S C H IZ O P H R E N I A

O B J E C T I V E S

• History of classification

• Theories /etiology – BPS

• Premorbid personality

• Brain changes – structural, histopathological and physiological

• The history of classification

• • Kraepelin

• • Bleuler

• • Schneider

B IO LO G I C A L

P S YC H O - S O C I A L

T H E O R I E S

S UM M A RY

• Mechanism of different symptoms: positive, negative. Executive functional decline, smooth eye pursuit disturbances etc

• Schizophrenia type 1& 2 or A& B

• Intermediate phenotypes

B - S N I P C O N SO RT I U M

• Smooth pursuit eye tracking deficits are intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia and possibly for psychotic disorders more broadly.

• The Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium

• Probands with schizophrenia (N=265), schizoaffective disorder (N=178), psychotic bipolar disorder (N=231), their first-degree relatives (N=306, N=217, N=273, respectively) and healthy controls (N=305) performed pursuit tracking tasks designed to evaluate sensorimotor and cognitive/predictive aspects of pursuit.

The Andreasen model adapted from Andreasen (2000)

• Functional brain abnormalities

• functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) positron emission tomography (PET)

• working memory and episodic memory because they represent areas of cognition; disrupted in patients with schizophrenia

• known to rely on gray matter regions (frontal lobes and hippocampus) that are compromised.

• Functional brain abnormalities (cont.)

• "default mode network” (DMN) that includes ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and angular gyrus/inferior parietal lobe (Raichle et al., 2001).

• Functional brain abnormalities (cont.)

• In healthy subjects, greater suppression of DMN activity during task performance is associated with better performance and greater task-related activity and functional connectivity on working memory and other tasks (Kelly et al., 2008). Schizophrenia patients, as well as their first-degree relatives, may show a lack of the normal suppression of DMN activity during a working memory task (Whitfield-Gabrieli et al., 2009).

Histopathological changes

Premorbid deficits

R E F E R E N C E S

• https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/sridharlrao1993/etiology-of-schizophrenia-51538525

• Karlsgodt KH, Sun D, Cannon TD. Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia. Current directions in psychological science. 2010;19(4):226-231. doi:10.1177/0963721410377601

• Orellana G, Slachevsky A. Executive Functioning in Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2013;4:35. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00035.

• Lencer, R., Sprenger, A., Reilly, J. L., McDowell, J. E., Rubin, L. H., Badner, J. A., ... Sweeney, J. A. (2015). Pursuit eye movements as an intermediate phenotype across psychotic disorders: Evidence from the B-SNIP study. Schizophrenia Research, 169(1-3), 326-333. 10.1016/j.schres.2015.09.032

• Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology Schizophrenia, Abel Lajtha, Daniel Javitt, Joshua Kantrowitz . ISBN: 978-0-387-30365-9.