-Sp- n-bn-«p-v. F¶mÂ

shfn-bnÂ hcm- -h-bpsS kwJybpw hep-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.



\mS-Im- n-\-b-¯n-\p-th-p¶ \nÀt±-i-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ {KÙ-§Ä¡v {Ia-Zo-]nI

F¶mWv t]À. B«-{I-a-sa¶pw ]dbpw. GsXÃmw \mS-I-§Ä ]n-hnsS A`n-\-bn- n-cp-¶pthm

Ah-bvs¡Ãmw {]tXyIw B«-{I-a-§-fp-m-bn-«p-v. k{¼-Zm-b-t -Z-a-\p-k-cn v Nne \mS-I-§Ä¡p

]e-Xcw B«-{I-a-§-fp-v. Ah ]eXpw \in- p-t]mb a«mWv. k¼qÀW-amb Hcp {Ia-Zo-]n-Im-

{KÙw NmIym-·m-cpsS ssIbnÂ Rm³ ImWp-I-bp-m-bnþ cmhm-bWw \mS-I- nsâ {Iao-

]nI Fgp-]- mdv Hmetb DÅq. {]Xna, A`n-tjIw, NqUm-aWn F¶ aq¶p \mS-I-§fnepw

IqSn-bpÅ Ccp-]-s¯m-¶¦w A`n-\-bn-¡m-\p-Å Nn«-I-sfÃmw AXnÂ hr¯n-bmbn Npcp¡n

Fgp-Xn-sh- n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXnsâ kz`mhw Adn-bp-¶-Xn-\p-thn sNdn-sbmcp mKw ChnsS D²-

cn¡mw.

]v A`n-\-b-I-ebv¡v \ÂIn-bn-cp¶ {][m-\ys¯ C{X-t¯mfw hyà-am-¡p¶ Hcp {KÙw

thsd-I-n-«n-Ã. {]l-k-\- nÂ hnZq-j-I-\mb imWvUn-ey³ {]th-in¨ DSs\ ]d-tb--Xmbn

\mte-\mep {]mIr-X-hm-Iy-ap-v. B\mep hmIy- nsâ Bhn-jvI-cWw ]Xn-\m-dp-Zn-hkw sImv

\nÀln-¡p-hm³ ]mI- nÂ B {KÙ- nÂ hnkvX-cn v Fgp-Xn-sh- n-cn-¡p¶p. KÀ`m-cw`w apXÂ

Nc-a-kw-kvImcw hsc-bpÅ kIe [mÀan-I-IÀ½-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw \mkvXnIhmZw apXÂ AssZz-

X-kn-²m´w hsc-bpÅ FÃm-hn[ imkv{X-NÀ -Isf¡pdn¨pw hnh-cn-¡p-hm³ AXnÂ kµÀ`-

ap-m-Ip-¶Xpw AXp ]dªp en- n-¡p-¶Xpw ImÂ AÛpXw tXm¶pw. B hnZp-j-I-{]-th-

i-hm-Iy- nsâ am{Xw {Ia-Zo-]nI {]kn-²-s¸-Sp- p¶ ]£w mjbv¡v Hcp kÀh-a-X-kw-{K-l-

{KÙw e`n-s -¶p-]-d-bmw.

\mS-I-§-fnse hmIy-§-fp-sSbpw tÇmI-§-fp-sSbpw mj-bn-epÅ AÀY-hn-h-c-W-amWv B«-

{]-Im-cw,. AXn-epÅ Hmtcm hm¡p-IÄ¡pw ssIap{Z ImWn- - -\-bn-¡p-I-bmWv \S-·mÀ sNt¿-

Xv. A`n-\-b- n-\p-thn X¿m-dm-¡n-sh- n-«pÅ mjm-hn-h-c-W-§Ä¡v B«-{]-Im-c-§Ä F¶p-

]-d-bm-sa-¶ÀYw. NqUm-a-Wn-bnse AwKq-eo-bm¦w A- n-\-bn¡p-hm\pw AXnÂ {]mkw-Kn-I-ambn

hcp¶ IY-Ifpw D]-I-Y-Ifpw A`n-\-bn-¡p-hm-\p-ambn hmevao-In-cm-am-b-Wm-Zn-I-fmb {]mNo-\-

Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶v Aªq-dnÂ¸cw ]Zy-§Ä tiJ-cn v {Ia-s -Sp- n-sh- n-«pÅ Hcp {KÙapv.

AXn-\p-Xs¶ {]tXyIw Hcm-«-{]-Im-chpw Dv.

CXn-\p-]p-dsa \¼ym-·m-cpsS hmZy-hn-[m-\- n\pw \§ym-·m-cpsS KoX-hn-[m-\- n\pw

Fs -¦nepw Nne {KÙ-§Ä Dm-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡Ww. AsXm¶pw Ip-In-«n-bn-«n-Ã. C{Xbpw

]d-ª-XnÂ \n¶v ]v kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS A`n-\-b- n-\p-thn AkwJyw mjm-{K-Ù-

§Ä Dm-bn-«p-s¶pw Ah-bnÂ GXm\pw NneXp am{Xta Ct¸mÄ Ah-tijn¡p¶pÅp

F¶pw hyà-am-W-tÃm.



2.3. A`n-\bw: ]c-¼-cm-KXamXrI þ Un. A¸p-¡p-«³\mbÀ

ae-bm-f- nse ¢mkn-¡Â Iem-\n-cq-]-I-cnÂ Gsd {it²-b-\mWv Un. A¸p-¡p-«³\m-

bÀ. IqSn-bm-«w, IY-I-fn XpS-§nb Iem-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn v auen-I-§-fmb A`n-{]m-b-§Ä At±lw

tcJ-s -Sp- n-bn-«p-v. Cu {]_-Ô- nÂ A`n-\bs¯¡p-dn- pÅ mc-Xo-b-k-¦-ev]-§Ä t{ImUo-

I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv A¸p-¡p-«³\m-bÀ.

GsX-¦nepw H¶nsâ t\À¡p \bn-¡pI F¶-XmWv A`n-\b ]Z- nsâ hmNymÀYw.

\mSIkw_-Ôn-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ t{]£-I-\nÂ ckm-\p- qXn krjvSn-¡p-I-sb¶ e- nÂ Iem-

in-¡p¶Xc- n-ep-ff kwth-Z-\-s¯-bmWv A`n-\b kwÚ Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv.

`mc-Xo-b-cpsS A`n-\-b-]m-c-¼-cy- nsâ ASn-Øm\w {]mNo\ Imes¯ kwkvIrX \mS-

Im- n-\bw Bbn-cp-¶p. AXv CS-¡m-e¯v ep]vX {]Nm-c-am-sb-¦nepw AXnsâ e£yhpw [Àa-

§fpw {]tbmK coXn-Ifpw D]m-[n-I-fp-saÃmw `mc-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-im-kv{X- nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-

¨n-«p-Å-Xn-\mÂ C¶pw AXnsâ XmXznI kz`mhw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ \ap¡v {]bm-k-an-Ã. Cu

A`n-\-b-ssi-en-bpsS {]mtbm-KnI cq]-am-I-s«, ]nÂ¡m-e¯v C´y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-§-fnÂ

cq]w sIm ¢mknIv \mSy-I-e-I-fnepw AÀ[ ¢mknIv Ie-I-fnepw \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-§-fnepw

Aev] hyXym-k-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn ]cn-c-£n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. tIc-f- nse {KmaoW \mSy-I-em-cq-]-§-

fnÂ Cu ss]XrIw sXfnªpIm-Wmw. ]c-¼-cm-KX \mSy-I-e-I-fpsS ss\kÀKn-I-amb tIfo-cw-

Kw, Ah ¢mknIv Ie-I-fm-bmepw A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-tam, kmaq-ln-Im-Nm-c-]-ctam Bb \mtSm-Sn-¡-

e-I-fm-bm-epw, {Kmaw Xs¶-bm-Wv. tIc-f- nse an¡ Zriy-I-e-Ifpw Chn-Ss¯ kaq-l-L-S-\-

tbmSpw P\-X-bpsS aX-hn-izm-k-§-tfmSpw Cgp-In-t¨À¶n-«p-Å-h-b-t{X.

A`n-\bw ckm-\p- qXn Df-hm-¡p-¶-Xm-I-W-sa-¦nÂ, A`n-\n-t¡ hnjbw kwth-Zn-X-am-

Ip-t¼mÄ t{]£-I-\nÂ ckw P\n- n-¡m-\pÅ km[yX AXnÂ A´À -hn- n-cn-¡-Ww. {]kvXpX

hnjbw kwth-Z\ £a-am-I- -¡-h®w ]mI-s -Sp- pI bpw sN¿-Ww. AXn\v ]pd-ta, AXnÂ

\n¶v ckm-\p- qXn BÀPn-¡- ¡ kzmwio-I-c-W-ti-jnbpw mh-I-Xzhpw t{]£-I-\nÂ Dm-

bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw thWw

\mSy- nÂ AwK-N-e-\-§-fmWv apJy-amb Bhn-jvI-c-tWm-]m-[n. F¦nepw Hcp hnj-bs¯

Bkv]-Z-am¡n ckm-\p- qXn P\n- n-¡m-\pÅ D]m-[n-IÄ am{X-amWv Cu Ne-\-§Ä. kwKo-X-

t¯mSv CS-I-eÀ¶ Xmfm-ßI Ne-\-§-fpsS kwtbm-K-amb \r¯w GsX-¦nepw hnjbw Nn{Xo-

I-cn-¡p-Itbm kw{I-an- n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶n-Ã. kuIp-am-cy- n-eqsS B\µw {]Zm\w sN¿p-

¶-tX-bp-Åp. AXn-\mÂ \mSyhpw \r¯hpw klr-Z-bsc Hcp-t]mse BËm-Zn- n-¡p¶ cp

Zriy-§Ä BsW-¦nepw Ahbv¡p X½nÂ A -c-apv temI-hy-h-lm-c- nÂ \n¶v sXc-sª-

Sp¯ Hcp hnj-bs¯ Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-s¡mv ckm-\p- qXn P\n- n-¡pI F¶ e£yw \mSy-

¯n\v {]tXy-IX \ÂIp-¶p. AXn\v B[m-c-ambn Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn Dm-bn-cn¡pw F¶p-Å-

XmWv asämcp khn-ti-j-X.



\mSy- n\v Hcp hnjbw sXc-sª-Sp¯p Ign-ªmÂ AXns\ kwth-Z-\o-b-am¡n ]mI-

s¸-Sp- p-¶Xv F§-s\-bmWv F¶ tNmZyw BZy-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-n-h-cp-¶p. CXn-\p-thn

{]kvXpX hnj-b- n-\pff Nne-Kp-W-§-tfbpw [Àa-§-tfbpw hn]p-eo-I-cn-¡p-I, cq]m- -c- -Sp-

¯p-I, IqSp-X-embn Nne Awi-§-Ä tNÀ¯v ]qcn- n¡pI F¶n-§s\ ]eXpw sNt¿n

hcpw. hmNnI cq]- nÂ {]Im-in- n-¡m-\pÅ kmln-Xy-]m-T-t¯mSv ZrjvSm- -§fpw D]-I-Y-

Ifpw kmtcm-]-tZ-i-I-Y-Ifpw (Iq-Sn-bm-«- nse hnZq-j-I³ sN¿m-dp-Å-Xp-t]m-se) {]tbm-K-th-

f-bnÂ Iq«n-t¨À¡mw. AXn-\p-]p-dta IqSn-bm-«- nse \mb-I³ sN¿m-dp-Å-Xp-t]m-se) kmln-

Xy-]m-Ts¯ BwKo-Im- n-\-b-ambn cq]m- -c-s¸-Sp- p-Ibpw kmlnXy _mly-amb Awi-§Ä

HuNn-Xy-]qÀhw tNÀ¯v NaÂ¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw. cmKm-em]w, Xmf-hm-Zy-§Ä, cwK-k-Öo-

I-c-W-§Ä, thj-§Ä XpS-§nb D]m-[n-IÄ ]qc-I-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶-Xp-am-Wv.

ckm-\p- q-Xn-bmWv `mc-Xob ho£-W- nÂ A`n\b¯nsâ e£y-sa¶p ]d-ªp. Cu

ckw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ hmbn-¡p-t¼mgpw \r -\m-Sym-Zn-IÄ ImWp-t¼m-gpw, klr-Z-bÀ¡v A\p-

-h-s -Sp¶ Aeu-In-I-amb Blvfm-Z-a-s{X. irwKm-cw, lmkyw, Icp-Ww, cu{Zw, hocw, bm-\-Iw,

_o -Õw, AZv pXw F¶n-§s\ F«p-c-k-§Ä \mSy- nÂ Ds-¶mWv A`n-PvR-a-Xw. Ch-bnÂ

Hmtcm-¶n\pw B[m-c-ambn Ønc-amb Hmtcm mh-ap-v. AXns\ Ømbn- mhw F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

cXn, lmkyw timIw, t{Im[w, DÕm-lw, `bw, PpKp-]vk, hnkvabw F¶n-hbmWv F«p-c-k-

§Ä¡v B[m-c-amb Ømbn- m-h-§Ä. \mSy- nÂ¡qSn k¼p-jvS-amb Ømbn mhw Bkzm-

Z-\o-b-amb Ah-Ø-bn-se- p-t¼mÄ AXv ck-am-Ip-¶p.

ckw kwPm-X-am-Ip-¶Xv Bkzm-Z-Isâ a\-Ên-em-Wv. Cu A\p- q-Xn-bn-te¡v Bkzm-Z-Is\

\bn-¡p-I-bmWv A`n-\bw sNt¿--sX¶v ]d-ªp-h-tÃm. AXn\v \S³ Ah-ew-_n-¡p¶ D]m-

[n-I-fmWv A`n-\-bmw-K-§Ä, hmNn-Iw, BwKn-Iw, kmXzn-Iw, Blmcyw F¶n-§s\ \mep-hn[w

A`n-\-b-§Ä tNÀ¶-XmWv \mSy-sa¶v c-X\pw aäp mc-Xob Iem-Nn- -Icpw ]d-bp-¶p.

\Ssâ hyànXzw ad- p-sImv ]m{Xkz`m-h- n\v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn AbmÄ¡p \ÂIp¶

thjw, ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bpsS mhm-\p-Kp-W-amb AXn-i-bo-I-cWw, \mS-I- n\v DNn-X-amb cwK-k-

Öo-I-cWw Ch-sbÃmw Blm-cy- nsâ ]cn-[n-bnÂs¸-Sp-¶p. hnhn[ ]m{X-§Ä¡pw kµÀ`-

§Ä¡pw tbmPn¿ DS-bm-S-IÄ, B -c-W-§Ä., Ae-¦m-c-§Ä apX-em-b-hbpw apJm-Zy-h-b-h-§-

fnÂ hÀW-te-]\w XpS-§nb D]m-[n-IÄ hgn sNt¿--Xmb AwK-c-N-\bpw ]Ým- -e- nepw

cwK-th-Zn-bnepw kÖo-I-cn-t¡ hkvXp-¡fpw Blm-cym- n-\-b- n-sâ LS-I-§-fm-Wv.

`mh- nvsâ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä ]m{X- nsâ imco-cnI tNjvS-I-fnepw Ah-Øm- -c-

§-fnepw IqSn {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv kmXzn-Im`n\bw. \S³ A`n-\-b- n-

eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ ]m{X- nsâ kpJZp:JP-\y-§-fmb mh-§sf AbmÄ kz´w a\-

ÊnÂ DÄs¡mv Ah shfn-bnÂ {]I-Sn- n-¡-Ww. kvXw`w, tkzZw, tcmam©w, kzc-t`Zw,

th]Yp, sshhÀWyw, A{ip, {]fbw F¶n-§s\ F«p kmXzn-I- m-h-§Ä `c-X³ Nqn-¡m-

Wn- n-«p-v. Ch-bnÂ Hmtcm-¶n-\pÅ Imc-Whpw A`n-\-bn-t¡ hn[hpw \mSy-im-kv{X- nÂ

hnh-cn- n-«p-ap-v.



\mSy- n\v B[m-c-amb kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bnse {]Xn-]mZyw AwK-hn-\ym-k- n-eqsS Ac-§¯p

]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xns\bmWv BwKn-Im- n-\bw F¶p-]-d-bp-¶Xv. ico-cmw-K-§-fp-sSbpw D]mw-

K-§-fp-sSbpw ]qÀh-\nÀWo-Xhpw Iem-]-c-hp-amb Ne-\-§Ä hgn-bmWv BwKn-Im- n-\bw \nÀh-

ln-¡p-¶Xv. BwKn-I- mj hmNn-I-t -¡mÄ a\p-jy-k-l-P-am-b-Xp-sImv AXv IqSq-XÂ lrZ-

b-kv]Ài-I-hp-am-Wv. Xmf-e-bm-\zn-X-§-fmb AwK-N-e-\-§Ä Bi-b-{]-I-S-\- n\v Zriy-cq]w

\ÂIn. AXns\ ]qÀ®-am-¡p-¶p-sh-¶p-am-{X-aÃ, D]-t_m-[-a-\-Ên-s\-¡qSn kv]Àin-¡p-¶p. lkvX-

ap-{Z-I-fmWv BwKn-Im- n-\-b- nsâ aptJym-]m-[n-IÄ. mc-Xob Ie-I-fnse BwKn-I- mj aXm-\p-

jvTm-\-§-tfmSv KmV-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. {Kmao-W-amb Pohn-X- nÂ BwKn-I- m-j-bv¡p-

ff {]m[m\yw \nan¯w \½psS {Kmao-W-I-e-I-fnÂ [mcmfw euInI ap{Z-IÄ IS-¶p-h-¶n-«p-v.

