saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (44), 2010 ART SCIENCE …44... · 2017-10-06 · 1 saqarTvelos...

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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgian State University

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani

#3 (44), 2010

ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (44), 2010

gamomcemloba ̀ kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2010

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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (44), 2010

saredaqcio sabWogia cqitiSvili

daTo janeliZe

eka kiknaZe

lit er at urul i

r ed a q tor imariam iaSvili

garek a n is diz ai ni

levan dadiani

dak a b adoneb aekaterine

oqropiriZe

g a mo mce mlob isx el m ZR v a n elimaka vasaZe

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)s-364

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masalauzrunvelyofili unda iyosSesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tanunda axldes monacemebi avtorissamecniero kvalifikaciis SesaxebqarTul da inglisur enebze,agreTve naSromis inglisurenovanireziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocemaegzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSorisokvleviT centrs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT dacnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblisgamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTarusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,II korpusi.tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (77) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

Art Science Studies #3 (44), 2010

Editorial GroupGIA TSKITISHVILIDATO JANELIDZEEKA KIKNADZE

Literary EditorMARIAM IASHVILI

Cover DesignLEVAN DADIANI

Book BindingEKATERINEOKROPIRIDZE

Head of PublishingHouseMAKA VASADZE

Materials supplied for the volumeshould be provided withcorresponding scientific appliance.Paperwork concerning author’sacademic qualification and summaryof work should be attached inGeorgian and English languages.

Printed version of the volume is sentout to various international researchcenters.

Works should be supplied under thefollowing contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit AgmashenebeliAvenue #40Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatreand Film State UniversitySecond Block

Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

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Sinaarsi

T e a t r c o d n e o b a

maka vasaZe

saubrebi robert sturuas`saTeatro enaze~ ...........................................................................................................9Tamar quTaTelaZe

Salva gawerelias warmatebuli speqtaklebi ..................................................28

k i n o m c o d n e o b a

lia kalandariSvili

jim jarmuSis ̀ mkvdari kaci~ - vesternis dekonstruqcia .........................53irakli maxaraZe

serjio leone da amerikuli vesTerni .............................................................62

m e d i o l o g i a

giorgi CarTolani

televiziis axlo naTesavebi ..............................................................................69

x e l o v n e b a T m c o d n e o b a

nato gengiuri

personifikaciebi XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul qandakebaSi ..................78

k u l t u r i s m e n e j m e n t i

nino sanadiraZe

menejmenti qarTul tradiciul sanaxaobiT kulturaSisaxalxo dResaswaulebis magaliTze ..................................................................89

m u s i k i s m c o d n e o b a

mamuka sixaruliZe

Sopenis lirikul-kantilenuri etiudebis .........................................................95gvanca Rvinjilia

axali qarTuli profesiuli musikis wanamZRvrebi romantikultendenciasTan da qarTuli poeziis versifikaciasTan mimarTebaSiinterpretaciis zogierTi sakiTxi ......................................................................105

u n i v e r s i t e t i s

s a d o q t o r o p r o g r a m a

d r a m i s a d a T e a t r i s T e o r i a

Tamar cagareli

Sua saukuneebis epoqissaTeatro azris mimoxilva ....................................................................................120

m s o f l i o k i n o s i s t o r i a

daviT gujabiZe

`rigoleto mantuaSi~ _ axali Janriskidev erTi nimuSi ..................................................................................................129maka doliZe

rainer verner fasbinderi - socialuri freskafaSisturi mozaikiT ...............................................................................................133

avtorTa Sesaxeb .................................................................................................139

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CONTENTS

T H E A T R E S T U D I E SMARINE (MAKA) VASADZEConversations about Robert Sturua’s“Theatrical Language” ...........................................................................................144TAMAR QUTATELADZEShalva Gatserelia’s successful performances....................................................146

F I L M S T U D I E SLIA KALANDARISHVILIJim Jarmush’z “Dead Man”- such asdeconstruction of the western ................................................................................147IRAKLI MAKHARADZESergio Leone and the American vestern ................................................................148

M E D I A S T U D I E SGEORGE CHARTOLANIClose “Relatives” of TV Broadcasters ..................................................................150

A R T S T U D I E SNATO GENGIURIPersonification and Georgian Sculpture of the Beginning of the 20th c. ...........153

C U L T U R E M A N A G E M E N TNINO SANADIRADZECulture management and traditionalGeorgian improvisational celebration ..................................................................155

M U S I C S T U D I E SGVANTSA GVINJILIAPrerequisites of New Georgian Professional Music in Respect ofRomantic Tendency and Georgian Poetry Versification ......................................156MAMUKA SIKHARULIDZESSome Interpretation Issues of Chopin’sLyrical-Cantonal Etudes ........................................................................................157

U N I V E R S I T Y ’ P h . D P R O G R A M

D R A M A A N D T H E A T R E H I S T O R YTAMAR TSAGARELITheatre Opinion Review Of The Mediaval Epoch ..............................................159

H I S T O R Y O F W O R L D C I N E M ADAVIT GUJABIDZE“Rigoletto A Mantova” .......................................................................................161MAKA DOLIDZEFasbinder – Social Portal With Fascistic Colors .................................................162

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Teatrmcodneoba maka vasaZedoqtoranturis I kursi

programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. mixeil kalandariSvili

saubrebi robert sturuas

`saTeatro enaze~

(robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis;ganvagrZobT saubars profesor, Teatrmcodne levan

xeTagurTan)

(gagrZeleba, dasaw. ix. Jur. `saxelovnebo mecnierebaTaZiebani #2(43) 2010w.)

robert sturuas ̀ saTeatro modelis~, ̀ saTeatro enis~kvlevis dros aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT istoriuliwinapirobebi: qveynis politikur-kulturuli da yofiTi garemo,romelSic aRizarda da moRvaweobs xelovani.

m. v. Cven vsaubrobdiT imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelo,qarTuli Teatri (sabWoeTis rkinis fardis miuxedavad), CarTuliiyo da dResac CarTulia XX_XXI saukunis `msoflioTeatralur ZiebebSi~. ufro metic, am ̀ ZiebebSi~ XIX saukunidanmonawileobs.

l. x. nebismieri eris materialuri kultura, erisTvisdid faseulobas warmoadgens. dRes, msoflio kulturis codna,msoflio kulturis konteqstSi sakuTari Tavis kvleva, adgilisgansazRvra aris mniSvnelovani.

gasuli saukunis 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevrisstudenturma moZraobam mTlianad Secvala XX saukuniskultura, sruliad axali faseulobebi Semoitana msoflioSi.es moZraoba daiwyo degolis winaaRmdeg da degoli wavida. amrevolucias mohyva, rasac Cven vuwodebT `seqsualurrevolucias~ da axali kulturuli Rirebulebebi Seiqmna. esiyo 1967-68 weli. aq, mniSvnelovania ori ram:

pirveli _ evropam aCvena Tavisi progresuli gza.axalgazrda Taobam Tqva, rom maT unda `Secvalon samyaro~da kidec Secvales.

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meore _ sabWoTa kavSirma daafiqsira is, rom 1968 welsevropaSi tankebiT Sevida. praqtikulad msoflio orad gaiyo.1968 wels evropam, kidev erTxel, dainaxa, ra iyo sabWoTakavSiri, gamwvavda civi omi da a. S. yvela is xelovani, romelicmoRvaweobda sabWoTa kavSirSi, aRmoCnda sazogadoebriv sivrceSi,sadac sul ramdenime xelovani SeiZleboda yofiliyo, romelsacprotesti, `brZola~ SeeZlo. im axalgazrdebs, romlebsacsjerodaT e. w. ̀ ottepelis~ anu daTbobis, imedebi daemsxvraT.

1968 wlis movlenebis Semdgom, erTi mxriv, evropa `winwavida~, meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiri da masSi arsebulisazogadoeba isev `ukan wavediT~. sabWoeTma tankebiT iara daxalxi xoca evropis SuagulSi _ budapeStSi. es iyo morigisiborote, romelic sabWoTa kavSirma Caidina.

XX saukunis 1960-ian wlebSi, ruseTSi, saTeatro,sareJisoro xelovnebaSi Cndeba iuri lubimovi. vTvli, rommeierholdis, vaxtangovis mere, aseTi seriozuli xelovaniruseTSi ar yofila. man principulad axali saTeatro enaSemogvTavaza. Tu Zalian zustebi viqnebiT, man aaRorZina ismiRwevebi, romelsac meierholdi atarebda rusul TeatrSi.

m. v. diax, iuri lubimovi, rogorc reJisori XX saukunis1960-ian wlebSi iwyebs moRvaweobas (manamde, yvelasTviscnobilia, rom igi vaxtangovis Teatris msaxiobia, kinoSiciRebdnen. 1953 wlidan iwyebs pedagogiur moRvaweobasvaxtangovis saxelobis TeatrTan arsebul SCukinis saxelobisTeatralur saswavlebelSi. 1959 wels dgams pirvel speqtaklsvaxtangovis TeatrSi a. galiCis `bevri ki unda adamians~(“Много ли человеку надо”). 1963 wels SCukinSi axorcielebsb. brextis `seCuaneli keTili kaci~ a. oroCkos studentebismonawileobiT, swored am speqtaklma misca dasabami moskovSi`Teatri tagankze~ Seqmnas (1964 w., 23 aprili). ruseTSi esiyo didi movlena xelovnebis sferoSi. lubimovis `keTilikaci seCuanidan~ erTgvar `revoluciur gadatrialebad~moinaTla Teatralur xelovnebaSi.

daaxloebiT am dros, 1962 wels, rusTavelis TeatrSimoRvaweobas iwyebs robert sturua. Tqvens mosazrebasmoviSvelieb lubimovTan mimarTebaSi: vTvli, rom marjaniSvilisda axmetelis mere sturua, rogorc reJisori, aris seriozuli

movlena saqarTveloSi, qarTul saTeatro xelovnebaSi. manaaRorZina da ganagrZo is Ziebebi, romelsac marjaniSvili daaxmeteli axorcielebdnen TeatrSi.

robert sturuas Teatralur institutSi gavlili aqvsdimitri aleqsiZis, lili ioselianis da mixeil TumaniSvilis`saTeatro, sareJisoro skola~. 1964 wels dgams v. rozovis`vaxSmobis win~, xolo 1965 wels ki a. mileris `seilemisprocess~. es iyo pirveli seriozuli reJisoruli warmatebamis SemoqmedebaSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom 60-iani wlebisdasawyisSi rusTavelis TeatrSi reJisorTa e. w. ̀ seriozuligundi~ movida _ r. sturua, T. CxeiZe, g. qavTaraZe.

1969 welsATemur CxeiZem daiwyo muSaoba daviTkldiaSvilis ̀ samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ dadgmaze, sxvadasxvamizezis gamo am speqtaklze muSaobis gagrZeleba mouxdarobert sturuas. am ori, amJamad sruliad `gansxvavebulixelweris~ reJisoris Tanaarsebobam erT speqtaklSiaraCveulebrivi Sedegi gamoiRo. aq moxda sinTezi fsiqologiuriwvdomisa da gardasaxvis principebisa, brextiseuli ̀ gansxvisebisefeqtis,~ warmodgenis, distanciuri Wvretis meTodTan.msaxiobebmac SeiTvises amgvari TamaSis principebi da speqtaklmagaimarjva. es gamarjveba ar yofila SemTxveviTi, iseve rogorcar yofila SemTxveviTi brextiseuli Teatraluri stilistikismisadageba daviT kldiaSvilis nawarmoebTan. brextisATiTqmisyvela piesa, es iqneba ̀ samgroSiani opera~, ̀ seCuaneli keTiliadamiani~, `kavkasiuri carcis wre~ Tu sxva, iseve rogorcdaviT kldiaSvilis nawarmoebebi tragi-komikur JanrSiadawerili. SeiZleba swored amaSia maTi Sexebis wertili.yovel SemTxvevaSi, Temur CxeiZem da robert sturuam ipoveses Sexebis wertilebi da brexti miusadages kldiaSvils. AND

am periodSi (mTeli XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi da dResac)evropaSi, saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi grZeldeba e. w. ̀ sareJisoroZiebebi~, sxvadasxva reJisorTa `saTeatro enis~ formirebisprocesi. seriozuli kvlevebi mimdinareobs am mimarTulebiT.kvlevebma moicva kulturis, xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi.reJisorebi, mecnierebi, filosofosebi, literaturisTeoretikosebi da a. S. ikvleven `saxelovnebo enas~ zogadad.

maka vasaZe saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~

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l.x. logikuria, rom sturua iwyebda 1964 wels rozovis`vaxSmobis win~ dadgmiT. piesa da speqtakli, mainc, optimisturiiyo, miuxedavad Tavisi bataliebisa. 1965 wels, a. mileris`seilemis procesSi~ Teatraluri metaforiT, iyenebs ra rkinisfardas, is, erTi mxriv, pasuxs scems istorias da, meore mxriv,afiqsirebs realobas.

60-ian wlebSi qarTul xelovnebaSi Zalian Zlieri Taobamodis _ r. sturua, T. CxeiZe, g. yanCeli, g. mesxiSvili, o.ioseliani,m. kobaxiZe da sxvbi.Aamave periodSi, moskovSi iwyeben moRvaweobasa. tarkovski, i. lubimovi, rogorc Teatraluri reJisori dasxvebi (1968 wlis studenturi moZraoba sabWoTa kavSirSi,s a q arTv eloSi ar ars ebobda ) . xelov aneb i Ta v i smsoflmxedvelobiT iwyeben protests xelovnebis saSualebiT.es aris sakvanZo wertili, imitom, rom praqtikulad sturua`seilemis procesiT~ iwyebs politikuri Teatris damkvidrebas.am periodSi politikuri Teatri Tanabrad arsebobs evropissxvadasxva qveyanaSi. 1964 wels rodesac sturua pirvelspeqtakls dgams...

m. v. ras niSnavs `politikuri Teatri~? Tqven sworadaRniSneT, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi da e. i. saqarTveloSic e. w.`saprotesto moZraobebi~ ar iyo. arc SeiZleboda, romyofiliyo, vinaidan xalxs saqarTveloSi 1921 wlidan, gasabWoebisSemdeg, `borotebis imperiis~ dangrevamde (1991 wlamde)`Tavisuflad sunTqvis~ saSualebac ki ar hqonda. adamianebsiWerdnen, asaxlebdnen, xvretdnen, mudmivi SiSis qveS amyofebdnen.masobrivi protesti, sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva respublikaSimxolod 80-iani wlebis bolos moxSirda. xelovnurad Seqmnili`borotebis imperia~ ingreoda, im ̀ maxinji~ saxelmwifo wyobisda ekonomikuri siduxWiris gamo, romelmac daaxloebiT 70weli iarseba. `maxinjma saxelmwifom~ mainc `moaxerxa~ daquCaSi mdgom uiaraRo adamianTa protests jaris saSualebiTgausworda (gavixsenoT, Tundac, amierkavkasiis regioni: Tbilissada baqoSi momxdari ambebi).

ras niSnavs ̀ politikuri Teatri~? marTalia, es terminiukve damkvidrebulia, magram me mainc, sturuas imdroindelSemoqmedebas, sxva mravalTan erTad, `protestis Teatrs~davarqmevdi. gadavxedoT istorias. mas Semdeg, rac kacobriobis

istoriaSi gaCnda saxelmwifo wyobileba, saxelmwifo wyobilebis`maxinji~ formebic mravlad arsebobda sxvadasxva saxiT.adamianebi, am SemTxvevaSi xelovanebi, aseT dros, protestsTavis SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatavdnen. robert sturuasTan armisaubria am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, magram SemiZlia moviyvanoi. lubimovis citata misi erT-erTi interviudan.

korespondenti: ̀ sabWoeTis dros Tqven aSiSvlebdiT ̀ dRistragedias~ (anu arsebobis, yofis tragedias m. v.), akeTebdiT,rogorc ityvian, `politikur Teatrs~.

i. lubimovi: `saerTod, me vcdilobdi `gameSiSvlebinaqalebi~ da ara tragedia. me ar var politikosi, me vcdilobdigamekeTebina iseTi Teatri, rogoric unda iyos Teatri. me kimomaweres, TiTqos me vagrZelebdi politikuri Teatristradiciebs, es ar aris marTali.1

robert sturua, agrZelebda ra qarTuli Teatraluriskolis tradiciebs (marjaniSvili, axmeteli), Tavis speqtaklebSisimbolur, metaforul enas iyenebda ̀ protestis~ gamosaxatavad.mivyveT qronologias: a. mileris `seilemis procesi~ (1965w.), a. cagarelis `xanuma~ 1968 w., b. brextis `seCuanelikeTili kaci~ (1969 w., 90iani wlebis meore naxevarSi igikvlav dgams am piesas), d. kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilisdedinacvali~ (1969 w.), h. ibsenis ̀ eqimi Stokmani~ (1972 w.),p. kakabaZis `yvaryvare TuTaberi~ (1974 w.) da a. S.. igiTavisi speqtaklebiT, metaforuli, simboluri, saTeatro enisgamoyenebiT amxilebda tiraniis araadamianur arss. yvelazeufro mwvaved es sakiTxebi (im periodis, 1960-ianis wlebisbolo da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisi) am dadgmebSi gamovlinda.

l. x. Tu Cven vityviT, rom sturua aris 1960-ianiwlebis movlenebis tipuri warmomadgeneli, anu cnobierad amprocesebis monawilea, moRvaweobda ra rusTavelis TetrSi,romelic saxelmwifo Teatri iyo, qmnida gansakuTrebulmimarTulebas, rasac, im periodSi, SeiZleba andergraundicgewodebina. SeiZleba gewodebina eqsperimentuli Ziebebi daamave dros amboxi. axalgazrda xelovanis amboxi im movlenebismimarT, romelic arsebobda. miRebuli debuleba imisa, rac Senaxsene weRan, rom qarTuli Teatri simbolur-metaforul enasiyenebda, es marTalia, magram es, sabWoTa kavSirSi iqca fenomenad.


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Cven ver vityviT, rom es mxolod qarTulia, Tumca saqarTvelosmeti saSualeba hqonda aseTi Teatris keTebisa. moskovidanmoSorebiT yofna SeiZleba met saSualebas iZleoda. vinaidan,Tu SevadarebT amave periodis rusuli Teatrebis mdgomareobas,vTqvaT, lubimovis speqtaklebis Cabarebis oqmebs, vnaxavT, romiq e. w. `presi~ gacilebiT didia. iq, gacilebiT Zneli iyoraime `gaeparebinaT~ scenaze. Tavisuflebis xarisxi CvenTan`SedarebiT~ meti iyo. moskovs naklebad adardebda ̀ provincia~.magaliTad, Tu gavecnobiT statistikas, ramdeni ucxoeliCamodioda saqarTveloSi 70-ian wlebSi, vnaxavT, rom sabWoTakavSirSi Semosuli turistebis saerTo nakadidan mxolod 2-3%. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, im ucxoelebidan ramdeni iyo e.w`kapitalisturi qveynebidan~ da ramdeni e. w. `socialisturibanakidan~, procentulad SeiZleba kidev ufro naklebigamovides. ucxoel turistTa `Semodineba~ ZiriTadadpeterburgsa da moskovze modioda, vinaidan sxvagan ar uSvebdnen.moskovidan, 100 kilometris radiusze rom gasuliyo ucxoeli,mas specialuri nebarTva unda aeRo uSiSroebidan. kontrolismaqsimumi modioda moskovsa da peterburgze, iq, sadac bevriiyo ucxoeli. gacilebiT nakleb kontrols axorcielebdnene. w. ̀ periferiebze~. aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom ̀ simboluri,metaforuli ena~ gacilebiT ganviTarebuli aRmoCnda CvenTanda es Tanabrad gadanawilda sxvadasxva reJisorze, sxvadasxvajgufze.

m. v. Tqveni mosazreba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT naTelida gasagebia. magram... simbolur-metaforuli eniT azrovnebaTeatralur xelovnebaSi gacilebiT adre daiwyo. es procesiiwyeba maSin, rodesac formirebas iwyebs e. w. `sareJisoroTeatri~ (XIX saukunis bolo _ XX saukunis dasawyisi).2

imis Tqma minda, rom 60-ian wlebSi, `simbolur-metaforuliTeatri~ _ erTgvari ̀ rimeiqi~ iyo saxecvlili formebiT. amistradicia ukve arsebobda, ara mxolod evropasa da ruseTSi,aramed, saqarTveloSic. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvano didbritaneTSi, londonSi ̀ British Laibrary~-Si gakeTebuli gamofena`modernizmi evropaSi 1900-1937 wlebi~ (gamofena 2007 wlisianvarSi gaixsna da 2008 wlis martamde mimdinareobda daimdenad warmatebuli iyo, rom Semdeg parizSic gadaitanes).

masSi, sxva evropul qalaqebTan erTad, Tbilisic CarTuliiyo. am gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo maqsimalurad yvelaferi_ wignebi, naxatebi, plakatebi, werilebi, avtorTa xmis Canawerebi,filmebidan Seqmnili videorgolebi, filmebi, keTdebodamoxsenebebi, da a. S. saqarTvelodan, sxva eqsponatebTan erTad,naCvenebi iqna kote miqaberiZis `Cemi bebia~, mixeilkalatoziSvilis `jim-SvanTe~. maia ciciSvilisa da Tqvensmier, wakiTxuli iyo moxseneba im periodis qarTuli kulturisSesaxeb. ̀ B.L.~-is gamofena gavixsene, radganac, iq Zalian kargadwarmoCnda, rom saqarTvelo da Tbilisi XX saukunis dasawyisSiinteleqtualuri da kulturuli samyaros erTgvar oazisadiqca. areuloba ruseTSi XX saukunis dasawyisidanve iwyeba,qronologiurad amas mohyva pirveli msoflio omi 1914 wels,ris Sedegadac ruseTi Zalian `dasustda~ ekonomikuriTvalsazrisiT da Semdgom ukve 1917 wlis revolucia. imxanad, saqarTveloSi, ruseTidan da evropidanac Zalian didie. w. ̀ inteleqtualuri nakadis~ Semodineba xdeba. saqarTvelokulturis, xelovnebis erTgvar `oazisad~ iqca. yvelamimdinareoba, romelic XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunisdasawyisidan arsebobda evropul Tu rusul kulturasa daxelovnebaSi, identurad viTardeboda Tbilissa da saqarTveloSi_ naturalizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresionizmi, simbolizmi,futurizmi da a. S.

l. x. diax, geTanxmebiT. sanam sabWoTa uSiSroebam ardaiwyo Tbilisis dablokva, Tbilisi iyo iseTive kulturulicentri, rogorc sxva evropuli kulturuli centrebi. raTqma unda, gvmarTebs zomierebis dacva. Cven ver vityviT, romTbilisi iyo iseTive kulturis centri, rogoric parizi anlondoni. es gamofena kargad axsene, vinaidan, kidev erTxelgaesva xazi im faqts, rom Tbilisi CarTuli iyo msofliokulturaSi mimdinare procesebSi da, ufro metic... magaliTadmoviyvanoT Zmebi zdaneviCebi, romlebic dediT qarTvelebi iyvnenda mamiT polonelebi da ratomRac, raoden ucnauradac arunda gveCvenebodes, maT rusul kulturas miaweren, arcpolonursa da arc qarTuls. Tbilisidan evropaSi wasvlisSemdeg, Zmebi zdaneviCebi ganapirobeben evropul da zogadadmsoflio kulturaSi mimdinare procesebis ganviTarebas, kerZod


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dadaizms da mTel rig mimdinareobebs... Tbilisi uSualomonawile iyo im evropuli saxelovnebo dargebis mimarTulebebisganviTarebisa. es Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtoria. imdroindeli`Tbilisuri avangardi~ met-naklebad cnobilia. 80-ian wlebSi,italiaSi, ori konferencia Catarda im periodis avangardzeda samwuxarod, konferenciis masalebi dRemde ar aris naTargmniqarTul enaze.

dRes Cven brZola gvWirdeba imisTvis, rom Tbilisma,saqarTvelom daibrunos Tavisi adgili msoflio kulturulrukaze. axla, konkurencia Zalian didia. dro sul ufrometad gaCvenebs, rom bevri movlena, romelic saqarTveloSixdeboda, xdeba da moxdeba, aucileblad saWiroebs evropul,msoflio konteqstSi ganxilvas. es ar aris xelovnuri sakiTxi,es aris aucilebeli sakiTxi. Cven unda SeveguoT imas, romgavxdiT msoflios moqalaqeebi. Cven ar varT konkretulipolitikuri, saxelmwifo wyobis gadmonaSTi (sabWoTa kavSirsvgulisxmob). is, gaqra da amiT damtkicda, rom sabWoeTiatavizmi iyo, damtkicda, rom ar SeiZleba civilizebulsamyaroSi arsebobdes aseTi ̀ borotebis imperia~. arsebobdesdidxans (dro pirobiTi cnebaa m. v.), vinaidan yvela imperiaqreboda msoflio civilizaciis istoriaSi da rCeboda mxolodda mxolod Tavisufali damoukidebeli qveynebi. verc erTmaimperiam ver iarseba, yvelaze xangrZlivma egvi pturidandawyebuli damTavrebuli sabWoTa imperiiT. yvela gaqreba.Desaris safuZveli dasavluri civilizaciis cnobierebisganviTarebisa .Ees aris _ urTierTTanamSromlobaze,urTierTpativiscemaze agebuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba. amprincipebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalian mniSvnelovani xdeba, yvelaim movlenis gadafaseba, romliTac Cven qarTul kulturasTavis sakadris adgils movuZebniT msoflio TanamegobrobaSi.ai, es, iqneba Zalian mniSvnelovani. es iqneba Zalian mniSvnelovanisturuas Semoqmedebis gansazRvrisaTvis.

