Schedule - ntut.edu.tw
Transcript of Schedule - ntut.edu.tw
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VLSI Design : Chapter 5-1 1
Schedule
09. 04/22/22 Exam review , Chapter 6 (Multiplier)
10. 04/29/22 入學測驗
11. 05/06/22 Chapter 7 (Placement & Routing)
12. 05/13/22 Chapter 7 (Special nets, b4TO)
13. 05/20/22 Chapter 8 (Architecture)
14. 05/27/22 (QZ2) Chapter 8 (Architecture)
15. 06/03/22 端午節
16. 06/10/22 Chapter 9 (Examples)
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 2
RTL, NetlistDFT: JTAG,
m-BIST, 1149.1,
Scan Insertion,
…(Spare)
RC Extraction
(3D)
Floor Planning
Macro/Power/Std
Placement
Global/Local
Routing
WLM, Set load,
EDIF, HDL (gate),
SDC, GPF/UPF
Physical
compiler
Signal Integrity *
Delay *
Calculation
Buffer insertion,
CTS, (Spares)
Scan Reordering
Power Analysis
IR/EM *
IPs: Analog, PLL,
Std, IOs , MEM…
Optional, ( )
Data format
Standard Flow
Notes
Formality *
SDF, Set load, SPF
RC extraction (2.5D)
Back Annotation
Post Simulation *
Synthesis
Chip RTL,
Constrains, GPF
STA *
Test Pattern
Generation
Tapeout
DRC/ERC/LVS
Antenna Check *
GDSII
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 3
Chapter 7: Floorplanning
Floorplan (data preparation, global wiring)
Placement
Placement.
Simulation annealing
Routing
Local routing.Switchbox routing
Channel routing
Global routing.
Special Nets
Things Before Tapeout (ESD and more)
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 4
Floorplanning strategies
Floorplanning is an art more than techniques, must consider function, timing, size, shape for different conditions.
Including:
space allocation (place);
signal routing;
power supply routing;
clock distribution.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 5
Floorplan
blocks
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 6
Floorplan-2
From VIA’s
VLSI Design
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VLSI Design : Package 7
Double bound
GndGnd Vdd
Digital + Analog Chip
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 8
Digital Camera Chip Floor Plan
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 9
Wireless Power Chip Floor Plan
DC2DCCSM
OSC
Mixer
Digital
LDOs
NVM
1.8PWR
ACTDCT
LVL
SNS
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 10
Another Floor Plan
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 11
More Floorplans from real world
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 12
Purposes of Floorplanning
Early in design:Prepare a floorplan to budget area (cost estimation).
Wire area/delay. Tradeoffs between blocks can be
negotiated.
Pin out for frame fitting.
Late in design:Make sure the pieces fit together as planned.
Implement the global layout.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 13
Basic Ideas for Floorplanning
Put the timing critical blocks as close as
possible.
Put the combination logics in a convex shape
if possible.
Put RAM or any other sensitive device at the
far side of the noise sources.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 14
Floorplanning tips
Develop a wiring plan. Think about how layers will be used to distribute important signals.
Sweep small components into larger blocks. A floorplan with several glue gates in the middle will be hard to work with.
Design wiring plan that looks simple. If it looks complicated, it is complicated.
KISS, Keep It Simple and Stupid
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 15
Floorplanning tips, cont’d.
Design planar wiring. Planarity is the essence
of simplicity. It’s not always possible, but
do it where feasible (and where it doesn’t
introduce unacceptable delay).
If possible, draw separate wiring plans for
power and clocking. These are important
design tasks which should be tackled early.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 16
Layout
Two critical phases of layout design:
placement of components on the chip;
routing of wires between components.
Placement and routing interact, but separating
layout design into phases helps us
understand the problem and find good
solutions.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 17
Placement metrics
Quality metrics for layout:
Area, power, and delay.
(price, power, and performance)
Area and delay determined by wiring.
How do we judge a placement without
wiring? Estimate wire length without
actually performing routing. (Manhattan distance)
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 18
Wire length measures
Estimate wire length by distance between
components.
Possible distance measures:
Euclidean distance (sqrt(x2 + y2));
Manhattan distance (x + y).
Multi-point nets must be broken up into trees
for good estimates.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 19
Logics vs. Physics
Physical View
Logical View
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 20
Wire length as a quality metric
A placement A better placement
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 21
How to evaluate a placement
Almost the same way for the floorplan
Calculate the total Manhattan distances from
gate to gate
Using simulation annealing, zone
refinement….