F¦nepw Ahbv¡v Hcp Iem-]-cn-thjw sImSp- mWv \mSy-th-Zn-bnÂ {]tbmKn-¡p-¶Xv. CXn-

\p-]p-dsa A\p-I-cW ap{Z-Ifpw \mSy- nÂ kzoI-cn-¡m-dp-v. GXp hkvXp-hn-s\-¡p-dn¨p ]d-

bp-¶pthm AXnsâ BIrXn, hym]m-c-§Ä, AXnsâ hyànXzw shfn-s -Sp- p¶ Awi-§Ä

apX-em-b-h-tbmSv kmZr-iy-apÅ ap{Z-I-fm-bn-cn¡pw Ch.

BwKn-Im- n-\-b-s - än {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ L«- nÂ kµÀt`m-Nn-§fmb A\p- m-h-§-tfbpw

hy`n-Nm-cn- m-h-§-sfbpw Ah-ew-_n- p-sIm-pÅ ckm- n-\-b-s¯- -änbpw c-X³ khn-kvXmcw

{]Xn-]m-Zn- n-«p-v. BwKn-Ihpw hmNn-I-hp-amb A`n-\-bmw-i-§Ä ckm- n-\-b- nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-

¶p.

Hmtcm ck- n\pw A\p-Kp-W-ambn IYm-]m{Xw Ac-§nÂ \S-t¡ coXn-bmWv \mSy-im-

kv{X- nse asämcp {]Xn-]m-Zyw. CXn\v KXn-{]-Nmcw F¶v t]cp \ÂInbncn-¡p-¶p. AXn-{Im- -

Nmcn XpS-§nb hnhn[ coXn-bn-epÅ \S- -IÄ hnh-cn- n-«p-ap-v. Ch-sbÃmw Xs¶ A`n-\-bn-

t¡ ck- n\v tbmPn¨ Xmf-{]-am-W- n\v hnt[-b-ambncn¡-Ww.

]mÝm-Xy-co-Xn-bn-epÅ A`n-\-b- nÂ hmNnI¯n\n-Sbv¡v \Ssâ HNn-Xy-t_m-[- n\v A\p-

kr-X-ambn BwKy- mj IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-sa-t¶-bp-Åq. AXn\v {]tXy-I-amb kt¦-Xtam

kabtam CÃ. t\sc-a-dn¨p `mc-Xob \mSy- nÂ hmNn-I-t¯m-S- -apÅ BwKy-{]-I-S-\- n\p

]pdsa, AXn-s\- p-SÀ¶v {]tXy-I-amb BwKn-Im- n-\bw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. kmln-Xy-Ir-

Xn-bn-epÅ kw`m-j-W- nsâ Bi-b-§Ä BwKy- m-j-bnÂ hni-Zo-I-cn¨v A\p- -h-th-Zy-am-

¡pI F¶-XmWv BwKn-Im- n-\-b- nsâ Hcp Dt±-iyw. IY-I-fn-bnÂ hmNnIw ]m«p-ImÀ¡v hn«p-

sIm-Sp- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ \Ss\ kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw BwKn-Im- n-\-b- nÂ {i² tI{µo-Ir-

X-am-Ip-¶p.

Hcp IYm-]m-{X- nsâ mhw A`n-\-bn-¡p¶ \S³ hnhn[ kµÀ -§-fnÂ ]c-am-aÀi hnj-

b-am-Ip¶ aäp IYm-]m-{X-§-fp-sStbm Pohn-I-fp-sStbm AhØ XÂ¡mew Ah-ew-_n-¡p¶

coXn IY-I-fn-bnepw IqSn-bm-«- nepw km[m-c-W-am-Wv. ]IÀ¶m«w F¶-t]-cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶

Cu A`n\bw IqSn-bm-«- nse \S³ \nc- cw Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. hmNn-I- nÂ

]cm-aÀin-¡-s -Sp¶ kIe hkvXp-X-X-Ifpw BwKn-I- n-eqsS khn-kvXmcw Ac-§nÂ {]ZÀin-

¸n¨v {]Xy-£- ZÀi-\- nsâ {]`mhw krjvSn-¡p¶ A`n-\b coXn-bpsS ss\kÀKnI hnIm-k-

amWv Cu ]IÀ¶m«w.



`mh- nsâ ]cn-t]m-j-W- n\v C{Xbpw sImv aXn-bm-hp-I-bn-Ã. \Ssâ at\m-[À½ {]I-

S-\- n-eqsS AXns\ hnI-kn- n-t¡--Xp-v. AXn-\mÂ IqSn-bm-«- nepw IY-I-fn-bnepw aäpw

hmNn-I- nsâ BwKnI ]cn- m-jbv¡p tijw AXnÂ A´À`-hn- n-cn-¡p-¶ `mhw hnI-kn-

¸n¨p ImWn- p sImpÅ Xo{h-X-chpw {ZpX-X-c-hm-amb. BwKn-Im- n-\bw ImWmw. Cf-In-bm«w

F¶ t]cnÂ IY-I-fn-bnÂ Adn-b-s -Sp¶ Cu L«w Bkzm-ZI a\-ÊnÂ DZv_p-²-amb mhs¯

hnI-kn- n-¡m³ Dt±-in- p-sIm-pÅ A`n-\-b-am-b-Xn\mÂ AXnÂ \r- mw-i- n³ IqSp-XÂ

{]k-àn-bp-v.

\mSy- nsâ Ah-ew-_-amb kmln-Xy- nse kw`m-j-W- nsâ D¨m-c-W-am-WtÃm hmNn-

Im- n-\-b- n-ep-Å-Xv. AXn\v mc-Xob \mSy- nÂ AanX {]m[m\yw IÂ]n¨n«n-sÃ-¶p ]dªp

Ign-ªp. IY-I-fn-bnÂ AXn-sâ \S³am-cnÂ \n¶v FSp- -amän ]n³]m-«p-Imsc Gev]n-¡p-I-

IqSn sNbvXn-«p-v. IqSn-bm-«¯nepw aäp tIcfob Ie-I-fnepw hmNnIw BwK-Is¯ At]-

£n¨v A{]-[m-\-am-sW-¦nepw AXn\v X\-Xmb Øm\w \ÂIn khn-ti-j-co-Xn-bnÂ hnI-kn- n-

¨n-«p-v.

C¡m-c-W-§-fmÂ kwKoXw `mc-Xob A`n-\-b-I-e-bpsS Hcp LS-I-am-sW¶v hyà-am-

Ip¶p. A`n\-b- n\v ]qÀ®X \ÂIm-\pÅ Hcp D]m-[n-bmWv AXv. \mSy¯nse kwKoXw Hä-

b¡v Bkz-Zn-¡m-\p-Å-X-sÃ¶pw X\n imkv{Xob kwKo-X- nÂ \n¶v hyXykvX amsW¶pw

IqSn HmÀ¡-Ww. Zriy-I-em-{]-tbm-K-§-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-§-fnepw hnI-kn¨p h¶ kwKo-X-

amWv AXv.

IqSn-bm-«- nÂ kwkvIrX \mS-I- nsâ kmlnXy-]mTw Hcp _oP- nsâ Øm\ta hln-

¡p-¶p-Åq. {]kvXp-X-]mTw Xmc-X-tay\ \nÊm-c-amb Hcwiw Bbn- o-c- -¡-h®w hnkvX-cn-

¨pÅ A`n-\-b-amWv Cu Zriy-I-e-bnÂ kzoI-cn- n-«p-Å-Xv. hmNnIw sXm«pÅ FÃm A`n-\-bmw-

K-§-fnepw kmc-amb hn]p-eo-I-cWw ImWmw. hmNn-Im- n-\-bs¯ kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw CXv

Gähpw IqSp-XÂ Zriy-am-Ip-¶Xv `mksâ "{]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-bWw' ({]-XnÚ F¶v

kw£n]vX cq]w) F¶ kp{]-kn² \mS-I- nsâ aq¶m-a-¦- n-em-Wv. AXv " a{´m¦w' F¶

t]cnÂ Adn-b-s -Sp-¶p.

A`n-\bw ]qÀW-am-I-W-sa-¦nÂ \S³ cwK v AhX-cn- n-¡p¶ {Inbmw-i- n\p _mly-

ambn Nne-Xp-IqSn AXy- m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. cwK-k-Öo-I-c-W-§-fpsS klm-b-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sntbm

AÃm-sXtbm A`n-\m-b- -co-£- n\v amäp-Iq-«p¶ Hcp cwK-thZn \S\v Bh-iy-ap-v. apJ-s¯

Na-bw-sImpw BS-bm- -c-W-§Ä sImpw \S\v kzXzw ad- p-h-bvt¡-n-h-cp-¶p. \Ssâ X\Xp

cq]hpw hyàn-Xzhpw tKm]\w sN¿p-I, AbmÄ {]X-n\n[m\w sN¿p¶ ]m{X- nsâ cq]hpw

hyàn-Xzhpw {]-ZÀin- n-¡p-I, Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ ]m{X- nsâ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Isf s]cp-

¸n¨p ImWn-¡pIpw aäp Nne-Xns\ A{]-Zm-\-am-¡p-Ibp sN¿p-I, `mh-]-Ým- ew Hcp-¡pI

F¶o [Àa-§-fmWv Cu D]m-[n-I-Ä \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. \Ssâ BwKy-§Ä¡v Po-h\pw HmPÊpw

kn²n-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ, kwKo-Xhpw Xmfhm-Zy-§fpw sImv Abm-fpsS A`n-\-b- n\v thn-S-

t¯mfw angnhp\ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿-Ww.



IqSn-bm-«- nse A`n-\-b- n\v s]mena hcp- m³ Xmf-{]m-[-\-amb hmZy-§fpw thj-hn-

[m\hpw hfsc D]-I-cn-¡p-¶p. angm-hv, FSbv¡ F¶o Ah-\-²-hm-Zy-§Ä kIe Zriy-§-

sfbpw cwK-{In-b-I-sfbpw kPoh-am-¡p-t¼mÄ, L\-hm-Uy-amb Ipgn¯mfw A`n-\-bs¯bmsI

Xmfm-ß-I-am-¡p-¶p. ]e hkvXp-¡-fp-sSbpw im_vZn-I- {]XoXn krjvSn¨v cwK-t_m[w

hfÀ¯m\pw Cu hmZy-§Ä¡p Ign-bpw. Im«-cp-hn-bpsS If-I-f-\m-Zw, Ip¯n-sbm-en-¡p¶ \Zn-

bpsS Cc-¼Â, hp-I-fpsS QwIm-cw, Ip-bn-ensâ IqP\w F¶n-h-sb-Ãmw angmhpw IqSn e-

{]-Z-ambn ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. ico-c- nse Hmtcm mK- nsâbpw Ah-b-h- nsâbpw Hmtcm

N\-e-t¯m-Sp-sam¸w htZym-]-I-c-W- nÂ \n¶pw ]pd-s -Sp¶ i_vZw AXnsâ Xo£-W-X-bnepw

IqSn Ne-\s¯ lrZ-b-kv]Ài-I-am-¡p-¶p.

`uXn-I-amb cwK-k-Öo-I-c-W- nsâ IqSmsX IqSn-bm-«- nse \S³- A- n-\-b- nÂ ¡qSn

cwK-t_m[w t{]£-I-cnÂ Df-hm-¡p-¶p. \mSy- n\v B[m-c-amb IrXn-bnse kw`m-j-W- nsâ

hmNymÀ°- nÂ Ihnªv ]e Awi-§fpw \Ssâ A`n-\-b- nÂ Iq«n-t¨À¡p¶ ImgvN-

bmWv \mw Chn-sSbpw ImWp-¶-Xv.

IqSn-bm-«- nse A`n-\bw uXn-I-amb C{µn-bm-h-t_m-[- nsâ AXn-cp-IÄ t`Zn- p-sImv

DÅn-te¡p IS¶p sNÃp¶ i_vZ-§-fp-tSbpw Poh-k-µm-b-I-§-fmb BwKy-§-fp-tSbpw kt½-

f\w hgn Bkzm-Z-Isâ a\-ÊnÂ {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv F§-s\-bm-sW¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.

At¸mÄ, ckm-\p- q-Xn-bmWv mc-Xob \mS-I- nsâ e£yw. kmlnXyIrXn-bnÂ Nn{Xo-

I-cn- n-«pÅ CXn-hr- -s¯tbm IYm-]m{X-§-sftbm bYmÀ°-ambn cwK¯p {]ZÀin- n-¡m³

\½psS \mS-I-thZn {ian-¡p-¶n-Ã. ckm-\p- qXn Df-hm-t¡Xv t{]£-Isâ a\-Ên-em-Wv. AXn\v

t{]£-I³ Hcp XnIª Bkzm-Z-I-\m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Abm-fpsS a\-ÊnÂ mh-§Ä D±o-]n- n-¡-

bmWv A`n-\-b- nsâ [Àaw. \mS-I- n\v Bkv]-Z-amb temI hyh-lm-c- nÂ A´À`hn- n-cn-

¡p¶ mhw t{]£-I\v A\p- -h-s¸-Sp- n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv \S³ sNt¿-Xv; temI hyh-

lm-cs¯ A\p-I-cn-¡p-I-b-Ã. AXn-\mÂ mthm-±o-]-\-£-a-X-bmWv A`n-\-b- nsâ am\-ZÞw.

2.4. IqSn-bm«wþkp`{Zm[-\-RvPbw H¶m-a¦w þ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W- n-jm-tcmSn

kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Im- n-\-b-amWv IqSn-bm-«w. NmIym-·m-cmWv \S-·mÀ. kv{Xoth-j-§Ä¡p

\§ym-·m-cmWv. hmZy- n\p \¼n-bmÀ thWw. ]Xn-s\m¶p Znhkw sImmWv kp{`-{Zm-[-

\RvPbw H¶m-a¦w IqSn-bm-Sp-¶Xv. Hc¦w A`n-\-bn-¡p-hm³ ]Xn-s\m¶p Znhkw thn-h-cp-

sa¶p tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ ]eÀ¡pw AÛpXw tXm¶mw. BsI aq¶p ]m{X-§tf kp`-{Zm-[-\-

RvPbw H¶m-a-¦- n-ep-Åq. \mb-I³ AÀPp-\\pw \mbnI kp`{Zbpw hnZq-j-I³ IuÞn-

\y\pw. A`n-\-bn-¡p-hm-\pÅ DÅ-S-¡tam ]Xn-\mep ]Zy-§fpw GXm\pw NpÀWn-I-Ifpw am{Xw.



Hcp sImÃs¯ XoÀY-bm-{Xbv¡p tijw {]`m-k-XoÀY- nÂ sh¨v {ioIr-jvW-k-tlm-Z-

cn-bmb kp`-{Z-bpsS KpW-K-W-§Ä tI«v Ah-fnÂ Bk-à-\m-bn- oÀ¶ AÀPp-\-\³ Zzmc-I-

bn-te¡v ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. IuÞn-\y³ AÀPp-\s\ ]n´p-S-cp-¶p. D¨bv¡v Hcm-{i-a-{]-tZ-i¯p

tN¶p-tNÀ¶ AhÀ¡p s]s«¶v Im×m-\n-S-bm-hp-¶p. Hcp qXw GtXm Hcp I\y-Isb _emÂ¡m-

c-am-sb-Sp v BIm-i- n-eqsS sImp-t]m-hp-¶Xv. AÀPp-\³ Btá-bmkv{Xw {]tbm-Kn-¡m³

`mhn- Xpw B `pXw I\y-Isb Cs«-dn-ªm-Sn-bXpw H¸w Ign-ªp. \ncm-ew-_-bmbn hogp¶

I\y-Isb AÀPp-\³ ssIIÄ \o«n Xm§n-\nÀ¯p¶p. hmkvX-h- nÂ AXp kp`v{Z-X-s¶-bm-

bn-cp-¶p. B bmYmÀYyw a\-Ên-em-bn-«n-sÃ-¦nepw lrZ-b-_-Ô-_-e- mÂ AhÀ At\ym\yw

A\p-c-à-cm-bn- oÀ¶p. t\m¡n-\nÂt¡ B I\y-Isb ImWm-Xm-bn. AhÄ Hcp-]t£ Zzmc-I-

bnÂ Dm-tb-¡m-sa-¶q-ln v AÀPp-\³ Ahn-tS¡p k\ym-kn-th-j- nÂ ]pd-s -Sp-hm³ Btem-

Nn- pdbv¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Hcp-Zn-hkw A]m-c-Ó- nÂ GXm\pw aWn-¡qÀ t\cw-sImv \S-

¡p¶ Cu kw`-h-amWv {]Y-am-¦- nse IYm-hkvXp.