m. v. sturuas Semoqmedebis gansazRvrisaTvis, misi`saTeatro enis~ formirebis sakiTxis gaanalizebisaTvis,aucilebeli da saWiroa mokle istoriuli, kulturuli,saxelovnebo eqskursis gakeTeba. gavixsenoT periodi, rodesackote marjaniSvili brundeba saqarTveloSi ruseTidan da

rusTavelis dramatuli Teatris mTavar reJisorad iniSneba.vgulisxmob 1920-ian wlebs. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom am periodSiTbilisi, da saerTod, saqarTvelo saxelovnebo, kulturissxvadasxva dargSi moRvawe adamianTaTvis erTgvar `oazisad~iqca. zemoT vTqviT, rom imxanad, saqarTveloSi, ruseTidan daevropidanac Zalian didi e. w. `inteleqtualuri nakadis~Semodineba xdeba. ufro adre, evropaSi da ruseTSi, kulturaSiarsebuli procesebi identurad viTardeboda CvenTanac. 1917wlis ruseTis revoluciaze, 1921 wels saqarTvelosgasabWoebaze rodesac vsaubrobT, ar unda dagvaviwydes erTiram. imxanad, evropasa da ruseTSi, pirvelma msoflio omma(1914-1918), adamianebs sulieri, fizikuri danaklisis gardaekonomikuri gaWirvebac moutana. xalxi gamoxatavda protests,zogi quCaSi gamovida, xelovanebi ki amas Tavis SemoqmedebaSiasaxavdnen. bevri maTgani revolucias Sexvda, rogorc mxsnels,ganmaTavisuflebel movlenas. ar dagvaviwydes isic, rom evropulqveynebSi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi ukve Secvliliiyo (magaliTad safrangeTi, niderlandebis gaerTianebuli samefoda sxv.). ruseTis imperia ukve ̀ zanzarebda~, cvlilebebi ukvemomwifebuli iyo, xolo omma daaCqara am cvlilebebisganxorcieleba. aqedan gamomdinare, vinaidan saqarTvelo, maSinac,ruseTis imperiis provincia iyo, e. w. cvlilebebs, iseve rogorcruseTSi, qarTul kulturaSi moRvawe cnobili poetebi,mwerlebi, reJisorebi da sxvebi erTgvari ̀ sixaruliT~ Sexvdnen.bevri maTgani maleve mixvda, raSic iyo saqme, zogma qveyanadatova da ucxoeTSi gadasaxlda, zogi daiWires da zogicdaxvrites... magaliTad moviyvan 20-iani wlebis dasawyisisgazeT `komunistis~ ramdenime amonarids:

gancxadeba: vacxadeb Cemdami rwmunebul saxelovnokomitetSi Semaval mTel respublikis dawesebulebaTa daxelovanTa sayuradRebod, rom maTi saqmeebis gamo mommarTonpiradad me, an saxelovno komitetis ganyofilebis gamgeebs daara sxva romelime umaRles dawesebulebaT. mTavari saxelovnokomitetis Tavmjdomare - gr. robaqiZe, mdivani - S. afxaiZe//komunisti, 1921, 28 ivlisi, gv 2;

Teatri da xelovneba: [gancxadeba saqarTvelos qalaqebSisaxelmwifo dramatuli skolebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb] // respublikis


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saTeatro ganaTlebis gamgis akaki faRavas gancxadebis Tanaxmad,saTeatro studiebi ixsneba TbilisSi - saxelmwifo dramiskantoraSi; quTaisSi - xelovnebis muSakTa kavSirSi; baTumSi- “odisTan;” WiaTuraSi - reJisor qorelTan; komunisti, 1921,23 seqtemberi, gv.2

rusaTavelis Teatris Sesaxeb revoluciuri komitetisdadgenileba #101, 1921 wlis noembris 25, tfilisis sasaxle:saxelmwifo dramis Teatrs (yofili saartisto sazogadoeba)ewodos “SoTa rusTavelis Teatri”//komunisti, 1921, 26 noemberi, gv.3;

TaTbiri qarTuli Teatris Sesaxeb ganaTlebis saxalxokomisariatSi: krebis Tavmjdomaris - gr. robaqiZis 6 winadadebaqarTuli Teatris krizisis dasaZlevad. TeatrSi literaturuligamgis Tanamdebobis. moTxovna.EsityvebiT gamovidnen k.marjaniSvili, akaki faRava, paolo iaSvili da sxv.//komunisti,1922, 15 noemberi, gv.3;

`cxvris wyaro~: premiera rusTavelis TeatrSi 26noembers. recenzenti (r. g.) qarTuli Teatris mesias uwodebskote marjaniSvils ganxorcielebuli dadgmisa da qarTuliTeatris gadarCenis gamo. monawileobdnen: Tamar WavWavaZe,taso abaSiZe, elene donauri, akaki vasaZe, uSangi CxeiZe, SalvaRambaSiZe da sxvebi//komunisti, 1922, 28 noemberi;

k. marjaniSvili qarTuli akademiuri dasis mTavarireJisori: [informacia xelovnebis komitetis mier kotemarjaniSvilis daniSvnis Sesaxeb] // komunisti,1922, 7 dekemberi,gv..3.3

igive xdeboda ruseTSic.

l. x. 1917-18 wlebSi, revoluciis periodSi, rodesacmeierholdi iyo komisari, pirvel naSromebSi Zalian bevrswerda me-20 saukunis saTeatro xelovnebaze. ukve axsenebdamontaJis principebs. werda imis Sesaxeb, rom Seicvala saTeatrodro. es is periodia, rodesac is iwyebs eqsperimentebs RiasivrceSi.

m. v. erT patara dazustebas Semovitan. meierholdieqsperimentebs Ria cis qveS iwyebs cotaTi ufro adre, 1910wels. is dgams kalderonis piesas ̀ jvris Tayvaniscema~. dadgmaganxorcielda peterburgTan axlos, mwerali qalis

krestovskaias mamulSi ̀ molodioJnoeSi~. aq iyo araCveulebrivibaRi, romelic uerTdeboda ̀ fineTis yures~. patara sasaxlidan`fineTis yuremde~ eSveboda uzarmazari kibe, pirobiTad sascenosivrce. Canafiqris mixedviT speqtakli mimdinareobda Rame,CiraRdnebiT ganaTebuli da masSi monawileobdnen mimdebareteritoriebze macxovrleblebi.4

l. x. gavixsenoT, rodesac veswrebodiT `asergasis~repeticiebs (robert sturuam es speqtakli m. kveselavasamave saxelwodebis nawarmoebis mixedviT dadga 1984 w. m.v.). maxsovs, ̀ asergasis dRe~ iyo daaxloebiT 6 saaTis masala.am 6 saaTidan sturuam praqtikulad masalis ̀ Wra~ daiwyo. mesxva reJisorebTan naklebad Sevxvedrivar am xerxs. axla,vlaparakob iseT raRacaze, rac praqtikulad ar damuSavebulaTeatrmcodneobaSi da vfiqrob aris Zalian mniSvnelovani.robert sturua pirvel rigSi muSaobs teqstze da teqstidanakeTebs garkveul kompilacias. arsebuli teqstidan is qmnisTavis teqsts. am SemTxvevaSi Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT rompirvelad, aseTi seriozuli xerxi gamoiyena meierholdma. igikinaRam ̀ anaTemas gadasces~, rodesac gogolis ̀ revizors~ darodesac griboedovs miawera Tanaavtorad Tavi, anu meierholdi.marTali iyo imitom, rom teqsti aiRo rogorc `masala~,teqstidan Seqmna axali versia da gadaaqcia speqtaklad.sturua pirvel etapze akeTebs teqsts, mere axorcielebs raam teqsts srulad scenaze, iwyebs mis montaJs. praqtikuladiyenebs kino-xerxs, kinomontaJis princips, rodesac kinoreJisoriiRebs gadaRebul masalas da Semdeg amontaJebs.

m. v. magram kinoSi yovelTvis keTdeboda literaturuliscenari, sareJisoro scenari, teqnikuri scenari da a. S....

Tanac aseT xerxs, piesis an nawarmoebis teqstis montaJs,CvenTan jer kidev iyenebda marjaniSvili, dRes ki reJisorTaumravlesoba mimarTavs am xerxs, CvenTanac da ucxoeTSic.garda imisa, rom teqstis montaJs akeTeben, akeTeben erT TemazeSeqmnili sxvadasxva avtoris teqstis kompilacias, cvlianmoqmedebis adgilmdebareobasac. magaliTad SemiZliadagisaxeloT; maia kliCevskas ̀ fedra~, romelic erTad vnaxeTpoloneTSi; eimuntas nekroSiusis _ `otelo~, `fausti~,`hamleti~; oskaras korSunovasis `romeo da julieta~,


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`hamleti~, jorjo streleris 1947 wels dadgmuli ̀ arlekini,ori batonis msaxuri~ (aq piesis saTaurSi vxedavT cvlilebas,k. goldonis piesis saTauria ̀ ori batonis msaxuri~) da a. S.

l. x. rasakvirvelia... es procesi Zalian miniSvnelovania.vinaidan saTeatro nawarmoebi, speqtakli aris cocxali, droSiarsebuli, romelsac dasawyisi aqvs, dasasruli aqvs. kino ki,romelsac me vuwodeb, qimiur, fizikur Teatrs, vinaidan procesiiq erTxel fiqsirdeba. TeatrSi ar xdeba procesis am saxiTdafiqsireba. miuxedavad amisa, am cocxali organizmSi xdebamontaJis xelovnebis Setana. meierholdi SemTxveviT ar vaxsene,meierholdi ukve bevrs werda rogorc Teoretikosi, montaJisSesaxeb. eizenSteini iyo meierholdis moswavle. meierholdisstudiaSi swavlobda eizenSteini, iutkeviCi... eizenSteinievropul sivrceSi, iseve rogorc grifiti amerikaSi _ montaJismqadageblebi iyvnen. eizenSteini meierholdis moswavlea daar aris gasakviri, rom swored meierholdma, saTeatro reJisormagadasca es codna. Semdgom eizenSteini gaxda e. w. montaJis`mama~. revoluciis Semdgom meierholdi erTi periodi aRlumebsdgamda. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqti. mixeil romis filmSi`lenini oqtomberSi~ aris cnobili epizodi zamTris sasaxlisaRebisa. Zalian cotam icis, rom zamTris sasaxlis aRebakinoSi gadavida Teatraluri dadgmidan, romelic meierholdmagaakeTa moedanze.

m. v. diax, 1918 wels es dadga meierholdma revoluciiswlisTavis aRsaniSnavad da gadaiRo mixeil romma. SemdegsabWoTa xelisufleba amtkicebda, rom es iyo qronika.

l. x. anu, es iyo eqsperimentebi, axla es iTvlebakinoklasikiad. romis filmi `zamTris sasaxlis aReba~ iqcarevoluciis stereotipad da Semdgom amas aCvenebdnen msoflios,rogorc revoluciis stereotips. es iyo nayofi meierholdisSemoqmedebisa. meierholdi maSin werda montaJze, teqstTanaxal midgomebze da imaze, rom speqtakli unda yofiliyo 45wuTi, maqsimum, 1 saaTi. man Tanamedrove Teatris TvalsazrisiTgacilebiT gauswro dros. meierholdi ukve me-20 saukunisdasawyisSi ambobda, rom cxovreba aCqarda, adamiani ar arismzad ufro mets gauZlos, anu miiRos racionalurad sasargebloinformacia. meierholdi, aqedan gamomdinare, iyo is reJisori,

romelic klasikur teqstebs amontaJebda da sTavazobda mismokle variantebs. es aris Zalian mniSvnelovani.

Tu, Cven, sturuas teqstis montaJirebis xerxs ganvixilavT,rogorc erT-erT mniSvnelovan princips misi Semoqmedebisa(romelic ̀ samzareuloa~ imisa, Tu rogor awyobs is teqstebs),SemdgomSi ukve aRmoCndeba, rom sturua Tanabrad mihyvebaevropul procesebs.

rodesac Cven vlaparakobT XX saukunis reJisuraze,gansakuTrebiT meore naxevarze _ streleri, bruki, grotovski,rankone, piter Staini, Sero, vitezi da a. S. romlebic ̀ amindsqmnian~ saTeatro xelovnebaSi, amaT ricxvSi rasakvirveliasturuas Tavisi adgili ukavia. me ar minda imis Tqma, romsturuam aRmoaCina axali xerxebi. SeiZleba vTqvaT, romgrotovskim aRmoaCina, brukma aRmoaCina, rankonim gaakeTa mTelirigi aRmoCenebi, romlebic CvenTan samwuxarod ar ician.strelers sxvaTaSoris axali xerxebi ar aRmouCenia.

m. v. strelers xerxi ar aRmouCenia? jorjo strelerma_ legendad qceulma reJisorma paolo grasisTan erTad,yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, axali Taetri Seqmna italiaSi,milanis `pikolo Teatri, evropis Teatri~. mis mier 1947wels dadgmuli `arlekini, ori batonis msaxuri~ ki dRemdecocxali speqtaklia da anSlagebiT midis msoflio Teatrebisada saTamaSo moednebis sivrceSi. (sul axlaxans es speqtakliqarTvelma mayurebelmac ixila Tbilisis saerTaSorisoTeatralur festivalze marjaniSvilis TeatrSi).

l . x . lap ar a ki ma q vs Teatralur formebze ,gamomsaxvelobiTi enis TvalsazrisiT. anu axali formebi,romliTac Teatri ganviTardeboda. strelerma magaliTaduzarmazari wvlili Seitana italiuri Teatris ganviTarebaSida amiT, man daabruna italiuri saTeatro da samsaxioboskola `msoflio TeatrSi~ da a. S..

m. v. am sakiTxSi ver dageTanxmebiT. Zveli formebisgadamuSaveba, sakuTar is Setana Zvel formebSi, axali formisSeqmnaze migviTiTebs.

marjaniSvilmac gaakeTa aRmoCenebi, Tairovis `kameruliTeatri~, vTqvaT Seqmnili iyo marjaniSvilis mier, es ukveyvelam viciT.


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l. x. ra Tqma unda _ marjaniSvilma, meierholdma, Tairovmada a. S.. sturuaze jer gviWirs amis Tqma. albaT, rac ufrokargad SeviswavliT msoflio Teatrs, sturuas msoflioTeatris konteqstSi, miT ufro kargad gamoCndeba sad, ra,rodis... vfiqrob im nakrebiT xerxebisa, romelsac iyenebdasturua, yovelgvari teqnikuri xerxebis gamoyenebis gareSe,Tavis saTeatro dadgmebi, maqsimalurad miuaxlovakinoxelovnebis enas.

m. v. albaT imitom, rom mas Tavad Zalian undoda yofiliyokinoreJisori da kinoxelovnebas kargad icnobs.

l. x. magram, ucnauri aris is, rom man es gaakeTa mxolodmwiri Teatraluri xerxebis gadafasebis safuZvelze.Segnebulad ar vlaparakob konceptualur midgomebze. vfiqrobrom ufro mniSvnelovania gamomsaxvelobiTi enis dadgena damere SeiZleba vTqvaT koncefciaze saubari. sturuas drosrom yofiliyo is multimediuri saSualebebi, romelic dResaris, vfiqrob, rom Cven gveqneboda seriozuli multimediuriTeatri sturuasagan. gavixsenoT misi speqtaklebi, rodesacsaTeatro sivrceSi midioda sxvadasxva kinoxedebis gamoyeneba,magaliTad gamsxvileba, msxvili xedebi, saerTo xedebi.

m.v. kinoxerxebs, Tavis speqtaklebSi marjaniSvilic iyenebda.gavixsenoT ernst toleris `hopla, Cven vcocxlobT~, sadacuSualod kinoproeqcia qonda gamoyenebuli (1928 wlis 3noembers am dadgmiT quTaisSi xsnis axal saxelmwifo Teatrs,dRevandeli marjaniSvilis Teatri). `uriel akostaSi~ (a.guckovis piesis mixedviT) ki e. w. `kinoxerxebs~: montaJs,xedebis gamsxvilebas, sasceno sivrceSi erTdroulad sxvadasxvaplanze moqmedebas da a. S. mimarTavda. qarTul scenaze esspeqtakli samjer Tu oTxjer aRadgines da amitom Cven daCvens Semdgom Taobebsac kargad gvaxsovs.

l. x. kidev erT seriozul raRacas vaxseneb, romelicmTlianad emTxveva evropul Ziebebs. 1967-68 wlebSi, britaneTSimoRvaweobda poloneli reJisori moroviCi, romlis prodiuseriiyo telma holti. telma holti CvenTan cnobili pirovnebaa,vinaidan man gaiyvana sturua raundhauzSi. aravin ar icodais, rom telma holti iyo prodiuseri, romelic pirveliafinansebda im tipis eqsperimentebs britaneTSi, romelic man

dainaxa Semdeg saqarTveloSi, kerZod sturuas speqtaklebSi.moroviCi iyo pirveli reJisori, romelmac britanul scenazeSeqspiris poeturi teqsti gadaitana prozaul teqstSi. mangadaTargmna Seqspiris piesebi inglisuridan inglisurze daleqsi Secvala prozad. esec emTxveva e. w. `studenturimoZraobis~ periods, maT eqsperimentebs. man aseve pirvelmagamoiyena Seqspiris teqstis Ria montaJi _ Sekveca, Semcireba,scenebis gadaadgileba. Cven es SeiZleba davukavSiroT robertsturuas `riCard III~ mTavar princips. mTavari principi iyois, rom moxda axali Targmanis dakveTa. isev davubrundebievropul tradiciebs. evropuli Teatri TiTqmis yovelTvisukveTavda axal Targmans. es aris Zalian mniSvnelovani. isiniambobdnen, rom ena imdenad icvleba, rom Targmani unda iyosadekvaturi Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa. Tu amas erTmaneTTandavakavSirebT, ̀ riCard III~ dadgma mTlianad ewereba ̀ evropulmidgomasTan~ ̀ evropul procesSi~. SeiZleba dRes Zalian ioliaimaze saubari, rom _ inglisSi prozaSi ganaxorcieles Seqspirisdadgma.Mar unda dagvaviwydes, rom britanelebi didisifrTxiliT ekidebian SeqspirTan dakavSirebul yoveli saxiseqsperimentebs. aqve SemiZlia gavixseno, rom inglisSi 80-ianiwlebi imiT gamoirCeoda, rom hamleti xan macivridan gamodioda,xan gazquraSi Sedioda da a. S.. es yvelaferi xdeboda, aqamaze ar aris laparaki.

Teatris istoriaSi seriozul reaqcias iwvevs iseTispeqtaklebi, sadac eqsperimentebTan erTad Cven vRebulobTmaRalmxatvrul speqtakls. eqsperimenti SeiZleba bevrganmoviZioT, magram Sedegi _ ara. Teatris istorias rCeba iseTidadgmebi, sadac yvelaferi Serwymulia. SeiZleba iyosspeqtaklebi, sadac raRac mignebebi iyo, magram speqtakli arSedga, ver Sedga, ar iarseba da ar icocxla. amis saukeTesomagaliTi antonen artoa. misi yvela speqtakli, romelmacmere uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina saTeatro samyaroze, Tavisdroze mayurebelma, sazogadoebam ar miiRo.

SeqspirTan dakavSirebiT ingliselebi Zalian eWvianebi arian.isini ar patioben arc gadakeTebebs, arc wertil-mZimes. albaT,amitomac moroviCis eqsperimentebi inglisuri TeatrisistoriaSi Cawerilia da mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli


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mravali cvlileba _ axali dadgmisa da axali midgomebisa.moroviCi gavixsene, imitom rom, is uSualod SeqspirisinterpretaciebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

evropuli ideebi saqarTveloSi mkvidrdeba. magaliTad,Temur CxeiZe arasdros ar malavda imas, rom Seqspiris dadgmisdros mTlianad eyrdnoboda ian kotis mosazrebebs. ian kotipoloneli Teoretikosia, romelmac Zalian didi gavlena iqoniaTanamedrove Teatrmcodneobaze beketis, Seqspiris analizisTvalsazrisiT. is amerikuli universitetebis profesori,grotovskis axlo megobari da Zalian saintereso Teoretikosi iyo.

m. v. robert sturuas `saTeatro enis~ kvlevisas, arunda dagvaviwydes, rom saqarTveloSi brexti pirvelad daidga1964 wels. reJisorma dimitri aleqsiZem rusTavelis TeatrSiganaxorciela bertolt brextis piesa `samgroSiani opera~.Tumca speqtakls didi warmateba ar hqonda, man ver miaRwiaim srul ganzogadebas, romelsac brextis Teatraluri esTetikada, kerZod, es piesa iTxovda.

60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qarTul TeatrSi, kerZod kirusTavelis TeatrSi iwyeba romantikuli Teatris principebisugulebelyofa. iwyeba Ziebebi axali reJisoruli stilistikisdamkvidrebisaTvis. es procesi, zogadad da konkretuladSeqspirTan mimarTebaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris Teatraluri samyarosmasStabiT mimdinareobda.

Seqspiris gaazreba Tanamedrove dramis, brextis Teatrispoziciebidan, samociani wlebis dasawyisSi, rusTavelis TeatrSipirvelad mixeil TumaniSvilma Seqspiris sami piesis dadgmiTganxorciela _ `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~ 1964 wels, `mefeliri~ 1966 wels da `iulius keisari~ 1967 wels. amspeqtaklebis gaanalizeba calke msjelobis sagania. am samidadgmidan gamovyof ̀ zafxulis Ramis sizmars~. m. TumaniSvilises dadgma e. w. ̀ Cavardnil speqtaklad~ iTvleba. Tavis drozeki igi `kritikis qarcecxlSi~ iqna gatarebuli. mixeilTumaniSvils sayvedurobdnen novatorobas, tradiciisagangandgomas, sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo maneris erT speqtaklSiaRrevas, ekleqtizms, mxatvruli poziciis meryeobas da a. S.rac mTavaria, kicxavdnen msaxiobebis TamaSis pirobiTobas dauaryofdnen amgvari TamaSis maneras dramatul TeatrSi.

akritikebdnen mixeil TumaniSvilis Ziebebs, cdebs qarTulTeatrSi brextiseuli esTetikis SemotanisaTvis. am garemoebamdRes CvenSi SeiZleba Rimili gamoiwvios, radgaanc is braldebebi,romlebic mis ̀ WinWraqasa~ (g. naxucriSvilis piesis mixedviT)da ̀ zafxulis Ramis sizmris~ dadgmebs wauyenes, Cven vaRiarebTrobert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi da, kerZod, Seqspiris ̀ riCardIII~ dadgmaSi. SeiZleba `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~ marTlacar gamouvida m. TumaniSvils, magram sturuas mier Seqspiris`riCard III~ axleburad wakiTxvisa da dadgmis winamZRvrebisxvasTan erTad, SeiZleba veZeboT ̀ zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi.~ubralod, logikurad ar SeiZleba, rom `WinWraqasa~ da`zafxulis Ra mis sizmris~ gac nobierebulad Tugaucnobiereblad ar emoqmeda robert sturuas reJisorulistilistikis Camoyalibebaze, radganac swored `principuli~ekleqtizmi, romlisTvisac ase kicxavdnen TumaniSvilsmravladaa sturuas TiTqmis yvela dadgmaSi da maT Soris`riCard III~-Si.

l. x. amitomac yvelaze swori iqneba, rom Cven gavakeToTCamonaTvali im saTeatro procesebis, movlenebis da faqtebisa,ramac ganapiroba sturuas saTeatro modeli. Cven ver vityviT,konkretulad romeli. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es arislubimovis speqtaklebi, romlebmac sabWoTa sinamdvileSidaabrunes is gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, rac iyo meierholdTanda sxvebTan 20-ian wlebSi. Tu magaliTisTvis aviRebT lubimovis60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dadgmul speqtaklebs, vnaxavT ZiriTadxerxebs, romlebsac Cven SemdgomSi saukeTeso saxiT vxedavTsturuas speqtaklebSic. liubimovis resursi aris meierholdi,brexti da a.S., rodesac scenaze gvaqvs mravalfunqciurimetaforebi, rodesac erTi nivTi an sagani, speqtaklisganmavlobaSi metaforizacias ganicdis. es Zalian kargad Cansukve rusTavelis Teatris bevr speqtaklSi. es ar aris mxolodsturuasTan. es ukve dawyebulia ̀ antigoneSi~, ̀ samaniSvilSi~,rodesac reforma Semodis saTeatro sivrceSi da scenidanqreba mZime, mouqneli dekoraciebi, Cndeba abstraqtuli sivrce.Cven unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom Cndeba axali scenografia,romelic jer kidev 10-ian wlebSi gvxvdeba evropaSi dadakavSirebulia apiasTan, kregis eqsperimentebTan. es brwyinvaled


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hqondaT atacebuli ocxels da gamrekels. moxda Zvelisganaxleba da Tavidan Semotana. brextis epikuri Teatri CvenTanar iyo sruli masStabiT. CvenTan iyo xerxebis gamoyeneba. amSemTxvevaSi, logikuria vTqvaT, rom Sen giCndeba gansazRvreba_ ekleqtizmi... am SemTxvevaSi ekleqtizmi ara im TvalsazrisiT,rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi aris danawevrebuli. am SemTxvevaSiCven gvaqvs saqme iseT saTeatro modelTan, rodesac mravalixerxis, sxvadasxva, gansxvavebuli xerxis gamoyenebiT CvenvRebulobT erT mTlians. davubrundeT kinoxerxebs. kideverTi mniSvnelovani elementi. es pirvelad vnaxe lubimovTan,magram saukeTeso saxiT ganviTarda sturuasTan. vgulisxmobimas, rodesac musika TeatrSi iseve gamoiyeneba, rogorc kinoSi.musika ar aris raRac calkeuli epizodebisTvis gamoyenebuli,am SemTxvevebSi is aris calke, sruli dramaturgia. magaliTadlubimovis `ganTiadi aq Cumia~-Si (А Зори здесь тихие) mTelspeqtaklSi iyo uwyveti xmauri _ Citi, wyali da a.S., es iyo60 wuTi uwyveti xmauri.DA

m. v. kidev erTxel gavimeoreb, rom iuri lubimovi darobert sturua Teatralur xelovnebaSi, rogorc reJisorebi,TiTqmis erTdroulad modian. Tanamedrove `saTeatro enis~Ziebebi, romelic aisaxa maT speqtaklebSi erTdroulad iyomomwifebuli evropaSi, ruseTsa da saqarTveloSic.

robert sturuas `saTeatro modelis~, `saTeatro enis~kvlevis dros, Cems interess ar warmoadgens imis Zieba _visTan ufro adre gvxvdeba esa Tu is sareJisoro, saTeatroxerxi. istoriuli winapirobebis, saTeatro esTetikis, saTeatromodelis, zogadad saxelovnebo Ziebebis fonze (marjaniSvilis,axmetelis, brextis, streleris, lubimovis, TumaniSvilis dasxvaTa Ziebebi) minda gamovikvlio robert sturuas ̀ saTeatroena~, ramac gansazRvra im fenomenis warmoqmna, rasac CvendRes robert sturuas Teatrs vuwodebT.

