Sc2218 lecture 5 (2010)
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Transcript of Sc2218 lecture 5 (2010)
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SC2218: Anthropology and the SC2218: Anthropology and the Human ConditionHuman Condition
Lecture 5: Families and KinshipLecture 5: Families and Kinship
Eric C. Thompson Eric C. Thompson
Semester 1, 2010/2011Semester 1, 2010/2011
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Where Are We Going?Where Are We Going?
• Part 1: What is Anthropology?– Strangers Abroad, Race, Culture
• Part 2: What do Anthropologists Study?– Kinship– Gender– Economy– Community
• Part 3: Current Debates and Trends– Representing Others, The Poetry of
Culture, World Anthropologies
YOU AREHERE
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Lecture Outline:Lecture Outline:Kinship and FamilyKinship and Family
• What is Kinship?
• Ju/’hoansi kinship (a study in Cultural Complexity).
• Kinship Exercise
• Changing Patterns of Modern Kinship– Attenuated Kinship in Modern Societies– Technological Innovations and New Horizons of Kinship
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What is Kinship?What is Kinship?• Kinship = Social and Cultural Elaborations of
Biological Reproduction
• Marriage = Cultural recognition of a sexual relationship; legitimization of paternity.
• Ordering (arranging) social relationships through cultural interpretations of biological reproduction.
• Kinship is “based on” biology.
• But kinship is not determined by biology.
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Kinship as an Organizing Kinship as an Organizing Principle of Society*Principle of Society*
• Kinship is a primary organizing principle in most, if not all, societies.
• In complex agricultural, industrial, and ‘post-industrial’ societies, other institutions displace kinship. Institutions use kinship metaphorically.– States (“State Fatherhood”; Citizenship; Patronage)– Ethnic Groups, Races,Nations (“Fraternal”
Democracy; Imagined Community)– Organized Religion (“Brotherhood” of Monks)
– Corporations (“Salary Man”; “Company Man”)
*Cultural Principles ordering Social Relationships
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Complexity of Kinship* Complexity of Kinship* among Dobe Ju/’hoansiamong Dobe Ju/’hoansi
(From Lee, (From Lee, The Dobe Ju/’hoansi)The Dobe Ju/’hoansi)
*Many thanks to Dr. Stephanie Rupp for creation and use of the slides to follow.
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!kun!a !kun!atun tun
!kuma !kumatuma tuma
!ko !kwitsintsin
!hai =hai
ba tai
Basic Kin Relations – Dobe Ju/’hoansi
ego
1
2
3
4
5
tsiu
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!kun!a !kun!atun tun
!kuma !kumatuma tuma
!ko !kwitsintsin
!hai =hai
ba tai
Reciprocal Relations – Dobe Ju/’hoansi
“old name”grandfather
“small name” grandson
ego
grandmother
granddaughter
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!kun!a !kun!atun tun
tsin
!kuma !kumatuma tuma
!ko !kwitsin
!hai =hai
ba taitsu tsu//ga //ga
!kun!a!kun!a tuntun !kun!a !kun!atun tun
ego
Joki
ng
Avo
idan
ceJo
kin
gA
void
ance
Joki
ng
Reciprocal Relations between Alternate Generations
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Man’s perspective
Woman’s perspective
Affinal* Relations
****************************************************************************************************
Joking Kin Joking Affines Avoidance Kin Avoidance Affines
=tum
=tum
/otsu
/otsu
/otsu /otsu
*Related by Marriage
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Another Layer of Complexity: Name RelationshipsCommon Pattern - Naming Children after
Grandparents, Aunts and Uncles
12345
1234567
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When a Man Is Named after His Father’s Brother …
1234567
Joki
ng
Joki
ngA
void
ance
Joki
ngA
void
ance
Avo
idan
ce
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Complicated Intersections of Kinship: Can =Toma and Chu/o Marry?
(They must have a ‘joking’ relationship)
=Toma Chu/o
Joki
ng
Joking
Chu/o
=Toma
Avo
idan
ce
Avoidance
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Kinship ExerciseKinship Exercise
• AS6 #02-12 (Tutorial Room 14)
• Kinship and Marriage in the Kalahari.
• Each of you will be assigned to a family.
• You must talk to other parents and children to find a good match.– Parents talk to parents; children to children.
• After the “visiting period”, return to LT14, sit with your “family” and discuss marriage proposals.
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WIKI UpdatesWIKI Updates
• Read and follow the DISCUSSION GROUP PREPARATION page (under Information)
• You need to be signed up for the Wiki already!• You need to contribute to the Wiki soon!