BZys¯ Znhkw \mb-Isâ {]thiw am{Xw. cmw Znhkw \mb-Isâ ]qÀÆ-I-Ym-hn-

h-cWw. aq¶mw-Zn-hkw \mb-I-{]-th-i- n\ptijw hnZq-j-I-{]-thiw am{Xw. A©v, Bdv, Ggv,

F«v Znh-k-§-fnÂ hnZq-j-Isâ ]qÀh-N-cn-{XhÀW\w. \mep-ap-XÂ F«p-IqSn A©p-Zn-hkw

BwKn-Im-Zn-I-fmb A`n-\-b-§Ä¡pw hm¡n-\mWv {]m[m\yw. IqSn-bm-«- nse P\-Io-b-amb

`mKw CXm-Wv. Zpjn¨ kap-Zm-b-Pohn-X- nsâ, {]tXy-In¨pw {_mÒ-Wy- nsâ, Nn{Xo-I-c-W-

¯n\v AXnÂ DS-\o-f-ap-v. cqcm-f-·mÀ X½n-epÅ kv]À[, thiym-hnt\mZw, thiym-h-©\w,

]{´mw amk-Ê-Zy, cmP-tkh F¶o hnj-b-§-fmWv hnZq-j-Isâ ]qÀh-I-Y-bnse {][m\

{]ta-b-§Ä. C§s\ F«p-Zn-hkw Ignªv H¼XmwZnhkw \mb-I\pw hnZpj-I\pw IqSn-bpÅ

IqSn-bm«w XpS-§p-I-bm-bn. hmkvX-h- nÂ A¶p-ap-XÂt¡ "IqSn-bm«' amIp-¶p-Åq. AtX-

hsc F«p-Zn-h-khpw Hmtcm IYm-]m-{Xta DÅp-h-tÃm. AXn-\mÂ AsXm-s¡bpw "Hä-bm«'

amsW¶p ]dbWw. arK-Xr-jvWn-Im-\p-k-cWw sN¿p¶ IuÞn-\ys\ ]n³a-S-¡p-I, BIm-i-

amÀtKW Hcp {]a-Y-\mÂ A]-l-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ I\y-Isb kwc-£n-¡p-I F¶n-§s\ cp

hnj-b-amWv H¼Xmw Znhkw {][m-\-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv. ]¯mw Znhkw BIm-i-]-XnX-bmb B I\y-

Ibv¡pw AÀPp\\pw At\ym-\ym-\p-cmKw A¦p-cn- -Xmbn ImWn-¡p-¶p. DSs\ B I\y-Isb

ImWm-Xm-hp-I-bmÂ AÀPp-\³ CÑm- w-K- nÂs¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \mb-I³ Bß-K-X-ambn

sN¿p¶ \mbn-Im-tI-im-Zn-]m-Z-hÀW-\-amWv Cu Znhkw Gähpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-Xv. ]Xn-

s\m¶mw Znhkw \mbn-I-bpsS KpW-IoÀ¯\w sImv XpS§n {Ia- nÂ AÀPp-\-³ aqÀÑ-h-

sc-sb- p¶p. HSp-hnÂ B \mbnIbpsS At\z-j-W- n\v DZy-an-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CXmWv

Imcy-{Iaw.



Iq¯n\pw IqSn-bm-«- n\pw thn Gähpw Dd- nÂ hnNn-{X-inÂ¸m-ew-Ir-X-ambn \nÀan-

¨n-«pÅ B henb Iq¯-¼-e- nÂ sh¨mWv km[m-cW IqSn-bm«w \S- p-¶Xv. AXnse

XqWp-IÄt]mepw ImWn-Isf BIÀjn-¡p-¶-h-bmWv. cm{Xn aWn H¼-X-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap¼p

t{]£-I-·mÀ h¶p Iq -¼-e- nÂ N{¼w]Sn-ªn-cp¶p Ignbpw. cwK-a-WvU-]- nsâ ap³hiw

Ipe-hmg. Ipcp-t¯me, Cf-\oÀ¡pe, \nd-]d, ]q¡pe apX-emb tIc-fob awK-fm-e-¦m-c-

§ÄsImv Ae-¦-cn-¡p¶p. Ac-§n\v ap¼nÂ henb hnf¡v Bfn-¡- p-¶p-mhpw. thn-

h-cp¶ kµÀ`-§-fnÂ hen- n-«n-cn-¡p-hm³ Hcp ]oTw am{Xta Ac-§- p-m-hp-I-bp-Åq. ]n¶-

emWv \¼ymÀ¡p sIm«p-hm-\pÅ cv angmhp Øm]n- n-cn-¡pI.

\§ym-À awK-f-Km\w XpS-§n, AXnsâ Ah-km-\- nÂ \¼ymÀ Xäp-Sp¯p angm-hn\p

ap¼nÂ h¶p-\n¶p awKftÇmIw sNmÃn cwK-{]-km-Z\w sN¿p-¶p. XoÀ°-bm-{Xm-h-km-\- nÂ

{]`m-k- nÂ sh¨p apIpµktlm-Z-cn-bmb kp -{Z-bpsS KpW-K-W-§Ä tI«v A`n-emjw ]q

AÀPp-\³ \n§sf c£n-¡s« F¶mWv B awK-f-]-Zy- nsâ AÀYw.

NmIym-·mÀ \mS-I- nse kwkvIrXhmIy-§Ä D¨-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXnsâ AÀYw

hnkvX-cn- m-Sp-¶-Xn\pw ]e {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-apv. Gähpw ]Xnª a«nÂ {]tXyIw Hcp-Xcw

kzc-- nepw cmK- n-ep-am-Wv hm¡nsâ D¨m-cWw. B ka-b v hmZy-anÃ. Hmtcm ]Z-]-{In-b-bp-

sSbpw hn`-àn-bp-sSbpw hN-\- nsâbpw AÀYw ap{Z-Im«n A`n-\-bn¡pw. A§s\ Hcp-h«w

sNmÃn A`n-\-bn¨p Ign-ªmÂ ]ns¶ hmZy-ta-f-t¯m-Sp-IqSn hm¡p IqSmsX IY-I-fn-co-Xn-

bnÂ A`n-\-bn-¡p-I-bmbn, aq¶m-aXv BIw-£n¨pw A\z-bn¨pw hmt¡m-Sp-Iq-Sn- s¶ A`n-\-

bn-¡p-¶p. \mem-aXv Hmtcm ]Z- n-sâbpw AÀYw F{X-t¯mfw hnkvX-cn¨v GsXÃmw hn[-

¯nÂ hymJym-\n¨p hyà-am-¡mtam, A{Xbpw tIh-e-amtbm A`n-\-b- n-eq-sS- s¶ hyà-

am-¡p-¶p. C§s\ an¡-hm-Iy-§Ä¡pw cp{]mhiyw hmt¡m-Sp-Iq-Snbpw cp-{]m-hiyw

hmt¡m-Sp-Iq-Sm-sX-bp-ambn \mem-hr¯n A`n-\-b-ap-v. AXnÂ \mew {]mhiyw \Ssâ at\m-

[Àahpw ckm-hm-k-\bpw apgp-h³ {]Im-in- n-¡p-hm-\pÅ Ah-k-c-am-Wv.

AÀPp-\³ XoÀY-bm{X sN¿m-\pmb Imc-Whpw XoÀY-bm-{Xbpw hnh-cn-¡p-I-bmWv

cmw-Zn-hkw. C§-s\-bpÅ {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS ]qÀh-I-Ym-hn-h-c--X- n\p NmIym-·mÀ

\nÀh-l-W-sa¶p ]d-bp-¶p. CXp \mS-I- nÂ DÄs¸-«-XÃ. AXnsâ ]qÀhmw-K-am-Wv.

kp`{Z-bpsS KpW-§Ä tI«p ]pd- mSp Znh-ks¯ A`n-em-j-Øm-bn-bnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶

AÀPp-\³ {ItaW {ioIr-jvWs\ ImWp-hm-\pÅ DÂ¡-WvT-bn-te¡p amdn Zzmc-I-bn-te¡p

]pd-s¸-«p-t]m-Ipw-hgn D¨bv¡v Hcm-{i-a-{]-tZ-i¯p sN¶p-tN-cp-Ibpw B B{i-as¯ t\m¡n-

¡p hÀWn- -Xn-\p-tijw tXmg-\mb IuÞn-\y³ H¸w F¯m- -Xp-sImv Hcp t]cmÂ

ac- -W-enÂ Abmsf¡m¯p-\nÂ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CXp-h-sc-bmWv aq¶mw Znhkw A`n\bn-

¡p-¶-Xnsâ CXn-hr¯w. A¶s¯ B{i-a-hÀW-\-]-c-amb "inJn-\n-i-e`w' F¶ tÇmI- nsâ

A`n-\bw AXyÛpXam-Wv. BZyw I¿pw-sI«n AaÀ¶p \n¶v B{i-a-{]-tZ-i-saÃmw t\m¡n-¡m-



Wp-¶p. Hcp Zn¡nÂ Xo Pzen-¡p-¶Xpw AXnÂ ]mä h¶p hogp-¶Xpw AXnsâ Nnd-In\pw aäpw

bmsXmcp amähpw hcm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw Iv AÛpXw \Sn-¡pI, thsdmcp mK v Hcp am³Ip«n

s]¬]p-en-I-fpsS AIn-SnÂ sN¶v ap«n-¡p-Sn-¡pI, asäm-cn-S v B\-¡p«n Xma-c-h-f-b-am-sW¶p

sXän-²-cn- p-sN¶v knwl- nsâ Zwjv{S ]nSn- p-h-en-¡pI, knwl-am-Is« im -ambpw kvt\l-

ambpw s]cp-am-dpI, sNdp-]m¼p sN¶v Io-cnsb \¡n-bp-d-¡pI, Hmtcm-¶n\pw AXy´w hnkvabw

sImÅpIþ CsXÃmw shdpw I®v ]pcnIw Npv IhnÄ Ch-sImv F{X X·-b-Xz-t¯m-Sp-Iq-

Sn-bmWv A`n-\-bn-¡pI F¶v hnh-cn-¡p-hm³ {]bm-kw. C§s\ apJ-K-X-§-fmb D]mw-K-§-sf-

sIm-p-am{Xw BZyw Hcm-{i-a-hÀW-\bpw Ign-ªn-«mWv icn¡pw tÇmIw sNmÃn ap{Z-Im-Wn- -

`n-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

\mew Znhkw hnZq-j-Isâ ]pd- m-Smbn. F¶ {]mIr-X-hmIyw ]d-bp-¶Xp tIÄ¡mw.

Xma-k-ap-mhnÃ. \sÃmcp hnZq-j-I-thjw Hcp sNdnb \m¡n-e-sImv Ip¼nÄ Ip¯n- n-Sn-

¨p-Xm-Wp-In-gnªv n£ tNmZn¨psImv Ac-§¯p {]th-in-¡pw. apJ¯pw amd¯pw ssII-

fn-t·epw Ac-amhp ]qin, s\än, aq¡v, IhnÄ, XmSn, amdv, ssIIÄ Chn-sS-sbÃmw Nph¶

s]m«p-IÄ sXm«v, I¬t]m-f-b-S¡w ajn-sb-gpXn hmen-«v, taÂs¡m¼pw Iogvs¡m-¼p-ambn aoi-

sh¨v, IpSp-a, hmknIw, ]oen-s¸«w, sNhn- qhv Ch [cn¨v, sNhn-I-fn-sem-¶nÂ sX¨n-am-ebpw

aä-XnÂ shän-e- p-cp-fp-a-Wnªv, amäp-a-S¡n ]rjvTw I\- n-s -Sp¯v, ISn-kq{XwsI«n, D -co-b-

hp-ambn lmky-ckw Xpfp-¼p¶ \sÃmcp hnZq-j-I-thjw. cwK- p-ap-gp-h³ ]ÀW-ime-I-fm-

sW¶ k¦Â - nÂ Hmtcm mK¯pw sN¶p amdnamdn n£ bmNn-¡epw H¶pw In«msX \ncm-

i-\m-h-ep-amWv BZyw. ]ns¶ \S³ "Nmcn' F¶p ]d-bp¶ Hcp-Xcw \r -amSn hnZq-j-I-kvtXm`w

\Sn-¡m³ XpS-§p-¶p. Ft´m hmbn-en-«p-t]m-¡n-Xn-¶p-Xmbn \Sn-¡pI, ]qWqÂ XpS-bv¡pI,

IpSpa thÀs -Sp- pI, D -cobw aS-¡n- n-gnªp kÀhmwiw hoipI, C§s\ NneXv ImWn v

D¯-co-bm- w-sImv apJw ad- p-]n-Sn¨p ]c-¼-cbm sNbvXp-h-cm-dpÅ P]w \nÀh-ln- p-I-gn-

ªmÂ ]ns¶ "Xkvssa \a: IÀatW' F¶p XpS-§p-I-bm-bn. aebmf¯nÂ Xs¶-bmWv hnZq-

j-Isâ hymJym-\-saÃmw, IqSn-bm-«- nÂ hoZq-j-I³ am{Xta ae-bmfw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-«p-

Åq. \mb-Isâ mj kwkvIr-Xhpw \mbn-I-bp-tSXp {]mIr-X-hp-am-Wv.

IÀaw F¶p-sh- mÂ F´m-sW¶p Im-Wn-¡m³ HmSvT-¡n-gm-b³ aqÊnsâ Hcp IY-sIm-

mWv XpS-¡w. IÀa-kz-cq]w shfn-s -Sp- n-b-tijw {_Òmhv, hnjvWp, inh³, kqcy³ F¶n-

h-sc-sbÃmw IÀam-[o-·m-cm-sW¶p Øm]n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-ambn. Iq¼m-c-s\-t¸mse {_Òm-hns\

]e-Xcw krjvSn-bnÂ \ntbm-Kn- Xpw hnjvWp-hn-s\-sImv Zim-h-Xm-c-sa-Sp- n- Xpw inh-s\-

sImv ]n¨-sX-n- Xpw kqcys\ \nXyhpw BIm-i- nÂ h«w-Np-än-¡p-¶-Xp-sams¡ IÀa-

¯nsâ ]Wn-bm-sW-¶mWv D]-]m-Z\w. AXnÂ Ip¼m-csâ krjvSn-IÄ¡pw {_Ò-kr-jvSn-IÄ¡pw

X½nÂ kmPm-Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-¶- mKw ckm-h-l-am-Wv. cp krjvSnbpw ]©- q-X-

§-sf-sImv. cnepw ]e-Xcw BIr-Xn-I-fpv. cp krjvSn-¡-fp-sSbpw i_vZw ]e-hn-[-am-

Wv. Hcp hyXymkw am{Xw. Ip¼m-csâ krjvSn-I-fmb Iew, IpSw, N«n, sNcmXv apX-em-b-h-

scÃmw Np«n-«p-thWw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-hm³.



IuÞn-\ysâ ]qÀÆ-I-Ym-hn-h-c-W- n-\pÅ {]mcw- -amWv A©mw Znhkw. hmXp-XoÀ¡-

emWv A¶s¯ {][m\ hnjbw. A\-[o-X-aw-Kew {Kma- nse ta¡m- e Iogv¡m- e F¶

cv Ducm-f³amÀ X½nÂ aÕ-cn-¡p¶ `mKw apX-ev¡mWv Bcw`w. B aÕcwsImv {Kma-

¯n\p h¶p tNÀ¶n-«pÅ A\ÀY-§-sf-sbÃmw hÀWn- -Xn-\p-tijw Hcp a[y-Ø³ AhÀ

X½n-epÅ hg-¡p-IÄ ]d-ªp-XoÀ¯p kÔn-bm-¡p-¶p.

\mep ]pcp-jmÀY-§Ä: {_mÒ-Wsc kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw Ien-Im-e¯p kZy-bn-ep-v,

cmP-tkh, thiym-hn-t\m-Zw, thiym-h-©\w F¶n-h-bm-sW¶pw Ah km[n-t¡ {Iaw

hnt\mZw, h©\w, Ai\w, cmP-tkh F¶n-{]-Im-c-am-sW¶pw k{]-amWw kaÀYn v BZys¯

hnt\m-Z-]p-cp-jmÀYw km[n- m³ {Kma- n-ep-Å-h-scÃmw IqSn ]pd-s -Sp-¶-Xm-Wv BZys¯ D]-

{Iaw.

Ai-\-]p-cp-jmÀY-amWv ASp¯ Znh-ks¯ {][m-\-amb {]Xn-]m-Zyw. KW-]-Xn-{]m-XÂ Ign-

ªmÂ ]ns¶ "Ai\w' XpS-§p-I-bm-bn. `pànbpsS hnti-j-Kp-W-§Ä, tZmj-§Ä, Hmtcm-

Xcw kZy-IÄ¡papÅ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ, BXn-tY-b-·m-cpsS kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä CsXÃmw

A¶s¯ \ncq-]-W- n\p hnj-b-am-Ip-¶p-v.

cmP-tk-h-bmWv F«mw Znh-ks¯ hÀW-\m-hn-jbw. cmP-tk-h-bv¡pÅ hnj-a-§sf hnh-

cn- -Xn-\p-tijw No¯ cmPm-¡-·m-cp-sSbpw \Ã cmPm-¡-·m-cp-sSbpw kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§sf

{]tXyIw DZm-l-c-W-I-Y-IÄ aptJ\ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. cmPm-¡-·m-scbpw {]`p-¡-·m-sc-bp-sams¡

hnaÀin-¡m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ L«-am-Wn-Xv.

H¼XmwZnhkw IqSn-bm«w XpS-§p-¶p. IuÞn-\y³ B{i-a-{]-tZ-i-s¯Ãmw \S-¶p. n£

bmNn¨p. AhnsS Bcp-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Xsâ `mKy-tZm-js¯ A[n-t£-]n¨p hni¶p Zmln-

¨p-g-ep-t¼mÄ arK-Xr-jvWX Ip Pem-i-b-am-sW¶p {`an¨v AbmÄ At§m-«p IpXn-¡p-¶p.