Two-ways (multi-ways) partitioning or
clustering can be used too.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 22
How to Evaluate a Floorplan?
Using: Cost Function
Estimate the Manhattan Distance estimate the
total wire length.
Penalize the critical nets.
Calculate the “total cost”
The lower cost is the better solution.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 23
Placement techniques
Can construct an initial solution, improve an
existing solution.
Pair-wise (Zone refinement) interchange is a
simple improvement metric:
Interchange a pair, keep the swap if it helps wire
length.
Heuristic determines which two components to
swap.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 24
Placement by partitioning
Works well for components of fairly uniform
size.
Partition netlist to minimize total wire length
using min-cut criterion.
Partitioning may be interpreted as 1-D or 2-D
layout.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 25
Block placement
Blocks have:
area;
aspect ratio (length : width).
Blocks may be placed at different rotations
and reflections.
Uniform size blocks are easier to interchange.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 26
Min-cut bisecting partitioning
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 27
Min-cut bisecting partitioning,
cont’d
Swapping A and B:
B drags 1 net;
A drags 3 nets;
total cut increase: 4 nets.
Conclusion: probably not a good swap, but
must be compared with other pairs.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 28
Kernighan-Lin algorithm
Compute min cut criterion:
count total net cut change.
Algorithm exchanges sets of nodes to perform
hill-climbing—finding improvements where
no single swap will improve the cut.
Recursively subdivide to determine placement
detail.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 29
Simulated annealing
Powerful but CPU-intensive optimization
technique.
Analogy to annealing of metals:
temperature determines probability of a
component jumping position;
probabilistically accept moves.
start at high temperature, cool to lower
temperature to try to reach good placement.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 30
Simulation Annealing
From VIA’s
VLSI Design
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 31
Simulation Annealing
Simulated annealing (SA) is a probabilistic technique for
approximating the global optimum of a given function.
Specifically, it is a meta-heuristic to approximate global
optimization in a large search space. It is often used
when the search space is discrete (e.g., all tours that visit
a given set of cities). For problems where finding an
approximate global optimum is more important than
finding a precise local optimum in a fixed amount of
time, simulated annealing may be preferable to
alternatives such as gradient descent. -- wiki
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 32
Simulation Annealing
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 33
Machine Learning
Mitchell, T. (1997). Machine Learning. McGraw
Hill. p. 2. ISBN 0-07-042807-7.
"A computer program is said to learn from experience E with
respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P if its
performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with
experience E."
Where:
E: placement rules
T: placement
P: cost function
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 34
Buffer Insertion
How many ?
Where?
What’s size?
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 35
Placement
Wire length
Hook
Crystallization (Hard seeds)
Min-cut
Kernighan-Lin
Zone refinement
Simulation Annealing
Machine Learning
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 36
Routing
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 37
Sliceable floorplan
用來決定哪個channel先來做繞線的順序
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 38
Sliceability property
A sliceable floorplan can be recursively cut in
two without cutting any blocks.
A sliceable floorplan is guaranteed to have no
windmills, therefore guaranteed to have a
feasible order of routing for the channels.
Sliceability is a property for floorplans.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 39
Windmills
Can create an un-routable combination of
channels with circular constraints:
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 40
Blocks and Wiring
Cannot ignore wiring during block placement—large wiring areas may force rearrangement (re-placement) of blocks.
Wiring plan must consider area and delay of critical signals.
Blocks divide wiring area into routing channels.
Plan the critical routing
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 41
Placement & Routing
Placement will affect routing. We need to well
plan for the placement….
So a good floorplan is the key for the better
routing solutions.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 42
Channel definition
Channels end at block boundaries.
Several alternate channel definitions are
possible:
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 43
Channel definition changes with
block spacing
Changing spacing changes relationship
between block edges:
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 44
Channel graph
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 45
Channel graph usage
Nodes are channels, edges placed between
two channels that touch.
Channel graph shows paths between channels.
Channel graph can be used to guide global
routing.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 46
Channels must be routed in order
Wire out of end of one channel creates pin on
side of next channel:channel B
channel A
constraint
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 47
Routing
Global Routing
Local Routing (Detail routing)
Channel Routing
Switch Box routing
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 48
Global routing
Goal: assign wires to paths through channels.
Don’t worry about exact routing of wires
within channel.