1. Жур. «Театрал» 2.04.2009, http://taganka.theatre.ru/lubimov/13317/ Ю.Любимов:”Мне пришили «политический театр»;2. ix.: ̀ saubrebi robert sturuas saTeatro enaze~Jur. ̀ saxelovnebomecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (43), 2010.;

3. gaz.K`komunisti~, 1921 w. 23.09; 1921 w. 26.11; 1922 w. 15.11; 1922w. 28.11; 1922 w. 7.12;

4. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мейерхольд,_Всеволод_Эмильевич;

a. vasaZe`mogonebebi, fiqrebi~, wigni pirveli, S rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. ̀ kentavri~, 2010.;Э. Гугушвили, Котэ Марджанишвили; М. : 1979;v. kiknaZe, ̀ saubrebi qarTul Teatrze~, 1979;v. kiknaZe, ̀ qarTuli reJisuris istoriis narkvevebi~, Tb., 1982;n. gurabaniZe, ̀ reJisori robert sturua~, Tb.: 1997;Jur.̀ Teatraluri moambe~, dialogi ̀ yvaryvareze~, #4, 1974;n. gurabaniZe, ̀ yvaryvare~, Jur.̀ sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1974, , #7;d. mumlaZe, `reJisoris SemoqmedebiTi portreti~, Jur.`sabWoTaxelovneba~, 1981, #12;gaz.̀ kavkasioni~, parizi, 1964, #9;gaz.̀ kultura~ 2006, #12 (29);gaz.`kultura~ 2008, #2 (40);Teatri absurdi~ Jur.̀ H2SO4~ 1924’ #1, gv. 46;http.// dic. academic. ru;Жур. «Театрал» 2.04.2009, http://taganka.theatre.ru/lubimov/13317/ Ю.Любимов: ”Мне пришили «политический театр»;`saubrebi robert sturuas saTeatro enaze~Jur. `saxelovnebomecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (43), 2010 w.;gaz. K`komunisti~, 1921 w. 23.09; 1921 w. 26.11; 1922 w. 15.11; 1922 w.28.11; 1922 w. 7.12;ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Мейерхольд,_Всеволод_Эмильевич.


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Tamar quTaTelaZe

Salva gawerelias warmatebuli

speqtaklebi

qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi Salva gawereliam gamokveTiliadgili daimkvidra rogorc 70-iani wlebis reJisorTa TaobiserT-erTma gamorCeulma moRvawem. 1958-1996 wlebSiganxorcielebuli misi speqtaklebi warmatebuli etapia qarTulmozard mayurebelTa Teatris istoriaSi. 1976-96 ww. igiTeatris xelmZRvaneli iyo da mniSvnelovani reformaganaxorciela.Mman axali Taobis komunisturi suliskveTebiTaRzrdaze orientirebuli Teatri gardaqmna mkveTrimsoflmxedvelobis mqone, evropuli Teatraluri esTetikisTanamedrove axalgazrdul Teatrad.Aam originaluri reJisorismier mozard mayurebelTa qarTul TeatrSi ganxorcielebuliwarmatebuli speqtaklebiT, qarTuli Teatris istoriaSidamkvidrda cneba Salva gawereliaseuli Teatraluri esTetikisTaobaze.Emisi Teatri uxvad iyo gajerebuli maRali poeziiT,Teatraluri feradovnebiT, mdidari SemoqmedebiTi fantaziiT,natifi silamaziT, erovnuli problemebisa Tu adamianururTierTobebSi damkvidrebuli disharmoniis mamxilebluripaTosiT. agreTve komunisturi reJimis reviziis mcdelobiT,uRrmesi rwmeniT, rom didi kulturisa da mravalsaukunovaniwarsulis mqone qarTveli eri, SeZlebda daeZlia mis wiaRSixelovnurad Canergili agresia, nihilizmi da monuri suli,romelic usastikesi meTodebiT angrevda maradiul faseulobebs,Slida erovnul mexsierebas, aferxebda qveynis aRmSeneblobisaTu ganviTarebis bunebriv process.MS. gawereliaseulspeqtaklebSi mkveTrad gacxadda reJisoris filosofiuriazrovneba, moRvaweobis adreuli periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelifsiqologiur-epikuri Teatraluri esTetika ki mogvianebiTwarmatebiT adaptirda samoedno Teatris sadadgmo dasaSemsruleblo xerxebTan.

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebi, rodesac Tavis pirvelwarmatebul speqtaklebs qmnis S. gawerelia, uaRresadmniSvnelovani etapia qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi. 20-30-iani

wlebidan evropuli Teatraluri xelovnebisagan xelovnuradizolirebuli sabWouri Teatri ganviTarebis bunebriv processukavSirdeba. sazRvargareTul Teatralur esTetikasTan kvlavdaaxloebis aqti, erovnuli sadadgmo da saSemsrulebloxerxebis ucxourTan adaptirebiT aRiniSna. gamoikveTa, rommaT Soris mudmivad arsebobda faruli, magram STambeWdaviSexebis wertilebi. samyaroSi ganviTarebuli procesebi araRmoCnda radikalurad gansxvavebuli. qarTul TeatrSic,rogorc sinamdilis amsaxvel am energetikuli kodis matarebelsferoSi, ganviTarebis bunebrivi, sinamdvilis adekvaturadamsaxvel-Semfasebeli sanaxaobrivi formebi Riad Tu farulad,cenzurisa Tu TviTcenzuris miuxedavad, mainc SeuferxebladwarimarTa. naxevarsaukunovani izolirebuli moRvaweobisSedegad, qarTulma Teatrma uswrafesi tempiT ganaxorcielawarmatebuli CarTva msoflio Teatraluri xelovnebisganviTarebis magistralur tendenciebSi. amave dros manSeinarCuna erovnuli mxatvruli formaca da suliskveTebac.

50-ian wlebis miwuruls, rodesac mozardTa TeatrSi Tavispirvel speqtaklebs dgamda reJisori, sabWoeTSi mTavrdeba`ukonfliqtobis Teoriis~ xana. 1956 wels ganxorcielda 30-ian wlebSi represirebulTa reabilitacia. maTi SemoqmedebiTimemkvidreobis xelaxali gadaazrebis Sedegad ki axaliTeatraluri periodi, stanislavskiseuli gancdis TeatrisagandistancirebiTa da brextiseuli politikuri Teatris sadadgmoxerxebisadmi interesis gaaqtiurebiT warimarTa. 1964 welsiuri lubimovis mier `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ dadgmasda mis mier dafuZnebul `tagankis Teatrs~ istoriulimniSvneloba hqonda.Aam axalgazrduli Teatris gabeduli dawarmatebuli eqsperimentebiT gatacebul-gamxnevebulireJisorebis axali Taoba, Tavadac Tamamad epyroboda klasikurqmnilebebs. 70-iani wlebidan ganxorcielebul speqtaklebSiaxali Taobis Teatraluri reJisuris warmomadgenlebi iwyebdnenuaxloesi warsulis reviziasa da awmyos kritikul gaazrebas.xolo stanislavskiseuli sistemisagan Teatris moRvaweTaerTgvari distancirebis xana, TiTqmis saukunis miwurulamdegagrZelda.Aam mxriv, 90-iani wlebis bolosaTvis, SesamCneviaabsurdis Teatrisa da Suasaukuneobrivi samoedno Teatris

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sadadgmo da saSemsruleblo xerxebis SejerebiT SeqmnilisanaxaobebiT gataceba. axali aTaswleuli ki Teatralurixelovnebis 25 saukunovani miRwevebis xelaxali gadaazrebiTada sruli principuli ekleqtizmis niSniT dafiqsirda.

Salva gawereliac, iseve rogorc r. sturua da T. CxeiZe,swored mixeil TumaniSvilis reJisoruli skolis Tanamoazre,didi maestros mier aRdgenili qarTuli Teatraluri reJisurisklasikuri fazis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidrea. mozard mayrebelTaqarTul TeatrSi ganxorcielebul warmatebul speqtaklebSiS. gawereliac gabedulad ̀ TamaSobda~ Teatris damokidebulebaspiesisa da realobisadmi, axasiaTebda agresia, sinTetizmi damasStaburoba.Mmisi dadgmebi totalitarizmis winaaRmdegamboxiT, individualizmis gaaqtiurebiT, awmyos mxilebiTa dauaxlesi warsulis mamxilebluri paTosiT aRiniSna. isinigamoirCeodnen koncefciuri azrovnebiT, Tanamedrove msoflioTeatraluri reJisurisTvis niSandoblivi TavisufalidamokidebulebiT teqstisadmi da nawarmoebSi asaxulimovlenebis CarCoebis rRveviT. qarizmatuli reJisorisxelmZRvanelobiT mozardTa TeatrSi swrafi tempiT warimarTaTeatris reformirebis procesi. 70-iani wlebidanganxorcielebuli speqtaklebiT S. gawerelia eswrafvodaaRezarda kritikulad moazrovne Taoba, romelic SeZlebdafaruli konfliqtebiT aRsavse mkacri realobis gacnobierebas.reJisor-lideri sabavSvo speqtaklebSic qmnida Tanamedroveerovnuli problemebisa da mimdinare Teatraluri procesebisamsaxvel sanaxaobebs. igi Tamamad Slida zRvars sabavSvo,axalgazrdul da ufrosi Taobis Teatrs Soris, radgan miaCnda,rom bavSvobis xana Tanamedrove samyaroSi dasrulda. 1992wels dadgmul `wiTelqudaSi~, S. gawereliam mZafrad asaxasaqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi, samoqalaqoomiTa da diskomfortiT daRlili qarTvelebis gausaZlisiyofa. konkebSi gaxveuli, kbilatkiebuli, ugazobiTa dausinaTlobiT gatanjuli, sicivisagan gondakarguli revazTavarTqilaZis mgeli, uxelfasobis gamo ver axerxebda eqimTanwasvlas. Tamar lolaSvilis melas momxibvlelobiT, misigamomwvevi, vnebiani plastikiT mojadoebuli moxuci mgeli,cdilobda dauZlurebuli suli da sxeuli seqsualur

qalbatonTan flirtiT, misi moxelTebiT gaexalisebina... mozardmayurebelTa qarTul TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli Salvagawereliaseuli speqtaklebi, mentoruli toniT aRar ukiTxavdamozardebs morals da aRarc ufrosebisadmi ukontrolomorCilebisken mouwodebda. totaluri reJisuris adeptissaukeTeso aTi speqtakli, mZafrad uCvenebda totalitarulireJimis sisastikes, adamianis umweo mdgomareobas, damkvidrebulagresiasa da cinizms. misi Teatri sazogadoebas STaagonebda,rom SeSlili samyaros gardaqmna aucilebeli iyo.

a. Jaketisa da k. gudriCis `ana frankis dRiuri~ (avtoria. haketisa da k. gudriCi, mxatvari m. WavWavaZe, qoreografi i.zarecki, musikaluri gaformeba e. maWavarianis, premiera gaimarTa1972 w. 22 seqtembers). S. gawerelias pirveli reJisoruliwarmateba da mozardTa TeatrSi inteleqtualuri dramisprinci pebiT ganxorcielebuli pirveli speqtaklia. masSiwarmoCnda arsebuli realobisagan izolaciisken mimswrafiadamianebis arsebobis tragikuli yofa. warmodgenaSi m.WavWavaZis scenografia qmnida muqi ruxi feris samyaro-sapyrobiles, romelsac liTonis milebi Semoxveoda. scenurigaremo mogvagonebda wamebis kamerasac, sadac sicocxliswyurviliT gondakarguli van daanebi da frankebi eswrafvodnenmomavali sacxovrisis mowyobas. speqtaklis dasawyisSiavanscenaze myofi msaxiobebi, nerviulad gahyurebdnen kars,romelsac viRac frTxilad gaixuravda da ismoda saketisgadatrialebis xma. naTeli xdeboda, rom scenaze myofniamieridan TviTneburad kargavdnen garesamyarosTan kavSirs.irgvliv uwesrigod mimofantuliyo saojaxo nivTebi _ aveji,torSeri, WurWeli, logini, tansacmeli, gramofoni. uecradayrili da gamoqceulebi, am uxeS garemoSi apirebdnen samyaroSigamefebuli sisastikisagan Tavdacvas, simSvidis iluziis Seqmnas.wamieri, ucnauri dumilis Semdeg, isini imzadebdnen vaxSams,kedlebze hkidebdnen ferad-ferad kabebs, mamakacis sazeimofrakebs, TeTr, qaTqaTa perangebs da uecrad, TvalismomWrelisilamaziT `ikazmeboda~ scenuri garemo. sevdiani da ruxisamyaro mxiarul, Teatralur karadas emsgavseboda. xolorevaz TavarTqilaZis oto franki, demonstraciulad marTavdagramofons da Zaladobas ganridebuli `patara adamianebi~,

Salva gawerelias warmatebuli speqtaklebiTamar quTaTelaZe

32 33

Zveli ebrauli valsis haerovani melodiiT galaRebulni, cekviTada simReriT zeimobdnen sikvdilze gamarjvebas. warmodgenaSiuaRresad emociuri da saxieri iyo m. WavWavaZis scenuripalitra. dasawyisSi is TiTqos TanaugrZnobda umweo `pataraadamianebis~ sixaruls, mogvianebiT ki avismomaswavebladiRrubleboda da xiznebsac da mayurebelsac mosalodnelikatastrofisTvis amzadebda. garesamyarosgan izolaciaSigamomwyvdeuli m. TevzaZis ana franki (es roli msaxiobiswarmatebuli debiuti iyo), TandaTanobiT xvdeboda, romufrosebis TviTnebobiT kargavda Tavisuflebas. igi cdilobdaar Segueboda mkacr realobas, amaRlebuliyo damTrgunvelyofaze da ebrZola bednierebisTvis. amitomac Tu ufrosebisTavdapirvel simSvides cvlida isterika, bolos ki apaTia, m.TevzaZis _ anas kaprizul TviTnebobas, enacvleboda SinaganiZala da amboxis wyurvili. xolo dRiuris werisas, masSiiRviZebda TviTgamorkvevis, azrovnebis survili, movlenebiskritikuli xedvisa da aqtivobis unari. amitomac a.SanSiaSvilispiterTan paemanze wasavlelad gamowyobili, aRSfoTebas verfaravda sasowarkveTili ufrosi dis, n. beraZis _ margofrankis umoqmedobiT.

Tavdacvis mizniT sastiki garesamyarosa da sazogadoebisaganganridebuli adamianebi sul male acnobierebdnen, rom maTsSinagan samyaroSic isadgurebda anarqia. sxvenis kedlebSinebayoflobiT damwyvdeulebi, SiSisa da urTierTagresiismsxverpli xdebodnen. isini elviseburi siswrafiT kargavdnenmomavlis rwmenas, cxovrebis azrsa da imeds. TiToeuli yovelwuTs mzad iyo Cxubisa da tirilisaTvis. xolo r.TavarTqilaZis_ oto frankis mcdeloba, musikis saSualebiT gaemxnevebinasxvenis xiznebi, kraxsBganicdida.

warmodgenis musikaluri partitura ganmartavda moqmedebas,movlenasa da azrovnebis dinamikas. evgeni maWavarianismusikaluri gaformeba, Tavdapirvelad moqmedi gmirebis Sinaganiganwyobis Sesatyvisad axerxebda SiSiT daTrgunuli adamianebisgamxnevebas, TanaugrZnobda maTs sixarulsa da zeims. xolomogvianebiT sul ufro SemaZrwuneblad gaismoda haerovanivalsis melodia. igi aRvivebda Tavisuflebisadmi nostalgias,sicocxlis dauTrgunav siyvaruls, aqtivobis wyurvilsa da

protestis grZnobas. Tavadac SeZrwunebul r.TavarTqilaZis_ oto franks sul ufro uWirda musikis daxmarebiT ojaxiswevrebis gamxiareuleba da am ucnauri xrikiT kidev ufroumZafrebda garSemomyofT daTrgunuli Tavisuflebis,garesamyarosaken gaWris, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisdauZlevel survils. igi Zirs anarcxebda firfitebs daisteriaSi myofi fexebiT amsxvrevda maT. amieridan r.TavarTqilaZis scenuri gmiri acnobierebda, rom komfortulimikro samyaros xelovnuri Senebis nebismieri cda ganwiruliiyo.

speqtaklis finalSi, SemocveTil samosSi gaxveuli adamianebi,marionetebiviT dalaslasebdnen. uimedod imzirebodnen maTidaRlili, tanjuli Tvalebi. xolo kartofilis mcire ulufisdamamcirebeli gayofisas, van daanebica da frankebic xvdebodnen,rom sakuTari umoqmedobiT Tavadve gaenadgurebinaT erTmaneTi.`mgoni isev is mirCevnia, rac mosaxdenia male moxdes!~ acxadebdaimedmimqrali nana beraZis _ margo franki. izolaciaSi cxovrebada ukeTesi momavlis pasiuri molodini TviTganadgurebiswinapiroba aRmoCnda. Sesabamisad Tavadve gamohqondaT ganaCenisakuTari Semguebluri cxovrebiseuli wesis gamo. isiniicmevdnen tusaRis ruxi feris zolian uniformas da rogorcdamsaxurebul sasjels, mxsnels damamcirebeli yofisa daurTierTganadgurebisgan, ise elodnen sastik finals. TiToeulimaTgani acnobierebda, rom garesamyarosgan izolaciaSi cxovreba,umoqmedoba da nebayoflobiTi degradacia, arafriT sjobdasikvdils. xolo manana TevzaZis ana frankis sityvebi: `memainc mjera, rom adamianebi keTilebi arian!~ _ JRerda rogorcsisastikis winaaRmdeg gacxadebuli cnobieri amboxi,sazogadoebaSi pozitiuri sawyisis gamarjvebis rwmena,azrovnebis gafxizlebisa da aqtivobis amaRlebisaTvis mowodeba.

1973wels ganxorcielebul vaJa-fSavelas `mokveTilSi~(premiera gaimarTa 1973 w. 21 seqtembers, _Mmxatvari m.WavWavaZe,kompozitori a. CimakaZe, qoreografi m. SubakiSvili). dasabamsiRebs S. gawereliaseuli Tavisufali, kritikul-SemoqmedebiTidamokidebuleba klasikisadmi, romelsac reJisori iazrebs,rogorc universalur miTs Tanadrouli realobisgasaazreblad. speqtakli axalgazrduli maqsimalizmiT


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emijneboda tradiciul vaJa-fSavelaseul dadgmebs dawarmoaCenda axali SemoqmedebiTi Taobis msoflgancdas.DdadgmaTanamedrove, Tamami da agresiuli iyo. igi Sordeboda mozardmayurebelTa qarTuli TeatrisaTvis dadgenil sazRvrebs daexmianeboda rusTavelis Teatris SemoqmedebiT Ziebebs, sadacam droisaTvis ukve mZafrad gaismoda amboxi tiraniiswinaaRmdeg. ukve dadgmulia r. sturuas `seilemis procesi~(1965 w.), ̀ seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ (1969 w.), m.TumaniSvilis`antigone~ (1968 w.), T.CxeiZis ̀ bernarda albas saxli~ (1973w.), xolo 1974 wels ganxorcieldeba r. sturuas ̀ yvaryvare~.speqtakli, romelmac gansazRvra rusTavelis Teatris samomavloorientiri.

S. Ggawereliaseuli ̀ mokveTilis~ m. WavWavaZis mier Seqmnilscenografiasa da kostumebSi erovnuli droSis ferebi iqnarealizebuli. im wlebSi Tavad es faqtic garkveul siTamamesTaniyo dakavSirebuli. TeTr-Sav ferSi gadawyvetil scenografiulfonze, Sindisfer da TeTr CoxebSi Seimosa or mtrul banakadgaxleCili qarTveloba. eri gaiyo or dapirispirebul Zaladda xelovnurad gaxleCili sazogadoeba urTierT-ganadgurebisTvis emzadeboda. speqtakli mkafiod aRibeWdaTanamedrove epoqis niSniTa da ganwyobiT. reJisorisa damxatvris mier Seqmnilma fSavelTa dakninebulma yofam,kontrastulma Sav-TeTrma, personaJebisa da garemos`ganpoeturebul~ sawyisze migviTiTa. `droisa da adgilis~kanonikuri CarCo warmodgenaSi daimsxvra. fSavis xevi mTelisamyaros modelad iqca. gaZlierda aqcenti im ̀ samarTlebrivi~urTierTobebis asaxvaze, ramac warmoSva konfliqti. S.gawerelias meamboxuri suliskveTebis warmodgena, exmianebodaTanamedroveobis ZiriTad problemebsa da 1968 wlisinteleqtualuri janyis `STamomaval~ post-postmodernuliepoqis filosofiur azrovnebasac. isinic yuradRebiskoncentrirebas axdendnen swored pirovnebaze da mimarTavdnenusamarTlobisadmi amboxs. warmodgenaSi mkafiod iqna asaxuliadamianis xvedri Tanamedrove samyaroSi. speqtakls warmatebaar mohyva. imJamindel mayurebels jer kidev axsovdaa.CxartiSviliseuli `mokveTilis~ gmirul-patriotuligaazreba. S. gawereliaseuli aratradiciuli `mokveTilis~

dadgma da misi Tavisufali kritikul-SemoqmedebiTidamokidebuleba klasikuri nawarmoebisadmi miuRebeli aRmoCnda.sazogadoeba daeWvebuli da moumzadebeli Sexvda speqtakls.dRevandeli Tvalsawieridan ki aRniSnuli warmodgena aRiqmeba,rogorc reJisoris pirveli originaluri speqtakli, Tanadroulsocial-politikur movlenebsa Tu Teatralur procesebzemkafio poziciis gacxadebis saxieri nimuSi.

speqtaklis reJisoruli koncefciis safuZvlad iqcausamarTlobisa da daucvelobis SegrZnebiT SeSfoTebuli,sacolewarTmeuli, Seuracxyofili axalgazrdas gabrZolebasakuTari adamianuri uflebebis dasacavad. xolo pirovnebisada sazogadoebis urTierTobis rRveva, katastrofulad daaCqaraTemis TavkacTa tendenciurma marTlmsajulebam. warmodgenismixedviT, swored aq Caisaxa pirovnebis, sazogadoebisa daxelisuflebis saxifaTo urTierTgaucxovebis sawyisi konturebi,mogvianebiT momZlavrebuli nihilizmis saTaveebi. aRsaniSnavia,rom Temis uZvelesi adaT-wesebi sxvisi colis mimtacebels,rogorc saerTo gaugebrobis pirvelmizezs, umZimes sasjelsuqadda da fSavelebi baxasTan erTad, ConTas mokveTasacsamarTlianad moiTxovdnen. xolo Temis ufrosebi ConTasmxolod mokrZalebul SeniSvnas akmardnen da dasasjelad aremetebodaT. amitomac Cveulebriv, rigiT adamianTa reaqciebSiikveTeboda marTlmsajulebisadmi mravalgzis gacruebuli RiaTu faruli konfliqtebis logikuri Sedegebi. rwmenaSeryeulisazogadoeba, zRvargadasuli uaryofiTi emociebis amosafrqvevadSemzadebuliyo da Tavis agresiul ganwyobas gadascemdasakuTar rCeulsac, rogorc sazogadoebis sakrebulodan wamiTgamoyofil qorevts, rogorc usamarTlod dasjil pirovnebas.AaseT dros, gamorCeuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda xevisberisobieqtur ganaCens. Tumca movlenebis ganviTarebis Sedegaddasturdeboda, rom ianvara _ vaxtang areSiZe, srulebiTac arwarmoadgenda im avtoritetul mediators, romelic eswrafodas i mS v idis d a m y ar e b a s a da da p iri s p ir eb ulTaSerigebas .Adaucvelobis SegrZnebiT SeSfoTebuli,rwmenaSeryeuli sazogadoeba ki emsgavseboda stiqias.

baxas mokveTis epizodSi, cxvris tyavebiT mofenil TeTr,qaTqaTa scenaze, aRemarTaT basr joxebze aRmarTuli, Sewiruli


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saklavis Tavebi. xevisberis wyevlisa da baxas mokveTis rituals,fSavelTa Semzaravi zmuili mosdevda. mas uerTdeboda saqonlisCexvisa da momakvdavTa bRavilis SemaSfoTebeli xmebi. TemismoZvelebuli, adaT-wesebis TviTneburad ̀ gadaazrebis~ Sedegadumowyalod iTrguneboda Tavisuflebadakarguli adamianebisara marto Rirsebebi, aramed sicocxlis uflebaca da rwmenac.uflebaayrili sazogadoeba veRar axerxebda CaexSo sulissiRrmidan momskdari Sinagani tkivili. xalxi Relavda daboboqrobda. agoniaSi myofi saqonlis bRavili, ukmayofilosazogadoebis gminva da irgvliv uxvad wamomarTulimsxverplSewiruli cxvris Tavebi, scenaze qmnida uzarmazaricxvris faris iluzias. isini usityvod, magram SemzaraviRmuiliT gamoxatavdnen Sinagan amboxsa da Tavisuflebiswyurvils. mrevli ujanydeboda ianvaras tendenciur ganaCens.or nawilad gaxleCili sazogadoeba, icavda da TanaugrZnobdaTavis rCeuls. javara _b.jafariZe gonierebis, mimteveblobisakenmouwodebda xevisbers: ̀ kacni imad dauyenebixarT Tavis msaxuradRmerTsa da xatebsa, rom SegvarigoT, gviSuakacoT, gana Tqvenufro unda gzazeiT gadagvyaroT?..~ _ acxadebda igi dasajarod kicxavda sasjelis sisastikesa da ugunurebas.sacolewarTmeuli, Seuracxyofili da Temisagan mokveTilioTar seTuriZis _ baxa, mwared dafiqrebuli da umweodTavdaxrili idga. moulodnelad ki garkveviT ismoda o.baRaTurias ConTas xiTxiTi `modi nu movikveTT da sxva ramsasjeli davdvaT, iqneba exla enanebodes kidec Tavisi Canadinarisaqme~. Mmis sityvebs fSavelebis qoroSi aRSfoTebuli gaocebada TavSekavebuli, magram agresiuli guguni mosdevda. xalximrisxaned iSmuSneboda da mdumared, magram mZafrad reagirebdaarcTu udanaSaulo ConTas utifar `xumrobaze~. oTarseTuriZis baxas saxeze araadamianuri gaSmageba exateboda.`meve Semarcxvine da meve damcini?~ _ aRmoxdeboda mas,elviseburi naxtomiT mieWreboda metoqes da xanjlis erTidartymiT klavda. Pparalelurad Tavad fSavelTa gayofilijgufic ekveTeboda erTmaneTs. Ees scena wamierad da elviseburisiswrafiT TamaSdeboda. ConTas mkvlelobis epizodsa da misSedegs reJisori moiazrebda, rogorc tendenciurimarTlmsajulebis wiaRidan amozrdil borotebas. aq danaSaulis