{^Y-a³ I\y-Isb A]-l-cn-¡p-¶Xv Iv AÀPp-\³ Ah-t\mSp bp²- n-s\m-cp-§p-¶Xpw

I\y-Isb c£n-¡p-¶-Xp-saÃmw AXn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv.

IqSn-bm-Sm³ XpS-§n-bmÂ hnZp-j-I\pw Nne {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-v. BZyw \mS-I- n-epÅ

Xsâ {]mIr-X-hm-Iy-ap- -cn-¡-Ww. ]ns¶ AXnsâ Omb-bmb kwkvIrXw ]d-b-Ww. A\´cw

AXnsâ AÀYw ae-bm-f- nÂ hnh-cn-¡pI. HSp-hnÂ Xsâ {]mIr-X-hm-Iy- nsâ XÀPpabmb

`mjm-tÇmIw sNmÃpI CXmWv {Iaw. CXp-t]mse FÃm hnZq-j-I-hm-Iy-§Ä¡pw Ombm-tÇm-

I-§-fp-v. AÀY hnh-cWw Ign-ªmÂ Cu Ombm-tÇm-I-§ÄsIm-mWv AXp-kw-l-cn-¡p-¶-

Xv. AXn-\p-]p-dsa Xm³ tIÄs¡ \mb-I\pw \mbn-Ibpw ]d-bp¶ hmIy-§-sfÃmw hnZq-jI³

hymJym-\n¡pw. \mb-I-tÇm-I-§Ä¡ {]Xn-tÇm-I-§Ä sNmÃpw. btY-NnXw Ah-Xm-cnI sh¨p-

sIm-Sp¡pw. GXp {]hr- n-bnepw \mb-I-s\ X¶m-emhpw hn[w klm-bn-¡pw. C§s IqSn-bm-

«- nÂ hnZq-j-Isâ mcw hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.



{]Y-a-\n-s«-dn-tªm-Snb B BIm-i-I-\y-Isb Xm§n \nÀ¯nb tijw \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-

·mÀ At\ym\yw Iv A`n-em-jw-sIm-Åp-¶-Xp-sXm-«mWv ]¯mw Znhks¯ B«w Bcw- n-¡p-

¶-Xv. apI-fnÂ \n¶p hogp¶ I\y-Isb Xm§p-hm³ ssI\o«n AÀPp-\³ X¿m-dmbn Hcp mK-

t¯¡p \o§n \nÂ¡th Xnc-Èoe ]nSn¨v AXn\p ]n¶nÂ ]oT- n-t·Â \n¶p-sIm-mWv

\mbn-I-bpsS {]th-iw.

"Ne-Ip-h-e-b-[mavt\m:' F¶ ]Zy- nsâ B«w A¶v AXn-{]-[m-\-a-Wv. BZyw AÀPp-\³

Bß-K-X-ambn B I\y-IbpsS tIim-Zn-]mZw hÀWn-¡p-hm³ XpS-§p-¶p. tIim-Zn-]mZw Ah-

km-\n-¡p-t¼m-sgÃmw I\y-Isb ImWm-Xmhpw. hmkvX-h- nÂ B I\yI kp -{Z-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-

¶p-sh¶v AÀPp-\t\m, {]a-Y-\nÂ\n¶v Xs¶ c£n- Xv AÀPp-\-\m-sW-¶p kp`-{Zbvt¡m a\-

Ên-em-hp-¶nÃ. B I\y-Isb kw_-Ôn¨p hnZq-j-I-\p-ambn Ipd¨p Nne A`yq-l-§Ä sNbvX-

Xn-\p-tijw Ah-fpsS cq]-Kp-W-s¯- än hnZq-j-I³ tNmZn- Xn\p adp-]Sn ]d-bp-hm³ thn

X{Zq-]-[ym\- nÂ AÀPp-\³ apgp-Ip-¶p. A§s\ A¶s¯ mKhpw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

\mbn-Im-Kp-W-hÀW\w apXÂ {Ia- nÂ¡bdn taml-e-kyw-hsc F¯n AXnÂ\n-¶p-

WÀ¶p {]kvXpX \mbn-Im-t\z-j-W- n\p ]pd-s¸-Sp-hm³ XoÀ¨-s¸-Sp- n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw t\cw

kÔy-bmbn. B kÔy-bpsS hÀW-\-t¯m-Sp-IqSn A¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. H«msI

Cu ]Xn-s\m¶p Znhkw klr-Z-b-·mÀ¡v Hcp atlmÕhw Xs¶-bm-Wv. \mSy-hn-Zym-\n-jvWm-X-

·mÀ¡m-Is« Cu IqSn-bm«w Hcp Nn´m-c-Xv\-am-sW¶p ]dbWw. hmk-\-bpsS kz`m-h-t`-Z-a-\p-

k-cn v \hw-\-h-§-fmb ]c {]tbm-K-]-²-Xn-Ifpw mhm-hn-jv¡-cW k{¼-Zm-b-§fpw AXnÂ\n¶v

AhÀ¡p kamÀPn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

2.5. IqSn-bm-«- nse hnZq-j-I·mÀ þ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W- n-jm-tcmSn

ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kwkvIrX \mS-Im- n-\-b-am-Wv IqSn-bm-«w. irwKm-c-{]-[m-\-§-fmb kwkvIrX

\mS-I-§-fnÂ \mb-Isâ N§m-Xn-bmbn Hcp Hcp hnZq-j-Is\ ImWmw. tIc-f- nse Nne alm-

t£-{X-§-fnÂ am{Xw \ne-\n¶p h¶n-cp¶ IqSnbm«-§-Ä¡v Bbn-c- m-p-I-fpsS ]g¡w

ImWpw. mk-Im-fn-Zm-kmZn ]qÀh-I-hn-I-fpsS \mS-I-§Ä Xs¶ tIc-fob\S-·mÀ hfsc hnkvX-

cn¨pw imkv{Xo-b-ambpw A`n-\-bn- n-cp-¶p. \mb-I-s\-¡mÄ ]Xn-·-S§p {]m[m-\y-ap-vIq-Sn-bm-

«-§-fnÂ hnZq-j-I-\v. hnZq-j-I-]-Z- nsâ AÀ°w XnI¨pw tbmPn- p-Im-Wp-¶Xv IqSn-bm-«- nse

hnZq-j-I-·m-cn-em-Wv. hnjW ]c-Zp-jWw sN¿p-¶-h-\mWv hnZq-j-I³. Zqjyw ]d-bp-¶-Xn-epÅ

hnti-j-sa- m-sW-¶tÃ? ]d-bmw.

IqSn-bm-«-§-fnÂ aq¶p-Xcw hnZq-j-I-·msc ImWp-¶pv. Hcp hnZq-j-I³ hf-sc-b-[nIw

cmPy-X-{ -Ú-\m-Wv. _p²-a-X-t¯mSv Af-hä _lp-am-\-ap-v. AbmÄ¡v. ]ns¶ H¶p cp

hnZq-j-I-·mÀ _p²-a-Xs¯ A]-l-kn-¡p-Ibpw sshZn-I-a-Xs¯ {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.

thsd Nne hnZq-j-I-·mÀ ]mXm-f-t¯mfw A[:]Xn¨ {_mÒ-Wy- nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv. Cu

hnZq-j-I-·m-cpsS ASn-Øm-\- nÂ tIc-f- nse Ncn{X {][m-\-§-fmb aq¶p Ime-L-«-§-sf-

¯s¶ A`yq-ln-¡m-sa¶pw tXm¶p-¶p.



C¶p \S- pÅ IqSn-bm-«-§-fnÂ ]g¡w IqSn-bXv a{´m¦w IqSn-bm-«-am-Wv. `mk³sc

{]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-bWw \mS-I- nse aq¶m-a-¦-amWv a{´m-¦w. CXnÂ Igp-¡p-äp-®n, {`m´³,

_u²³ (_p²k\ym-kn) F¶p aq¶p IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-Wp-Å-Yv. Ah- n-cm-Pm-hmb alm-tk-

\sâ Imcm-Kr-l- nÂ \n¶v \mb-I-\mb hÕ-cm-Ps\ kq{X- nÂ hnSp-hn-¡m³ thn alm-

tk\ cmP-[m-\n-bmb DÖ-\n-bnÂ sN¶p IqSnb hÕ-cm-P-a-{´n--am-cm-W-hÀ. Du«p-sXn \m«p-

hmÀ¯-am-\-§fpw ]dªv Dg¶p \S-¡p¶ Hcp {_mÒ-Wsâ \ne-bnÂ Ahn-sS-s¨¶p IqSo-

«pÅ hk- -I-\mWv Igp-¡q-äp-®n. Cbm-fmWv hÕ-cm-Pm-hnsâ \Àa-k-Nn-h-\mb hnZq-j-I³.

`K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, a -hn-emkw F¶ cp {]l-k-\-§Ä CS-¡m-e v ChnsS hf-sc-tbsd

hnkvX-cn¨v A`-\-bn- n-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWp-¶p. Hc¦w am{X-apÅ K-h-Zv-ÖpI {]l-k\w A`n-\-

bn¨p XoÀ¡m³ ap - n-bm-dp-Zn-hkw FSp- n-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\pw sXfn-hp-Ifpv. a -hn-em-k-

¯nse sNdn-sbm-cp- mKw aq¶p-Zn-h-k-§ÄsImv Ct¸mgpw A`n-\-bn-¡m-dp-v. Ch-bnÂ _p²-

a-t¯m-SpÅ ]cn-lmkw kv]jvS-am-Wv. BNm-c-§-fnepw XXz hnNm-c-amÀK- nepw sshZn-I-a-

Xs¯ At]-£n¨p hfsc Xmsg-bmWv _p²-a-X-sa¶v K-h-Zv-Öp-I- nÂ hyà-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-

¶p. K-h-Zv-Öp-I- nse hnZq-j-I³ K-hm³ F¶p ]d-bp¶ tbmKo-{µsâ in£y\mb imÞn-

ey-\m-Wv.

\mKm-\µw, kp`-{Zm-[-\-RvP-bw, X]-Xo-kw-h-cWw F¶o-Iq-Sn-bm-«-§-fnse hnZq-j-I-·mÀ

tIc-fob {_mÒ-W-cpsS timN-\o-b-amb A[:]X-\s¯ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv. Ah-bnÂ cmP-

tk-hbv¡p h¶p-tN-cp-¶-Xn\p ap¼pÅ Xsâ Ncn{Xw hÀWn-¡p-I-sb¶ hymtP\ hnt\m-Zw,

h©-\w, Ai-\w, cmP-tkh F¶ t]cnÂ \mep-Zn-h-ks¯ hnZq-j-I-¡q v ]Xn-hp-v. [ÀamÀY-

Im-a-tam-£-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p-htÃm ]s¯ {_mÒ-W-cpsS ]pcp-jmÀ°-§Ä F¶mÂ C¶s¯

{_mÒ-WÀ¡mIs« B ]pcp-jmÀ°-§-fpsS Øm\¯v kZy-bq-Wv, cmP-tk-h, thiym-hn-t\m-

Zw, h©\w F¶nh Ib-dn-¡q-Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. sImÃ-hÀjm-cw- - n-\-Sp- p-m-bn-«pÅ \mSI-§-

fnse hnZp-j-I-·m-sc-bmWv C§s\ C{Xbpw A[:]Xn¨ \neybnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. CXv aq¶mw

L«¯nepÅ hnZp-j-I-\m-Wv.

Hcp Imcyw XoÀ¨Xs¶. IqSn-bm-«- nÂ hnZq-j-I-\pÅ Øm\w hfsc hne-b-Xm-Wv.

asämcp IYm-]m-{X- n\pw km[n-¡m¯ hn[- nÂ A{Xbpw AÛpXm-h-l-amb coXnbn-emWv

B hnZq-j-I³ kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡-cWw \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-Xv.

2.6. `K-h-ZÖpIw {]l-k\w (]-cn- mj: sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W- n-jm-tcm-Sn)

{]l-k\cXv\w F¶mWv t_m[m-b-\sâ K-h-Z-Öp-Is¯ AXnsâ hymJym-Xmhv hnti-

jn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. F¡m-ehpw Ac-§-S¡n hmgm³ Cu eL-cq-]-I- n\v Ign-ªn-«p-v.



imWvUn-ey³ F¶ km[p {_mÒ-W\mWv Cu cN-\-bnse tI{µ-_n-µp. kXy- nÂ

_en-t¨m-dv hr¯n-amÀ¤amb iuWvUn-bmWv AbmÄ. hb-dp-\n-d v Blmcw In«p-sa-t¶mÀ¯p

_p²-a-X- nÂ tNÀ¶-t¸m-gm-W-dn-bp¶Xv AhÀ¡v Hcn-¡te DuWp-Åq F¶v. Nohcw hen-s -

dn-ªv Ct¸m-sgmcp kzman-bm-cpsS injy-\mbn IqSn-bn-cn-¡p-IbmWv. Hcn-¡Â, DZym-\- n-en-

cp¶v Kl\X¯z-§Ä {Kln-s¡, ASp-s¯m-cn-S¯v Imap-Is\ Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ hk- -tk\

Fs¶mcp KWn-Isb Ip. ]m¼p-I-Sn-tbäv AhÄ acn- p. injy³ Kpcp-hn-t\mSv a\-ap-cpIn

tIWp, Ahsf c£n-¡m³. injys\ hniz-kn- n-¡m³ Kpcp ]c-Im-b-{]-thiw \S- n. KWnI

Fgp-t¶äv bXn-sb-t¸mse {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ XpS-§n. KWn-I-bpsS Bßm-hp-ambn aS-§nb ba-Zq-

X³ Ne\-aäp InS¶ ban-icoc- nÂ KWn-I-bpsS Bßm-hns\ {]th-in- n- p. kzman KWn-I-

bmbn. HSp-hnÂ FÃmw awK-f-am-b-h-km-\n- -t¸mÄ injy³ tNmZn- pþ’”’Kptcm F´m-Wn-hnsS

\S-¶Xv? ” Kpcp-sam-gnªpþ’AsXmcp henb IY-bm-Wv, ]ns¶-]-d-bmw A§s\ ]d-bm-\p-ÅXv

Ahtijn¸n- p-sImv \mS-I- nsâ Xnc-Èoe hogp-¶p.

efnX-amb Cu {]l-k-\- nÂ At\Iw AScpI-fp-v. `qàn-bpsS DS-se-Sp¯ cq]-

amWv APvPpI; hn`-àn-bpsS aqÀ¯n K-hm³. cmK-hn-cm-K-§Ä¡nS-bnÂ A´w-hn-«p-\nÂ¡p-

Ibpw, H¶nÂ \n¶v asäm-¶n-te¡v amdn amdn HmSp-I-bmWv B ]mhw imWvUn-ey³. XpS-¡-

¯nÂXs¶ Ah-s\m¶pw a\-Ên-em-bn-Ã. c-X-hm-Iy-an-Ãm¯ GIkwkvIr-X-cq]-I-an-Xm-Wv.

t_m[m-b-\-\mWv `K-h-Z-Öp-I¯nsâ IÀ¯m-hv. ZnMvam-{X-ZÀin\n hymJym-\- nepw

t_m[m-b-\-I-ho-sb- s¶ IÀ¯m-hmbn ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. `mk-\p-tijw, `c-X\pw Imfn-Zm-

k\pw ap³]v, _n.- kn. cmw iX-I- nÂ Bbn-cp¶p K-Z-Öp-I- nsâ cN\. mk-s\-t¸mse

t_m[m-b-\\pw D -tc- y-¡mc\m-bn-cp-¶p. BZy-Im-e- p-Xs¶ K-h-Z-Z-ÖpIw Z£nW-Zn-¡n-

se- n-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

Ipe-ti-J-c\mWv hyXy-kvX-am-sbmcp A`n-\-b-coXn ChnsS cq]-s¸-Sp- n-b-Xv. Ipe-ti-J-

csâ kuµcy k¦-ev]-t¯mSv ]nÂ¡m-e¯v Ht«sd Iq«n-t¨À¡-ep-IÄ Dm-bn. aq¶v Xe- n-

emWv CXv kw`-hn- -Xv. 1. A`n-\-b-]cw-, 2. A\p-jvTm-\-]-cw, 3. hmNn-Iw-. GXmv C¡m-e- mWv

{]mtZ-in-I-I-em-cq-]-§Ä A`n-\-bs¯ kzm[o-\n- -Xv. kwkvIrX \mS-I-§Ä¡v tIc-fm- -co-

£- nÂ cq]-amäw kw`-hn- p. tNc-·m-cpsS tI{µo-Ir-X-X- -c-W-hy-h-Ø-bpsS XIÀ¨-tbmsS

sIm¨p-\m-«p-cm-Py-§fpw DS-{]- p-¡·mcpw A[n-Im-c- n-se- m³ aÕ-cn¨p XpS-§n. A[n-Imcw

Dd- n-¡m³ Bi-b-]-c-amb ASn- d thn-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\-hÀ B{i-bn- Xv ]ptcm-ln-X-sc-bm-

Wv. sshZn-I-[À½- nsâ {]Nm-c-W- n\v ]ptcm-ln-X³amÀ D]-tbm-Kn- Xv Ac-§n-s\-bm-Wv.