Estimate channel height from global routing
finding congestion.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 49
Types of Local Routing
Channel routing:
channel may grow in one dimension to
accommodate wires.
Switchbox routing:
cannot grow in any dimension;
pins are on all four sides, fixing dimensions of the
box.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 50
Channels and switchboxes
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 51
Line probe routing
Heuristic method for finding a short route.
Works with arbitrary combination of
obstacles.
Does not explore all possible paths—not
optimal.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 52
Line probe example
A
Aline 1
line 2
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 53
Channel utilization
Want to keep all channel utilization to be
balanced --- minimize wasted area.
Important: route timing critical signals first.
Shortest path may not be best for global
wiring.
In general, may need to rip-up wires and
reroute to improve the global routing.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 54
Switchbox routing
Can’t expand a switchbox to make room for
more wiring.
Switchbox may be defined by intersection of
channels.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 55
Routing order and switchboxes
Switchboxes frequently need more
experimentation with wiring order because
nets may block other nets:
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 56
Routing
Major phases in routing:
global routing assigns nets to routing areas;
detailed routing designs the routing areas.
Net ordering is a major problem. Order in
which nets are routed determines quality of
result. Net ordering is a heuristic problem.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 57
Maze routing
Will find shortest path for a single wire, if
such a path exists.
Two phases:
Label nodes with distance, radiating from source.
Use distances to trace from sink to source,
choosing a path that always decreases distance
to source.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 58
Detailed routing
Dogleg router breaks net into multiple
segments as needed.
Try to minimize number of dogleg segments
per net to minimize congestion for future
nets.
One good heuristic—use left-edge criterion on
each dogleg segment to fill up the channel.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 59
Tries to minimize number of vias as well as
number of tracks.
Temporarily satisfies vertical constraints by
adding blank space between pins.
May route in both directions on same layer.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 60
Over-Cell Routing
channel A
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 61
Maze routing example
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 62
Sibling routing
Mentor/Siemens’ toolReduce R/C
Increased Reliability
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 63
Sibling routing (2)
Mentor/Siemens’ tool
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 64
RTL, NetlistDFT: JTAG,
m-BIST, 1149.1,
Scan Insertion,
…(Spare)
RC Extraction
(3D)
Floor Planning
Macro/Power/Std
Placement
Global/Local
Routing
WLM, Set load,
EDIF, HDL (gate),
SDC
Physical
compiler
Signal Integrity *
Delay *
Calculation
Buffer insertion,
CTS, (Spares)
Scan Reordering
Power Analysis
IR/EM *
IPs: Analog, PLL,
Std, IOs , MEM, …
Optional, ( )
Data format
Standard Flow
Notes
Formality *
SDF, Set load, SPF
RC extraction (2.5D)
Back Annotation
Post Simulation *
Synthesis
Chip RTL,
Constrains
STA *
Test Pattern
Generation
Tapeout
DRC/ERC/LVS
Antenna Check *
GDSII
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 65
RTL, NetlistDFT: JTAG,
m-BIST, 1149.1,
Scan Insertion,
…(Spare)
RC Extraction
(3D)
Floor Planning
Macro/Power/Std
Placement
Global/Local
Routing
WLM, Set load,
EDIF, HDL (gate),
SDC, GPF/UPF
Physical
compiler
Signal Integrity *
Delay *
Calculation
Buffer insertion,
CTS, (Spares)
Scan Reordering
Power Analysis
IR/EM *
IPs: Analog, PLL,
Std, IOs , MEM…
Optional, ( )
Data format
Standard Flow
Notes
Formality *
SDF, Set load, SPF
RC extraction (2.5D)
Back Annotation
Post Simulation *
Synthesis
Chip RTL,
Constrains, GPF
STA *
Test Pattern
Generation
Tapeout
DRC/ERC/LVS
Antenna Check *
GDSII
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 66
Schedule
11. 05/06/22 Chapter 7 (Routing)
12. 05/13/22 Chapter 7 (Special nets, b4TO)
13. 05/20/22 Chapter 8 (Architecture)
14. 05/27/22 (QZ2) Chapter 8 (Architecture)
15. 06/03/22 端午節
16. 06/10/22 Chapter 9 (Examples)
17. 06/17/22 Final Examination
18. 06/24/22 Exam review, What’s Next?
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 67
Special Nets
Special Nets
Power/ground routing.
Clock routing.