Tanamonawile iyo yvela. Tumca ganviTarebuli, sayovelTaoJletis pirvelmizezad swored Temis TavkacTa ugunuri,usamarTlo politika gvevlineboda.

analogiuri apokalifsuri Jletis scena mimdinareobdaqistebze fSavelebis Tavdasxmisasac, sadac yvela meomari,qistica da fSavelic, zurgidan iyo mokluli. kvlav TamaSdebodaswrafi da uxmauro urTierTJletis procesi. masSi mkafiodikiTxeboda sazogadoebis arajansaRi fsiqikuri mdgomareoba,yovlisdamamxobeli agresia da urTierTsiZulvili. sworedRalati da SurisZiebis wyurvili warmarTavda sazogadoebisqmedebas. xolo speqtaklis finalSi, SemaSfoTeblad qaTqaTascenografiis fonze, uxvad mimofantuliyo TeTr-SindisferCoxiani axalgazrda meomrebis usicocxlo sxeulebi. aseTigaxldaT pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis totaluriurTierTgaucxovebis logikuri Sedegi. sastiki, agresiiTgaJRenTili, usamarTlo samyaro kargavda Taobis rCeul nawils.TviTneburad marTul usamarTlo samyaroSi, sikvdilis susxida S em a Zrwun eb eli si mS v ide is adgure bda .faseulobebganZarcvuli sazogadoebis aRsasruli garduvalida logikuri Canda. Salva gawerelias ̀ mokveTili~, sazogadoebisstiqiad gardaqmnis saTaved, gamefebul usamarTlobas, adamianisRirsebebis xelyofas miiCnevda. mozardTa Teatris speqtaklSiTanamedrove samyaros marTvis meqanizmebi moSlili, xalxi kidaucveli iyo.

qarTuli ̀ axali dramis~ fuZemdeblis, cremlisa da sicilis,realobisa da fantaziis zRvarze moZravi poeturi gmirebisada ganpoeturebuli samyaros originaluri Semomqmedis, d.kldiaSviliseulma xedvam, mZlavri gavlena moaxdina S.gawerelias Teatraluri esTetikis formirebaze. swored d.kldiaSviliseuli dramaturgiis poetikaSi eZebda reJisoriqarTul xasiaTs da kolorits, sakuTari Teatris SeqmniserT-erT fundaments. Aam mxriv S. gawerelias koncefciuriazrovneba enaTesaveba sandro axmeteliseuli moRvaweobismiwurulisaTvis damaxasiaTebel SemoqmedebiT gatacebas. rogorccnobilia, didi qarTveli reJisoric swored d. kldiaSviliseultragikomikur personaJebSi, maTs gaorebul cxovrebis wesSixedavda eris umTavres saxes, misi mravalazrovani da


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ambivalenturi bunebis safuZvlebs. d. kldiaSvilisdramaturgiasve ukavSirdeba qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebisganaxlebis, epiuri Teatris esTetikasTan misi adaptaciisoriginaluri procesi. Aam mxriv pirveli warmatebuli mcdeloba,1964 wels, rusTavelis Teatris mcire scenaze m. TumaniSvilis`darispanis gasaWirSi~ ganxorcielda. 1974 wels mozardTascenaze S. gawerelia qmnis d. kldiaSvilis `qamuSaZisgaWirvebas~. nodar gurabaniZis TqmiT es warmodgena `Salvagawerelias Semoqmedebis gvirgvini~ iyo. xolo 1982 welsreJisorma aseTive didi didi warmatebiT Seqmna d. kldiaSvilis`irines bedniereba~.

`qamuSaZis gaWirveba~ (premiera gaimarTa 1974 wlis 20aprils, scenografia _ m. WavWavaZisa da u. imerliSvilis,musikaluri gaformeba _ d. gurgeniZis), ganxorcielda rogorcfilosofiuri dra m a . w ar modge na S i S ei q m n aTavisuflebadakarguli eris tragikuli suraTi. speqtaklsiwyebdnen da amTavrebdnen S. gawerelias mier SeTxzuli soflissaxe-simbolod qceuli, maTxovar-sameulTa ferweruli figurebi:mama, Ze da SviliSvili gogona. es `sameuli~ qarTveli erissamive Taobis warsuli, awmyo da momavali iyo. isini uSedegodiRwvodnen lukma-puris mosapoveblad da SemaSfoTebladgaismoda aTiode wlis gogonas mier sulis siRrmidankvnesasaviT momskdari simRera: `Cemo kargo qveyanav, razedmogiwyenia?..~ motivi JRerda erTdroulad rogorc datireba,gamxneveba da sarCos mopovebis uimedo wyaro. Tumca maTverafriT exmareboda Tavadac mSieri sofeli da moridebulidapirebiT istumrebdnen `sxomis iyoso~. warmodgenaSi Ratakida sasowarkveTili iyo yvela. `sameulic~ TanagrZnobiTekideboda TanamemamuleTa gasaWirs da TavCaRunulebiganagrZnobdnen uimedo svlas.

m. WavWavaZiseuli scenografiis Jangisfrad SeRebil carielscenaze, umweo adamianebi gaucnobiereblad gaurbodnenmartoobas. isini TamaSobdnen nards, Wadraks, ukravdnengramofons, mRerodnen da cekvavdnen. ase ebrZodnen uazro daumizno yofas, sadac tradiciuli sasicocxlo ritualebisgandaSlili, karikaturuli ConCxiRa SemorCenodaT. Aaq qorwili,Zeoba da satirali TiTqmis identuri ieriTa da SinaarsiT

aRbeWdiliyo. xolo sazogadoebis moCvenebiTi silaRisa dasiamayis niRbidan, sasowarmkveTi uimedoba imzireboda.mravalazrovan sasceno metaforad TamaSdeboda scenis siganezeCamwkrivebuli, mayureblisaken zurSeqceviT msxdariyanwSemarTuli qarTveli aznaurebis darbazisaken mipyrobilimravalmniSvnelovani da tanjuli saxe-niRbebi. maTs SeSinebulTvalebSi, mTel plastikur naxatSi ikiTxeboda TavzardamcemiSinagani tkivili da sayveduri. isini uxmod kicxavdnensazogadoebas, romelsac aqtivobas SesTxovdnen. scenaze myofAamyanwSemarTul qarTvelebs arc magida hqondaT da aRarc sanovage.xolo Tavmoyris ritualisas erTdroulad izidavdaT daganizidavdaT, uyvardaT da sZuldaT erTmaneTi. AamitomacSemTvralni uecrad skamebs daavlebda xolme xels da iseTigametebiT daeZgereboda erTmaneTs, rom SeuZlebeli xdebodamaTi gaSveleba. aseTi urTierTobebi maTi cxovrebis wesisorganuli nawili iyo. xolo gverdebdaJeJili tariel giorgaZisscenuri gmiri, didxans ver axerxebda skamebis uzarmazarigrovis siRrmidan Tavdaxsnas . Tumca , didi jafiT`ganTavisuflebuli,~ mSvidad Camoibertyavda Coxis kalTasda Tavdadrekili, koWlobiT miuyveboda Sinisaken mimaval gzas.Tanasoflelebi acnobierebdnen, rom es agresiuli eqscesebimaTi alogikuri yofis samarcxvino, magram logikuri Sedegiiyo. damnaSave iyo da TiTqos arc iyo es gaborotebuli,magram mainc Tvinieri sazogadoeba, sadac mxolod TaRliTimdidrdeboda xalxis umecrebiTa da daucvelobiT galaRebuli.qarTvelTa tragikul yofas naTels hfenda soflis ukanasknelimedad Seracxuli loyebRaJRaJa merab bocvaZis porfiribiaSvili. Kigi daufaravi cinizmiT xiTxiTebda profesionaladvokatebze, utifrad iwonebda Tavs sakuTari gaunaTleblobiTda moxerxebulad Zarcvavda sofels.Ees avantiuristi`adukanti~, giuli maxaTaZis _ sonias gaTxovebiTac sarfianadiSorebda ukve mobezrebul qals. sakuTari umweo mdgomareobiTgondakarguli Tanasoflelebi gansakuTrebuli simZafriTreagirebdnen maTsave irgvliv warmoCenil gansxvavebulindividze. qaTqaTa qolgebmomarjvebuli eSxiani qalbatonebifxizlad uTvalTvalebdnen soflis duxWir yofaSimoulodnelad Casaxlebul qamuSaZeTa qalaqel rZals. sonias


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irgvliv, gamomwvevi siamayiT, mravalmniSvnelovani mzeriTa dasxeulis kekluci rxeviT iwyebdnen moZraobas soflis Worikanaqalebis gundi. es sazogadoeba ganamxelda qalaqsa da sofelsSoris arsebul maradiul omsac da mianiSnebda zneobis mcvelTasifxizlisa Tu garkveuli muqaris Taobazec. Worikana qalTajgufi, xan erTi kulisidan gamoCndeboda da gamoanaTebdaqolgis siRrmeSi Sefarebul maxvil mzeras, xan uecradmiimaleboda da sruliad moulodnelad, meore kulisidanmieaxleboda mizanSi amoRebuls. vasil kiknaZeE wers: ̀ reJisoriqolgebiT mofarfate adamianebisgan qmnis saintereso socialurfons. zogjer Tavisebur qorod iqceva sofeli, romelic xanTanamgrZnobia gmirTa tkivilis, xan moxiTxiTe Worikana. soflisWori da provinciuli koketoba, ablabudasaviT axvevia otias,ekvirines, sonias. scenaze moxetiale qoro xSirad dums, magramsaTqmeli naTelia~.1 speqtakls didi warmateba hqonda masaqtiurad gamoexmaura ara marto qarTveli TeatrmcodneebisrCeuli nawili, aramed saxelovani rusi kolegebic. ̀ speqtaklixatovanic aris da miwieric. plastika gvagonebs ferwerulkompozicias. figurebi, WorikanaTa qoro, warsulis amsaxveliepizodebi TiTqmis cariel scenaze TamaSdeba, sinaTlis sxvadasxvaefeqtis gamoyenebiT. speqtakli gvarwmunebs, rom Salvagawerelias unari Seswevs yvelafrisagan Seqmnas Teatri~.2 –werda tatiana Sax-azizova.

warmodgenis TiToeuli gmiri orsaxovani iyo. scenazedaabijebdnen xelovnurad welgamarTuli, ulvaSawkepili daeleganturi mamakacebi. msaxiobebs ecvaT xmalayrili Coxebida reJisori naxevrad mSieri Semodgomis aznaurebis mkveTradcekvadi erovnuli plastikiT mkafiod warmoaCenda maTsuufleblobasac, umweobasac da dauTrgunav Sinagan Rirsebebsac.`TiToeuli scena TiTqos ferweruli tiloa, imdenadgamomsaxvelia umciresi detalic ki, imdenad mdidaria msaxiobTaplastika~ _ werda l. lukianovi.3 scenur gmirTa ganuyofeliTanamgzavri gamxdariyo niRabi, qarTuli aristokratulisiamayisa da artistizmis simbolo. l.jayelis ekvirinesgausaZlisi realobidan gaqcevis erTaderT saSualebadsaxelovani winaprebis mogonebebiRa SemorCenoda. siRatakisagandaTrgunul amay qals, Rvarad sdioda cremli rodesac rZals

uCvenebda mosavlis cariel saTavsoebs. igi ojaxis axaliwevrisa da sakuTari Tavis gasamxneveblad iZulebuli xdebodaecrua, TiTqos SemodgomobiT mudam uxvadHhqondaT mosavlismaragi. aRsaniSnavia, rom msaxiobma imdenad mkafiod warmoaCinaekvirines siRatakisagan gauxunari Rirsebebi, rom Ralisasakrefad misulma mkacrma boqaulma, mis winaSe muxlebzedavardnili, sasowarkveTisagan acremlebuli qali fexzewamoayena da Tavadac cremlmoreuli, darcxvenili gaecalaTavganwirul qarTvel dedas. mSobliuri ojaxidan lamisgaZevebuli da gakotrebuli soflis agresiul yofaSidatyvevbuli sonia, SeSfoTebuli akvirdeboda gaborotebuliadamianebis gausaZlis xvedrs. sicocxlis wyurvili aiZulebdamas ganrideboda garemos, sadac adamiani sasikvdilodganwiruliyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom warmodgenaSi Tavad gia ZnelaZisotiasac gacnobierebuli hqonda sakuTari umweo mdgomareobissaTave. Tavganwirulad mSromeli kacisaTvis naTeli xdeboda,rom mis irgvliv yvela Rirseba damxobiliyo.

gaRatakebuli sazogadoeba, crurwmeniT, WoriTa da mtrobiTcdilobda uaryofiTi emociebisagan ganmuxtvas. isini uSedegod,magram daJinebiT eZebdnen maT irgvliv Casaxlebul uxilav`mtris xats~. SimSilisa da sicivisagan welSi moxrili,ybaaxveuli v. meqvabiSvilis _ serapioni, muStmoRerebuliemuqreboda misi ojaxis marCenali Savi nagazis SesaZlo mters:`mamaCemi, aznauri qaixosro gordelaZe rom gacocxldes darame awyenios Cems kusias, imas Cavabruneb saflavSi!~- gahyvirodaigi. scenaze iqmneboda sakuTar mwuxarebaSi CaZiruli,daTrgunuli sazogadoebis saxe. isini erTdroulad TiTqosamayi didgvarovannic iyvnen da sulmdabali mdabionic,agresiulnic da gulCvilnic. momakvdavi levan qamuSaZissarecelTan darcxveniT mdgari cremlmoreuli Tanasoflelebigulwrfelad inaniebdnen uneblied Cadenil codvebs, raczneobrivi gafxizlebis, gajansaRebis imeds aRZravda. xolospeqtaklis finalSi, o. baRaTurias levan qamuSaZis mimarTva`sircxvilia xalxo ase cxovrebao!~ JRerda rogorc kritikuliazrovnebisa da aqtivobisTvis mowodeba. speqtaklis Taobazecnobili rusi kritikosi vadim ivanovi werda ̀ Salva gawereliaerovnuli problemebisa da tkivilebis siRrmiseuli


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gacnobierebiT qmnis Tavis Semoqmedebas . . . misi speqtaklebidanigrZnoba TuU ra gza ganvlo qarTulma Teatrma da misma ermasaukuneebis manZilze~.4

1977 wels qarTuli mozardmayurebelTa Teatris scenazeSalva gawerelia dgams bertold brextisa da lionfoixtvangeris `simona maSaris sizmrebs~. Ees iyo qarTulTeatrSi brextiseuli speqtaklebis ganxorcielebis erT-erTiwarmatebuli nimuSi, xolo Tavad piesis scenuri istoriispirveli originaluri Sedegi. (premiera gaimarTa 1977 wlis29 dekembers, mxatvari _ m. WavWavaZe, kompozitori _ T.bakuraZe, Targmani karlo jorjanelis). b. brextiseuli epikuriTeatris esTetikis ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT aqS. gawereliasaTvis piesa warmoadgenda scenars, romlissafuZvelazec qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis SesatyvisadviTardeboda dramaturgiseuli kanonikuri teqsti da scenazeiqmneboda mZafri politikuri warmodgena. m. WavWavaZis mierSeqmnili scenografiuli foni, warmogvidgenda mobalaxe cxvrisfaras da speqtaklis dasawyisidanve mianiSnebda mayurebels,rom am samyaroSi mcxovrebi SiSmoreuli sazogadoebasayovelTao apaTias moecva. scenis siRrmidan moismodaTviTmfrinavebis gamayruebeli guguni. umoqmedo eri gmirseloda da kvarcxlbekze abjarasxmuli angelozis qandakebaaRemarTaT. mSieri xalxi cariel qvabebze kovzebis nerviulibraxuniT gausaZlis xvedrs aprotestebda da yuradRebismipyrobas uSedegod lamobda. usaxuri yofiT mowyenilmasastumros mepatrone gia ZnelaZis anri supom, mrecxav gogonasorleanel qalwulze dawerili wigni aCuqa da gaucnobierebladgamoxata degradirebul sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli individisdabadebis Sinagani moTxovnileba. aqtiuri adamianis wvrTnacinikurma, yofiTma adamianma itvirTa. igi drodadro erovnuliinteresebisaTvis Tavdadebul adamianebze mouTxrobda msaxursda yalbi paTetikiT mReroda `marseliozas~. pasiuri damliqvneli sazogadoeba dakninebul gmirs Sobda.Eerissaxelovani adamianebis patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRelvebulig. maxaTaZis _ simona xalxs sabrZolvelad uxmobda, Tavad kiSeSinebuli imaleboda. Mmomxmarebluri sazogadoebisTvisqveynis TavisuflebisTvis Tavganwirva usargeblo garjad

aRiqmeboda. maTTvis gacilebiT arsebiTi TviTgadarCenisaTviszrunva iyo da b. xafavaseuli cinikuri qalbatoni suposmier iZulebiT gacemul sursaT-sanovages daxarbebuliZexvebCabRujuli xalxi, erovnul himns swored mas umRerda.siRatakisagan daTrgunuli, azrovnebisa da winaaRmdegobisunargaZarculi, daSlili sazogadoeba Tavadve qmnida winapirobasTavisuflebis xelyofisaTvis. xolo okupirebulni uswrafesadkargavdnen sakuTar saxes da emsgavsebodnen dampyrobs. qveyanaSisaswrafod xsnidnen erovnul droSebs. mamakacebi icilebdnenulvaSs-zneobis simbolos, marseliozas motivi ki sul malegermanel jariskacTa vulgaruli simReris melodiaSi ereodaTda speqtaklis miwuruls veRarc ixsenebdnen.Gg. maxaTaZis _simona maSars aznaurobas uboZebdnen da SemgueblobiskenubiZgebdnen, magram Ralatisa da qveynis fericvalebis masStabiTSeSfoTebul msaxurSi iwyeboda `gamoRviZebis~ procesi.orleaneli qalwulis meamboxuri suliskveTebiT SepyrobilsaRar SeeZlo yofiliyo pasiuri. Sesabamisad, konformistulixelisuflebisTvis yofili mrecxavi ukve saxifaTo socialurti ps warmoadgenda. amitomac sasurveli `simSvidis~,sayovelTao morCilebis dasamkvidreblad aucilebeli sdebodamisgan Tavdaxsna.

Salva gawerelias `simona maSaris sizmrebi~ asaxavdaubralo mrecxavi gogonas `gafxizlebas~. masSi azrovnebisada aqtivobis aRmocenebis process.Gg. maxaTaZis simona maSari,swored qveynisa da eris kritikuli mdgomareobis gacnobierebisSedegad yalibdeboda usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg amboxebulindividad. imJamad, mozard mayurebelTa qarTuli Teatrisspeqtakli `epikuri~ Teatraluri esTetikis Sesatyvisad daTanadrouli istoriuli viTarebis siRrmiseuli gaazrebisSedegad asaxavda movlenis mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs dacvlida piesiseul finalsac. scenaze iqmneboda Tanamedrovedeheroizebuli epoqis e.w. gmiris tragedia, romlis gabrZolebacsazogadoebis aqtivobis amaRlebisTvis ganwiruli iyo. mSieri,Rataki, cnobierebadaSlili da erovnuli interesebisagangaucxoebuli sazogadoeba ar iyo mzad Zaladobisgan daecvasakuTari jer kidev umwifari, axladgafxizlebuli pirovneba,


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masTan erTad ebrZola TavisuflebisTvis. amitomac, gmiriskvarcxlbeks uzneo da TaRliTi arseba isakuTrebda.

Tu piesaSi simona maSars suliT avadmyofTa TavSesafarSiamwyvdeven, warmodgenis finaluri epizodis Secvlili monakveTigansakuTrebuli simZafriT warmoaCenda reJisorul koncefcias.aRniSnuli scena Senelebuli ritmiT mimdinareobda. sardafebSiCasafrebuli, airwinaRebiT SeiaraRebuli damsjeli jari,elviseburad ekveTeboda simona maSars. SeSinebuli, mliqvnelibrbo ovaciiT egebeboda emisrebs da Tavadve asrulebda gmirisdasjis rituals. jogad A qceuli adamianebis jgufi irgvlivmimofantul nivTebs agrovebda da anTebda kocons. TiToeulimoZraobda mayureblisken zurgSeqceviT, radgan acnobierebdasakuTar danaSauls, magram moqmedebda TviTgadarCenisinstinqtiT. isini cdilobdnen erovnuli mexsierebidan waeSalaTsakuTari `saxe~, sargeblis molodinSi ki aqtiuradCarTuliyvnen ganaCenis aRsrulebis, gmiris dawvis saerToferxulSi . mozardTa scenaze danTebul koconze,sa sowarkv eTili iwvoda s akuTari gada gvarebuliTanamemamuleebis msxverpli giuli maxaTaZis simona maSari.xelisuflebis msaxurTa xelSewyobiT ki gmiris kvarcxlbeksS. gawerelias mierve SeTxzuli axali personaJi, tereza _l. laziSvili epatroneboda. gia ZnelaZis anri supo terezaspatriotul damsaxurebebze paTetikur sityvas warmoTqvamda,simona maSars giJad acxadebda da damkvidrebuli `wesrigiT~kmayofili, gaoflil saxes erovnuli droSis nafxrewiTimSralebda. amieridan, uzneo samyaroSi aRmarTul kvarcxlbekzeSeSlilis mosaTvinierebel perangSi gaxveuli saeWvo arsebaidga. aseTive samosi ecva mosaxleobasac, romelic TavadveirCevda da egueboda sakuTar xvedrs. mliqvneli sazogadoebazeimobda TviTmarqvia gmiris dabadebas. tereza _ l. laziSvili,simbolurad gamoxatavda Rirsebaayrili eris saxes.

reJisoruli koncefciisa da brextiseuli epiuri TeatrisesTetikis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tanamedrove samyaroSi gmirisdasjisa da antigmiris gmirad Canacvlebis e. w. ritualiTamaSdeba yvelgan, sadac xalxi dums. mxolod moazrovne damebrZol sazogadoebas Seswevs unari Tavi daaRwios monobas.amgvari logikiT viTardeboda speqtaklis reJisoruli

partitura. warmodgenaSi erTmaneTs erwymoda fsiqologiurianalizis siRrme da groteskuli gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi.saxierad da mwvaved ikiTxeboda reJisoris ironiac.S.gawereliaseuli koncefciiT, totalitaruli reJimispirobebSi mcxovrebi SiSmoreuli, mdumare, azrovnebisa dawinaaRmdegobis unarganZarcvuli sazogadoeba erovnuliinteresebisaTvis Tavganwiruli gmiris mesaflavea. carielkvarcxlbeks ki permanentulad isakuTreben sazogadoebisumoqmedobiT galaRebuli avantiuristebi. warmodgenis Taobazemoskoveli Teatrmcodneebi werdnen: ̀ simona maSaris sizmrebi~,fsiqologiuri siRrmiT gamorCeuli, mZafri speqtaklia. reJisoriyuradRebiT ikvlevs borotebis im jadosnur wres, sadacCaTreulia yvela... gansakuTrebuli paTetikiT mWevrmetyvelebenlaCrebi, demagogebi da moRalateebi~5. ̀ speqtaklidan igrZnobaRrma Sinagani ironia. gmiris kvarcxlbekze adis meZavi qali,im eris simbolo, romelic Tavadve yidis sakuTar Tavs~.6

`Salva gawerelias miaCnia, rom mozardebic ufrosebTan erTadTanamonawileni arian cxovrebiseuli brZolebis da problemebsacTanabrad iyofen. bavSvobis xana samyaroSi dasrulda~.7

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis 60-wlisTavissaiubileo 1980 wlis TariRTan dakavSirebiT ganxorcielebulib. lavrenevis `rRvevis~ aratradiciul dadgmaSi (mxatvarim.WavWavaZe, qoreografi i. zarecki, kompozitori d.turiaSvili.premiera gaimarTa 1980 wlis 19 seqtembers), reJisoriaanalizebda gmirisa da antigmiris problemur saxeebs. amistoriul etapze qarTuli Teatri qmnis ramdenime mniSvnelovanspeqtakls. ukve ganxorcielebulia r. sturuas `riCard III~(1979 w.), 1981 wels daidga T. CxeiZis ̀ haki aZba~, m. kuWuxiZis`provinciuli ambavi~ da ̀ SeyvarebulTa TviTmkvleloba ciurbadeTa kunZulze~, 1982 wels T. CxeiZem warmoadgina `asiwlis winaT~, 1984 wels ki ̀ jayos xiznebi~. qarTuli TeatrismoRvaweni eswrafian gaiazron saqarTvelos awmyo da tragikuliaxlo warsuli. ori drois tandemSi ki gaacnobieron damoniSnon momavlis SesaZlo konturi.Aam mxriv, Salva gawerelias`rRvevaSi~, XX-saukunis 80-iani wlebis Tvalsawieridan Sefasdasaukunis dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli apokalifsuri movlenebi.b. lavrenevis ̀ rRvevam~ Tavisi siTamamiT, simZafriT, saxierebiT,


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reJimis ganmkicxavi paTosiTa da garkveuli agresiiT reJisorsgrandiozuli, xmauriani warmateba da didi tkivilic moutana.speqtaklis gansjisas mas xSirad hkicxavdnen `komunisturimonapovris~ reviziisa da misi demontaJis mcdelobis braldebiT.

m. WavWavaZis scenografia, Ria miniSnebebiT qmnida speqtaklisreJisoruli koncefciis Sesatyvis `suraTs~. ruxi kedlebiSavi arSiiT Semovlebuli didgvarovani winaprebis portretebiTiyo mofenili. scenaze iWreboda sisxlismRvreli brZolebis,kvnesis, msxvrevisa da ngrevis xmebi. moqmedebis msvlelobisasyovel gasrolas Tanmimdevrulad axlda kedlidan TiTo winaprisfotosuraTis damxoba, romlis adgilzec Savi RrmulebirCeboda. winasapremiero Cvenebisas, speqtaklis finalSi sworedam ormoebidan moZvrebodnen scenaze konkebSi gaxveuli, aryisboTlebCabRujuli `bosiakebi~. isini utifrad miikvlevdnengzas avanscenisken. warmodgenis ̀ Cabarebisas~, aRniSnuli scenamoxsnes. es `bosiakebi~, Salva gawerelias mier mozardmayurebelTa qarTul TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli adreulispeqtaklis e. w. `memkvidreebi~ iyvnen. imJamad, 1958 wels, v.aqsionovis `kolegebSi~, reJisors avanscenaze barbaciTgamohyavda komkavSireli axalgazrdebi. cal xelSi maT aryisboTlebi CaebRujaT, meoreTi ki transparants moaTrevdnenwarweriT ̀ win komunizmisken~. winasapremiero Cvenebaze imJamadac`moxsnes~ es epizodi.

b. lavrenevis `rRveva~ sandro axmetelis erT-erTiwarmatebuli speqtaklic iyo. 1928 wels ganxorcielebulidadgmiT, erovnuli Teatris SeqmnisaTvis mebrZoli didiqarTveli reJisori, adekvaturad asaxavda qarTul sinamdvileSidamkvidrebuli sisxliani revoluciuri reJimis paToss, miseiforiul mdgomareobasa da jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSimyofi fsevdofaseulobebis romantikas. am mxriv mozardmayurebelTa qarTul TeatrSi ganxorcielebul `rRvevaSi~,Salva gawerelia oponirebda adreul dadgmebsaca daTanadrouli 80-iani wlebis qarTul TeatrSi ukve warmatebiTdamkvidrebuli epiuri Teatris `brextianul~ principebs.

speqtakls iwyebda da warmarTavda reJisoris mier SeTxzulipersonaJi, v. meqvabiSvilis mefarne. igi piteris lampionebsanTebda quCebSi da funqciac simboluri hqonda. mas unda

gaeSuqebina uaxloesi warsulis sisastikiT saxelganTqmuliepizodi. v. meqvabiSvilis _ mefarne, brextiseuli zongismomRerlis analogad aRiqmeboda. is fexakrefiT, qurduladSemorboda scenaze da Zunwi komentarebiT gvacnobda personaJebs,sakuTar azrs gvimxelda calkeul movlenebze. v. meqvabiSvilis,rogorc ̀ epikureli msaxiobis~, sarkastuli Rimili da mRelvareintonacia, asxivebda SiSsa da orazrovnebas. saxifaTo wuTebSiigi violinos akvnesebda da CurCuliT ayolebda saTqmels.zogjer ki mayureblis azrovnebis gasafxizleblad,avismomaswaveblad Caberavda xolme sayvirs da TavadacgulgaxeTqili, dafeTebuli garboda kulisebisken.MmsaxiobimTeli speqtaklis manZilze mravalmniSvnelovani RimiliTdaagorebda urikas, romelSic sanagveze gadasayrelad TuistoriisTvis gadasanaxad, uxvad agrovebda daRupulTamosasxamebs, suraTebs, im Taobis naSTsa da nafleTebs, romlebsacusastikesi meTodebiT aZevebdnen istoriidan.