cp Imcy-§Ä AhÀ¡p sNt¿-n-bn-cp-¶p. H¶v tIc-f- nÂ Bg- nÂ thcq-¶n-bn-cp¶

Assh-Zn-I-Nn- -Isf ]ngp-sX-dn-bp-I. cv, BK-a-[À½- nsâ alXzw DZvtLm-jn-¡p-I. Cu

Bi-b-{]-N-cWw \nÀÆ-ln- -Xv AI-s¸m-cpÄ F¶ kmt¦-Xn-I- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv.



ap - n-b-©p-Znhks¯ K-h-Z-ÖpIm`n-\-bs¯ \mep- m-K-§m-bn Xcw Xncn-¡mw. 1. kq{X-

[m-c-{]-th-iw-þ(-H¶mw Znhkw apXÂ Ggmw Znhkw hsc)2. `K-hmsâ {]thiw (F«p apXÂ

]Xn-\©phsc Znh-k-§Ä). 3. imWvUn-eysâ \nÀÆ-lWw (]-Xn-\mdv apXÂ ap¸¯n H¶p-hsc

Znh-k-§Ä). ap¸- n-cmw Znh-k-amWv \mS-I- mKw XpS-§p-¶-Xv. CXp-hsc apJy-]m-{X-§-fpsS

]pd- m-Sm-bn-cp-¶tÃm. \mS-I- m-K- n\v {Ia-Zo-]n-I-bnÂ A`n-\-b-{]-Im-cmcw sImSp- n-«n-Ã. A`n-

\-b-coXn s]mXp-hm-b-Xp-sIm-v. tÇmI-§Ä sNmÃn, A\z-bn¨v ap{Z-tbmsS AÀ°-amSn

hymKymÀ°w at\m-[À½-ambn hnI-kn- n-¡p¶ s]mXp-coXn Chbv¡pw _m[-I-am-Wv. imWvVn-

eysâ {]mIr-X-hm-Iy-§Ä¡v mj-bnÂ hni-Zo-I-cWw \ÂIn-bn-«p-v. A`n-\-b- n-\Ã, BJym-

\- n-\mWv Cu {Ia-Zo-]nI Du¶Â \ÂIp¶Xv.

sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W- n-jm-tcmSn kzoI-cn¨ Cu {Ia-Zo-]nIb\p-k-cn- Ã Ct¸mÄ `K-h-Z-

ÖpIw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶Xv. Iem-WvUe¯nÂ Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ ss]¦pfw cma- m-IymÀ Nn«s¸-

Sp- nb ]pXn-b -co-Xn-bpv. \mS-Is¯ A©p-a-Wn-¡q-dn-\p-ÅnÂ A`n-\-bn- p-XoÀ¡m-hp¶ coXn-

bn-emWv B«-{Iaw ss]¦pfw cma-Nm-IymÀ Nn«-s -Sp- n-b-Xv. hnZq-j-Isâ \nÀÆ-lWw Npcp¡n.

DZym-\-hÀ®-\-t]m-epÅ at\m-l-c-Zr-iy-§Ä¡v s]mena \evIn tÇmI-§fpw {]Xn-tÇm-I-§fpw

kµÀ`- n-\n-W-§n-bh am{Xw kzoI-cn- p.

tIc-f- nsâ HutZym-Kn-I-I-em-cq-]-§-fn-sem-¶mb IqSn-bm-«- nsâ hnhn[ km[y-X-I-fmWv

sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W- njm-tcm-Sn-bpsS teJ\-§-fn-eqsS shfns¸-Sp-¶-Xv. cwK-I-em-cq-]-sa¶ \ne-

bnÂ IqSn-bm«w Zo£n-¡p¶ hyhØIfpw AXn\v Ahiyw h¶p-tN-tc ]cn-W-Xn-Ifpw

{]i-kvX-§-fmb \mS-I-§sf Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-s¡mv ]njm-tcmSn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. tIc-f- nsâ

Ac-§p-]m-c-¼-cy- nÂ A´À`-hn- n-«pÅ k½n-{i-X-sb-bmWv Cu {]I-c-W- nÂ\n¶v \mw

Xncn- -dn-bp-¶-Xv.



samUyqÄ 3

I-YIfn3.0. BapJw

tIcf¯nsâ X\Xv ¢mkn-¡Â Iem-cq-]-amWv IY-I-fn. \mep \qäm-tmfw ]g-¡-apÅ

kmln-Xy-þ-Km-\-þ-A- n-\-b-þ-hm-Z-\-]m-c-¼-cy- nsâ {]Xn-\n-[m\w IqSn-bmWv Cu Iem-cq-]w. kIe

cmPy-¡m-scbpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-IÀjn- n-«pÅ Hcp Zriy-I-e-bm-Wn-Xv. Iq¯pw IqSn-bm-«hpw anI¨

¢mkn-¡Â I-e-I-fm-bn-cps¶-¦nepw Ah t£{X-§Ä¡I¯p am{Xsa {]ZÀin- n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-

¶p-Åq. Cu kml-N-cy-§-fn-emWv IY-I-fn-bpsS BZn-a-cq-]-sa¶v C¶v ]cs¡ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -

«n-cn-¡p¶ cma-\m«w DS-se-Sp- -Xv. cma-\m-«- nsâ D]-Úm-Xmhv sIm«m-c-¡c X¼p-cm-\mWv.

{iocm-a-I-Ysb F«mbn hn`-Pn¨v F«v Znhkw sImv A`n-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wn-Xnsâ LS-\. cma-

\m-«- n\v {]mNo\ Zriy-Iem{]Øm-\-§-tfmSp IS- m-Sp-v. Ime-{Iaw sImn-Xn\v ]e ]cn-

jvIm-c-§-fp-ap-m-bn. A§s\ ]cn-hÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xnsâ e-amWv C¶s¯ IY-I-fn. tImgn-

t¡m«p kmaq-Xn-cnbpw sIm«m-c-¡c¯¼p-cm\pw X½n-ep-mb Akzm-c-ky- -e-amWv cma-\m-«w

F¶pw sFXn-lyw.

IY-Ifn kmam-\y-ambn B Ie-bpsS Ah-X-cW cq]-s¯bpw B«-¡Y A`n-\-bm-[m-c-amb

kmln-Xy-s¯bpw kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. kwKo-Xw, kmln-Xyw, NXp-Æn-[m- n-\-b-§Ä, \r¯-t`-§Ä,

hmZy-§Ä Nn{X-in-ev]-§Ä F¶o kpµ-c-I-sfÃmw IY-I-fn-bpsS AwK-§-fm-Wv. IY-Ifn kmln-

Xy-]-Z-hn-bn-te-bv¡p-bÀ¶-Xv. tIm«-b¯p X¼p-cm-t\mSp IqSn-bmWv. At±lw 4 B«-¡-YIÄ

cNn- p. _I-h-[w, IeymWkuKÔn-Iw, InÀ½o-c-h[w, \nhmX-IhNImetIbh[w F¶n-h-

bm-W-h AtXm-Sp-IqSn IY-Ifn kmln-Xy-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp \mSy-I-e-bm-bn. D®m-bn-hm-cy-cpsS

\f-N-cn-XamWv {it²-b-amb asämcp B«-¡-Y-.

3.1. ae-bm-f-nbpsS cm{Xn-IÄ þ tUm. sI. kn. \mcm-b-W³

ae-bmf- nse {it²-b-cmb kuµ-cy-\n-cq-]-I-cnÂ Hcm-fmWv tUm. sI. kn. \mcm-b-W³.

IY-I-fn, sN XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fnÂ Bg- n-ep-Å-Úm\w At±lw BÀÖn- n-cn-¡p-¶p.

]{X-{]-hÀ -I³ F¶ \ne-bnÂIqSn At±lw {]i-kvX-\m-Wv. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS cm{Xn-IÄ F¶

{KÙ- nse AtX ioÀj-I- nÂ¯-s¶-bpÅ teJ-\-amWv ]mTy- m-Kw.



IY-I-fn-bpsS GtXm Hcp `wKn \s½ AXp hopw hopw ImWm³ £Wn¡p-¶p-.

Nn{X-in-ev]- nsâ Nmcp-Xtbm \r -I-e-bpsS NSp-e-X-tbm Hs¡bm-bn-cn¡mw Cu £W¯n\p

]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. IY-Ifn ]e \nebv¡pw ImWm-hp¶ Ie-bm-Wv. AXn-sem-¶v AXns\

Hcp Nn{Xtam inev]tam Bbn ImW-em-Wv. Nn{Xhpw inev-]hpw H¶n¨p ImWp¶p F¶mhpw

]d-tb--Xv. Inco-Sw, hr¯- nÂ, AXn\p Xmsg Np«n-Ip¯nb apJw DSp- p-sI-«n-tâ-Xmb

thmsdmcp AÀ²-hr- hpw þ t\Àh-c-IÄ GXp-an-Ãm¯ Hcp hr¯-in-ev]-amWv Hmtcm IY-I-fn-

th-j-hpw. \ne-hn-f-¡nsâ Cf-Ip¶ shfn- - nÂ De-ªp-m-hp¶ kz]-v\-k-¶n- -Xz-amWv IYI-

fn-bnse Nn{X-I-e. Nn{X-ambpw {]Xn-a--bmbpw amdn-amdn ImWm-hp¶ Cu thj-§Ä Nne-t¸mÄ

hn{K-l-ambn Cf-ImsX \nÂ¡p-Ibpw aäpNn-e-t¸mÄ a\p-jy-\mbn Cf-In-bm-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

BSp¶ thj-§sf {]Xn-a-I-fm¡n Dd- n-¡p-Ibpw Dd¨p t]mb B«hpw Ne-\hp-ambn sN¿-

emWv IY-I-fn-bnse \rXy-Ie F¶pw ]d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

IY-I-fn-bnÂ \iz-c-X-bpsS Hcw-iw-Iq-Snbps¶v sI. kn. \mcm-b-W³ Icp-Xp¶p. a\p-

jy-i-co-c- nÂ Dm-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ taml-\- hÀ®-in-ev]-§Ä B cm{Xn s]men-bp-t¼m-tg¡v

Agn-ªn-Ãm-Xm-hp-¶p. \iz-c-X-bpsS inev]hpw Nn{X-hp-amWv AXv. Ccp«pw shfn- hpw tNÀ¶

ambn-I-amb cwK-]-Ým- -e-am-Is« Cu \iz-c-Xbv¡v amäv Iq«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

hÀ®-§Ä ]e-Xp-ap-s-¦nepw IY-I-fn-bnse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« hÀ®w Idp- m-Wv. cm{Xn-

bpsS GtXm AWn-b-d-bnÂ \n¶p cq]w [cn- v, £Wn-I-amb Hc-kvXnXzw \½psS ap³]nÂ

]qÀ¯nbm¡n hopw AtX AWn-b-d-bn-te-¡p-Xs¶ Xncn- p-t]m-Ip¶ kz - nsâ Hcp \mS-

Iw. hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ Ihn-X-IÄ am{Xw hmbn- mÂ, Cu Ihn¡v IY-I-fnbpw Hcp A\p- -h-am-bn-

¯o-cp¶p F¶p sXfn-bn-¡p-¶ Hscmä hcnbpw Ip-In-«p-I-bn-Ã. Ifn ImWm³ Pohn¨ hÅ-

t¯mfpw Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xm³ Pohn¨ hf-f-t¯mfpw Ccp«pw ]Iepw t]mse thÀXn-cnªp \nÂ¡p-

¶p.

{]Xn-\m-b-I-cmb I¯n-th-j-§Ä Ac-§- p-h-cp¶ Xnc-t\m-«-amWv AXv. DbÀ¯n- n-

Sn¨ taem- n-\p-Xm-sg shÅn \J-an« hnc-ep-I-fmÂ Xmg-v -s¸Sp¶ Xnc-Èo-e¡p ]n¶nÂ, iwJ-

\m-Z- n-sâbpw L\-ta-dnb hmZy-ta-f- n-sâbpw AI-¼-Sn-tbm-sS, Be-h«w hnSÀ¯n DZn- p-

bÀ¶p \nÂ¡p¶ Cu I¯n thj- nsâ Xnc-t\m-«-Zriyw cmP-k-amb Hcp \nd-hp-Å-Xm-Wv.

IY-I-fn-bnse {]uUn-tb-dnb at\m-l-c-k-µÀ -§-fn-sem¶pw AXm-Wv. awK-f-kq-N-I-amb taem¸pw

iwJ-\m-Zhpw Be-h-«hpw t]mepÅ NnÓ-§Ä \ndª Cu Xnc-t\m-«- -S-§v, aKw-fm-ßm-¡-

fmb thj-§Ä¡Ã, XnIª hnÃ-·m-cmb IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡mWv. cma\pw IrjvW\pw [À½

]p{X\pw AÀÖp-\\pw oa\pw shdpsX Ac-§-t¯¡p IS-¶p-h-cp-t¼mÄ, cmh-W\pw Zptcym-

[-\\pw IoN-I\pw \-cm-I-kp-c\pw GXmp ImÂa-Wn-¡qÀ \op \nÂ¡p¶ {]uV-amb Xnc-

t\m-«- n-\p-tijw am{Xw {]th-in-¡p-¶p. [À½n-jvT-cmb hnin-jvS-\m-b-I-·mÀ {i²-s¸-Sm-Xn-cn-

¡p-Ibpw hnÃ-·m-cmb {]Xn-\m-b-I-·mÀ Akm-[m-c-W-ambn am\n-¡-s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p hnNn-

{X-amb Hcp \ne-bmWv IY-I-fn¡v DÅ-Xv.



IY-I-fnsb kw_-Ôn¨v kam\yambn \ne-\n-¶p-h-cp¶ Ht«sd [mc-W-IÄ¡v IS-I-hn-cp-

²-amWv CXv. àn-{]-Øm-\- nsâ mKhpw {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hn-Xz- nsâ ktµiw IeÀ¶Xpw

ImÀ -ho-cymÀÖp-\-hn-P-bw, _men-hn-P-bw, cmh-tWm-Ûhw, cmh-W-hn-Pbw F¶n-§s\ {][m-

\-s¸« cmh-Wm-b-\-§-fn-seÃmw hnin-jvS-\mb \mb-Is\ FXnÀ¯p-sImv Cu {]Xm-]n-bmb

{]Xn-\m-bIIYm-]m{Xw \½psS ap³]nÂ DbÀ¶p-h-cp-¶p. bp²hpw sImebpw \nWhpw t]mse,

Ccp«pw cm{Xn-bp-w \mSy-im-kv{Xw hne-¡n-bn«pw cwK v Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ IY-I-fn-bnÂ Gähpw

{][m-\-s¸« IYm-]m-{X-§fpw cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀX-s¶-bm-bn- o-cp-¶p.

IY-I-fn-bnse "FXnÀ kwkvIm-cw'cma-\m-«- nsâ Ah-ew-_-amb cmam-b-W- nsâ Hcp

FXnÀ kwkvIm-c-am-bn-«p-th-Ww ImWm³. cmasâ hnP-bs¯ Zp:Jw sImp ]qcn- n-¡p¶

`mK-amWv D -c-c-mam-b-Ww. LS\-bnepw AXv ]qÀÆ- m-K- nsâ hn]-coXamWv. tkXp _Ôn v

Pes¯ AXn-ew-Ln¨v cma³ koXsb hos-Sp-¡p¶ `mK-amWv ]qÀh-cm-am-b-Ww. koXsb

Im«nÂ shSnªv cma\pw kp{Ko-h-\-S-¡-apÅ hm\-c-c-t£m-K-W-§Ä apgp-h\pw kc-bp-hnsâ

Pe- nÂ Cd§n adn-bp¶hntbmK`mK-amWv D -c-cm-am-b-Ww. ]qÀÆ- nÂ a®nÂ \n¶p P\n¨

koX D¯-c- nÂ AtX a®nsâ tbm\n ]nfÀ¶v Xncn- p-t]m-hp-¶p. kar-²nbpw sFiz-cyhpw

XnIª ]qÀh- nse Atbm-²y, D¯-ImÞw Ah-km-\n-¡p-t¼mtg¡v iq\y-am-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

]qÀÆ- nse h\-hm-kn-I-fmb cma-e-£-a-W-·mÀ¡p _Z-embn D¯-c- nse eh-Ip-i-·mcpw

Im«nÂ Ae-ªp-Xn-cn-bp-¶p. cm£-k-hw-is¯ apgp-h³ cma³ h[n¨ IY ]qÀÆ- m-K- n-ep-

v. acn- -cm-£-k-hw-i- nsâ apgp-h³ aln-abpw alÀjn-amÀ\n¶pw tIÄ¡p-I-bm-Wv D¯-c-

¯nse cma³. sImÃ-s -«-h-cp-sS ta· hnkvX-cn-¡p-¶Xv sIm¶-hsâ bi-Êp-Iq-«m-\mWv F¶p

hyà-amWv F¶mÂ Cu IYm-Jym-\s¯ kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯m-fw, XnI¨pw hn]-co-X-amb asämcp

^ew IqSn AXv Df-hm-¡p-¶p-v, cLp-hw-i-s -t¸mse al- z-ap-ä-Xpw, _e- nÂ Hcp ]t£,

AXn-s\ adn-I-S-¡p-¶-Xp-amb Hcp cm£k hwi- nsâ Nn{Xw Cu BJym-\- n-eqsS sXfnªp

hcp-¶p. ]qÀh-`m-K¯v \mw I cmhWsâ iànbpw iucyhpw Cu BJym\w

Ignbpt¼mtgbv¡v F{Xtbm Cc«n hÀ²n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. P-b- nsâ ]mXm-f-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ac-W-

¯n³sc Xtam- q-an-I-fnÂ \n¶pw DbnÂs -gp-t¶äv Cu cmh-Wsâ _nw_w taem¸pw iwJ-\m-

Z-hp-ambn IY-I-fn-eqsS kz]v\-cw-K- n-te¡p Ibdn hcp-¶p.