Off-chip connections.
Boundary Scan
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 68
Power and Ground
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 69
Power distribution
Must size wires to be able to handle current
— Avoid electro-migration
requires designing topology of VDD/VSS
networks.
Keep power network in metal
— requires designing planar wiring.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 70
Low-resistance jumper
Avoid this:
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 71
Power and ground lines
VDD
VSS
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 72
Power tree design
Each branch must be able to supply required
current to all of its subsidiary branches:
Ix = S b e x Ib
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 73
Planar power/ground routing
theorem
Draw a dividing line through each cell such
that all VDD terminals are on one side and
all VSS terminals on the other.
If floorplan places all cells with VDD on same
side, there exists a routing for both VDD and
VSS which does not require them to cross.
cellVDD
VDD
VSS
VSS
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 74
Planar routing theorem example
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 75
Power supply noise
Variations in power supply manifest
themselves as noise into the logic gates.
Power supply wiring resistance creates
voltage variations with current surges.
Voltage drops on power lines depend on
dynamic behavior of circuit.
Ground bounce!!
Power bounce!!
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 76
Tackling power supply noise
Must measure current required by each block
at varying times.
May need to redesign power/ground networks
to reduce resistance at high current loads.
Worst case, may have to move some activity
to another clock cycle to reduce peak
current.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 77
IR Drop on the Power Routing
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 78
IR Drop
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 79
IR Drop
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 80
Static Estimation
Temp and Voltage
Freq and Voltage
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 81
Power Estimation
P = C V2 fVdd
Vh
Vl
Gnd
Vdd’
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 82
Dynamic Power
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 83
MV and Level Shifters
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 84
Clock
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 85
Clock Networks
For synchronized designs, data transfer between
functional elements are synchronized by clock
signals
Clock signal are generated externally (e.g., by PLL)
Clock period equation
Clock period >= td + tskew + tsu
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 86
Clock Skew
Clock skew is the maximum difference in the
arrival time of a clock signal at two different
components.
Clock skew forces designers to use a large time
period between clock pulses. This makes the
system slower.
So, in addition to other objectives, clock skew
should be minimized during clock routing.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 87
Clock distribution
Goals:
deliver clock to all memory elements with
acceptable skew;
balanced rising and falling edges;
deliver clock edges with acceptable sharpness.
Clocking network design is one of the greatest
challenges in the design of a high speed
large chip.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 88
Clock Issues
SkewThe Most concern of clock networks
For increased clock frequency, skew may contribute over 10% of the system cycle time
Powervery important, as clock is a major power consumer
It switches at every clock cycle
NoiseClock is often a very strong aggressor
May need shielding
DelayNot really important
But slew rate is important (sharp transition)
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 89
Clock delay varies with position
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 90
H-tree
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 91
X-tree
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 92
Clock distribution tree
Clocks are generally distributed via wiring trees.
Want to use low-resistance interconnect to minimize delay.
Use multiple drivers to distribute driver requirements—use optimal sizing principles to design buffers.
Clock lines can create significant crosstalk.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 93
Clock Tree
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 94
Clock trees
Clock Source
FF FF FF FF FFFF FF FFFF FF
root
leaf / sink
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 95
Clock trees
Clock Source
FF FF FF FF FFFF FF FFFF FF
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 96
Clock Sources
Generated clocks might be optimized by synthesizer. We might not be able to find the root.
RST1n
CLK1
CLK_sys1
CLK_sys2
CLK2
CLK3RST2n
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 97
Clock Mesh
Clocks are generally distributed via wiring
mesh.
Want to use multiple clock driver minimize
skew.
Clock drivers fighting can create significant
power consumption.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 98
Clock routing for the power
Clock Tree Synthesis
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 99
Clock and Multiple Voltages
The problem is: Clock
domains might not be
coherent with the
power domains!!