S. gawerelias interpretaciiT bersenevebis ojaxisTiToeuli wevrisTvis revoluciis qariSxali, Cveulcxovrebiseul wesTan samaradiso gayris, gaurkvevel realobasTanadaptirebis mcdelobas, cxovrebis azrisa da miznis qrobis,mravalsaukunovani faseulobebis damxobis tragikul realobadiqca. personaJebs Soris warmodgenis dasawyisidanve darRveuliiyo urTierTobebi. garesamyaroSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisSesabamisad, totaluri rRvevis procesi ojaxis myudrogaremoSic SeWriliyo da TiToeulis Sinagan samyaroSic myaradCasaxlebuliyo. SiSiT daTrgunuli adamianebis arCevaniparadoqsuli gamxdariyo da mieswrafodnen ganridebodnenerTmaneTis maxvil mzeras.

axali reJimis agresiuli politikiT SeSfoTebuli r.TavarTqilaZis kapitan bersenevisaTvis revoluciisadmisamsaxuri iZulebiT Jests warmoadgenda. misi pozicia ojaxisgadarCeniT iyo motivirebuli. am mxriv, bersenevis meuRle,gardasuli epoqis ukanaskneli banovani lemura jayelis sofiapetrovna, romelsac sul cota xnis win daekrZala Svili daukve ganecada araprognozirebadi realobis sisastike, eswrafodaSeenarCunebina Cveuli simSvide, ganrideboda apokalifsurmovlenebs. mTeli speqtaklis manZilze murabis xarSviT


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dakavebuli deda, amaod iRwvoda dasangrevad ganwirul samyaroSitradiciuli ojaxuri myudroebisa da komfortis aRsadgenad.Tumca drodadro es stoikuri sidarbaisliT SejavSnuliqalbatonic kargavda wonasworobas da gaocebuls aRmoxdebodaxolme sayveduri: `ratom xdeba es yvelaferi? risTvis? visigulisTvis?~ ̀ amas veravin getyvis deda!~ _ pasuxobda aranaklebSeZrwunebuli marina abaSiZis tatiana da TviTgadarCenisaTvismebrZoli qalis instinqtiT iswrafoda axal sinamdvilesTanadaptirebisTvis, Sesabamisad ki wiTeli epoqis rCeuli daaqtiuri pirovnebis oTar baRaTurias godunisaken. m. abaSiZistatianac iseve rogorc oTar baRaTurias goduni sworedmisi mdgomareobisaTvis sawinaaRmdego socialur klasTanmiaxlovebiT lamobda sakuTari e.w. ̀ danaSaulisagan~ Tavdaxsnas.

rogorc cnobilia, b. brexts gmirad miaCnda meamboxe,socialuri sapyrobilis damangreveli revolucioneri. xoloSalva gawerelias speqtaklSi oTar baRaTurias _ godunsara marto eWvi Sehqonda Zaladobaze dafuZnebuli axalireJimis faseulobebSi, aramed sjeroda, rom istoria umkacresadgansjida kidec Zalauflebis mimtaceblebsa da mis garemocvas.xolo m. abaSiZis marinasaken misi swrafva momxiblavi qalisadmigarkveul naz grZnobebTan erTad, Tavdacvis, miuwvdomel,aristokratul kastasTan miaxloveba-amaRlebis, sakuTariZalauflebis ganvrcobis aqtadac iazreboda. speqtaklSi oTarbaRaTurias _ goduni, revolucioner-winamZRolis klasikursaxes warmoadgenda. `Tu davmarcxdebiT, Cvens Zvlebssaflavebidan amoyrian!~ _ mrisxanebda Zalauflebis pyrobisJiniT Sepyrobili revolucioneri. muqara krToda mis yovelsityvasa Tu kopebSeyril gamoxedvaSi, araerTxel moRerebulenergiul muStSi. igi ironiulad daabotebda bersenevebisojaxis filigranulad daxvewil, sarkesaviT kriala interierSi,setyvasaviT ifurTxeboda mzesumziras CenCos da jibeebSixelebCawyobili, uxeSi dakiTxvis toniT saubrobda SemkrTalmaspinZlebTan.

bersenevebis natifi ojaxuri idiliis sevdian intims,speqtaklSi godunis agresiuli mezRvaurebis demarSebienacvleboda. gembanze maTi wvrTnis procesi samxedromanevrirebebis nacvlad xelovnurad da gauazreblad

dazepirebuli simRerebis repeticiebiT warimarTa. isiniironiuli qveteqstebiT mRerodnen gardasuli epoqis saxelovanhimnebsa da sagaloblebs `internacionals~, `marseliozas~,`ufalo Cemo, hfarvide mefes~. reJisori mkafiod warmoaCenda,rom es energiuli da gaborotebuli adamianebi uaRresadsaSiS Zalas warmoadgendnen. xolo godunisa da misi umecariTanamoazreebis, zogadad ki mTeli revoluciuri masis mierdafuZnebuli diqtaturis logikuri Sedegi qveynis ZaladobrivimeTodebiT marTva, ZalauflebiTa da pirovnuli keTildRebiTTroba iyo. reJisoris mier kritikulad iqna gaazrebulileitenant fon Stubes saxec. goCa cxvariaSvilis mier Seqmnilideklasirebuli, xelmocaruli, colisagan uaryofili martosulieswrafoda umweo gabrZolebiT warmoeCina sakuTari kastisamjerad ukve gaufasurebuli Rirebulebebisadmi erTgulebada amiT moepovebina istoriis furclebze msxverplad Sewiruligmiris, wmindanis imiji.Mmas esizmreboda sasurveli rituali,sadac saeklesio qoralis fonze, TeTri kvarTiT Semosilsmuxlmoyrili TanamebrZolebi mowiwebiT eamborebodnen xelze.Tumca goCa cxvariaSvilis fon StubesaTvis sakuTarprincipebTan, warsulTan da faseulobebTan kavSiris gawyvetaTavisTavad moaswavebda aRsasruls. misTvis sikvdilze didsasjels warmoadgenda qeddadrekili arseboba misivexelqveiTebis mier dafuZnebul, civilizaciis miRwevebisganizolirebulsa da fsevdofaseulobebze agebul sinamdvileSi.warmodgenaSi Stubes garkveuli Sinagani Tanamoazre xdebodabersenevebis umcrosi qaliSvili, Teqvsmeti wlis qsenia.speqtaklSi T. lolaSvilis scenuri gmiri warmoaCendatradiciul faseulobebze aRzrdil-orientirebuliaristokratuli inteligenciis ukanaskneli Taobis saxes,romelmac mTeli simwvaviT gaacnobiera, rom amieridan ̀ RmerTimkvdari~ da yvelaferi dasaSvebia. xolo Camoyalibebisproc esS i m yofiAs a stiki r ealoba , moazrov ne ,Tavisuflebismoyvare individisaTvis maradiul sapyrobilediWedeboda. warmodgenaSi T. lolaSvilis scenuri gmiriuSedegod iRwvoda Seeqmna klasikuri faseulobebisagandistancirebuli, uxeSi axalgazrda qalis imiji. `TamaSiT~daRlili da isteriis zRvarze myofi ki uecrad ixdida


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pariks da SeSfoTebuli dis winaSe warsdgebodasasowarkveTisagan naadrevad daberebuli da gaTeTrebuli.

speqtaklis kamertonad aRiqmeboda d. turiaSvilisa da d.gurgeniZis musikaluri gaformebis safuZvelze, iuri zareckismier Seqmnili qoreografiuli opusebi. moulodnelad scenazeSemoWrili sacekvao melodia, gaSmagebuli ekveTeboda dauneburad aacekvebda xolme dabneul gmirebs. es iyo axaliepoqis stiqiis uecari movardna. misi uxilavi, magram agresiulitalRebi elviseburad gaitacebda xolme inteligenciis faqiz,uTanasworo ZalTa WidilSi Ronemixdil sxeulebs daTojinebiviT aTamaSebda maT gaafTrebuli drois ferxulSi.mozard mayurebelTa qarTuli Teatris kaunasSi gastrolebisas,Salva gawerelias `rRvevis~ Taobaze werdnen `saocaria Turogor SeZles reJisorma da mxatvarma am kamerul sivrceSisamyaros `rRvevis~ Cveneba..~.8

amrigad, SromaSi gaanalizda Salva gawerelias mier mozardmayurebelTa qarTul TeatrSi 1972-1980 ww. ganxorcielebuliyvelaze warmatebuli xuTi speqtakli: a. haketisa da k. gudriCisàna frankis dRiuri~ (1972 w.), vaJa–fSavelas `mokveTili~(1973 w), d.kldiaSvilis `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~ (1974 w.), b.brextis `simona maSaris sizmrebi~ (1976 w) da b. lavrenevis`rRveva~ (1980 w.). 1982-1991 ww. reJisori dgams kidev xuTmniSvnelovan speqtakls: d. kldiaSvilis ìrines bedniereba~(1982 w.), m.jafariZis `Cveneburebi~ (1985 w.), n.dumbaZis`kukaraCa~ (1986 w.), i.samsonaZis `bednieri bileTi~ (1989w.),àRdgoma gauqmebul sasaflaoze~ (1991 w.). am dadgmebma massabolood ganumtkica reformatoruli suliskveTebiTgamorCeuli reJisor-lideris avtoriteti da warmatebiTdaumkvidra myari adgili Tanamedrove qarTuli TeatralurireJisuris saxelovan did oTxeulSi.

1 v. kiknaZe, ̀ Teatri da dro~, Tb. 1984, gv. 223;2 t. Sax-azizova, gaz. ̀ sovetskaia kultura~, 1978, 15 seqt. (rusul enaze);3 l. lukianovi, Jurn ̀ ogoniok~, 1979, #41 (rusul enaze);4 v. ivanovi, gaz. ̀ moskovski komsomolec~, 1978, 24 seqtemberi (rusulenaze);

5 ix. iqve; gaz. ̀ moskovski komsomolec~, 1978, 24 seqt. (rusul enaze);6 d. kaliSi, gaz. ̀ axalgazrda komunisti~, 1978, 21 seqt.;7 t. Sax-azizova, gaz. ̀ sovetskaia kultura~, 1978, 15 seqt. (rusulenaze);8 m. turiaSvili, gaz. ̀ axalgazrda komunisti~, 1988, 8 seqt.


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kinomcodneoba lia kalandariSvili

jim jarmuSis `mkvdari kaci~ -

vesternis dekonstruqcia

kinoJanrebis simravle miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom JanrissakiTxs aqtualoba ar daukargavs. erTi mxriv, Cven mas isevviazrebT, rogorc istoriulad Camoyalibebuli Temebisa damotivebis erTobliobas, stereotipuli elementebis, xasiaTebisada maTi funqciebis mdgrad, poetur sistemas; meore mxriv,vaRiarebT, rom igi SemoqmedebiTi procesis ganuyofeli mxarea,dinamikuri da cvalebadi. garda amisa, postmodernistulxelovnebaSi am sistemas sruliad axali daniSnuleba eZleva,rac ar niSnavs, ubralod ganviTarebas. ufro gasagebi romgaxdes, magaliTisTvis SevCerdebi yvelasTvis kargad cnobil,popularul, gasarTob vesternis Janrze. dRes vesterni arganisazRvreba mkacri kriteriumebiT: praqtikulad, TavisTavSiiolad iTavsebs sxva Janrebsac: komedias, deteqtivs, Trilers,miuzikls, fantastikas da a. S., rac mas kidev ufro metadamdidrebs sanaxaobrivad. Tumca, Janris aseTi Tavisufaligageba ar gamoricxavs mis ZiriTad bunebas: poliJanrulimravalferovneba, Tu piriqiT, damaxasiaTebeli mxaris Sesusteba,an elementis gadaazreba (moZvelebul stereotipis, romelicgarkveuli drois an pirobebis Semdeg, dabrkolebebiT iwyebsfunqcionirebas da gadaxalisebas saWiroebs), JanrulpirobiTobas, rogorc wesi, ar exeba da rasakvirvelia, amiTJanris logika ar icvleba. rodesac axal logikazea saubari,igulisxmeba sruliad sxva movlena, arsobrivi gadatrialeba,WeSmaritebasTan damokidebulebis Secvla, rodesac, orjerori, ukve aRar udris oTxs. anu, laparakia struqturisTamaSze, Camoyalibebuli formebisa da stereoti pebismniSvnelobebisgan dacarielebasa da maT axal, savaraudod,ironiul konteqstSi gaazrebaze, piruku-agebaze, anudekonstruqciaze. dekonstruirebuli Janri faqtobrivad Janrissapirispiro movlenaa, Zalauflebadakarguli TviTgabaTilebiskenmimarTuli sistema.

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swored aseT axal logikas eyrdnoba damoukidebeliamerikeli kinoreJisoris jim jarmuSis mier 1995 welsgadaRebuli ̀ mkvdari kaci~ (ingl. Dead Man). am films TiTqmisasi weli aSorebs holivudis pirvel kovbour filmTan.vesterni SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze amerikuli Janria, romelsacholivudSi 1898 wlidan iReben, xolo, jer kidev 1903 welsgadaRebuli e. w. porteris `matareblis didi Zarcva~ didixania ukve amerikuli kinos klasikas warmoadgens. vesternTanerTad Camoyalibda amerikuli Rirebulebebi, masSia Serwymuliamerikis istoria da kultura, ocnebebi da gamarjvebebi. igimravali wlis manZilze iyo amerikelTa patriotizmisa daoptimizmis uSreti wyaro, samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebiserovnuli siamayis myari niadagi. savaraudod, jarmuSis miervesternis Janrisadmi mimarTvis mizania sakuTari kulturisadmidamokidebulebis gamoxatva, istoriis gadaazreba.

tradiciuli vesterni mogviTxrobs primitiulisa dausamarTlos dapirispirebaze progresulTan da sasikeTosTan;es mxareebi simbolurad gamoixateba rogorc personaJTaxasiaTebSi, ise siuJeturi xazis ganviTarebaSi. aseTi dayofarom ukiduresad pirobiTia da WeSmaritebasTan saerTo araferiaqvs, metyvelebs is faqti, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi keTilisada borotis simboluri referentebi cvalebadobas ganicdidnen:Tu adreul vesternebSi indieli aborigeni warmodgenili iyo,rogorc uRirsi da saSiSi borotmoqmedi, romelTanacTeTrkanian amerikels samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolis gaCaRebauwevda, mogvianebiT, samociani wlebis revizionistul vesternebSi,indielTa mimarT keTilma gawyobam daisadgura, dapirispirebulmxareebad ki iqcnen Rirsebis saxeliT mebrZoli martosulikovboebi, Serifebi da kanonis ugulebelmyofeli borotmoqmedebi.

jim jarmuSi, Tavis filmSi, sruliad axleburad aRiqvamsistoriul problematikas. Janrobrivad `mkvdar kacs~sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven: masze saubroben ara mxolodrogorc dekonstruirebul vesternze, aramed, rogorcfilosofiur igavzec, roud-muvize, mistikur filmze da a. S..SablonTa elementebi filmSi sakuTar Sreze iSleba dagadaazrebuli struqturis TamaSSi erTveba. filmis fabula

erTi SexedviT martivia da zRapris motivebisgan Sedgeba. igimogviTxrobs XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedis ukiduresiveluri dasavleTis samrewvelo dasaxlebaSi samsaxurissaZieblad wasuli vinme axalgazrda uiliam bleikis istorias,romelic Tavis qalebiT, ConCxebiTa da kuboebiT savse borotebispirquS saufloSi moxvdeba. am situacias, reJisori, meoremxriv, dantes jojoxeTSi CasvlasTan adarebs. eSmakis msgavsad,gamuruli orTqmavlis memanqane, swored amis Sesaxeb afrTxilebsgmirs: `maSinis iqiT aRaraferi aRar aris, ra gaiZulebsjojoxeTSi Casvlas!~

`mkvdari kaci~, SeiZleba iTqvas, postmodernistuli, ironiulisamyaros `micvalebulTa wignia~, romelSic amerikuli kinostradiciebSia aRwerili gardacvlilTa samyaros cxovrebisscenebi: erTgvari ritualuri svla `daviwyebis mdinarisken~,saSineli samsjavro, sami demonis devna, sulieri ganwmendisada ziarebis etapebi, vidre gulSi daWrili gmiri kanoeTiokeaneSi ar Securavs. joni depi indielis kanoeSi, koltiTxelSi, _ es, ubralod metafora ar aris; es _ koncepti-xatia,romelic warmogvidgens saiqiosken mimavali amerikelissikvdilis Semdgom mogzaurobas. anu, esaa istoria, romelicganapirobebs amerikelis imqveyniur cxovrebas. j. jarmuSisTvises sivrce, anu ̀ veluri dasavleTi, erTdroulad konfliqturicaada absurdulic. swored aq gaTamaSebul istoriaze mowmdeba,rogorc ukve vTqviT, amerikuli Rirebulebebi, `bednieridasasruli~, rac miuTiTebs reJisoris ironiaze saerTodvesternisadmi. radgan aRniSnul filmSi ̀ bednieri dasasruli~namdvili dasasrulia _ sikvdilis sivrce... Tumca, filmisrealoba SeiZleba aRviqvaT sxva aspeqtebiTac: rogorc ideebisada simboloebis sivrce, sadac amqveyniur cxovrebaSi Cadenilsmaradiuloba aniWebs sazriss: rogorc veluri dasavleTisaTvisebis realoba, amerikis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi periodi,Camoyalibebis pirveli nabijebi; an rogorc Tanamedrove amerika,romelic afasebs Tavis istorias; es aris, agreTve, orisxvadasxva kulturis urTierTmimarTeba da maT Soris sruligaugebroba da urTierT SiSi, maTi Tanacxovrebis ironiulisuraTi da rac mTavaria, es aris monanieba im xalxisa, romelTac

jim jarmuSis `mkvdari kaci~ - vesternis dekonstruqcialia kalandariSvili

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Tavad Seqmnes da Tavadve daiviwyes sakuTari idealebi, absurdadaqcies da gaayalbes sakuTari kultura gaacamtveres misdamindoba.

filmis rTul, postmodernistul struqturaSi uxvistereotipulobiT warmodgenili Janris elementebi sapirispiroaRqmazea gamiznuli, vidre vesternSi. kafkaseuli gaucxoebuli,absurduli realobis SarSi gaxveuli buRalteri pataramrgvali saTvaliT, `Sotlandiuri~ qsovilisgan SekeriliTvalSisacemi ̀ piJonuri~ kostumiT, Jurnalis kiTxviT, pasiansisgaSliTa da, rac mTavaria, iaraRis gareSe(!) ucxod gamoiyurebanamdvili ̀ veluri dasavleTis~ samyaroSi: Tumca, mis garSemo,Cveulebriv, vesternis sivrcea: mzisgan garujuli adamianebitradiciulad Zvelmoduri, ucvleli samosiT: SekecilfarflianiSlapebiT, dezebiani CeqmebiT, yelze – patara yelsaxveviT,aucileblad SeiaraRebulebi _ TofebiT, dambaCebiT, danebiT...yavT unagiriT Sekazmuli erTguli da Wkviani cxenebi, romlebicsakuTar Svilebs urCevniaT (gavixsenoT, mister dikinsoni,swored beberi cxenis dasabruneblad daadevnebs bleiks mdevrebsda ara Svilis mkvlelobisTvis Suris saZieblad.)