\mb-Isâ Øm\¯v {]Xn-\m-b-Is\ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶ Cu coXn cma-\m-«- n-se-¶-t]m-

se, cmam-b-Ws¯ Bkv]-Z-am¡n \mS-I-sa-gp-Xp-t¼mgpw kw -hn-¡p-¶p. cmam-b-Ws¯ Bkv]-

Z-am¡n aq¶p \mS-I-sa-gp-Xnb kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³ \mSÀ Xs¶-bmWv Cu KXn-am-ä- nsâ a[p-

c-amb Hcp amXr-I. cmasâ Zp:Jhpw ]X-\hpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ Im©\koX-bp-am-bn-«mWv kn.-

F³ Xsâ \mS-I-{Xbw Bcw- n- -Xv. cmh-Wsâ ]X-\hpw Zp:Jhpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ e¦m-e-£van-

sb-gpXn At±lw B \S-I-{Xbw Ah-km-\n- n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. e¦m-e£van kn. F¶nsâ



Ah-km-\s¯ \mSIw am{X-aÃ Gähpw apXnÂ¶ \mSIw IqSn-bm-Wv. e¦m-e-£van-bnse cmh-

W\pw tXmÂ¡p-¶ IYm-]m-{X-am-sW-¦nepw hoWp-t]m-bn«pw ]X-dm-sXbpw ]n³hm-§m-sXbpw

Xsâ kp\n-Ýn-X-amb arXyp-hn-te¡v AbmÄ kwlm-c-tZ-h-\mbn IpXn- p-t]m-hp¶p. e¦m-e-

£van-bnse cmh-W³ tLmjm-£-c-§ÄsImp am{Xw hnh-cn¡mhp¶ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv.

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy- nÂ Hä-s¸«p \nÂ¡p-¶ Hcp \mS-I-Im-c-\Ã kn. F³.- kn.- F-¶nsâ

]qÀh-cq-]-amb kn.hn cma³ ]nÅ- hÀ -am-\- nÂ \n¶v ]n³a-S§n ]mXm-f- n-te¡v Bp-

t]mb Hsc-gp- p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p. hep- hpw tim`bpw hm¨ hnNn-{X]pcpj·msc ]pd-s¯-Sp-

¯p-sIm-v At±lw s]m§n-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xncp-hn-Xm-IqÀ cmP-hw-i- nsâ {]i-kvXn-I-

YIÄ Fgp-Xp-hm-\mWv kn. hn DZy-an- -Xv. Ahn-sSbpw \mb-I-Øm-\- p-Å-hÀ \ndw a§p-

Ibpw {]Xn-\m-b-I-À {it²-b-cmhpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

IY-I-fn-bneq-sS- AXnsâ XpSÀ -bmb kn.- hn-bn-eq-sS ]ns¶ kn.-F-¶n-eq-sS hnS-À¶p-h-

cp-¶Xv Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hcp IYm-]m{XZÀi-\-am-Wv. hep¸w F¶Xv {]Xn-\m-b-I-\p-am{XapÅ

KpW-amWv F¶-XmWv B ZÀi-\- nsâ Hcp hiw. tIc-fo-b-amb Hcp ]m{X-ZÀi\w F¶n-

§s\ hnfn-¡mw. Hcp ]t£, tIcf kwkvIm-cn- nsâ DÅnÂ AXnsâ ]mXm-f-§-fnÂ, A\-

iz-c\pw Bkp-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bp-amb Hcp {]Xn-\m-b-I³ IqSn ]mÀ¡p-¶pv F¶p ht¶-¡mw. tIc-

fo-bsâ tZiob ant¯m-f-Pn-bmb HmW- nsâ IY A§-s\-sbmcp {]Xn-\m-b-Isâ ]mXm-f-

hm-k-s - än ]d-bp-¶p-tÃm? asä§pw ImWm- -a-«nÂ, tIc-fo-bsâ an v, tXmev]n-¡-s -«-

hsâ tZiob an¯m-Wv.

ae-bm-fn-bpsS kÀhIe-I-fnepw cm{X-bp-sS, {]Xn-t_m-[- nsâ am[pcyw ]Xn-ªp-In-S- p-

v. Ahsâ IYIfn-bnÂ, Ihn-X-bnÂ, \mS-I- nÂ, IY-\-ssh- -h-§-fnÂ, FÃmw Nnet¸m-sg-

¦nepw Cu A[-:Øe-kva-c-W-IÄ apf-\o-«p-¶p.

Cu teJ-\- n-eqsS sI. kn. \mcm-b-W³ ae-bm-fn-bpsS Zriy-t_m[vsX cq]-s -Sp- nb

hn]-co-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS am\-kn-I-L-S-\-bmWv A]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXm-I-s«, hfsc kq£va-

amb Hcp kuµ-cym-ß-I-{]-hÀ¯-\- n-eq-sS-bpw.

3.2. IÀXr-]mTw þ InÅn-aw-Kew hmkptZh³ \¼qXncn¸mSv,

IemaWvUew Fw. ]n. Fkv. \¼qXncn

InÅn-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h³ \¼q-Xn-cn- m-Sv, Iem-a-WvUew Fw. ]n. Fkv. \¼q-Xncn F¶n-

hÀ tNÀs¶-gp-Xnb Kth-j-W-{]-[m-\-amb {KÙ-amWv IYI-fn-bpsS cwK-]m-T-N-cn{Xw. IY-I-fn-

bpsS kmln-Xy-cq-]-amb B«-¡-Y-bnÂ\n¶v B«-{]-Im-c- n-eqsS cwKm-h-X-c-W- n-tebv¡v IS-

¡p-t¼mÄ {i²n-t¡ Imcy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ ]pkvX-I-am-Wn-Xv.



IY-I-fn-bpsS kmln-Xy-cq]w B«-¡-Ybpw AXnsâ cwK- m-jm-{Iaw hnkvX-cn-¡p¶ cq]w

B«-{]-Im-c-hp-am-Wv. B«-¡-Ysb cwK- m-jm-k-t¦-X-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn v Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-

Xm-c-I³ kÀ¤m-ß-I-am-sbmcp \nÀ½m-W- n-emWv GÀs -Sp-¶-Xv. Fgp- p-Im-csâ hnh-£-Isf

s\t©täXn-sÃ-¦nepw \S\v AXp-X-s¶-bmWv Xsâ `mjy-cq-]-h-XvI-c-W- n-\pÅ {]mY-an-

tIm-]m-[n. at\m-[À½- n-sâbpw kzX-{ -km-²y-Xm-]-cn-I-ev]-\- n-sâ-bp-saÃmw temI-t¯-

bv¡pÅ hmXm-b-\-am-W-Xv.

3.3. cma-\m«w apXÂ IY-Ifn hsc þ as¦m¼v inh-i-¦-c- n-Å, kn. sI. inh-cm-a-]nÅ

as¦m¼v inh-i-¦c¸n-Åbpw kn. sI. inh-cm-a-]n-Åbpw tNÀ¶v Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-amWv

IY-Ifnkzcq-]w. IY-I-fn-sb-¡p-dn- p-m-bn-«pÅ cN-\-I-fnÂ CXv A{Kn-a-Øm\w Ae-¦-cn-¡p¶p.

Cu ]pkvX-I- nse IY-I-fn-bpsS Ncn-{X-hn-i-I-e-\-amWv ]mTy- m-Kw.

tIc-f- nsâ kmaqlyNcn-{X- nÂ {_mÒWta[m-hn-Xz¯nsâ ]Ým- -e- n-emWv IY-

I-fn-bpsS BZy-cq-]-amb cmam-\m«w Bhn- -hn- -sX¶v teJ-IÀ \nco-£n-¡p¶p. àn{]Øm-\-

amWv cma-\m-«- nsâ DÛ-h-Im-c-W-sa¶v ]d-bmw. àn-{]-Øm\w A[:ØnX-cpsS hntam-N-\-{]-

Øm\w IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A£-c-iq-\y-cm-bn-cp¶ AhÀW-Pm-Xn-IÄ¡v AXnsâ amkvac kv]Àiw

A\p- -h-th-Zy-am-bn-Ã. `àn-bnÂ sXfnª cma-\m«w {]tbm-K¯nÂ Hcp ip{Z-I-e-bmbn Ac-

t§-dnbXv Cu ]Ým- -e- n-emWv.

cma-\m-«- nsâ P\-bn-Xm-hn-s\-¡p-dn- p At\z-jWw F§pw F¯n-bn-«n-Ã. Xp©³ sXfn¨

shfn¨w Ifn-hn-f-¡n-te¡v ]IÀ¶ cma-\m«w BNm-cysâ sh«- p-Xs¶ sN¶ps]«-XnÂ Ncn-

{X-\oXn {]hÀ¯n- n-cn-¡-Ww.

tIc-f- nse ]m«vþ\r¯-]m-c-¼-cy-§Ä, B«-¡-Y, B«w F¶o A]qÀÆ {ihyþ Zriy-

§-fmbn ka-\z-bn- p-mb Hcp \ho\cwK-I-em-{]-Øm\w F¶ \ne-bv¡v cma-\m-«- nsâ

BhnÀ`mhw Ncn{Xw krjvSn¨ Hcp alm-kw- -h-am-Wv. B«¯nse A`n-\-bmwiw BwKn-Ihpw

AXv Ipsd temI-[Àa-ap-{Z-Ifpw kzm`m-hn-I-\r- -ap-{Z-Ifpw tNÀ¶ {]tbm-K-§Äs¡mv \nÀÆ-

ln-¡-s -«n-cp-¶Xpambn-cn-¡Ww. AÀYtam, mhtam {]ZÀin- n-¡p¶ BwKy-sam-¶p-an-ÃmsX IY

apgp-h³ Km\hpw \r¯-hpw-sImv BSn F¶p Icp-Xm³ \ymbw ImWp-¶n-Ã. hmZy-§-fnÂ

sXm¸n-a-±-fhpw hoc-a-±-fhpw Ce- m-f-hp-amWv cma-\m-«- n-\p-mbncp-¶Xv. IYm-c-N-\-bnÂ KoX-

tKm-hn-µ- nse ivtfmI-]-Z-co-Xn-bmbn-cp¶p amXr-I. -

IY-I-fn-bpsS t]mjI Ie-I-fnsem-¶mbn AjvS-]-Zn-bm«w ]p-ap-Xte ]d-b-s¸-«p-h-cp-

¶p-v. Pb-tZ-hsâ KoX-tKm-hnµw tIc-f- nÂ {]N-cn¨p XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ AXv tIc-fo-bÀ cwK-

¯nÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS-§n. B Zriy-Im-hys¯ Ajv]-Zn-bm-«-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Ajv]-Zn-bm-

«-amWv tImgn-t¡m«v am\-th-Z-cm-Pm-hnsâ IrjvW-\m-«- n\v amÀK-ZÀi\w sNbvXXv F¶pw ]d-

ªn-«p-v.



Iem-\m-S-tI-jz-Zzn-Xo-b\pw IrjvWm-h-tem-I-{In-bm-Iu-Xp-I-am-\-k-\p-amb ]qcmSw Xncp-\mÄ

X¼p-cm³X-s¶-bmWv A¼-e- pg Irj-W-\m-«-sa¶ AjvS-]-Zn-bm-«- n-sâbpw AXnsâ A`ym-

k-¡-f-cn-bp-sSbpw Ifn-tbm-K- n-sâbpw D]-Úm-Xm-hv. tIm«-b- -¼p-cm³ A¼-e- pg IrjvW-

\m-«s¯ BZ-cn- n-cp-¶-Xnsâ \nZÀi-\-§-fmWv IY-I-fn-bnse ]pd- mSpw aRvPp-X-cbpw. sh« v

{iocm-a-thjw FSp- n-cp¶ ]pd- mSv tIm«-bs¯ {ioIr-jvW\pw kv{Xoth-jhpw tNÀs¶-Sp-

¡p-¶-Xmbn amdn-b-Xv. tIm«bw IY-I-fpsS alm- m-c-X-]-Ým- ew am{Xw sImm-sW¶v Icp-

Xm³ {]bm-k-ap-v.

kwL-I-me -X-an-gIs¯ the³shdn-bm-«n-sâbpw th«p-h-cm-«- n-sâbpw D¯-c-tI-c-f-

¯nse Ah-ti-j-am-bn-cp¶ sX¿w Hcp BZn-hmkn A\p-jvTm-\-sa¶ ØnXn-bnÂ\n¶v Xpfp-

\m-«nse hnÃ-h-cpsS ae-\m-Sp-hn- m-K-amb Xob-cpsS A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-bmbn hnI-kn-¡pIbpw

Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s¸« t]mXp-B-cm-[-\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ hn`m-Ko-b-X-IÄ¡-Xo-X-ambn

kmaq-ly- -{Z-Xbpw sI«p-d¸pw Dd- p-h-cp- p¶ Hcp {]Øm-\-ambn hf-cp-Ibpw {_mÒ-Wm-[n-]-

Xy- n³IognÂ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Bcy-hÂIr-X-ambn khÀWmw-Ko-Im-chpw Iem-ta-·bpw BÀÖn-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-I-gn-ªn-cp¶ ]Ým- -e- n-emWv cma-\m«w sh«¯v sN¶-Xv. \r¯- nÂ

\n¶v \rXy- n-te-¡pÅ Nph-Sp-hbv]v cma-\m-«- nÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶p. sX¿-t¯-¡mÄ IY-I-

fnsb kzm[o-\n- Xv Xnd-bm-sW-¶mWv hnZ-Kv[m- n-{]m-bw. cpw Imfn-bm-«-sa¶ Ifn-bm-«-am-Wv.

sI«n-bm-Sp¶ Bcm-[\maqÀ¯n¡v aq¶-h-Øm-t`-Z-§-fp-ÅXv. sX¿- nÂ tXmäw, shÅm-«w,

sX¿w F¶n-hbpw Xnd-bm-«- nÂ shÅm«v (C-f-t¦m-ew), shÅ-sI-«v, Xnd F¶n-h-bp-am-Wv.

tXmä- n\v AÀY- nepw {]tbm-K- nepw IY-I-fn-bnse tXmSbphp-ambn _Ô-ap-v. Ac-

bnÂ Nph¶ ]«pw, Xe-bnÂ Nph v sI«n Xe- m-fn-sh v AXn-\p-ap-I-fnÂ XpWn-aq-Snbpw DÅXpw

apJ-s -gp- n-Ãm- -Xp-amb Cu tIme- nsâ NS§v klm-bn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn tXmsä sNÃp-Ibpw

XpSÀ¶v sN sIm«-\p-k-cn¨v \r¯w sN¿p-I-bp-amWv.

cma-\m-«¯n\v Hcp iXm-_vZ-sa-¦nepw ap¼v BhnÀ -hn¨ IÀWm-SIIe-bmWv b£-Km-\w.

cp-I-e-Ifpw X½nÂ Nne kmZr-iy-§-fp-v. b£-Km\w Hcp {Kmao-W-I-e-bm-Wv. kly-\- p-

ds¯ Z£n-tW- y³ tZiob \r -\m-S-I-§-sfÃmw b£-Km-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Xangv\m«nse Ipd-

h-©nbpw mK-h-X-ta-f-bpw B{Ô-bnse Ip¨n- p-Unbpw b£-Km-\-§-fm-Wv. IY-I-fnbpw b£-

Km-\hpw X½nÂ imkv{Xo-bw, \mS³ F¶ ASn-Øm\ kz`m-h-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn- pÅ hyXym-k-

§Ä Ds-¦nepw ]e kmZr-iy-§fpw ImWm-\p-v. sshjvW-h- -àn-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-X-d-bmWv

cp-I-e-IÄ¡p-Å-Xv. thjw, mhw, \r¯w, A -co£w F¶o Awi-§-fnÂ temIm-XoXkz`m-

hhpw \mSy-[À½n-Xzhpw cp Ie-IÄ¡p-ap-v.

cma-\m-«-Im-c³Xs¶ Ab- p-sIm-Sp¯ tbmK-¡mÀ¡v ]pXn-b-co-Xn-bnÂ in£Ww \ÂIn-

bm-Wv sh«- p-X-¼p-cm-¡-·mÀ cma-\m«w ]cn-jvI-cn- -sX¶v hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. sh«w coXn

tIm«-a-s«¶pw Adn-b-s -Sp-¶p.



cma-\m-«- nsâ Zriy-{Z-hy-§sf GI- m-thm-·p-J-X-bnÂ \n¶v hnSÀ¯n alm- m-c-X- nsâ

`mh-ssh-hn-²y- n-te¡v hnI-kn- n¨v thjw, B«w, ckw F¶n-hpsS _lp-ap-J-Xzw-sImv

IY-I-fnsb \rXy-I-e-bpsS ]cn-]qÀW-X-bnÂ F¯n¨ ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hmWv tIm«bw X¼p-cm³.

`mjm-cm-am-b-W-IÀ¯m-hmb tIm«bw tIc-f-hÀ½-bpsS A\- -c-P³ (am-Xr-k-tlm-Zco ]p{X-

\mb A\p-P³) Bbn-cp-s¶¶pw sImÃw H¼Xmw \qäm-nsâ D¯-cmÀ°- nÂ Pohn- n-cp-

s¶¶pw s]mXpth hniz-kn-¡-s -Sp-¶p.

