Visual analogue scale (VAS) as a monitoring tool for daily ...
Scale and Tool
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Transcript of Scale and Tool
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VARIABLES SCALING AND STATI
ANALYSIS IN RESEARCH
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A variableis any entity that can take on different values.
Independent variable is what you (or nature) manipulates(c
Dependent variable is what is affected by the independe
your effects or outcomes. (Effect)
Price of the Egg inNamakkal increases
when the rainincreases in the
Arabian Sea
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The most widely used classifcation o measurement scales ar
1.Nominal Scales
2.Ordinal Scales
3. Interval Scales
4.Ratio Scales
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Assign subjects to groups or categories
No order or distance relationship
No arithmetic origin
Only count numbers in categories
Only present percentages of categories
Chi-square most often used test of
statistical significance
Nominal scale
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Sex Social status
Marital status Days of the week (months)
Geographic location Seasons
Ethnic group Types of restaurants
Brand choice eligion
!o" type# executi$e% technical% clerical
&ther examples
Coded as
Coded as
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Classifies data according to some order or rank; e.g. names
ordered alphabetically
With ordinal data it is fair to say that one response is greater
or less than another.
!.g. if people "ere asked to rate the hotness of # chili
peppers a scale of $hot$ $hotter$ and $hottest$ could be used.
%alues of $&$ for $hot$ $'$ for $hotter$ and $#$ for $hottest$
could be assigned.
Ordinal scale
or e!am"le# a ast ood home delivery sho" may wish to as$ its customers%&ow would you rate the service o our sta'((1) Excellent (2) Very Good (3) Good (4) Poor (5) Worst
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assumes that the measurements are made in equal units.
i.e. gaps bet"een "hole numbers on the scale are equal.
e.g. (ahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales
an inter)al scale does not ha)e to ha)e a true *ero. e.g. A
temperature of $*ero$ does not mean that there is no
temperature...it is just an arbitrary *ero point.
can+t perform full range of arithmetic equations. , degrees is
not t"ice as hot as ' degrees
permissible statistics count/frequencies mode median
mean standard de)iation
Interval scale
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Ratio Scaleis the hi)hest level omeasurement scales. This has the "ro"erties o an
interval scale to)ether with a f!ed *a+solute, -ero "oinThe a+solute -ero "oint allows us to construct ameanin)ul ratio.Ratio scales "ermit the researcher to com"are +othdi'erences in scores and relative ma)nitude o scores.!am"les o ratio scales include wei)hts# len)ths andtimes.or e!am"le# the num+er o customers o a +an$/s 0Tin the lastthree months is a ratio scale. This is +ecause you cancom"are this with "revious three months.or e!am"le# the di'erence +etween 1 and 1 minuteis the same as the di'erence +etween 2 and 3
minutes and 3 minutes is twice as lon) as 1 minutes
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2
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4
5
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Examples
height% weight% age%
length
time
income
market share
1.What is your annual income before
taxes? $ _______
2. How far is your workplace from
home?
_______ kilometres
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Variable escri!ti"eStatistics
Vis#al Presentation $ethod
Nominal Percentages% mode& chi 's(#are
Pie Chart)ar Chart
*rdinal Percentile% median%rank'ordercorrelation &+riedman AN*VA
Pie Chart)ar Chart,inear*gi"e
-nter"al $ean% standardde"iation% !rod#ctmomentcorrelations & t'tests% AN*VA%regression% factoranal.sis
/istogram*gi"e
Ratio eometric andharmonic mean%
Scatter iagram)o2 Plot
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Variable escri!ti"eStatistics
Vis#al Presentation $ethod
Nominal Percentages% mode& chi 's(#are
Pie Chart)ar Chart
*rdinal Percentile% median%rank'ordercorrelation &+riedman AN*VA
Pie Chart)ar Chart,inear*gi"e
-nter"al $ean% standardde"iation% !rod#ctmomentcorrelations & t'tests% AN*VA%regression% factoranal.sis
/istogram*gi"e
Ratio eometric and Scatter iagram
ESCR-P3-VE S3A3-S3-CS
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-nde!endent Variable e!endent Variable 3ools for Anal.sis
Nominal *ender# Native, Nominal 5hi 6s7uare Test
Nominal Ordinal S"earman Ran$ 5oNominal *8ichotomous%Only Two rou"s,
Interval Inde"endent t test
Nominal *ulti )rou", Interval One way 0NO90
Nominal Ratio 8iscriminant 0naly
Inte"endentOneway 0NO90
ann :hitney ; Test
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1
OVERVIEW OF UNIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Univariate Procedures
What is thescae eve o!
the varia"e#
A$ %ean&$ Standard
deviation
A$ %edian&$ Inter'uartie
ran(e
A$ %ode&$ Reative and
a"soute !re'uenc)
") cate(or)
z test
t test
*o+o(orov,
S+irnov test
Chi,s'uare
test
Interva No+ina
Ordina
-. Descri/tive
a$ Centra
tendenc)
"$ Dis/ersion
0. In!erentia
&IVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
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1=
&IVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
&ivariate Procedures
What is the
scae eve o!the varia"e#
Linear correation
coe!!icient 1 $Si+/e re(ression
Ran2 correation
coe!!icient3a++a 4 Tau
Contin(enc)
coe!!icientLa+"da
* t test on re(ression
coe!!icient
5 6 test on the di!!erence
"et7een +eans
5 t test on the di!!erence
"et7een +eans
%ann,Whitne)
U test
*a+o(orov ,
S+irnov test
Chi,s'uare
test
T7o interva
varia"es
T7o no+ina
varia"es
T7o ordina
varia"es
-. Descri/tive
0. In!erentia
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1>
%ULTI VARIATE %ET8ODS
INTERDEPENDENCE
%ET8ODS
DEPENDENCE
%ET8ODS
-. Factor Ana)sis
0. Custer Ana)sis
9. %uti, di+ensiona
scain(
De/ends on:
5 Nu+"er o! de/endent
varia"es
5 Nature o! the scae o!
data
Ty"e o Statistical Tests and its 5haracteristics
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Ty"e o Statistical Tests and its 5haracteristics
Hypothesis
Testing
Number of
Smp!es
"esurement
S#!e
Test
Hypotheses
About fre$uen#y
Distribution
%ne Nomin! Chi&s$ure
T'o or more Nomin! Chi&s$ure
Hypothesis
About
mens
%ne (Lrge smp!e Inter)!
%r Rtio
* Test
%ne (sm!!
smp!e
Inter)!
%r Rtio
t Test
T'o (Lrge smp!e Inter)!
%r Rtio
* Test
T'o (Sm!! smp!e Inter)!
%r Rtio
t Test
Three or more(Sm!!
smp!e
Inter)!
%r Rtio
AN%VA
Hypothesis
About
+roportions
%ne (Lrge smp!e Inter)!
%r Rtio
* Test
%ne (sm!!
smp!e
Inter)!
%r Rtio
t Test
T'o (Lrge smp!e Inter)!
%r Rtio
* Test
T'o (Sm!! smp!e Inter)!%r Rtio
t Test