Janruli pirobiTobaTa Tu konceptTa dialogi maTi Serwyma,urTierTmimarTeba, masStaburad afarToebs saxeTa sazrisissazRvrebs, warmoqmnis filmis citatebiTa da aluziebiTdaqselil, mravalazrovani simboloebiT datvirTulhiperrealobas. am filmSi Janri, rogorc moTamaSe struqtura,TviTon xdeba axali WeSmariteba da warmoadgens filmisSinaarss, dapirispirebuls sakuTar arsTan. upirveles yovlisa,jim jarmuSis `mkvdari kaci~, rogorc ukve vaxseneT, ar aris`hefi endiT~ damSvenebuli gamarjvebulis istoria, aramed,piriqiT, gmiris _ uiliam bleikis samSvidoboze gaRweva _sikvdilis saufloSi Sesvla, ̀ daviwyebis mdinareSi~, _ letaSiSeswrebaa: visac araferi axsovs, cxadia micvalebulia. amfilmiT jim jarmuSi erTveba saerTo msjelobaSi sikvdilze.

filmis gamosvlamde ori wliT adre, inglisur enazeiTargmna Jak deridas cnobili àporia~ (1993), romlissaxelwodeba pirvel frangul gamocemaSi JRerda rogorc:àporia – sikvdili _ erTmaneTis molodini WeSmaritebis

zRurblTan~.1àravis SeuZlia mokvdes CemTvis, Cems magivrad,es me var vinc kvdeba, mxolod am situaciaSi vrCebi CemsTavTan pirispir, samyaro midis, da me viReb sakuTar Tavs~, _wers derida. TiTqos, am sityvebis perifrazaa filmis SesavalnawilSic, rodesac gamuruli memanqane (SesaZloa demoni)arsobrivad ganumartavs gmirs cxovrebis arss: ̀ gvian saRamosSen wevxar navSi da iyurebi zemoT. TavSi ki wyali xmaurobs,zustad ise, rogorc borts miRma. da Sen fiqrob: es rogor?napirebi moZraoben, xomaldi, ki, gaCerebulia? Cven ocnebebSivatarebT mTel cxovrebas, TiTqos sizmarSi varT. Cven vervgrZnobT drois dinebas. gvgonia, rom sul ar vicvlebiT.magram rodesac ukan vixedebiT, vxvdebiT, Tu rogor swrafadmiqris dro. da Cven ver gagvigia: ratomaa dro moZraobaSi,xolo Cven ar SevcvlilvarT?~. Seicvala, Tu ar Seicvalasamyaro wlebis manZilze, jarmuSi pirdapir ar pasuxobs. igiwarmoadgens dros, romelic ukve aRar arsebobs, dro, romelicmkvdaria, xolo samyarodan wasvla arasworad aRqmuli realobis,Seusrulebeli miznebisa da danaSaulis gamosworebis SanssaRar gvitovebs. sikvdilis Tema mTlianad gamsWvalavs filmsda sruliad sxvadasxva konteqstebiT avsebs. masSi mravalnairisikvdilis saxe da Sinaarsi exlarTeba erTmaneTs.naturalisturi, mistikuri, filosofiuri, miTologiuri, poeturi,simulakruli, simboluri da a. S. filmis saxelwodeba _`mkvdari kaci~ pirdapir asociacias qmnis miSel fukoseul`subieqtis sikvdilTan~.2 uiliam bleiki, rogorc subieqti,orad myofi pirovneba damakavSirebeli rgolia realursa dasimulakruls Soris, an SeiZleba iTqvas, miTologizirebulinterteqstsa da `namdvil~ istoriul realobaSi moxvedrilpersonaJs Soris. Znelia gaarkvio, romelia namdvili da romeli,_ `carieli niSani~. garda amisa, rogor moxda, rom ucxotomis indielma icis uiliam bleikis leqsebi zepirad, xolo,uiliam bleikma isic ki ar icis, rom leqsebs werda! es ukverolan bartis ̀ avtoris sikvdilis~3 aluziaa. swored mkiTxveli,saxelad aravin, aniWebs bleiks poetis statuss. ironiuli daRimilismomgvrelia scena, rodesac indieli dabneul bleiksarwmunebs: ̀ Sen Zalian kargi poeti xar, ver gamigia, rogor ar


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gaxsovs Seni leqsebi!~. Tumca, swored amis Sedegad, logikuradusvams diagnozs: Sen mkvdari xar.

paradoqsulad agebuli Txroba – yofna ar yofnisdiferansuli TamaSi, _ Janris dekonstruqciis kidev erTisababi da saSualeba xdeba. indieli ara mxolod bleikispoeziis Tayvanismcemelia, igi Tanamgzavricaa da megzuric,Tumca, misi pirovnuloba waSlilia, igi `aravin~ aris. rasniSnavs iyo aravin? _ martosulobas ukidegano sivrceebSisakuTar winaparTa miwaze. rodesac indieli ̀ aravin~ saubrobsTiTqmis mkvdar enaze, romlisac sul ramdenime adamians gaegebadedamiwaze da isini am enaze sityvebis warmoTqmis momentsar eswrebian, _ es SesaZloa niSnavdes absurds, arafers, ̀ carielniSans~, an realobas, romelmac dakarga sakuTari namdviliSinaarsi. realoba, romelic mokvda da aRar arsebobs.niSandoblivia, rom indielis meore saxelia: `xmamaRlamolaparake, romelic arafers ambobs~. es saxeli sakuTartomSi Searqves, anu, isinic gaucxovdnen, ndoba dakargesTeTrkanianebTan daaxloebuli naTesavis mimarT. bleiks, TavisierTaderTi Tanamgzavris, indielis ar esmis _ arc misiuiSviaTesi enis gaegeba rame da arc sakuTari leqsebis, anuTavisi kulturis. mas mTlianad aqvs gawyvetili kavSiriTavis warsul drosTan, namdvili uiliam bleikis4 realobasTan,romelic XIX saukunis dasawyisSi gardaicvala. amitomsakuTari awmyo, misTvis, saSinel fantasmagoriad qceula.mniSvneloba ar aqvs, filmis gmiri namdvilad poetia Tu ara,radgan indieli maT mainc ver asxvavebs. mTavaria, rom massjera bleikis poeziis da ver gaugia, am sityvebis damwerimisi mteri rogor SeiZleba iyos.

jim jarmuSi gulistkiviliT inaniebs sakuTar istorias,undoblobas da borotebas, romelic mis TanamoZmeebsa daindielebs Soris saSineli, absurduli da gamanadgurebelirealobis saxiT gaCnda, gapartaxebul sivrceebs, indielTagadamwvar karvebs, bizonebis samarcxvino gaJletis faqts,5

cxovelTa Zvlebis daxvavebul mTebs, romelzec pirdapir iyodamokidebuli indielTa sicocxle. am Temas reJisori filmisSesaval nawilSi, matareblis epizodSive atarebs, rogorcZiriTadsa da arsebiTs.

poet uiliam bleikis saxelTan erTad, filmSi interteqstissaxiT Semodis misi poeturi samyaro, romantikuladaraCveulebrivi da miamiturad gulwrfeli. es samyaro filmSiTan arsebobs, Tan ar arsebobs. erTi mxriv, am realobam ukvewarsulis saxiT Caiara, xolo axali, mimsgavsebuli, aracocxalida simulakrulia. rogorc filmis gmiri, _ dacarielebulisubieqti uiliam bleiki, gansxvavdeba odesRac realuradarsebulisgan, ise maTi sivrceebic, rogorc `dacarielebuliniSani~, xdeba romantikosi poetis poeturi samyarosdekonstruqciis sababi. Tumca, ironiisa da sarkazmis miuxedavad,SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ̀ mkvdari kaci~ upirveles yovlisa, poeturiqmnilebaa. misi erTgvari alogika ar aris SemTxveviTi, naZaladevi,TviTmiznuri da gamomdinareobs swored poeziis logikidan,romelic abaTilebs Txrobis procesSi saxeTa Soris warmoqmnilwinaaRmdegobriobas. poeturi intonaciiT gajerebuli TiToeulikadri aRiqmeba rogorc leqsis fraza, Seqmnili ganwyobilebiTdatvirTuli, romlebic ̀ CabnelebebiT~ da musikaluri bgerebiTaagamoyofili erTimeorisgan. xolo TvToeuli amgvari Savipauza aRiqmeba rogorc dasasruli, rogorc sikvdili. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom `mkvdari kaci~ sikvdilis poemaa, swored amitomaris masSi, pirvelsafuZvlad ganfenili romantizmismsoflmxedveloba, Tundac, axleburad dekonstruirebul-gadaxazuli da xelaxlad dafuZnebuli.

romantikosi uiliam bleikis saxeliT, misi poeturisamyaroTi, saxeebiTa da konceptebiT operireba, filmSi SecvlilRirebulebebTan da namdvil faqtebTan fardobiTobaSi,Tvisobrivad gardaiqmnebian, aSkaravdebian da naRvlianadbaTildebian. magaliTad, SevadaroT qalwul telis saxe damisi yvavilebi, romelzec poeti bleiki saubrobs `teliswignSi~, rogorc sicocxlis mSvenierebaze, Tumca, wamierze dawarmavalze. misi martosuli teli, sarkis anarekliviT msubuqida faqizi~, ̀ bavSvis sizmariviT umanko~ da ̀ alionze SemTxveviTanTebuli Rrublis msgavsi, romelic ukvalod ifanteba~, vincsunTqavs mTis ialaRebis yvavilTa surneliT da naRvlianadakvirdeba cocxali samyaros efemerul suraTebs, _ mosTqvamsda pasuxs eZebs: risTvis arsebobs, SiSobs, rom mxolod imitom,


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rom matlebis sakvebad iqces. igi ekiTxeba swrafmdinare wyals,Rrubels, romelic ar wuxs, rom qreba, saflavis Wias, gaToSilususur bavSvs da rodesac pasuxs ver iRebs, Tavad CadisqvesknelSi. Tumca, nanaxi imdenad SemaZrwunebelia, rom sakuTarisaflavidanac ki gulgaxeTqili gamorbis. uiliam bleikisaseTi ̀ teli~ filosofiur-poetur samyarosTan erTad, atarebsromantizmis sinorCes, gulubryvilobas, mgrZnobiarobas, racjim jarmuSis erTgvari nostalgiuri ironiis sababi xdeba.

jarmuSis telis `cocxali~ realoba kidev ufro mkvdarida pirquSia, vidre bleikis saflavebisa, romelmac misi umankoasuli daafrTxo. mSvenieri telis atributika aqac yvavilebia,Tumca, amjerad, maT qaRaldis suni asdiT, radgan RaribiqaliSvili, vardebs swored naxmari, gadagdebuli qaRaldisganakeTebs. sunamoc ar aqvs, rom maT furclebs daapkuros.garda amisa, cocxali yvavili mas, savaraudod, arc arasdrosunaxavs. igi ukiduresi dasavleTis dasaxlebis, maSinis binZuriquCebis mkvidria, uxeSi, sulmdabali, gadagvarebuli adamianebiTgarSemortymuli. es teli, Tavisi poeturi oreulis msgavsad,RrublebSi ar dafrinavs. mas, filmis gmiri tlapodanwamoyenebisas gaicnobs, misi qaRaldis yvavilebic talaxSiaamosvrili. reJisoris aluzia cinizmiT aris gaJRenTili.romantikosi mwerlis amaRlebuli, Tumca, miamituri samyaroda filmis dacemuli telis realuri cxovreba SeuTavsebel,urTierTgamomricxav RirebulebebaTa ukiduresobebs qmnian.jarmuSis teli bleikis gacocxlebuli telisgan gansxvavebiT,kvdeba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom u. bleikisTvis saxeli teliSemTxveviTi ar aris, igi TavisTavSi atarebs berZn. sityvatelos-is semantikas, rac dasasruls niSnavs. jarmuSTan ki telialuziaa `Tell Quel –isa~, anu gamoTqmis, `iseTi, rogoricaa~,simboluri mniSvnelobis garda, mxedvelobaSia Jurnali T̀ellQuel”, romelSic moRvaweobdnen frangi struqturalistebi,maT Soris, r. barti, J. derida, m. fuko da sxvebi.

filmis msvlelobis ganmavlobaSi, dro da dro Cndeba eWvi,rom sasikvdilod gulSi daWrili gmiri mokvda, Tumca, igifilmis bolomde mainc ganagrZobs gzas `dasavleTisken~ daokeneSic Securavs. indiel `aravins~ ki bleikis mdevrebi

swored am momentSi esvrian da klaven. am araCveulebrivivesternis istoria amiT sruldeba. am dros ki mayurebelsSeiZleba isev gaaxsendes filmis dasawyisSi anri miSos epigrafi:`jobs ar imogzauroT mkvdarTan erTad~.

1. SeniSvna: Semdeg gamocemebSi aRniSnuli qvesaTauri amoRebulia;2. SeniSvna: `subieqtis sikvdili~ - m. fukoseuli meTodologiuripoziciaa, ganixilavs socio-kulturul sivrces, rogorc hiperteqstsda dekartiseuli subieqtis, rogorc sakuTari epoqis produqtis`sikvdils~;3. rolan barti, ̀ avtoris sikvdili~, m., 1968;4. William Blake (1757 — 1827);5. 1800 wlidan 1900-mde 30-40 milionidan darCa aTaze naklebi.amerikeli generali fillip Seridani werda: ̀ bizonebze monadireebmaukanasknel or weliwadSi ufro meti gaakeTes indielebis mwvaveproblemis gadasawyvetad, vidre mTelma regularulma armiam ukanaskneli30 wlis manZilze. isini anadgureben indielebis materialur bazas.gaugzavneT maT tyvia-wamali da mieciT saSualeba daxocon, gaatyaonda gayidon, vidre mTlianad ar gaanadgureben bizonebs~. Seridani aSSkongresze iTxovda specialuri medlis dawesebas monadireTaTvis,xazs usvamda, ra bizonebis ganadgurebis mniSvnelobas~. ix.: Моуэт Ф.Конец бизоньей тропы. Вокруг света, № 7 (2574), июль 1988..


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irakli maxaraZe

serjio leone da amerikuli vesTerni

cnobili amerikeli msaxiobi henri fonda avtobiografiulwignSi ̀ Cemi cxovreba~ werda: `filmSi ̀ erTxel dasavleTSi~me vTamaSobdi yvelaze uaryofiT gmirs, romelic ki Tqvenodesme ekranze ginaxavT. scenari ar momewona da uariganvacxade... erTxel lanCis dros, Cems megobrebs vuTxari,rom viRac italiels Cemi gadaReba surda.

_ vis? _ SemekiTxnen megobrebi._ viRac serjios._ serjio leones?me davudasture da isini lamis skamebidan gadmovardnen...

aRmoCnda, rom qlinT isTvudisTvis, mamamisis garda, aravisimdeni ar gaukeTebia, ramdenic serjio leones~.1

am saubars adgili hqonda daaxloebiT 1967 wels. iqamderamdenime wliT adre ki yvelasTvis ucnobi italieli reJisoriserjio leone arwmunebda prodiuserebs, miecaT misTvis fulivesTernis gadasaRebad...

evropelebi kinematografis gaCenis pirvelive dReebidanveWapanwyvetiT cdiloben SeeqmnaT vesTernis zusti asli, risuSedegobasa da ususurobaSi advilad gvarwmunebdnen germanul-ruminul-iugoslaviuri vesTernebi goiko mitiCebiTa,CingaCgukebiTa da vinetuebiT.

sul sxva suraTi daixata italiaSi, roca 1964 wlidanmoyolebuli qveynis ekranebze gamoCnda serjio leones spagetivesTernebi. es termini pirvelad xmarebaSi Semoitana iaponelmakritikosma da is ase JRerda _ makaroni vesTerni .2

gamosvlisTanave serjio leones filmebma seriozulikonkurencia gauwies am Janris amerikul produqcias daitaliuri vesTernebis safirmo niSnad swored serjio leonesfilmebi iqca. serjio leonem vesTernebis gadaReba mowifulasakSi daiwyo, Tumca igi kinoSi didi xani moRvaweobda da50-mde italiuri da amerikuli filmis SeqmnaSi hqondamonawileoba miRebuli, maT Sorisaa cnobili `ben huri~. 60-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi italiuri kino kriziss ganicdida,maSin SesTavaza leonem ramdenime kinokompanias miemarTaTxrikisaTvis _ gaekeTebinaT ara marto vesTernis asli, aramedgaesaRebinaT filmi amerikulad. sul male gamoCnda filmièrTi muWa dolari~, romlis siuJeti nasesxebi iyo akirakurosavas samurauli filmidan ìojimbo~ - `mcveli~, magramreJisors daaviwyda saavtoro uflebaTa Sesyidva kurosavasagan,rac SemdgomSi davis sagnad iqca. Tavidan leone TiTqosarafers imCnevda, miuxedavad imisa rom kurosavam igi plagiatSidaadanaSaula, Tanac marTebulad. leone moeTaTbira iuristebsda kurosavas iqiT dasdo brali _ viTomda man isesxa siuJetikarlo goldonis piesebidan (òri batonis msaxuri~, arlekinosTema). bolos da bolos kurosava da leones mxareebiSeTanxmdnen: filmis distribucia iaponiaSi, taivanze da samxreTkoreaSi eZleoda iaponur mxares, aseve msoflio gaqiravebidanSemosavlis 15 procenti. kurosavam am saqmidan bevrad ufrometi fuli iSova, vidre erTad aRebulma yvela misma filmma.yvelaze saintereso ki is aris, rom rogorc amboben, orivefilmidan raRac procenti karlo goldonis STamomavlebsacergoT.3 zogierTma amerikelma kritikosma iojimbo SedevradaRiara, xolo leones films ki pop vesTerni Searqva.4

filmis titrebSi arc erTi italiuri gvari ar iyo, TviTonreJisori bob robertsonis fsevdonimis qveS daimala, filmiskompozitori, leones klaseli enio morikone ki den saviogaxda. udavoa, rom mis emocionalurad daWirxnul dagulSiCamwvdom musikas filmis warmateba bevrad undaumadlodes. filmis biujeti sul 200 aTass dolars Seadgendada amitom mTavar rolebze miwveulni iyvnen naklebad cnobilimsaxiobebi _ momavali supervarskvlavi amerikeli qlinT isTvudida italieli jan maria volonte.

filmma gamosvlisTanave didi aRiareba da didi Semosavalimoipova da leonem maSinve gadainacvla italiuri kinos elitaSi.èrTi muWa dolars~ mohyva `ramodenime dolariT meti~ da`kargi, cudi da boroti~. am filmebs dolaris trilogiaSearqves.

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leones vesTernebSi TiTqos axali araferi momxdara.moqmedeba isev `veluri~ dasavleTis tipur patara qalaqebSixdeboda, mTavari personaJebic Sesatyvisad Cacmul-daxurulniiyvnen, magram kliSed qceul tradiciul garemoSi myofi gmirebismoqmedeba cdeboda vesTernis dakanonebul CarCoebs. leonesmier naCvenebi dasavleTi ar iyo is dasavleTi, romelzecgaizarda amerikelTa ramdenime Taoba _ es iyo zedmetadsastiki samyaro, erTdroulad realuri da siurealisturiTavisi gabolili salonebiT, WuWyiani quCebiTa da arc Tu isesimpaTiuri mcxovreblebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom trilogiis meorenawilSi jan maria volontes mier gansaxierebuli indiokinos istoriaSi pirveli uaryofiTi gmiri iyo, romelicmarixuanas eweoda. klasikuri vesTernis gmirebisagangansxvavebiT leones gmirebs xSirad gaugebar mizezTa gamogawyvetili aqvT kavSiri sazogadoebasTan da Tu vinmesTankontaqtSi Sedian isic mxolod angarebiT da Tavisi piradisaqmis sasargeblod. serjio leonem ugulebelyo vesTernisZiriTadi kanoni, roca mTavari gmiri aucilebladsimarTlisaTvis Tavgamodebuli mebrZolia da is aucilebladimarjvebs. kurosavas ̀ mcvelSi~ da Sesabamisad leones rimeiqSitradiciuli vesTernisagan gansxvavebiT dadebiTi gmiri ararsebobs, iq mxolod antigmirebi moqmedeben. normaluri gmirebies mxolod msxverplia magaliTad motacebuli qalis saxiT.

grZeli planebi, avis momaswavebeli landSaftebi da imdroisaTvis moulodneli Zaladoba leones savizito baraTadiqca da SemdgomSi met-naklebi warmatebiT tiraJirebul iqnamTel msoflioSi. serjio leonem Tavis filmebSi erTi oradgazarda mkvlelobaTa ricxvi, mkvleloba iq saSualod yovelaT wuTSi xdeboda. saqme imaSi gaxlavT, rom leone ar iyodamokidebuli aranair akrZalvebze. es yvelasaTvis ucnobiitalieli akeTebda imas, rasac bevr amerikel reJisors, heisiskodeqsis anu cenzuruli SezRudvebis gamo, eSinoda gaekeTebinavesTernSi. leonem daamkvidra personaJebis Zalze msxvilixedebi. es ar iyo tradiciuli msxvili xedi, romelic raimereaqcias gadmoscemda, aramed es iyo seria portretebisa:andaluzieli boSebis saxeebi, naiarevsaxiani italieli msaxiobebi,

romlebic TiTqmis ar gamoxatavdnen emociebs, magram ZlierSTabeWdilebas axdendnen auditoriaze. mas agreTve uyvardaTvalebis msxvili xedi, riTac igi cdilobda aexsna personaJissaidumloeba. es msxvili xedebi ufro eizenSteinis gavlenaiyo (saxeebi, rogorc tipaJebi), vidre holivudisa. isTvudiambobda: `leones iseve rogorc felinis da sxva italielreJisorebs sjeroda, rom adamianis saxe niSnavs yvelafers.bevr SemTxvevaSi sjobs gyavdes personaJi, romelsac metyvelisaxe aqvs, vidre kargi msaxiobi.~5 TvalebiT manipulirebagansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia `kargi, cudi, borotis~ finalurduelSi: tukos virTxis Tvalebi aqvs, mousvenari da amavedros frTxili. blondis, sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebuli,gawonasworebuli adamianis, sentencas civi da eWviani Tvalebiaqvs.

amerikelma kritikosebma maSinaTve gailaSqres leoneswinaaRmdeg im safuZvelze rom TiTqos, misi vesTernebi simarTlesar Seesatyviseba, rom es yalbia, marTlac amerikeli vesTernisazrdoobda namdvili istoriebiT, xalxuri folkloriTa daadamianuri mexsierebiT, romelic Semdeg miTad gardaiqmna.italiaSi, sadac ar iyo veluri dasavleTi, ar iyvnen qauboebida indielebi, spageti-vesTernebi warmoiSva am holivudurimiTisgan, romelic TviTonve legendebs eyrdnoba. magram aRmoCndarom italielma serjio leonem ufro meti icoda veluridasavleTis, vesTernisa da saerTod, amerikis istoriis Sesaxeb,vidre bevrma misma amerikelma kolegam. `realuri dasavleTi,_ ambobda reJisori, _ iyo Zaladobis, SiSisa da veluriinstinqtebis samyaro... Tu vinme cdilobda yofiliyokeTilSobili, risic me ar mjera, igi maSinve sasaflaiozeamohyofda Tavs iqamde, sanam raime gmirul saqciels Caidenda.~6

dolarebis e. w. trilogiam gamoiwvia namdvili bumi aseTitipis filmebze mTels msoflioSi: 1965 wlidan 1975 wlamdeevropaSi gadaiRes daaxloebiT 600 vesTerni. umeteswilades iyo nihilisturi da sisxliani filmebi. Tu kurosavas`mcvelma~ dasabami daudo sisxlian scenebs samuraul filmebSi,serjio leones filmebma moamzades safuZveli, raTa amerikulkinoekranebze sul sxvagvari _ sisxliTa da ZaladobiT filmebi

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gamoCeniliyo, gansakuTrebiT es exeba cnobili amerikelireJisoris semFfeqinfas, igive `sisxliani semis~ vesTernebs.

msaxiobi CarlTon hesToni ambobda: ̀ leones filmebi kargia,magram ara mgonia qlinT isTvudisa da sxva im biWebisgareSe raime kargi gamosuliyo (im biWebSi ki igulisxmebaamerikelebi: li van qlifi, jeison robardsi, Carlz bronsoni,vudi sTroudi, ilai uolaqi, henri fonda da amaSi arisWeSmaritebis marcvali). magram hesTonma romelmac sem feqinfas`maior dandiSi~ iTamaSa, aseve aRniSna rom leonem Seqmna isklimati, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada 60-ian wlebSi reJisorsem feqinfas filmebi gamoCeniliyo.7 sainteresoa, rom rodesacfeqinfa iRebda Tavis Sedevrs `velur bandas~ prodiusermamas sTxova gaeTvaliswinebina cenzorebis moTxovnebi, raTaekranze yofiliyo naklebi sisxlisRvra da Zaladoba. manSesTavaza im periodis filmebis naxva da pirvel rigSi serjioleones dolaris trilogia. momavalSi ukve sem feqinfasfilmebma, misma ganumeorebelma stilistikam ubiZga, raTagaxsniliyo ̀ sisxliani karibWe~, romlidanac sisxldena dRemdear SeCerebula~. 8

mogvianebiT erTi kritikosi aRniSnavda, rom leones filmebi,_ es aris yvela aqamde gakeTebuli vesTernis anTologiadamatebebiTa da SesworebebiT. trilogiis mesame nawilis gmiris,tuko benediqto pasifiqo xuan maria ramiresis msgavsad,sxvadasxva revolveris nawilebidan rom aawyo idealuri iaraRi,aseve leonemac TiTqmis yvela cnobili amerikuli vesTernidanisesxa, an Tu gnebavT, moipara epizodi Tu motivi, TaviseburadgadaxarSa is da axleburi saxiT miawoda mayurebels. esyvelaferi moxda qventin tarantinomde bevrad ufro adre daunda iTqvas, bevrad ufro niWierad. 60-iani wlebis bolosmilanis kinofestivalze yofnisas leone pirvelad SexvdavesTernebis ganTqmul reJisors bad beTiqers, SeniSna Tu arabeTiqeri, leone misken yviriliT gaemarTa: `bad! bad! me Senganyvelaferi movipare!~9

1968 wels leonem Seqmna kritikosebisa da Tayvanismcemlebismier yvela drois yvelaze cnobil vesTernad SeracxulièrTxel dasavleTSi~. filmis dasawyisSi leones Cafiqrebuli

hqonda dolaris trilogiis yvela mTavari gmiris mokvlaCarlz bronsonis xeliT, ilai uolaqi da li van klifidaTanxmdnen, magram qlinT isTvudma uari ganacxada da amCanafiqrs ganxorcieleba ar ewera. films uzarmazari warmatebahqonda, parizis erT kinoTeatrSi is oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSigadioda, magram amerikaSi filmi Cavarda da amis erT-erTimizezi is gaxldaT, rom amerikulma auditoriam ver miiRonacionaluri gmiri henri fonda sastiki mkvlelis rolSi.mxolod ramodenime wlis Semdeg iqca èrTxel dasavleTSi~sakulto filmad, xolo sxvadasxva qveynis reJisorebisTviski STagonebis wyarod: cui harkis èrTxel CineTSi~, roberTrodrigesis èrTxel meqsikaSi~... leones filmis citatebimravaljer iqna gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva filmebSi, ganskuTrebiTki Semdegi gamonaTqvamebi: `Tu isvri, isrole, nu laybob!~ an`msoflioSi ori sxvadasxva tipis xalxi arsebobs, Cemo megobaro,visac datenili iaraRi aqvs da vinc miwas Txris. Sen Txri!~

serjio leonem Tavisi ramodenime filmiT umdidresimemkvidreoba datova. misi kinogmirebi iseve advilad sacnobebiarian rogorc janeT li `fsiqodan~, an marCelo mastroianida anita ekbergi ̀ tkbili cxovrebidan~ an kidev Toni qertisida jek lemoni filmidan ̀ jazSi mxolod qaliSvilebi arian~,aseTi ramis Seqmna ki mxolod geniosebs SeuZliaT.

1Henry Fonda, My Life (Dutton Adult, 1981) p.328;2http://www.rioleo.org/spaghetti-and-macaroni-westerns.php;3Christopher Frayling, Sergio Leone Something to Do With Death (Faber &Faber, 2000), pp.148-149;4Minty Clinch, Clint Eastwood a Biography (Hodder&Stoughton, 1994), p. 50;5 Christopher Frayling, Sergio Leone Something to Do With Death (Faber &Faber, 2000), p.127;6Ibid, p.306;7Ibid, p.75;8Stephen Prince, Savage Cinema Sam Peckinpah and the Rise of UltraviolentMovies (University of Texas Press, 1998), p.229;9 Christopher Frayling, Sergio Leone Something to Do With Death (Faber &Faber, 2000), p.328.