I¹n-§m-S³ k{¼-Zmbw IY-I-fn-bnÂ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v kzcq-]- m-h-§Ä Dm-¡n-b-Xp-

t]mse IY-I-fn-\-Ssâ kzXz-t_m-[- n\v XpS¡anSpIbpw sNbvXp. B«-amWv I¹n-§m-S³ At§-

bäw {i²-sN-ep- nb taJ-e. At±-l- nsâ aäv ]cn-jvIm-c-§sf A`n-\-b-kw-kvI-c-W-sa¶

Dt]-b-§-fm-bn-«mWv ImtW--Xv. ]Z- nse tImÀ¯n-W-¡-s¸« hkvXp-¡-fpsS AÀ°s¯

Ah-bpsS mh-t¯m-Sp-IqSn A\p- -h-s¸-Sp¯n en-X-am-¡p¶ ]mc-¼-cys¯ Cf¡n

IY-I-fn-bpsS imkv{Xo-b-kw-kvI-c-W- n-se-¶-t]mse AXnsâ P·-kn-²hpw P\-{]o-X-

I-cp-hp-amb \mS³ ]cn-thjw t]mjn- n-¡p-¶-Xnepw X¼p-cm³ AXoh Xev]-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p. At±lw

hn`m-h\w sNbvX Ipdp-¦- n-X-s¶, Imbw-Ipfw ]nSn- -S-¡m-\pÅ A\p-{K- n-\p-thn cma-

¿sâ D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw A½m-h³ imÀ¡c K-h-Xn-t£-{X- nÂ \S- nb hgn-]m-Snsâ XpSÀ -

bmbn thWm«p cmP-hw-i- nsâ hI Btm-Smv \S-¶p-h¶ apSn-tb-äp-Õ-h- nÂ Ip-]-

cn-N-bn¨ s\Sp-¦¯n (Zm-cn-I³) bpsS kwkvI-c-W-am-sW¶v apSn-tb-änse Zmcn-I\pw Ipdp-¦- n-

bm-sb-¶Xpw {i²mÀl-am-Wv.

C§s\ IY-I-fn-bpsS \mep-\q-äm-p-\o-fp¶ Ncn{Xw kpkq-£va-am-bn, tkmZm-l-cWw

hnh-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Cu {]_-Ô- nÂ. hni-I-e-\-§Ä Ncn-{X-]-camb-Xp-sIm-p-Xs¶ AXn\v

]pXp-abpw hyXy-kvX-Xbpw ssIh-cp-¶p.

3.4. Ieym-W-ku-K-ÔnIw þ tIm«-b- p-X-¼p-cm³

B«¡-Ybv¡v bYmÀ°-amb kmln-Xy-ap-m-bXv tIm«-b- p-X-¼p-cm³ F¶ amlm-hy-

àn-bpsS Ime- m-Wv. hS-¡³tIm-«bw cmP-hw-i- nse Hcw-K-am-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. B«-¡-Ym-

tem-I v At±-l- nsâ \mev cN-\-IÄ AXp-ey-§-fmbn \nev¡p-¶p. IY-I-fnsb \rXy-{]-[m-

\-am-¡p-¶-Xnepw Blm-cy-hn-j-b- nepw Cf-In-bm-«-¡m-cy- n-ep-saÃmw X¼p-cmsâ CS-s]-S-ep-

IÄ Ncn-{X-am-bn- oÀ¶p-sh¶p ImWmw.

tIm«-b¯p X¼p-cmsâ IY-I-fnÂ Gähpw cwK-{]-Nmcw kn²n- n-«p-ÅXv Ieym-W-ku-K-

Ôn-I- n-\m-Wv. Cu cN-\-bpsS Zriy-]-c-X-bmWv AXnsâ BIÀj-W-L-S-Iw. alm- m-c-X-w h\-

]ÀÆ- nse F¬]- n-\memw A²ymbw apX-epÅ {]k-à-I-Y-IÄ am{Xw kzoI-cn- p-sIm-

mWv cN-\. Iuc-h-À h©n- -Xn-epÅ `oa-tk-\sâ AaÀjhpw PSm-kp-c-h-[hpw B«-¡-Y-

bnÂ lrZyambn Nn{Xo-I-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]n¶o-SmWv ]m©m-eo-\nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw AXn-hn-in-jvS-

amb kuK-Ôn-I-]pjv]w tXSn-bpÅ oasâ bm{X. IZ-fo-h-\-{]-th-iw, l\q-a-Õ-am-Kaw F¶n-

h-bv¡p-tijw Ipt_-c-hm-]n-bnÂ\n¶v kuK-Ôn-I-]pjv]w tiJ-cn¨v `oa³ aS-§p-¶-tXmsS

IY Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.



ae-b-]ÀÆ-X- nÂ\n¶p hoip¶ Imtääv h\- nÂ eoem-c-k-t¯m-Sp-IqSn k©cn- p-

sImv ]m©m-en-tbmSv kÃ-]n-¡p-¶p. {]kn-²-amb "]m©m-e-cm-P-X-\-tb...' F¶p-Xp-S-§p¶

Cu ]Zw Gsd lrZy-am-Wv. Cu thf-bn-emWv Imän-\mÂ kao-]-t¯bv¡p sImp-h-c-s¸« Znhy-

amb ]pjv]w ]m©men ImWp-¶Xpw FSp-¡p-¶-Xpw. {]nb-s -«-h-fmb ]m©m-en-bpsS At]£

]cn-K-Wn¨v `oa³ ]ÀÆ-X-h-\- n-tebv¡v ]pjv]- n-\mbn t]mIp-¶p. IZ-fo-h-\s¯ Cf¡n

adn- p-sIm-mbn-cp¶p At±-l- nsâ k©m-cw. AhnsS h v l\q-ams\ Ip-ap-«p-¶Xpw oasâ

Al-¦m-c- n\v ia-\-ap-m-Ip-¶Xpw IY-bnÂ ck-I-c-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn-¡p¶p.

]WvUn-X-I-hn-bmb tIm«-b- p-X-¼p-cm³ hmk-\m-k-¼-¶-\mb Hcp \S³ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-

¶p-sh¶v sXfn-bn-¡p¶ cN-\-bmWv Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-Iw.

3.5. \f-N-cnXw cmw Znhkw þ D®mbn hmcyÀ

(\-f-N-cnXw B«-{]-Imcw þ I-em-a-WvUew IrjvW³\m-bÀ)

BSm\pw ]mSm\pw sImÅm-hp¶, "H¶nepw tNcm¯ Hcp \Ã \mSI'amb, "tIc-f- nsâ

imIp- f'amb \f-N-cnXw B«-¡Y F¶ cN\ H¶p-sIm-p-am{Xw ae-bm-f- nÂ \nkvXp-e-

amb ]-Zhn t\Snb BfmWv D®mbn hmcyÀ. IY-I-fn-b-c-§nepw ]m«nepw kmln-Xy- nepw \f-

N-cnXw AXp-ey-ambn \nev¡p-¶p. Cu {KÙ- n\v IY-I-fn-b-c-§nse DÖz-e-\-S-\m-bn-cp¶ Iem-

a-WvUew IrjvW³\m-bÀ Fgp-Xnb B«-{]-Imcw kao-]-\-co-Xn-sImpw auen-I-X-sImpw

Gsd {it²-b-am-Wv.

\f-N-cnXw B«-{]-Im-c-w, cmw Znhkw, H¶mw-cw-Kw hnhm-l- n-\p-ti-j-apÅ \f-þ-Z-a-b-

´n-am-cpsS irwKm-c-cw-K-amWv. qX-Im-e¯nÂ A\p- -hn-t¡-n-h¶ Zpcn-X-§sfÃmw \o§nbncn-

¡p-¶p-sh¶ \f-hm-Iyhpw ]n¶mse "kmay-a-I-t¶m-cp-Zym\w...' F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ {]kn-²-§-

fmb hcn-I-fp-am-Wp-Å-Xv. irwK-mc-¸-Z-§-sfÃmw hn]p-e-\-km-²y-X-sIm-p-Xs¶ AXn-cp-I-

hnbpt¼mÄ {]Xn- m-im-en-bmb hmcyÀ AXns\ Gsd lrZy-am¡n amäp-¶p-v. Cu aÀ½w I-

dn-ªp-X-s¶-bmWv B«-{]-Im-c-Im-c-\mb IrjvW³\m-bÀ \f-Z-a-b- n-am-cpsS hyàn-hn-ti-j-§sf

Xnf-¡n-sb-Sp-¡pw-hn[w mjy-sa-gp-Xp-¶-Xv. Hc- n-t\-Xm-sh¶ \ne-bnÂ At±-l- nsâ cwK-th-Zo-

]-cn-Nbw Cu B«-{]-Im-c- n\v klm-b-I-ambn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

IY-I-fn-bpsS Ncn-{Xhpw kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-hp-amWv Cu {]I-c-W- nÂ\n¶v tkmZm-l-cWw

hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\m-hp-¶-Xv. ]T-\-am-Xr-I-I-fmb Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-Ihpw \f-N-cnXw B«-¡-Ybpw

Cu taJ-e-bnse A\ÀL-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv.



samUyqÄ 4

]nev¡me-cw-K-I-e-IÄ

4.0. BapJw

IqSn-bm-«- n\pw IY-I-fn-bv¡pw -ti-j-ap-mb Iem-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]cn-Nn´n-¡p¶

{]I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. G. Un. ]Xn-t\-gv þ ]Xn-s\«v \qäm-p-I-fn-ep-mb XpÅÂ, tamln-\n-bm-«w,

Nhn-«p-\m-SIw, ]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm-nsâ cmw ]Ip-Xn-bn-ep-mb kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä F¶n-

h-sb-¡p-dn- pÅ At\z-j-W-§-fmWv CXnÂ {][m-\w.

4.1. Ip©³\¼ymÀ þ kmln-Xy-]-©m-\\³ ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]nÅ

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy\n-cq-]-W-Ncn{X¯nÂ kp{]-[m-\-Øm\w Ae-¦-cn-¡p¶ {]Xn- m-im-en-

bmWv kmlnXy]-©m-\\³ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]nÅ. {]No-\-I-hn-{X-b-s¯-

¡p-dn v B[n-Im-cn-I-amb ]T\w \S- n-b-h-cnÂ {]Ya-K-W-\o-b-\m-W-t±-lw.

XpÅÂ{]Øm-\s¯¸än HmÀ¡p-t¼mÄ BZyw a\-Ên-se- p¶ t]cv Ie-¡¯p Ip©³

\¼ym-cptSXmWv. Cu Ihn-bpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw ]qÀ®tam hnizm-kytam Bb \nebnÂ C\nbpw

In«n-¡-gn-ªn-«n-Ã-. \¼ym-cpsS ]nXmhv {_mÒ-W-\m-sW¶ hmZw hnNm-cW sNbvXv AXv sI«p-

I-Y-bm-sW-¶v \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. \¼ymÀ Dd-§n-b-Xn\v NmIymÀ Ifn-bm-¡n-sb¶pw AXnÂ\n-

¶mWv XpÅ-ensâ DÛ-hsa¶pw ]d-bp-¶-Xns\ ]n.sI \mcm-b-W-]nÅ JWvUn-¡p-¶p. "Z£³

Bt£-]n- -Xp-sIm-v tIm]n-jvT-\mb inh³ PS \ne- Sn- -t¸mÄ hoc- -{Z³ NmSn-ho-W-Xp-

t]m-se, NmIymcmÂ A[n-£n-]vX-\mb \¼ymÀ ]ntä-Zn-hkw A¼-e¸pg Ifn- -«nÂ¡-b-dn-\n-

¶-t¸mÄ XpÅ-en-\p-th kIe kma-{Kn-Ifpw h¶p IqSn F¶p hmZn-¡p-¶Xv `mj-bpsS

]qÀÆ-N-cn-{X-s -¡p-dn- pÅ Zb-\o-b-amb AÚ-Xsb {]ZÀin- n-¡-bm-Ip-¶p' F¶mWv At±lw

\nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ip©³\¼ym-cpsS IrXn-Isf Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn hne-bn-cp¯n Ah-bpsS Imew \nÀ®-bn-

¡m\pw Cu {]_-Ô- nÂ ]n. sI. {ian- n-«p-v. Hcp Ihn¡p thp-¶-Xmb kÀh-tXm-ap-J-

amb kmam-\y-Úm\w \¼ymÀ¡p kar-²-am-bn-cp-¶p-s-h¶v Is- p¶ kmln-Xy-]-©m-\-\-

\mWv \¼ymsc BZy-ambn P\km-am-\y-Ihn F¶p hnti-jn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. \¼ym-cpsS cN-\-I-

fnse ]cn-lm-k- mhw, irw-Km-c-]-cX, Xmfw (hr- w), Ae-¦m-c-§Ä, HuNn-Xy-t_m-[w, k¦-ev]-

i-àn F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-s¨Ãmw ]n. sI. DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hyà-am-¡p-¶p-v. Ip©³\-¼ym-

sc-¡p-dn- pÅ BZy-Im-e-]-T-\-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ Cu {]_Ôw Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.



4.2. Hm«³XpÅ-Â þ Iem-a-WvUew IrjvW³Ip-«n-s¸m-Xp-hmÄ

IYI-fn-ta-f- nse sN-hm-b-\-bnÂ {]K-ev`-\mWv Iem-a-WvUew IrjvW³Ip-«n-s¸m-

Xp-hmÄ. At±lw cNn¨ taf- Zw F¶ {KÙ- nÂ\n¶v FSp¯ teJ-\-amWv Hm«³Xp-ÅÂ.

Ip©³ \¼ym-cmWv XpÅÂ¡esb Hcp {]Øm-\-am¡n hnI-kn- n- -Xv. Iq¯n\p angmhp

sIm«ns¡mp \n¶ \¼ymÀ Dd¡w Xq§n-bXp Iv NmIymÀ At±-ls¯ hfsc Bt£-]n-

¨p-sh-¶pw, B ]I t]m¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn A¶p cm{Xn Xs¶ Hcp XpÅÂ IY \nÀ½n¨v ]ntä-Zn-

hkw Iq¯nsâ ka-b¯v Ifn- -«nÂ¡-bdn \¼ymÀ XpÅn- p-S-§n-sb-¶p-amWv sFXnlyw.

]d-b³, ioX-¦³, Hm«³ F¶n-§s\ XpÅÂ aq¶p-X-c-w. tIcf¯nse Nne BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-

fpsS PmX-n\maw IqSn kqNn- n¨p sImmWv \¼ymÀ XpÅ-ep-IÄ¡v \ma-I-cWw sNbvX-Xv. ]d-

b-cpsS ]gb A`n-\-b-coXn ]cn-jvI-cn- -Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww ]d-b³Xp-ÅÂ. tIc-f- nse ]pe-b-

cpsS CS-bnÂ am{Xw [mcm-f-ambn ioX-¦³ F¶ kwÚ hyàn-IÄ¡n-Sp-¶p-v. C¶pw At\Iw

ioX-¦³ ]pe-b-·mÀ \m«n³]pd-§-fn-epv. ]d-b³, ioX-¦³ F¶n-hsb At]-£n¨v thK-

¯nÂ (HmSn- v) sNmtÃ-Xp-sIm-m-bn-cn-¡mw -Hm-«³ F¶ t]cp-mbXv F¶ Hc- yqlw \ne-

hn-ep-v. \¼ymÀ¡p ap³]p-Xs¶ IWn-bm-·mcpw the-·m-cp-w \S- n-t¸m-¶n-cp-¶- Hm«³Xp-Å-

ep--mbn-cp-¶p. IWn-bm-·m-cpsS tImew-Xp-Å-enÂ C¶pw Hm«³Xp-Å-ensâ P\-I-cq]w ImWmw.

D -Xn-cn-ªmWv ioX-¦³ XpÅÂ \S- p-¶-Xv. apJ¯p tX¸pw an\p¡pw ]mSn-Ã. Is®-

gp-Xpw. hfp¯ s]m«pw sXmSpw, Xe-bnÂ Idp¯ Ddp-am-emWv sI«p-¶-Xv. AXn\p ap¼mbn

shfp¯ hkv{XwsImp Xe-bnÂ sIm sI«pw. Xe-apSn sh¨p-sI-«p-¶-Xp-t]mse Xebv¡p

apI-fn-embn Hcp hi-t¯¡p sNcn¨v XpWn-sImv GXmv Ac-bSn Db-c- nÂ sI«p-¶-Xn-

\mWv "sIm' F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. (IYIfn-bnÂ kv{Xoth-j-¡mcpw C§s\ sIm sI«m-dp-

v.) sIm-b-¡p-taÂ Icp¯ Dd-amepw AXn-\p-]cn Ipcp-t¯m-e-sIm-pÅ ame NmÀ¯p-¶p.

]m¼nsâ BIr-Xn-bn-emWv bCu ame sImcp-¡p-¶-Xv. Nne¼pw sI«bpw cpw Imenepw sI«p-

¶p. IS-Im-Zn-Ifpw Ipcp-t¯m-e-sIm-m-Wp-m-¡p-¶-Xv. ]d-b³Xp-Å-enÂ kÀ - n-apSn {]tXy-

I-ap-v. sNa¶ ]«pw sXm§epw NmÀ¯p-¶p. Nne¼v Hä-¡m-enÂ am{Xta ]mSp-Åq. AXp he-

s¯-¡m-en-em-bn-cn-¡pw. sI¨-a-Wnbpw, AtX ImenÂam-{X-amWp sI«p-¶-Xv. Igp- nÂ ame

NmÀ¯pw; Nµ\w ]qipw; apJ¯p tX¸pw an\p-¡-anÃ; Is®gp-XpI am{Xta sN¿p-I-bp-Åq.