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 100
RTL, NetlistDFT: JTAG,
m-BIST, 1149.1,
Scan Insertion,
…(Spare)
RC Extraction
(3D)
Floor Planning
Macro/Power/Std
Placement
Global/Local
Routing
WLM, Set load,
EDIF, HDL (gate),
SDC, GPF/UPF
Physical
compiler
Signal Integrity *
Delay *
Calculation
Buffer insertion,
CTS, (Spares)
Scan Reordering
Power Analysis
IR/EM *
IPs: Analog, PLL,
Std, IOs , MEM…
Optional, ( )
Data format
Standard Flow
Notes
Formality *
SDF, Set load, SPF
RC extraction (2.5D)
Back Annotation
Post Simulation *
Synthesis
Chip RTL,
Constrains, GPF
STA *
Test Pattern
Generation
Tapeout
DRC/ERC/LVS
Antenna Check *
GDSII
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 101
Wire load models are not enough
Mentor /Siemens
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 102
Why Needs Antenna Rules
Charging in semiconductor processing
– many process steps use plasmas, charged particles
– charge collects on conducting poly, metal surfaces
– capacitive coupling: large electrical fields over
gate oxides
– stresses cause damage, or complete breakdown or
– induced Vt shifts affect device matching
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 103
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 104
Antenna Effect by Plasma process
Field Ox. Field Ox.
GateSource Drain
p-Si substrate
n+ n+n- n-
Met1
Met2
damage
Plasma
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 105
Using protection diodes to drain the charging from the dielectric of
the floating MIM capacitor
Plasma Charging Damage of Floating
Metal-Insulator-Metal Capacitors
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 106
Off-chip connections
The package holds the die. Packages can
introduce significant inductance.
Pads on the chip allow the wires on chip to be
connected to the package. Pads are library
components which require carefully design.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 107
IC package
From VIA’s
VLSI Design
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 108
Structure of a typical package
lead frame
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 109
Package structure
Package body is physical/thermal support for
chip.
Cavity holds chip.
Leads in package connect to pads, provide
substrate connection to chip.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 110
Pin inductance
Package pins have non-trivial inductance.
Power and ground nets typically require many
pins to supply required current through the
packaging inductance.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 111
Pin inductance example
Power circuit including pin inductance:
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 112
Pin inductance example, cont’d
Voltage across pin inductance:
vL = L diL / dt
Current surge into chip causes inductive
voltage drop:
L = 0.5 nH;
iL = 1A;
vL = 0.5 V.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 113
I/Os
Pads are placed on top-layer metal to provide
a place to bond to the package.
Pads are typically placed around periphery of
chip.
Some advanced packaging systems bond
directly to package without bonding wire;
some allow pads across entire chip surface.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 114
Pad frame architecture
V’dd
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 115
Pad frame design
Must supply power/ground to each pad as well as chip core.
Positions of pads around frame may be determined by pinout requirements on package.
Want to distribute power/ground pins as evenly as possible to minimize power distribution problems.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 116
Input pads
Main purpose is to provide Electro Static
Discharge (ESD) protection.
Gate oxide is very sensitive—can be
permanently damaged by high voltage.
Static electricity in room is sufficient to
damage CMOS ICs.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 117
Input pad circuits
Resistor is used in series with pad to limit
current caused by voltage spike.
May use parasitic bipolar transistors to drain
away high / low voltages:
one for positive pulses;
another for negative pulses.
Must design layout to avoid latch-up.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 118
Introduction to ESD
靜電(Static Charge)
物質表面經由某種過程(如摩擦和感應)而失去電子或得到電子,使帶靜止的電荷.
靜電放電(Electrostatic Discharge,ESD)
電位不同之物體間的電荷移轉,不一定伴隨有電弧或火花產生.
高電流(~Amps),短時間(~ns)的現象
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 119
Why need ESD Protection?
靜電放電(Electrostatic Discharge, ESD)是造成大多數的電子元件或電子系統受到過度電性應力(Electrical Overstress,EOS)破壞的主要因素.這種破壞會導致半導體元件以及電腦系統等,形成一種永久性的毀壞,因而影響積體電路的電路功能,而使得電子產品工作不正常.
而靜電放電破壞的產生,多是由於人為因素所形成,但又很難避免.電子元件或系統在製造,生產,組裝,測試,存放,搬運等的過程中,靜電會累積在人體,儀器,儲放設備等之中,甚至在電子元件本身也會累積靜電,而人們在不知情的情況下,使這些物體相互接觸,因而形了一放電路徑,使得電子元件或系統遭到靜電放電的肆虐。
如何才能避免靜電放電的危害呢?除了加強工作場所對靜電累積的控制之外,必須在電子產品中加入具有防患靜電放電破壞的裝置.首先必需考量這額外裝置的效能,如何處理才能達到有效防護的功用.而這裝置應放在何處?以及在工業上的大量應用中,如何才是最省成本的設計方式?這些問題都應一一處理及考慮.