• You need to think of the Wiki as your sandbox… a place to explore and play with ideas. The Wiki is your friend!
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Wiki Due Dates
• By September 17, you need to make at least one “substantial contribution to the Wiki.”
• For the first half of the course, we will give you feedback based on all contributions made by SEPTEMBER 17.
• For the second half of the course, we will give you a final mark based on all contributions made by NOVEMBER 11.
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Concept of Wi – Relative Age
Lee to !Xam: “When two people are working out what kin term to employ, how do they decide whose choice is to prevail?
!Xam to Lee: “… it is always the older person who wis the younger person. Since I am older than you, I decide what we should call each other.”
(Lee 2003: 72)
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Marriage – New Horizons of KinshipBased on Name Relationships
All women namedN=isa could call him“husband”
All husbands of women named N=isa could call him“brother” or “co-husband”. All fathers of women
named N=isa could callhim “son-in-law”.
All siblings of womennamed N=isa could callhim “brother-in-law”.
ego N=isa
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Dobe Camp Composition:Social Organization and Rights to Waterholes
Based on Kinship
core siblings
spouses of core siblings
siblings of spouses of core siblings
spouses of siblings of spouses of core siblings
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Patterns of MarriagePatterns of Marriage• Monogamy: One spouse at a time.
– Strict Monogamy: One and only one spouse over a lifetime (“until death do we part”)
– Serial Monogamy: Culturally acceptable to have more than one spouse over a life time (but only one at a time; divorce and remarriage)
• Polygamy: More than one spouse at a time.– Polygyny: Multiple wives allowed.*– Polyandry: Multiple husbands allowed.
*Polygyny is the most common cultural pattern. But usually only a few men, not all, have multiple wives.
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““Fictive Kinship”Fictive Kinship”
• In many (most?) societies, the role of kinship is so important, people do not know how to relate to one another unless they first establish their kin-relationship.
• People who do not have a place in the kinship system are incorporated into it through “fictive kinship” (e.g. Richard Lee).
• Does Singapore have “fictive” kinship?
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Loss of Complexity inLoss of Complexity inIndustrial SocietiesIndustrial Societies
• In industrial societies, kinship becomes less important than foraging or agrarian societies.
• Complexity of kinship is lost as its organizational importance is displaced by other cultural principles and social institutions.
• “Anglo-American” kinship in the 19th century (Gillis)
• Contemporary China under the one-child policy.
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1980
2000
2020
China’s kinship structure – “One Child Policy”
“Uncle”“Aunt”“Cousin” Will All Structurally Cease to Exist (At least in theory)
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New Horizons of KinshipNew Horizons of Kinship• What are the implications of new reproductive
technology?• What are the implications of completely
decoupling sex and reproduction?– Highly effective birth control; abortion– Sperm donation– Surrogate Motherhood– Commodification
• Men pay for sex
• Women pay for sperm
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48QAH
• Donor #48-QAH (“Quite a Hunk”)
• 150-200 Donations @ $50 each.
• Paid $10,000 to father up to 200 children. (Surrogate mothers get more to give birth to just one child.)
• Implications?
• Relationship with Donor; Siblings?
• Paternal Responsibilities?
• “Surrogate Fathers”?
• Accidental Incest?
• Industry Regulation?
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Meet the Donor 66 FamilyMeet the Donor 66 Family• The Donor Sibling Registry: Creating
“Donor Families” (Started by Wendy and Ryan Kramer)
• Donor 66 Family: Ryan, his 10 to 25 siblings, their mothers.
• 30,000 children every year in the United States.
• Up to 1 Million children so far.
• The DSR has identified up to 20 Siblings from 1 Donor.
• Cases of over one hundred offspring from single donors
Front Row: Women who share a DonorBack Row: Siblings and half-siblings
6 Brothers & Sisters of 5 Mothers & Donor 66
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Kinship & Cultivation of the HeartKinship & Cultivation of the Heart• Kinship, like all cultural systems, is a
conceptual structure that people are born into, live through, and which remains after the death of any individual.
• Kinship (and other cultural systems) are perpetuated through the struggles, triumphs, creativity and cultivation of the people who live them . . . Think of…– The experimentation with family
and kinship in America and Europe during the early 19th century (Gillis)
– The struggle of Dadi to simultaneously hold her family together and to see her children thrive (“Dadi’s Family”).
Two TUN with their TUMA
BA and !HAI