AXp an¡-hmdpw apSn-b-S- -Xm-f- n-em-bn-cp-¡pw. Hm«³Xp-Ån-em-I-s«, hfsc hnkvX-cn- pÅ

thj-hn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xn\v at\mlc-amb h«-ap-Sn-bmWv ic-ÊnÂ; AXn\p ap³]p Idp¯ Ddp-amÂ

sImp sIms sI«pw. apJ¯p ]¨-tX-bv¡pw. I®pw ]pcn-Ihpw hmep-\o«n Fgp-Xpw. I®p

Npa-¡p-¶-Xn\v Np- q-hn-Spw, IS-I-M-I-W-§fpw s\©p-]-e-Ibpw {]tXyI-ap-v. I¨bpw

sI¨bpw cp Imen-ep-a-Wn-bpw. "A¼-e- p-g-t¡m-WIw' sImpÅ DS-bm-S-bmWv [cn-¡-p¶-

Xv.



]S-b-Wn¡p XpÅp-hm³ thn Dm¡n-b "t]¡-Y-'I-fmWv ]n¶oSp XpÅ-embn cq]m-

-c-s¸-«-Xv. \¼ym-cp-sS- Xp-f-f-ep-I-fn-ep-ff t]¡-Y-IÄ amän-h- m-epw, IYm-K-Xn¡p bmsXmcp

lm\nbpw kw`-hn-¡p-¶-nÃ.

Hm«³Xp-Å-en-s\-¡p-dn- pÅ ]qÀÆ-Úm-\-§sf hn]p-eo-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ sNdn-b-{i-a-amWv

Cu {]_-Ô- n-ep-Å-Xv.

4.3. tamln-\n-bm«w þ Iem-a-WvUew Ieym-Wn-¡p-«n-b½

ZoÀL-Imew Iem-a-WvU-e- nÂ \r¯m-²ym-]n-I-bmbn-cp¶ IeymWn-¡p-«n-b½ Fgp-Xnb

anI¨ Hcp Kth-j-W-{K-Ù-amWv tamln-\n-bm«w. tamln-\nbm-«- nsâ Ncn-{Xhpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw

hÀ -am-\m-h-Øbpw ]cn-jvI-c-W-{i-a-§-fpsS {]m[m-\y-hp-saÃmw Cu {KÙ- nÂ hni-Z-ambn

NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p.

Gsd A\m-Z-c- n\v hnj-bo- -hn-¡p-Ibpw ]n¶oSv alm-Ihn hÅ-t¯m-fn-sâbpw Iem-a-

Þ-e- n-sâbpw {i²m- -e-ambn DbnÀs -gp-t¶Â¡p-Ibpw sNbvX Iem-cq-]-amWv tamln-\n-

bm-«w. kzmXn kZ-ÊnÂ kmam-cm-[y-amb ]Zhn t\Sn-bn-cp¶ Hcp Iem-cq-]-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. taml-

\n-bm« Iem-Im-cn-IÄ Hcp Ime v tZhmÀ -\-bv¡mbn Iev]n-¡-s¸« kv{XoI-fmWv. tZh-Zmkn

k{¼-Zmbw A¶p Z£n-tW- y-bnÂ hym]-I-am-bn-cp¶p. Zmkn-bm-«- nÂ\n¶v tIc-fo-b-\m-S³\r-

¯-§-fmb ssIsIm-«n-¡-fn, kt¦-X- -{Z-amb `c-X-\m-Syw, IY-I-fn-bnse BwKy- mj F¶n-h-

bnse efn-Xmw-i-§Ä tbmPn- n v tamln-\n-bm«w krjvSn- p. irwKm-c-c-k- nÂ Du¶n-\n-ev¡p¶

hnt\m-Z-cq-]-am-Wn-Xv.

4.4. Nhn-«p-\m-SIw

tIc-fob\mS-I- nsâ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-§-fnÂ ]e-Xp-sImpw Hä-s¸«p \nev¡p¶

\mS-I-cq-]-am-Wn-Xv. e¯o³ It¯m-en-¡-cmWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I¯nsâ Ah-Xm-c-IÀ. BZys¯ Nhn-

«p-\m-S-Iw "ImdÂam³ NcnXw' BW-t{X. \mS-I- nsâ Bcw- - n-epÅ Cuiz-c-h-µ-\- nÂ

emän³ hm¡p-I-fp-v. ss{IkvXhhnizmkw cqV-aq-e-am-¡p-hm³ kzoI-cn¨ A`n-\bk{¼-Zm-b-

amWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-sa¶pw CXnsâ D]-Úm-Xmhv mjm-]-Þn-X-\mb Hcp hntZ-i-an-j-W-dn-bm-

sW¶pw Icp-Xp-¶p. Nhn-«p-\m-S-I- nse `mj Xan-gmWv. kwKoX \r¯-§Ä¡v Nhn-«p-\m-S-

I¯nÂ \Ã {]m[m-\y-ap-v. IY-I-fn-bnset¸mse tkm]m\kwKoXcoXn-bmWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-

I¯nepw DÅ-Xv.

temI- nse Xs¶ Gähpw henb tÌPm-Wv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I¯ntâ-Xv. tÌPn\p ap³]nÂ

Hcp \ne-hn-f¡p sImfp¯n hbv¡pw. CXnse \r¯w XmÞh{][m-\-am-Wv. kuay-{]-Ir-Xn-I-

fmb thj-§Ä, kv{Xoth-j-§Ä F¶n-hbv¡v emkyw hn[n. ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambn 16 Nph-Sp-I-

fmWv CXn-ep-Å-Xv.



tIc-f- nse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-k-t¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw ]mÝmXy \mS-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw

Awi-§Ä kao-No-\ambn tbmPn¸n¨v \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp¯ cwK-I-em-{]-tbmKamWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-Iw.

AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ AXnsâ cq]-in-ev]- nÂ cp-Xcw temI-ho-£-W-§-fpsS kzm[o\w {]I-

S-am-Wv. Nhn-«p-\m-S-I- nsâ cwKm-h-X-c-W- n\p apt¶m-Sn-bmbn \S-¡p¶ ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-

Ifpw aäpw \S-·m-scbpw Ah-X-c-W-s - -s¶bpw cq]-s -Sp- p-¶-XnÂ \nÀ®m-bI ]¦p hln-

¡p-¶p-v.

4.5. kwKo-X-\m-SIw

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-sb ]e ]co-£-W-§-fn-eqsS ]cn-hÀ¯n- n¨ {]Xn- m-im-en-bmWv s{]m^.

Pn. i¦-c- n-Å. At±-l- nsâ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw Zriy-IemNcn{X- nse Hcp \nÀ®m-

b-I- GSmWv. Cu {KÙ- nÂ kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-sf-¡p-dn- pÅ {it²-b-§-fmbn Nne \nco-£-

W-§Ä ImWmw.

\½psS Zriy-I-em-]m-c-¼-cy- n\v AXn-ZoÀL-amb Hcp Ncn-{X-ap-v. aX-]-chpw {]mà-

\hamb A\p-jvTm-\-§-tfmSpw {]mNo\ kmaq-lnImNm-c-§-tfmSpw _Ô-s¸« sshhn-[y-]qÀ®amb

\mtSmSn Zriy-cq-]-§-fpsS Hcp k©bw Xs¶ \ap¡p-v. \mSy-im-kv{X- nÂ hyh-Ø-s¸-Sp-

¯n-bn-«pÅ \mS-I-\n-b-a-§sf tZi-{]-tZ-i-t¯msS kzoI-cn¨p hfÀ¶n-«pÅ ¢mkn-¡Â Zriy-

I-e-Ifpw \½psS k¼- m-Wv. Cu cp ]mc-¼-cy-§-tfbpw ka-Im-en-I-amb Nne k{¼-Zm-b-

§-fp-ambn ka-\z-bn- n- p-sImv \½p-tSXp am{X-amb Iem-cq-]-§-fDw kwPm-X-ambn. IqSn-bm-

«hpw, IYI-fnbpw A§s\ cq]w ]qv C¶pw tIc-f- nsâ X\-Xp-I-em-cq-]-§-fmbn temI-am-

sI-bpÅ klr-Z-bsc BIÀjn- p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.

kzmXn-Xn-cp-¶mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Ime- p-m-bn-cp¶ kwKo-X-I-e-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb

DWÀ¨-¡p-ti-j-amWv Xangv\mS-I-k-{¼-Zmbw \½psS Xnc-t\m«w \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶Xv. IÀ®m-SI

kwKo-X-t¯m-SpÅ kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-amb B`n-ap-Jyhpw, {]Jym-X-cmb Xangv kwKo-X-Ú³am-cpsS

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kµÀi-\hpw, kwKo-X-{]-[m-\-amb Xan-gv\m-S-I-§Ä ChnsS {]N-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ

]tcm-£-t{]-c-W-bmbn hÀ¯n-t¨¡mw. ]n¶o-S-t§m-«pÅ Ipsd hÀj-§Ä¡-I-amWv Xan-g-cpsS

\mS-I-kw-L-§Ä¡pw Ah-cpsS A`n-\-b-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw ChnsS thtcm«w In«p-¶-Xv. IÀ®m-

SIkwKo-X- nsâ hnhn-[-a-«n-epÅ ]m«p-Ifpw ]mgvkn-\m-S-I- nsâ \nd- -In-«pÅ DS-bm-S-Ifpw

FÃmw A¶p hsc P\-§Ä Bkz-Zn¨p t]m¶ Zriy-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä¡v XnI¨pw A\y-amb

Hcp Ah-Ø-sbbmWv Nqn-Im-«n-b-Xv. AXp-sImv B A\p-I-cWw IqSq-XÂ {]N-cn- p. \½psS

]qÀÆ-]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS ]n´p-SÀ -b-Ãm¯ Hcp \mS-I-thZn A{]-Imcw \ap-¡p-m-bn- o-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. tIc-f- nÂ A¡m-e- p \ne-hn-en-cp¶ Zriy-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä ]e-XnÂ\n¶pw kzoIm-

cy-amb Awi-§Ä DÄs¡mv ka-Im-en-I-ambn e`n¨ ]pXnb \mSIthZn-I-fp-sSbpw kmln-

Xy- n-sâbpw kZw-i-§Ä AXnÂ A[ym-l-cn- p-tNÀ v, FÃm-änÂ\n¶pw n¶-amb Hcp \mS-



I-cq]w Is- p-hm³ Hcp Imem-Im-c\p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp¶ Zim-k-Ôn-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv. F¶mÂ,

AXp kw`-hn- n-Ã. Cu ]p¯³ shÅ-s¸m-¡- nÂ s]m§p-XSnt]mse Hgp-Im³ am{X-apÅ

Zriy-t_m-[ta A¶v Cu aWvU-e- nÂ hym]-cn- -hÀ Im«nbp-Åq. Iem-]-c-amb DbÀ¶ Nn´tbm

e£ytam BZÀita DÅ {]hÀ¯IscbÃ, Cu Cd-¡p-aXn \mSIw Bhn-jvI-cn¨Xv. Xan-gv\m-

SIw AhXcn- n- -t¸mÄ XangÀ¡v AXnÂ IpSp-XÂ I¼ tIdn-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bmfn kzX-Ên-

²amb A\p-I-c-W-hm-k-\-tbmsS AXns\ kz´w `mj-bnÂ ]IÀ¯n shbv¡p-hm³ am{Xw

A`n-e-jn- p. GXm-bmepw IY-I-fnbpw aäpw Bkz-Zn- p-t]m¶þ AXnÂ Bß-hn-kvar-Xn-I-c-am-

bn- s¶ ebn- p-t]m¶þ klr-Z-b³ Cu k{¼-Zm-bs¯ hne-Ip-dª GÀ¸m-Smbn am{Xta

Icp-Xn-bp-Åq. \mS-I-¡m-tcmSv s]mXpth Dm-bn-cp¶ AhÚbpw Xangv I¼-\n-¡m-scbpw

Ahsc A\p-I-cn-¡m³ {ian- -h-scbpw Hc-Xn-cp-h-sc-sb-¦nepw _p²n-ap-«n- n-cn-¡m-\m-Wn-S. GXm-

bmepw auen-I-Xz-apÅ Hcp \mS-I-cq-]hpw ChnsS DS-se-Sp- n-«n-Ã. \½psS ]gb ]mc-¼-cy-§Ä

A\y-am-bn-Xs¶ \n¶p. Xangv\mS-I- nsâ k¼qÀ®-amb A\p-I-c-W-ambn \ap-s¡mcp \mS-I-

thZn Dm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mS-Io-b- w-Kn-tb-¡mÄ kwKo-X- w-Knbpw \nd- -In«pwsImmWv

AXv \s½ BIÀjn- Xpw. Xangv I¼\nIÄ ]eXpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ h¶p ]mf-b-a-Sn- p.

AhÀ¡v Ac§pw Bkzm-Z-I-cp-ap-m-bn. AXn\p tij-amWv BZy-sams¡ AtX Xan-gv¡-Y-

IÄ ae-bmf en]n-bnÂ Fgp-Xn- -Tn¨v Ac-t§-dnbpw ]n¶oSv kzX{ -kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-§Ä A½-

«nÂ cNn- - n-\-bn¨pw Hcp {]Øm\w ae-bm-fn-IÄ Xs¶ krjvSn- p ]peÀ¯n-b-Xv. hn]p-e-ambn

hfÀ¶ B A\p-I-c-W- nsâ then-tb-ä- nÂ s]«v \ap-s¡mcp \mS-I-th-Zn-bp-m-bn.

kmln-Xy- nsâ kzcq-]- nÂ ]n¶oSp amä-§Ä h¶-t¸mgpw Cu \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-coXn

GÂ¸n¨ Nn«-Ifpw \½psS \mS-I-thZn Dt]-£n- n-Ã. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ Cu \mS-I-co-Xnbpw,

AXn-s\-gp-X-s¸« kmlnXyhpw IqSq-XÂ ]cn-Nn- -\-aÀln-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. Xangv \mSI thZn

A]-N-b-s¸« hnIvtäm-dn-b³ \mS-I- nsâ hnZq-cm-\p-I-c-W-am-sW¶v ap¼p-Xs¶ kqNn- n-¡p-I-

bp-m-b-tÃm. \nd- -In-«pÅ DS-bm-S-Ifpw an\p-§p¶ Ae-¦-c-W-h-kvXp-¡fpw [mc-cm-f-ambp]tbm-

Kn¨v _mly-amb Hcp BÀ`mSw krjvSn-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS k{¼-Zmbw. AXn-\-\p-

k-c-W-am-bpÅ AXn- m-hp-IXzw cN-\-bnepw A`n-\-b- nepw \nth-in- n-t¡-Xpw Hcm-h-iy-am-

bn-h-¶p. Cu k{¼-Zmbw \½psS \mS-I-thZnbnÂ hfsc \op \nÂ¡p¶ Hcp kzm[o\w

sNep- n-bn-«p-v. ]tcm-£-ambn, Hcp Ime-L«w hsc-bpÅ \mSI cN-\-sb-¦nepw AXv F¯n-

¸n-Sn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw Ipsd-tbsd Bb-XnÂ hnP-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Nhn-«p-\m-SIs¯¸-änbpw CtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ Nn´n-t¡-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXpw \½psS

\m«nÂ Hcp ka-\zb{ia- nsâ A\- -c- -e-ambn DZv`q-X-am-b-Xm-Wv. ]mÝm-Xy-amb IY-Ifpw

Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bnÂ A\y-tZ-i-kzm-[o-\hpw Nhn-«p-\m-S-I- nÂ IqSq-XÂ {]I-S-am-sW¶p am{Xw.

F¶mÂ, \½psS If-cn-k-{¼-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn¨p-ff Nph-Sp-h-bv]p-Ifpw sabvh-g-¡-{]-ZÀi-\-§fpw

AXn-te¡v A[ym-l-cn¨p tNÀ¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. sshtZ-inI\mS-Im-h-X-cWk{¼-Zm-b-§fpw



\½psS \mtSm-Sn-co-Xn-Ifpw Btbm-[-\ap-d-Ifpw FÃmw Iq«n-t¨À¯p-m-¡m³ {ian¨ B Zriy-

cq-]- n\v ]qÀ®-amb Hcp kwtÇ-j- wKn ssIh-¶n-Ã. AXp-sImpw t]msc-¦nÂ sshtZ-in-I-

amb IYmw-i-§-fpsS apI-fn-em-Wn-sXÃmw sNbvX-sX-¶-Xp-sIm-pw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-amb {]Nm-c-

¯n-tet¡m, auen-IXe- n-tet¡m AXn-\p-b-cm³ Ign-bmsX t]mbn. C¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶

Cu cq]w ck-\o-b-am-sW-¦nepw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-am-ImsX h¶p.

tImhn-e³N-cnXw, \Ã-X-¦mÄN-cnXw XpS-§n-bh BZy-Im-e-X-angv kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv.

Sn. kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\msâ kwKo-X-ss\-j-[w, sI. kn. tIi-h-]n-Å-bpsS kZm-cma XpS-§n-bh

]nev¡me¯ph¶ \m-S-I-§-fm-Wv.

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