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mediologia giorgi CarTolani

televiziis axlo naTesavebi

televizia, es sityva albaT yvelaze xSirad gvxvdebasalaparako metyvelebaSi. Znelia, Tanamedrove adamianiscxovrebaSi iseTi dRis gamoyofa, rodesac man erTxel maincar axsena sityva televizia, an televizori. am marTkuTxaformis aparatma yoveli Cvenganis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuliadgili daimkvidra da, vfiqrob, samudamodac. ram ganapirobaadamianebis aseTi siyvaruli da `erTguleba~ televizorismimarT?

martivi ganmartebiT, televizia aris masobrivi komunikaciissaSualeba, mediis erT-erTi nawili, informaciis gadacemisada miRebis saSualeba, sadac ZiriTadad moRvaweoben Jurnalistebida sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs sxvadasxvagadacemisa Tu programis saSualebiT, audio, vizualuri teqnikisgamoyenebiT awvdian mayurebels. magram televizia mxolod esar aris. informacia mosaxleobas mediis sxva saSualebebiTacmiewodeba: presa, radio, interneti. televizia adamianebisTviscxovrebis maswavleblad, maTi cxovrebis Tanamgzavrad iqca.televizoris win adamianebi tirian, icinian, ganicdian, erTobian,swavloben. televizors adamianebi esaubrebian, eCxubebian.televizorSi gamoCenili adamianebi uyvardebaT, Tayvans scemenan piriqiT. saxlidan gausvlelad adamianebi igeben ra xdebamis qveyanaSic da mTels msoflioSic, ufro metic, mTelsdedamiwaze da kosmosSic ki.

televizorma adamianebs Seumsubuqa yvelaze didi seni _martooba da amiT gamowveuli depresia. es is arasruliCamonaTvalia, ratomac adamianebs uyvarT televizori, ratomacis iqca adamianebis ojaxebis wevrad, Tumca aris meore, metadmniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelic am urTierTkavSiris negatiurmxareebs Seexeba - televizori iqca adamianTa cxovrebiserTgvar manipulatorad. man adamianebi daaSora erTmaneTs,literaturas, Teatrs, sagamofeno da sakoncerto darbazebs.televizorma gadaaCvia isini cxovrebis uSualod SegrZnebisunars da miaCvia samyarosTan virtualur urTierTobebs.

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televizorma monusxa da moajadova sazogadoeba, daumkvidraaxali idealebi, uari aTqmevina saukuneebiT aRiarebulfaseulobebze. televizorma Seagua sazogadoeba Zaladobas,sisxls, mruSobas, TaRliTobasac ki. televizorma darazma dawarmarTa sazogadoeba omebisken, revoluciebisken da a. S. aserom, televizori is yuTia, romelSic erTad cxovrobs keTilicda borotic, janmrTelic da avadmyofic, mSvenieric da maxinjicda Cvens arCevanzea damokidebuli, romeli Zala iqneba Cvenicxovrebis Tanamgzavri, Cveni gacnobierebuli da gauazrebeliarCevani.

televizia kinos ufrosi Svilia. isic masobriviauditoriisTvisaa gankuTvnili, isic ekranisTvis damaxasiaTebelieniT saubrobs. es aris moZravi gamosaxulebebis ena, romelsacerwymis sityva, musika, xma.

televiziam kinosgan SeiZina da Semdeg ganaviTara realobaSimimdinare ambebis ekranze gadatanis teqnikuri saSualebebic.televiziac, iseve, rogorc kinematografi, organzomilebianekrans iyenebs sakuTari produqciis demonstrirebisTvis.satelevizio ekranis arseboba, ise, rogorc kinoekranisa,SesaZleblobas aZlevs am tipis produqciis SemqmnelebsgansazRvron sivrce, romlis Cvenebasac isini apireben.

gamosaxulebis fiqsaciisTvis anda gadacemisTvis televiziac,iseve rogorc kino, iyenebs kameras. erT SemTxvevaSi es ariskinokamera, meore SemTxvevaSi ki telekamera an videokamera.satelevizio kamerac da kinokamerac gamosaxulebis fiqsaciisprincipiT, sawyiss fotografiisgan iReben. ase rom, televiziisarc Tu Soreuli naTesavi fotografiacaa. miT ufro, TugaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom kinosa da televiziisgamosaxulebebic, erTgvarad, garkveuli siCqariT amoZravebulifiqsirebuli fotokadrebia. kinematografi fiqsaciisTvis iyenebskinofirs, xolo televizia videofirs. am or firs Sorisaris gansxvaveba, magram maTze fiqsaciis procesi Tavisi arsiTerTmaneTis msgavsia. fotografiasTan naTesaoba televiziasufro daetyo, vidre kinematografs. radgan televizia xSiradiyenebs e. w. stop-kadrs, anu umoZrao, fiqsirebul gamosaxulebas,romelic Zalian waagavs fotosuraTs. amgvari satelevizio

suraTebiT anu stop-kadrebiT xSirad aris datvirTulisxvadasxva saxis satelevizio gadacemebi da isini maTiavtorebis mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi naazrevis gadmocemasemsaxurebian.

kino gansxvavebul Janrebs moicavs, mxatvruls, dokumenturs,animaciurs da a. S., magram, nebismieri Janri, bunebrivia,mxatvruli Semoqmedebis kanonebs emorCileba, sadac umTavresiaarsebuli an literatoris mier SeTxzuli realobiskinematografiuli gaazreba, axali realobis Seqmna. es yoveliveki, upirveles yovlisa, montaJis saSualebiT miiRweva.daumontaJebeli, qronikaluri kino Zalian axlos dgasteleviziis sainformacio Janris nawarmoebebTan, radgan isyovelgvari Carevis gareSe afiqsirebs arsebul realobas.mxatvrul da dokumentur kinoSi ki misi avtori, reJisori,Tavad arCevs movlenaTa rigs, Tavad Txzavs am movlenebissafuZvelze axal mxatvrul nawarmoebs, rasac kinomontaJSigansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. montaJi aris is teqnikuri damxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi arsenali, rac televiziaskinematografTan kidev erTxel amsgavsebs. montaJis xelovnebasiyenebs televiziac. montaJi gamoiyeneba yvela saxis satelevizioJanris gadacemaSi. montaJi aniWebs televiziasac SemoqmedebiTTvisebebs, radgan swored montaJis dros, telenawarmoebisavtoric sakuTar, subieqtur prizmaSi gardatexs movlenaTarigs da ise qmnis axal nawarmoebs, romlis demostrirebasacaxdens mayureblis winaSe. montaJs gansakuTrebuli dagansxvavebuli saxe gaaCnia sxvadasxva saxis satelevizioproduqciaSi. sainformacio reportaJis an siuJetis montaJigansxvavdeba satelevizio gadacemis an filmis montaJisgan,magram orive SemTxvevaSi is avtoris individualobas warmoaCens,mis SemoqmedebiT bunebas aCvenebs mayurebels.

kinoxelovnebisgan gansxvavebiT televizia ara mxolodafiqsirebs gamosaxulebas, aramed mas SeuZlia yovelgvarifiqsaciis gareSe, pirdapir eTerSi gadasces movlena misimimdinareobis paralelurad. anu, isargeblos cocxali, igiveRia eTeris principiT. amgvari ram ar SeuZlia arc kinos daarc fotografias. mayureblis moqmedebaze uSualo dakvirvebis

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princi pi televizias xelovnebis sxva dargTan, TeatrTananaTesavebs.

Teatri unikaluri xelovnebaa, is garkveul droSi dagarkveul sivrceSi arsebobs da misi cxovrebac droiTaagansazRvruli. rac unda xangrZlivi iyos saTeatro nawarmoebisscenuri cxovreba, is adre Tu gvian mainc dasruldeba.gansxvavebiT xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan, romlebic fiqsirebulxelovnebas warmoadgenen da arseboben saukuneebis manZilzecki. swored es unikaluri Tviseba aaxloebs TeatrsteleviziasTan. televiziaSic, ise rogorc TeatrSi, pirdapirieTeris mimdinareobis dros gadacemuli gamosaxuleba arsebobsgarkveul droSi da Tu ar moxda misi videofirze Cawera,qreba warmoSobisTanave. ufro metic, televiziaSi pirdapireTerSi gadacemuli esa Tu is movlena, Caweris da garkveulidrois mere misi demonstrirebis Semdeg, kargavs im mniSvnelovanemociur muxts, romelic axlavs pirdapir translirebas. aseveCanaweris Semdeg xSirad ikargeba movlenis aqtualobac damisi funqcionaluri mniSvnelobac.

saTeatro xelovnebasTan televizias anaTesavebs ara mxolodmovlenis mimdinareobisadmi mayureblis paralelur reJimSidakvirvebis SesaZlebloba. am or dargs erTmaneTTan sxvamniSvnelovani momentebic aaxloebs. pirvel yovlisa, es arisis umTavresi principi, rasac efuZneba Teatric da televiziac_ dialogi da monologi. TeatrSi mayurebeli uyurebsdialogebiT da monologebiT warmodgenil qmedebas. msaxiobebiscenaze an erTmaneTs esaubrebian, an mayurebels. upirvelesad,am saubarSia gadmocemuli speqtaklis mTavari azri da saTqmeli.dramaturgic ZiriTadad mxolod dialogebs da monologebswers scenisTvis da sulac rom ar iyos dramaturgiul teqstSireJisoris aqtiuri Careva, sxvadasxva saxis dinamikuri qmedeba,saTeatro xelovneba mainc iarsebebs. aseTi saxis speqtaklebimravlad gvxvdeba Tanamedrove TeatrSic ki.

asea televiziaSic. ekranze ZiriTadad mayurebeli xedavsan erTi Jurnalistis, wamyvanis monologs, mimarTulsmayureblisadmi, an gadacemebSi monawile sxvadasxva adamianebsSoris dialogs. es monologic da dialogic dramaturgiis

kanonebs eqvemdebareba da teledramaturgiis gansakuTrebulJanrs warmoadgens.

dialogi, igive interviu, saubari da monologi kadrSi,romelsac wamyvani an reportiori awarmoebs, aaxloebs Teatrsda televizias erTmaneTTan. magram aris kidev mniSvnelovanisakiTxi: dialogis da monologis warmoTqmis xasiaTi. iseve,rogorc TeatrSi, teleekranzec adamianebi, romlebicmonologebsa da dialogebs warmoTqvamen gansakuTrebuliTvisebebiT unda iyvnen dajildoebulni. TeatrSi amas sWirdebaniWieri msaxiobebi, ekranze _ niWieri Jurnalistebi. ise rogorcTeatrSi, televiziaSic adamianebi, romlebic uZRvebianinterviuebs, an muSaoben ekranze damoukideblad, warmoTqvamenteqstebs, gansakuTrebuli artistuli TvisebebiT undaxasiaTdebodnen. maT unda SeZlon mayureblis yuradRebisdapyroba, unda gamohyon teqstidan mniSvnelovani momentebi,unda gaakeTon swori aqcentebi, emociurad unda damuxtonmayurebeli, imoqmedon mis gonebasa da grZnobaze. teqstisgaazrebulad, emociurad sworad warmoTqma, sadac aqcentebikeTdeba misi Sinaarsis gansakuTrebul momentebze, aaxloebsteleviziis kadrSi momuSave Jurnalistebisa da Teatrismsaxiobebis profesiul Tvisebebs erTmaneTTan.

Teatrisadmi televiziis msgavseba kidev erT aspeqtSivlindeba - es aris scenis ganuyofeli atributika: kostiumi,grimi, dekoracia. televiziaSic saWiroa gamomsvlelTaTvisspecialuri grimis, specialuri kostiumebis SerCeva da, racmTavaria, studiuri pavilionebis specialuri dekoraciiTgawyoba. es Tvisebebi jer kinematografma SeiZina Teatrisgan,xolo Semdgom, televiziam. magram, yvelaze mTavari, ractelevizias TeatrTan aaxloebs mayurebelia, romelic,imavdroulad, maT erTmaneTisganac ganasxvavebs. msgavsebatelemayurebelsa da Teatris mayurebels Soris is aris, romisini realur droSi uyureben mimdinare qmedebas. aseve qmedebisparalelurad igeben movlenebis arss, reagireben masze uSualodmimdinareobis procesSic da, rac mTavaria, SeuZliaT movlenebTanukukavSiric. magaliTad, saTeatro warmodgenis mimdinareobisdros, mayurebeli sakuTar damokidebulebas gamoxatavs taSiT,


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SeZaxiliT, ovaciiT. anu, scenaze myofni xvdebian, Tu ramdenadmisaRebi an miuRebelia mayureblisTvis is, rasac isiniwarmoadgenen. televiziaSi arsebobs ekranTan interaqciissaSualeba. anu mayurebels dRes ukve SeuZlia pirdapirieTeris mimdinareobis dros, daukavSirdes studias, gadacemiswamyvans an stumrebs da gamoxatos sakuTari mosazrebebi,sakuTari Sexedulebebi.

saTeatro mayurebeli kidev erT rameSi hgavstelemayurebels _ Teatris mayurebeli Tavad irCevswarmodgenas. mravali Teatris gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis mqonerepertuarisgan, is Tavad irCevs romels ewvios da ra naxos.telemayurebelic Tavad irCevs im gadacemas, romlis xilvacsurs. magram aqvea am ori ti pis mayureblis mTavariganmasxvavebeli niSnebic. Teatris mayurebels ar aqvs saSualeba,im SemTxvevaSi Tu mas ar moswons warmodgena, uceb gadaerTossxva Teatris warmodgenaze. yvelaze meti rac mas SeuZlia,Sewyvitos warmodgenis yureba da datovos darbazi.telemayurebels ki, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar moswons gadacema,`jadosnuri~ pultis saSualebiT, myisierad SeuZlia gadarTossxva arxze da ganagrZos televizorTan urTierToba.

amas garda, aris kidev erTi, mniSvnelovani, ganmasxvavebeliniSani telemayurebelsa da saTeatro mayurebels Soris – esaris is garemo, sivrce, sadac adamianebi akvirdebian movlenebs.TeatrSi xdeba movlenis koleqtiuri yureba. mayurebelTadarbazi bevr adamians itevs, aq adamianebi specialurad midian,gamorCeulad imosebian. telemayurebeli ki aris saxlSi _ anzis, an wevs, an dgas, an gadaadgildeba da ise uyurebs moqmedebas.ojaxuri garemo mas ar avaldebulebs gansakuTrebuladmoemzados moqmedebis sayureblad. is sakuTar saxlSia dasakuTarA`ojaxis~ wevrTan – televizorTan urTierTobs.

Teatrisa da televiziis gansxvavdeba ara mxolod misiyurebis TaviseburebaSia, aramed saxilvel obieqtze dakvirvebisrakursSic. saTeatro darbazSi msxdomi mayurebeli uyurebsscenas, sadac mimdinareobs qmedeba, is uyurebs scenas erTikonkretuli rakursiT da Tavad irCevs scenis romel nawils,qmedebaSi monawile romel adamians adevnos Tvali. SesaZloa,

mas surdes umziros ara im adamians, vinc saubrobs, aramedimas, vinc usmens.

saTeatro nawarmoebis, speqtaklis avtori, reJisori mxolodmianiSnebs mayurebels, awvdis orientirs, gansakuTrebulimizanscenebiT warmarTavs mis mxedvelobas ama Tu im qmedebisken,magram saboloo arCevani mainc mayurebelzea, romelic Tavadwyvets ras uyuros. telemayurebels aseTi `fufuneba~ argaaCnia. mas ar aqvs arCevanis aseTi Tavisufleba, is uyurebsteleekranze imas, rasac kadrSi sTavazobs operatori datelereJisori. am SemTxvevaSi, telemayurebeli emorCileba imadamianebis arCevans , vinc axorcielebs movlenisteletranslirebas. xSirad yofila iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesacmayurebeli ganawyenebula imis gamo, rom movlenebi sruladar iyo naCvenebi gadacemaSi. magram telemayurebels aqvs erTiupiratesobac saTeatro mayurebelTan SedarebiT, mas SeuZliamovlena sxvadasxvaA rakursSi ixilos. magaliTad, Tu scenazemsaxiobebis saubars mayurebeli mxolod erTi rakursiT xedavsda mas ar SeuZlia cal-calke, sxvadasxva xediT ixilosmosaubreebi, teleekranze saubarSi monawile adamianebis xilvamas SeuZlia pirdapiri, gverdiTi rakursebiTac, zemodanac daqvemodanac. anu yoveli mxridan. telegamosaxulebismravalkameriani gadacemis struqtura aZlevs mayurebels amisSesaZleblobas.

ase rom, rogorc vxedavT, televizia bevr rameSi emsgavsebakinosa da Teatrs, magram aris arsobrivi ganmasxvavebelic: esaris gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi funqcia. televiziasumTavresad axasiaTebs socialuri funqcia, romelicJurnalistikis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. Teatri da kino kiwminda xelovnebaa da upirvelesad sazogadoebaze esTetikurizemoqmedebiTvisaa gamiznuli. swored socialuri funqcia daJurnalisturi safuZveli anaTesavebs televizias radiosTan.amdenad, televizias mravali axlo naTesavi hyavs – kino,Teatri da radio. dialogi, monologi, deklamacia, auditoriazepirdapiri zemoqmedebis unari, rogorc ukve iTqva, televiziamTeatrisgan SeiZina. kadrirebis principi, montaJi, operatorismuSaobis specifika da mTeli rigi profesiebi, man kinosgan


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miiRo. adamianebis ojaxebSi SeRwevis unari, sayovelTaoba daerTdrouloba ki radiosgan isaxsovra. xolo beWdurma mediam,ise rogorc eleqtronuli mediis yvela sxva saSualebas,masac sazogadoebrivi da socialuri funqcia SesZina. sworedteleviziam dauqvemdebara ekranuli xelovneba Jurnalistikiskanonebs da Sedegad sruliad axali, originaluri saxe SesZina.amitom televizia erTis mxriv Semoqmedebaa, meores mxriv kiJurnalistika, publicistika. dRes Znelia zustad dadgenateleviziaSi sad gadis zRvari xelovnebasa da JurnalistikasSoris, amitom televiziis fenomens swavloben rogorcxelovnebis Teoretikosebi, aseve socialuri sferos mkvlevrebi.Jurnalisti, reJisori da operatori, _ es is ZiriTadiprofesiebia, romlebic qmnian nebismieri saxis telenawarmoebs.telereJisorisa da teleoperatoris mier SemoqmedebiTadgaazrebuli Jurnalisturi teqsti warmoadgens telexelovnebissafuZvels. marTalia, televiziaSi kidev mravali mniSvnelovaniprofesiaa, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove televiziisgaanalizeba, magram es is samkuTxedia, romelsac efuZnebayvela saxis satelevizio produqcia.

1. МИХАЛКОВИЧ В. И. - О СУЩНОСТИ ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЯ -WWW.BIBLIOTEKA.TEATR-OBRAZ.RU;2. А.М. РОХЛИН - ТАК РОЖДАЛОСЬ ДАЛЬНОВИДЕНИЕ -WWW.TV.SUT.RU;3. Н.А. ГОЛЯДКИН-КРАТКИЙ ОЧЕРК : СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО И ЗАРУБЕЖНОГО ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЯ -WWW.BIBLIOTEKA.TEATR-OBRAZ.RU.

xelovnebaTmcodneoba

giorgi CarTolani

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nato gengiuri

personifikaciebi XX saukunis dasawyisis

qarTul qandakebaSi

XIX saukune is periodia, roca qarTul sinamdvileSievropuli xelovnebis formebi SemoiWra da siaxlisaTvisTavadac gaxsnilma saqarTvelom axali kulturuli nakadisgaTaviseba-gadamuSaveba daiwyo. is intensiurad daewafaevropidan momdinare mxatvrul xerxebs da sakuTari saTqmelisgamosaxatavad gamoiyena. am procesis maCvenebelia XX saukunispirveli aTeuli wlebis qandakebebi, romelnic mxatvrul-stilisturi formiTac da Sinaarsis gadmocemis xerxebiTacevropul xelovnebasTan axlos dgas. Cven amjerad SevCerdebiTsaTqmelis vizualizebis formaze personifikaciis meSveobiT,romelic XX saukunis pirveli aTeuli wlebis qandakebisTvisniSandoblivi gaxda. aRniSnuli periodis qandakebis es Tvisebasagangebod gamokvleuli ar yofila da es sakiTxi winamdebaregamokvlevis mTavari Temaa.

1901 wels, kavkasiis soflis meurneobisa da mrewvelobissaiubileo gamofenaze, erT-erTi uadresi personificirebuliqandakebebi gamoCnda. es iyo Zmebi nobelebis amxanagobispavilioni, romelic i. nikolaZem qandakebebiT gaaforma.pavilionis Sesasvlels amSvenebda qalis ori figura, romlebicmrewvelobisa da vaWrobis personificirebul gamosaxulebebswarmoadgendnen*. personifikaciebi Sesabamisi atributebiT iyvnenwarmodgenilni: mrewveloba _ CiraRdniT xelSi, xolo vaWroba_ kaduceusiT, hermesis kverTxiT.

amis Semdgom reliefebi personificirebuli gamosaxulebebiTsvadasxva Senobis morTulobaSi gvxvdeba. am fonzegansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mivaniWoT iseT nawarmoebebs,romelnic warmogvidgenen saqarTvelos personifikacias. maTiistoriuli mniSvneloba sxva faqtorebTan erTad, ganisazRvrebaimiTac, rom saqarTvelos rogorc qveynis personifikaciissaxiT gadmocema, axali movlena iyo qarTul xelovnebaSi da

iqamde msgavsi magaliTi ar gvqonia . saqarTvelospersonifikaciebi gvxvdeba 1900-iani wlebis qmnilebebSi. erTimaTgania marjaniSvilis Teatris safasado reliefi da meore- monumenti ilia WavWavaZis saflavze.

cnobilia, rom dRevandeli marjaniSvilis Teatri aSendazubalaSvilebs dakveTiTa da dafinansebiT 1902-1907 wlebSi,rogorc ̀ saxalxo saxli~1. is Cafiqrebuli iyo saganmanaTlebloda kulturul-saxelovnebo centrad. mis damkveTebs SenobisxalxisTvis gadacema hqondaT ganzraxuli, rac Semdgomganaxorcieles kidec. Senobis funqciasTan kavSirSia misireliefi, romelic mTavar fasads agvirgvinebs. reliefSi -`evropa da saqarTvelo~ eqvsi qalis figura warmogvidgeba2.sami maTgani saqarTvelos personifikaciaa, sami ki evropasganasaxierebs.

ilia WavWavaZis saflavis memoriali ̀ mwuxare saqarTvelo~(moqandake - iakob nikolaZe, arqiteqtura _ petre mamraZe)kidev erTi nimuSia, sadac saqarTvelo personifikaciis saxiTwarmogvidgeba. Zeglis damkveTi iyo wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelisazogadoeba, romelmac monumentis dadgma erovnuli TanxebiTganizraxa. cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva qarTulma sazogadoebebmada kerZo pirebma gaiRes Tanxa am saqmisaTvis.3 i. nikolaZismodeli 1908 wels damtkicda, Zegli dasrulda ramdenimewelSi da 1913 wlis maisSi ekurTxa. saqarTvelo aq qalissaxes atarebs da arqiteqturul fonze warmogvidgeba.

monum entis saxes gansazRvravs q andakebi sa daarqiteqturuli elementebis mxatvruli erTianoba. aq aragvaqvs saqme `namdvil~ nagebobasTan, misi reliefurigamosaxulebaa mocemuli. arqiteqtura Sua saukuneebiseklesiaTa calkeuli formebiTa da detalebiTaa nasazrdoebida saxasiaTo siluetis karibWes ganasaxierebs. karSi dgasmosasxamSi gaxveuli qali, xelSi dafnis rtoTi. arqiteqturulidetalebi, CuqurTmebi, dafnis rto – yovelive moazrebuliaqalis figuris atributebad. atributi ki msoflio xelovnebisistoriaSi cnobili personificirebuli gamosxulebebisTvissayovelTaod saxasiaTo elementia.

qarTuli nimuSebis Sefasebisa da misi TaviseburebebisgansazRvraSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs evropisxelovnebaSi arsebul nimuSebs da qarTulis maTTan mimarTebissakiTxs.

*es namuSevrebi ar SemorCenila, cnobilia mxolod fotoebiT.

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personifikaciis cneba da misi istoria

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi evropul xelovnebaSi Camoyalibdazogadi cnebis personifikaciT vizualizebis rTuli sistema.xelovnebis es mxare kargad aris kidec Seswavlili ucxoelimecnierebis mier.4 personifikaciis cnebac da misi sxvadasxvasaxeebi saTanadodaa klasificirebuli. ikonografiulileqsikonis mixedviT, ̀ personifikacia aris bunebaSi arsebulisagnebis, bunebis movlenebis an Zalebis, adamianis mier Seqmnilisagnebis, aseve abstraqtuli ideebisa da cnebebis adamianis,ufro iSviaTad cxovelebis sxiT warmodgena.~5 aqedan cxovelebida mcenareebi ufro simboloTa sferos ganekuTvneba da xSiradmaTi Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, axdenen garkveuli cnebebispersonificirebas. magaliTad, kurdReli swrafad gamravlebisunaris gamo, nayofierebas ganasaxierebda, xolo TvalgaxeliliZilis unaris gamo – sifxizles. lomi – Zlierebas da meufebasda a. S.

namdvil personifikaciad konvencionaluri anu alegoriulipersonifikacia iTvleba. es aris garkveuli atributebiT anupirobiTi niSnebiT gamosacnobi adamianis figura .xelovnebaTmcodneobis sistemaSi, RvTismetyvelebisagangansxvavebiT, personifikacia alegoriis nawils warmoadgens.

arsebobs e. w. istoriuli personifikaciis cnebac. ismomdinareobs im wmindanTa da istoriul pirTagan, romelnicgarkveul religiur-eTikur cnebebs da saTnoebebs ukavSirdebian.magaliTad, wm. petre sinanuls da monaniebas ganasaxierebs;wm. giorgi _ qristianul raindobas, siqveles; antikuri xanis,e. i. warmarTobis droindel cnobil pirovnebebs ukavSirebengansakuTrebiT xelovnebis dargebsa da mecnierebebs, siqveleebsada codvebs. magaliTad, aleqsandre makedoneli dadebiTi niSniT,rogorc erT-erTi cxra keTil gmirTagani, ukavSirdeba raindulsiqveles, uaryofiTiT ki _ rogorc uzenaesis winaaRmdeggalaSqrebuli _ ganasaxierebs siamayes, erT-erTs, Svidimomakvdinebeli codvidan. im religiur moZRvrebaTadamaarseblebi da gamavrcelebelni, qristianul sarwmunoebasrom ewinaaRmdegebian, rogorc siqvelis mterni, eressukavSirdebian.

personifikacia literaturaSi adridanve gvxvdeba: magaliTad,homerosTan (mag. vedreba, Zili, sikvdili da a. S.), pindaresTanda hesiodesTan (weliwadis droebis personifikacia, vegetaciisRvTaebebis saxiT). personifikaciis Semdgomi ganviTarebismagaliTs moralis mqone moTxrobebSi aqvs adgili da didrols TamaSobs qristianuli ikonografiisaTvis (siqvele dacodva). bibliaSi aRmosavluri tradiciebis SeesabamisiaRmerTis zogierTi Tvisebis personifikacia, gansakuTrebiT`sunTqva, qari~-s analogiaSi.

personifikacia wramarTul-romauli saxelmwifo simbolikaSigadamwyvet rols TamaSobda. qristianuli literatura ki IVs-is Sua xanidan iyenebs mas ukve ara rogorc miTologiur,aramed rogorc metaforul aparats (mag. himnebi).personifikaciis ikonografiaze gansakuTrebuli gavlenamoaxdines prudis fsiqomaxiam da martianus kapelam, aseveboetiusma. martianus kapelas miTologiur-alegoriulinawarmoebi, gascda ra Tavis miTologiur CarCoebs, mxatvruladCamoayaliba Svidi Tavisufali xelovnebis cneba. antikurimiTologiisadmi interesi umaRles mwvervals renesansishumanizmSi aRwevs da XVIII s-is bolomde ganmsazRvreladrCeba. XVIII s-is dasasrulsa da XIX s-is klasicizmmacvlilebebi moitana, rac kargad Cans vnkelmanis mcdelobaSi,moexdina alegoriuli personifikaciis sistemuri reformireba.