在防護裝置的設計上,從加強積體電路本身對靜電放電的耐受能力上著手,可以解決晶片包裝後,組裝,測試,存放,搬運等所遭遇到大多數靜電放電的問題.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 120
Model of ESD Events
人體放電模式 HBM Human-Body Model
機器放電模式 MM Machine Model
元件放電模式 CDM Charged-Device Model
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 121
Human-Body Model
模擬人體放電
⊕⊕ ⊕⊕ ⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕
⊕ ⊕ ⊕⊕ ⊕
⊕⊕
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 122
Human-Body Model Standards
MIL-STD-883H Method 3015.7 美國軍標883
ESDA STM5.1-2007 美國靜電協會
JEDEC EIA/JESD22-A114-F 電子工業協會(2008.12)
AEC-Q100-002-REV-C 汽車電子協會
JS-001-2011 Joint ESDA/JEDEC
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 123
Machine Model
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 124
Machine Model Standards
ESDA STM5.2-1999 美國靜電協會
JEDEC EIA/JESD22-A114 電子工業協會
AEC-Q100-003-REV-E 汽車電子協會
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 125
Charged Device Model
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 126
Charged Device Model Standards
ESDA STM5.3.1-1999 美國靜電協會
JEDEC EIA/JESD22-C101-C 電子工業協會(將受到更加重視)
AEC-Q100-011-B 汽車電子協會(強制執行項目)
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 127
Comparison of 1KV HBM,MM,CDM
The CDM discharge is 100X faster than HBM and MM.
The peak current can be 40X HBM pulse.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 128
System ESD Test
IEC 61000-4-2
Level 4 & Class B
Sharp tip:
Contact mode
Round tip:
Air mode
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 129
ESD Tests
Machine Mode; Human Body Mode, and CDM
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 130
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 131
Damnage
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 132
Basic Idea for Protection
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 133
Basic Idea for Protection
a.由製程端處理,需挑選有isolation 的元件
b.加適當的 guard ring 防護,並避免寄生的 PNP 或 NPN
turn on
c.設計 detection circuit/clamp 來bypass
晶焱
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 134
Testing Equipments
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 135
Output pad circuits
Must be able to drive capacitive load of pad +
outside world.
May need voltage level shifting, etc. to be
compatible with other logic families.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 136
Output pad circuit, cont’d.
Pad open
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 137
Three-state pad
Combination input/output, controlled by mode
input on chip.
Pad includes logic to disconnect output driver
when pad is used as input.
Must be protected against ESD.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 138
Three-state pad circuit
0 1
10
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 139
Pads
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 140
M3(VIA array) M2(VIA array)
PL(None) SUB(None)
A Real case
M4
M1(None)
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 141
Moisture Isolation
141
Seal Ring
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 142
Boundary scan
Boundary scan is a technique for testing chips on boards. Pads on chips are arranged into a scan chain that can be used to observe and control pins of all chips.
Requires some control circuitry on pads along with an on-chip controller and boundary-scan-mode control pins. (XOR, NAND tree)
IEEE 1149.1 (boundary scan) and scan insertion might solve partial of the problem.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 143
Sequential testing
Much harder than combinational testing—
can’t set memory element values directly.
Must apply sequences to put machine in
proper state for test, be able to observe
value of test.
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 144
RTL, NetlistDFT: JTAG,
m-BIST, 1149.1,
Scan Insertion,
…(Spare)
RC Extraction
(3D)
Floor Planning
Macro/Power/Std
Placement
Global/Local
Routing
WLM, Set load,
EDIF, HDL (gate),
SDC , GPF/UPF
Physical
compiler
Signal Integrity *
Delay *
Calculation
Buffer insertion,
CTS, (Spares)
Scan Reordering
Power Analysis
IR/EM *
IPs: Analog, PLL,
Std, IOs , MEM, …
Optional, ( )
Data format
Standard Flow
Notes
Formality *
SDF, Set load, SPF
RC extraction (2.5D)
Back Annotation
Post Simulation *
Synthesis
Chip RTL,
Constrains
STA *
Test Pattern
Generation
Tapeout
DRC/ERC/LVS/ESD
Antenna Check *
GDSII
CKT been changed!!Why??!!
Why we need these two checks??!!
C = A*B;
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VLSI Design: Chapter 7-1 145
Homework
Homework:
Chapter 7: 7-3, 7-4
Please Check on internet what’s “simulation
annealing”