SCBEjr01 - Nanyang Technological University Oral... · ○ Untreated steepwater is often disposed...
Transcript of SCBEjr01 - Nanyang Technological University Oral... · ○ Untreated steepwater is often disposed...
SCBEjr01The Life Cycle Assessment of Maize
Starch, Colloidal Silicon Dioxide and Croscarmellose Sodium as
Disintegrants By Kim Minseo and Serene Koh (Methodist Girls School)
Purpose of Investigation
○ To determine the most sustainable disintegrant based on mass efficiency, environmental sustainability and medical side effects
○ To conduct cradle-to-gate life-cycle-analyses (LCAs) on disintegrants found in painkillers
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Specific Definitions○
○ Yield → the amount of final product obtained through the reacting of raw materials/substrates
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Process of Investigation
Assumptions MadeMethodology
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Assumptions Made○ Information on excipients is applicable
to our research question○ Data collected from the scholarly
articles are still relevant to our research, even though production methods may have changed
○ Excipients may be produced through different methods
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Methodology○ An intensive study of academic and
credible literature on three selected disintegrants
○ Topics covered:○ Mass sustainability○ Environmental sustainability○ Health effects
○ Results were compared with one another, and the superior excipient was chosen from the three that had been evaluated
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Results and
DiscussionMass Comparison
Pregelatinised Maize Starch Colloidal Silicon DioxideCroscarmellose Sodium
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Mass Comparison
Optimum %Mass needed
per kg of tablet/g
% yield from raw material
Mass of excipient
needed per kg of
tablets/g
Maize Starch 5 50 66.7 75.0
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide 5 50 28.8 174
Croscarmellose Sodium 2 20 90.0 22.2
Table 1:Comparison of mass sustainability of disintegrants
Pregelatinised Maize Starch - Environment
○ Steeped in 0.1 - 0.2% sulfur dioxide for 20 hours at 48-52˚C to soften kernels for separation
○ Untreated steepwater is often disposed of in rivers○ Can pollute and disrupt river
ecosystems if left untreated before disposal
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Pregelatinised Maize Starch - Environment
○ Due to the high concentration of soluble solids in the steepwater, there is a high chemical oxygen demand
○ As the solids in steepwater decompose, large quantities of oxygen are used, disrupting the existing ecosystem by depleting the oxygen supply in the water
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Pregelatinised Maize Starch - Health
○ Maize starch is safe to use as a disintegrant
○ Anyone who can consume maize is able to ingest this disintegrant
○ Allergic reactions to maize are rare, numbering < 1%
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Colloidal Silicon Dioxide - Environment
○ Copious amounts of raw materials are required for the flame hydrolysis process for synthesis of CSD○ Raw materials are purely
inorganic and of an extremely pure nature
○ Colloidal silicon dioxide formed takes the form of a pure amorphous powder
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Colloidal Silicon Dioxide - Health
○ Possibly carcinogenic in nature○ Relationship between an increased risk
of pulmonary diseases and the inhalation of colloidal silicon dioxide has been observed
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Croscarmellose Sodium - Environment
Cotton Floc○ Difficult to cultivate
efficiently due to the manufacturer having to balance yield potential of cotton and the growth of the plant
○ Take around 5 months to be harvested
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Wood Pulp○ Can be found as
waste from when trees are used to produce starch, e.g sago palms
○ A readily available resource
Croscarmellose Sodium - Health
○ Ingestion may be linked to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases
○ Patients that ingested medical formulations containing sodium compounds were more likely to have hypertension in the ratio 7:18 (George, J., Majeed, W., Mackenzie, I. S., Macdonald, T. M., & Wei, L., 2013)
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ConclusionConclusion
AcknowledgementsBibliography
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Conclusion
Maize Starch Colloidal Silicon Dioxide
Croscarmellose Sodium
Mass Efficiency 2 3 1
Environmental Sustainability 2 3 1
Health Effects 1 3 2
Overall Ranking 2 3 1
Table 2:Comparison of disintegrants
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Acknowledgements○ The authors wish to thank Associate Professor Kunn
Hadinoto Ong for guiding them through the process of this study.
○ This study was done under the Nanyang Research Program (NRPjr).
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Thank you!Study conducted by Kim Minseo and
Serene Koh of Methodist Girls School (MGS)
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