XVII-XVIII s-is saxviTi xelovnebisaTvis udidesimniSvneloba hqonda ripas ̀ ikonologia~-s. es iyo alegoriulpersonifikaciaTa krebuli, romelTa agebuleba ripam cal-calke axsna; es krebuli SeiZleba CaiTvalos personifikaciisSeqmnis saxelmZRvanelod. anbanis mixedviT ganlagebuliri paseuli personifikacia eyrdnoba Sua saukuneebisenciklopediur masalebs. agreTve ripa iyenebs miTologiur-alegoriul literaturas, bokaCosa da kontis. ripa ̀ alegoriis~warmoqmnas filosofiur ganamrtebas adarebs. masTanacaqcentirebulia, rom personifikaciis ZiriTad Tvisebaswarmoadgens simboloebi, damatebiTi sagnebi, igive atributebi,romelic maTi da personifikaciis obieqtis msgavsebissafuZvelze unda SeirCes.

personifikaciebi XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul qandakebaSinato gengiuri

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amdenad, berZnul-romaul xelovnebaSi personifikaciamgansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba moipova. mogvianebiT man gavlenamoaxdina qristianul xelovnebazec. bunebrivi sagnebi da bunebisZalebi iyo personifikaciis saxeoba, rac qristianulmaxelovnebam antikuridan gadmoiRo (mag., dedamiwa, ca, mze, mTvareda a. S). evropaSi personifikaciaTa rTuli sistema araTuxelovnebaSi TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols, aramed Teoretikosebimas specialur naSromebs uZRvnian, romelnic ara mxolodmisi Teoriuli axsnisaTvis, aramed erTgvar saxelmZRvanelodgamosayenebladac iqmneba (mag. ri pa).

personifikaciis saxeebi SeiZleba Semdeg klasebaddavajgufoT:

a) bunebaSi arsebuli sagnebi da movlenebi; magaliTad,miwa, ca, mze da a. S.

b) ̀ koleqtiuri gaerTianebebi~. magaliTad, qalaqebi, qveynebi;g) abstraqtuli ideebi da cnebebi. magaliTad, SiSi, sasjeli,

samarTlianoba.

personifikaciaTa am jgufebidan Cveni TemisaTvis`koleqtiuri gaerTianebebis~ personifikaciaTa ragvarobisgarkveva gvesaWiroeba: qarTuli qandakebebi, romelnic Cvenikvlevis sagania, swored koleqtiur organizacias, gaerTianebas(saqarTvelo, qveyana) ganasaxierebs.

qalaqebis, qveynebis personifikaciebi

evropul xelovnebaSi cnobilia qalaqebis da geografiuliadgileb i s p ersonifi kaci eb i . ms ga v s i S i na a rsispersonificirebuli gamosaxulebebis Tvalis gadevneba antikurixelovnebis nawarmoebebze SegviZlia. upirvelesad undadavasaxeloT romis personifikacia, romelic, savaraudod,pirveli Seiqmna. Semdeg gavrcelda sxva sarezidencio qalaqebis_ konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, tririspersonifikaciebi aseve romis imperiaSi Semavali sxvadasxvaqveynebis da didi regionebis personifikaciebi. sxvadasxvaartibutebiT gamoisaxeba egvipte, afrika, aleqsandria da a. S.maTi gamosaxulebebic SemorCenil romaul monetebze SeiZlebavixiloT.

romis personifikacia saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebisgamomxatveli iyo. sxvadasxva simboluri mniSvnelobis romisgamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba romaul monetebze. magaliTad, romaulsaxelmwifo simbolikaSi xSiria siuxvis e. w. abundantiaspersonifikacia, romelic gvianromaul monetebze xSirad iyowarmodgenili. es iyo axalgazrda qali, romelsac xelSisiuxvis rqa epyra. xSir SemTxvevaSi mas Tavze yvavilebisgvirgvini edga. abundantia berZnuli demetras idealiT Seiqmnaromaul xelovnebaSi da Semdgom barokos epoqis evropulxelovnebaSic gvxvdeba (mag. rubensis suraTi `abundantia~).

adreqristianuli xanis saintereso nimuSia, Teodosiusisvercxlis fari (389-392 ww.), romelic madridSi inaxeba. aqwarmodgenilia geniebi, rogorc xuTi espanuri provinciispersonifikacia. aqve SevniSnavT, rom Sua saukuneebSi romauliqalaqebis personifikaciebs emateba specifikuri saxe -qristianuli ierusalimi. saerTod ki am periodSi qalaqebis`realur~ gamosaxulebebs abreviaturebis saxiT upiratesobasaniWebdnen personifikaciasTan SedarebiT.

renesansis Semdgom periodSi qveynebis personifikaciebsdaukavSirda antikur-romaul samyaroSi miRebuli,saxelmwifoebriv simbolikasTan dakavSirebuli prsonifikaciebimSvidoba, abudencia (siuxvis rqiT), fama (sayviriT) da a. S.

personifikaciebi qarTul xelovnebaSi da XX s-isdasawyisis nimuSebi

qarTuli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebisTvis ar aris ucxopersonifikaciebi. magaliTad, `naTlisRebis~ zogierT scenaSivxvdebiT mdinare iordanes personifikaciebs. aseve atenissionis moxatulobaSi, gumbaTis ZirSi, trompebSi samoTxismdinareebis SiSveli Wabukebis saxiT gamoxatvas vxedavT.qarTul Sua saukuneebis moxatulobebSic da reliefebSicgvxvdeba mzisa da mTvaris, miwis da zecis, agreTve zeciuriierusalimis personifikaciebi. ibadeba kiTxva, Tu qarTulixelovneb i sTv is tradiciulada a da m a xa s i aTeb elipersonifikaciebi, ratom unda miviCnioT XX s-is dasawyisispersonifikacirebuli qandakebebi siaxled?


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saqme isaa, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTulma xelovnebam aricis qveynis, eris da saero cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sxvaorganizaciebis personifikaciebi da amitom XX s-is dasawyisSisaqarTvelos personifikaciis gamoCenas istoriuli mniSvnelobaeniWeba.

unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi tipis personificirebul saxeebsukve XIX s-is qarTul literaturaSi vxvdebiT. mxedvelobaSimaqvs qarTuli dramatuli nawarmoebi al. orbelianis `daviTaRmaSenebeli anu ukanaskneli Jami saqarTvelosi~6, romelic1846 welsaa Seqmnili. personificirebuli mxatvruli saxeebisTvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa avtoris mier daxatulifinaluri scena, sadac daviT aRmaSenebeli mimarTavs Targamoss,kavkasielTa winapars. aq avtori iZleva saWiro dekoraciisvrcel aRwerilobas. is wers: ̀ amas ro ityvis mcxeTis eklesiiskedelzed didi farda gadaixdeba, anazad kedlis feri daarc etyoba fardoba, romlidganac didi mxatvroba gamoCndeba,TviT Targamoz daxatuli, grZel-TeTr wvera, TavSiSveli,TeTr-Tmiani, ori xeli gaSlili aqvs da imis xelis qveSa,daCoqilni arian imisi rva Svili, oTxi erT mxares da oTximeores mxares, amaT garSemo axveviaT imaTa Camomavalobani,qalni da kacni, romelnica Targamozsa Sehyureben yvelani. esmxatvroba kargi unda iyos! Targamozis zeviT aweria: Cemosaxlis momavalno, kurTxeul ars RmerTi! kurTxeulmca iqmnasnayofiereba Tqveni. idideT misgan, ibedniereT misgan, yovladganuyrelni erTad!~7

naTelia, rom aq saqme gvaqvs kavkasiis sxvadasxva xalxTapersonificirebuli saxiT gadmocemasTan. aleqsandre orbelianidaviTsac Tavis sityvaSi kavkasielTa erTianobaze alaparakebs,sveticxovlis garSemo kavkasielTa Semomtkicebaze.niSandoblivia, rom avtori daviTis sityvebiT saubrobsTavisuflebeze, rogorc sakacobrio faseulobaze. vfiqrob,rom swored es suliskveTeba _ Tavisufleba da erovnuliidentoba, sakacobrio faseulobebTan kavSirSi, romelic mTeliSemdgomi periodis qarTuli kulturuli cxovrebisa damiznebis ZiriTadi kredo iyo, gamoixata XX s-is dasawyisisCveni kvlevisaTvis saintereso qandakebebSi. mniSvnelovani isaa,rom marjaniSvilis Teatris reliefic da `mwuxare

saqarTveloc~ SinaarsiTac da formiTac aRniSnuli procesisgamoxatulebad warmogvidgeba. marjaniSvilis Teatris (saxalxosaxlis) reliefi erTdroulad gamoxatavs saqarTvelosevropul kulturasTan mimarTebas, masTan urTierTobis aRdgenissurvils: evropuli kultura xvdeba saqarTvelos, romelsacmasTan Tavisi mravalsaukunovani kulturuli memkvidreobamiaqvs. saqarTvelos Tavisi atributi aqvs – Zveli qarTulixuroTmoZRvrebisTvis saxasiaTo detalebi da CuqurTmebi,romlebsac personifikaciebis win vxedavT. saxezea evropulipersonifikaciis tradiciuli elementi _ atributi, magrammisi simbolika axladaa damuSavebuli da analogi ar moepoveba.amdenad, Seiqmna axali, msoflio xelovnebaSi aqamde ucnobipersonifikacia _ saqarTvelos personifikacia da SemuSavdaspecifikuri atributic, romelic mis simbolizebas axdenda.niSandoblivia, rom qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis formebi daCuqurTmebi atributis rols kisrulobs ilia WavWavaZissaflavis monumentSic, romelSic Sinaarsi ufro Rrma simbolurJReradobas iZens: mosasxamSi gaxveuli qali – mwuxaresaqarTvelo Zvel qarTul karibWeSi dgas _ sakralur sazRvarze.qristianuli simbolikis mixedviT kari simboluri zRurblia,is aris sazRvarSi gaWrili Riobi ori samyaros dakavSirebissaSualeba. unda gavavloT paraleli saxalxo saxlisreliefiTan, sadac aseve saqarTvelo-evropis kavSirzea aqcenti.magram ras gamoxatavs ilias saflavis monumenti? rasakavSirebs erTmaneTTan es kari? SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom aqsaqme gvaqvs miwieri da zecieri samyaroebis zRvarTan,sazRvarTan, romelic iliam gadalaxa da zeciuri samyarosmkvidrad gadaiqca. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, es ar unda iyosswori varaudi, radgan karSi didi mamuliSvili ki ar dgas,aramed mwuxare saqarTvelo... saqarTvelo, romelic Tavisipatara samyaros karibWeSia, karibWeSi, romelic did samyaroSi,msoflioSi, gadis. niSandoblivia, rom qalis poza arganasaxierebs…msvlelobas arc SigniT da arc gareT, qalidabneuli da garindebulia. mzera? sad aris mzera? TvalebidaxuWulia. saqarTvelo Tavzardacemuli da Tavis TavSiwasuli warmogvidgeba. xelSi dafnis toti uWiravs,safiqrebelia, ilias poeziis simbolo. dafnis gvirgvini


86 87

gamarjvebas ganasaxierebda antikuri periodidanve, isgamarjvebulTa atributi iyo. saqarTvelos ki uWiravs dafnistoti, romelic ar aris gvirgvinad Sekruli. saqarTvelozRurblze dgas, gansacdeliT Tavzardacemuli da umoqmedo,magram xelSi gafoTlili totiT, rac imedis gamoxatulebasunda warmoadgendes. vfiqrobT, aseTi gancda trialebda maSinsazogadoebaSi, misi gamomxatvelic cnobierad Tu qvecnobieradgaxdnen ilias saflavis monumentis avtorebi. rogorc cnobilia,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi cxare kamaTimidioda qandakebisa da misi garemomcveli arqiteqturis saxeze,midioda ganxilvebi, gamomsvlelebi gamoxatavdnen TavianTwarmodgenebs da survilebs monumentis Taobaze, aqtiurobdaiv. javaxiSvili. amdenad, monumentis SeqmnaSi TviT ostatebTanerTad maSindeli mowinave sazogadoeba iRebda moawileobas.radgan Zeglis dRes arsebuli varianti iqna mowonebuli,Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is sazogadoebis gancdebisada warmodgenebis gamoxatuleba iyo. amis gamo, misi mniSvnelobaganisazRvreba ara mxolod istoriuli RirebulebiT, aramedimiTac, rom is erT nawarmoebad kravs qarTul sazogadoebaSimaSin arsebul gancdas. es aris TviTaRqmis Taviseburigamoxatuleba, Tavis Tavisa da Tavis qveynis arsebuli

mdgomareobis gaazreba, qveynisaTvisgadamwyvet zRurblTan dgomissaocari SegrZnebis amsaxvelimxatvrulad ganzogadebulisuraTi.

yoveliv e zemoaRniS nulimiuTiTebs, rom XX s-is dasawyisSi,qarTuli qandakeba iziarebs raevropul mxatvrul memkvidreobas,rCeba TviTmyofadi. is aris axalgzaze damdgari, Tavis saTqmelisaxal mxatvrul formebSi asxamsxorcs da imavdroulad arisoriginaluri da ganumeorebeli.

1 safasado qandakeba TbilisSi. XIX saukune da XX saukunis dasawyisi.Tb. 2008;2 moqandakis vinaoba ucnobia;3 csa fondi – 481, saqme 1078, f 38. mowodebis teqsti moyvanilia: l.SaniZe, qarTuli, sabWoTa qandakeba, Tb. 1975, sqolio 3, gv.138;4 G. Hermerén, Representation and Mening in the Visual Arts. London. 1969;O. Seel antike und frühchristliche Allegorik. B. 1964; L. Popović. Personifikationsin Paleologan Painting. 1261-1453. Diss.masch. Ann. Arbor 1963;5 LCI, 3, Rom- Freiburg-Basel-Wien, 2004,S. 394;6 drama gamoqveynebulia wignSi: qarTuli dramaturgia, t. I, Tb. 1992.7 iqve, gv. 264-265.


1. monumenti ilia WavWavaZis saflavze ̀ mwuxare saqarTvelo~. moq.– i. nikolaZe, arq. – p. mamraZe. 1908-1913.

3. romauli moneta egviptis personifikaciiT.

4. romauli moneta abundantias personifikaciiT.

2. marjaniSvilis Teatris reliefi ̀ saqarTvelo da evropa~.1907 w.

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kulturis menejmenti nino sanadiraZe

menejmenti qarTul tradiciul

sanaxaobiT kulturaSi

saxalxo dResaswaulebis magaliTze

nebismieri sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis, kerZod ki menejmentisparadigma emyareba warmodgenebs realobaze. Tavad eswarmodgenebi zegavlenas axdenen imaze, rac am konkretuldargSi realobad iTvleba, ufro swored, rac realobad miaCniaTmecnierebsa da praqtikosebs. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebigaremomcveli samyaros obieqtebis qcevas swavlobs, xoloiseTi sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis Seswavlis sferod, rogoricmenejmentia, adamianisa da sazogadoebrivi institutebis qcevisSeswavla gvevlineba. kulturis sferos menejmentis specifikas,rogorc wesi, ̀ sulieri warmoebis~ Taviseburebebs ukavSireben.kulturaSi warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli `produqtebi~ araimdenad sagnobrivi xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac azrovnebis fenomenebs(aRqmas, gagebas, gancdas da sxv.) ukavSirdeba da uSualodaTvlas, Sejamebas ar eqvemdebareba. xSirad, maTi warmoebamaT gamoyenebas emTxveva (speqtaklis, kinofilmis Cveneba,koncertze daswreba, wignis kiTxva). ufro metic, materialuriwarmoebis produqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic gamoyenebisprocesSi cvdeba, kulturuli faseulobebi gamoyenebisas sulufro met Rirebulebas iZens (mag: rac ufro metma adamianmawaikiTxa esa Tu is wigni, uyura speqtakls, films, mousminakoncerts - miT ufro maRalia maTi socialuri mniSvneloba).

menejmentis procesebis dinamika da struqturebisCamoyalibeba sainteresodaa asaxuli qarTul sanaxaobiTkulturis ZeglebSi, sadac naCvenebia menejmentis Camoyalibebisada kriteriumebis gaazrebis etapebi. ramdenadac cnobilia,kulturaSi mimdinare procesebi Sinagani kanonzomierebiTada sxva kulturebTan kontaqtiT aris ganpirobebuli. qarTulmasanaxaobiTma xelovnebam primitiuli formebidan TanamedroveTeatramde mravalsaukunovani gza gaiara. sanaxaobiTi kulturisdid tradicias adasturebs arqeologiuri gaTxrebis SedegadaRmoCenili Teatraluri nagebobebi Tu sxvadasxva daniSnulebis

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nivTebi. maTze gamosaxulia saweso-sanaxaobiTi scenebi, romlebicimdroindel qarTvel xalxSi gavrcelebul sanaxaobaTakulturis arsebobaze metyvelebs. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoasaqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli masobrivsanaxaobaTa dResaswaulebis analizi kulturis menejmentTanmimarTebaSi. kvleva iTvaliswinebs qarTuli sanaxaobiTikulturis ZiriTadi tradiciebis Seswavlisa da analizismcdelobas kulturis menejmentis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.sanaxaobiTi kultura warmoadgenda epoqis „plastikur saxes”,romlebSic tradiciulad ikveTeba Semdegi jgufebi: 1. ciklurian sezonuri _ dakavSirebuli weliwadis droebis cvlasTan(gansakuTrebiT gazafxulis mosvlasTan); 2. sasoflodResaswaulebi _ dakavSirebuli sameurneo samuSaoebTan (xvna-Tesva, Tibva, mka, mosavlis aReba) 3. kalendaruli dResaswaulebi(religiuri da samoqalaqo xalxuri _ dakavSirebuli garkveulTariRebTan).

saukuneTa manZilze adamianTa saqmianoba, religiuriSexedulebebi, rwmena-warmodgenebi da Rirebulebebi garkveulcvlilebebs ganicdida. qarTul warmarTul saxalxo (xalxur)dResaswaulebSi warmodgenilia qarTvelTa uZvelesimsoflmxedveloba; ritualSi erTiandeba ganayofierebis,mosavlisa da saqonlis gamravlebis dasabevebeli xerxebi darwmena-warmodgenebi.1 dResaswaulebi da saxalxo ritualebi,romlebsac tradiciuli sanaxaobiTi kulturis produqtebismagaliTze ganvixilavT kalendaruli TanmimdevrobiTsruldeboda anu drois menejmentis TvalsazrisiT nawildebodasezonisa Tu periodebis mixedviT. dResaswauli berikaoba-yeenoba, sxvadasxva saxesxvaobiT saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvelakuTxeSi gvxvdeba saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT: zemo daqvemo svaneTSi, qarTl-kaxeTSi, fSavSi, xevsureTSi, TuSeTSi,mesxeT-javaxeTSi da sxv. berikaobis saTaved bunebis ganaxlebisada ganayofierebis sakulto wes-Cveuleba aris miCneuli, amitomis saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi gazafxulis dResaswaulsukavSirdeboda. umeteswilad, berikaoba soflis movliT, kardakarCamovliT, ezoSi an saxlis win sruldeboda, Tumca mayurebelixSirad sagangebod mowyobil moednebsa da saTamaSo adgilebzeciyrida Tavs. berikaobaSi mxolod mamakacebi monawileobdnen.

berikebs Tavisi meTauri – berikaTwinamZRvari hyavda. berikaTagunds dasi an dasta ewodeboda. dasSi Sedioda taxis, daTvis,Txis, mglis, mefis, mosamarTlis, eqimis, mRvdlis, batonis, vaWrisada sxvaTa niRbebi. akrefili gasamrjelos Sesagrovebladdass hyavda mebargulebi, romlebic saxedrebiT, cxenebiT, urmebiTdahyvebodnen ukan. sakravebidan berikebi iyenebdnen stvirs,zurnas, Congurs, dairas. sasimRero repertuars ki berikauliewodeboda. berikaoba – yeenobis dResaswaulis damaxasiaTebelielementebia: cxovelebisa da adamianis gamomsaxveli nairferovaniniRbebi da tansacmeli, meomari da moTareSe berikebi.dausrulebeli Serkinebebi, sawesCveulebo cekvebi, erotiuliscenebi, mTavar moqmed gmirTa sasiyvarulo istoriebi, qorwineba,droebiTi sikvdili da mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, bunebis ganaxlebagacocxlebis simbolod da Zvel aRmosavluri misteriebisanalogad moiazreba.

dResaswaulSi monawileTa niRbebsa da kostiumebsgadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda. niRbebis sakiTxi kvlevissxva mimarTulebas warmoadgens da am SemTxvevaSi, mxoloddResaswaulis moqmed pirTa atributis mniSvnelobiTganvixilavT. saqarTveloSi niRbebis gamoyenebasa da arsebobasaraerTi istoriuli Tu arqeologiuri masala adasturebs;TrialeTSi aRmoCenil vercxlis sasmisze gamoxatulkompoziciaze gamosaxulia 23 figura, romelTac ukeTiaTcxovelis gamosaxulebiani niRbebi, aseve sayuradReboa vanisarqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili dionisesterakotuli niRbebi da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva adgilasaRmoCenili arqeologiuri monapovrebi. berikaoba-yeenobis svanursaxesxvaobaSi, muryvamoba-kviriaobis dros mniSvnelovani roliekisreboda droSas an romelime sxvadasxva nivTs, romelsacTavis mxriv sakraruli mniSvnelobiT gamoirCeva.2

menejmentis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, analizismcdelobisas, SevCerdebiT sxvadasxva qarTuli dResaswaulebissxvadasxva elementze, romlebic naTlad gamoxatavs sanaxaobiTikulturis menejmentis codnas, sadac SemoqmedebiTi dasaorganizacio jgufi (am SemTxvevaSi monawile soflebi TuTemebi) RonisZiebis mosamzadeblad gadioda menejmentissxvadasxva etaps, dagegmvidan _ Sefasebamde. sxvadasxva epoqasa

menejmenti qarTul tradiciul sanaxaobiTkulturaSi saxalxo dResaswaulebis magaliTzenino sanadiraZe

92 93

Tu sazogadoebaSi TiToeuli sazogadoeba, jgufi Tu individiidentobis sakuTar repertuars flobs, romlis mixedviTac,kulturis produqtebi iqmneba. maTi cvalebadoba istoriulirealobiT, politikuri, socialuri Tu kulturulifaqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, Tumca produqtis dagegmva daganxorcielebis gzebi yvela sazogadoebasa Tu socialurjgufSi etapobrivad mimdinareobs da TanamedroveobaSigansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs.

qarTuli RonisZiebaTa analizisas mniSvnelovania asevesocialuri aqtivobebis gaTvaliswinebac, – rogorc socialuripasuxismgeblobis gaziarebis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, yeenobisdResaswauli iyo didi sakarnavalo sanaxaoba, romelicsimbolurad asaxavda qarTveli xalxis brZolas ucxoeldampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg. yeenobaSi monawileobas uamraviadamiani iRebda da CarTuli iyvnen RonisZiebis mTlian procesSi.mayureblebs gasamrjelo YyeenisTvis unda miecaT, romlisSegrovebis Semdegac xdeboda RonisZiebis momzadebisas gaweulixarjebis dafarva da RonisZiebis Semdgomi wveulebis mowyoba.darCenili TanxiT ki exmarebodnen uZlurebaSi myofebs,gaWirvebulebsa da umziTvo qalebs.

RonisZiebis momzadebis procesi gadioda marTvis procesissxvadasxva etaps, pirvel rigSi, ki xdeboda gadawyvetilebismiReba gasakeTebeli saqmis Taobaze da xalxis organizeba amgadawyvetilebis Sesasruleblad. dagegmvis procesixorcieldeboda organizaciisa Tu RonisZiebis calkeulimmarTvelebis xelT arsebuli adamianuri, finansuri damaterialuri resursebis saukeTesod gamoyenebis meSveobiT.Tanamedrove standartebis mixedviT, marTvis procesi zogadadiyofa ramodenime calkeul safexurad, romlebic miznismisaRwevad saWiro qmedebebia da ganapirobeben wesrigs,sistemurobasa da logikurobas. marTvis procesis Semadgenelinawilebia: Aa) dagegmva – miznis dasaxva da saWiro moqmedebebismimarTulebis gansazRvra sasurveli Sedegebis misaRwevad. b)organizeba – miznebis misaRwevad saWiro organizaciisa Tusaorganizacio jgufis Seqmna da personalis SerCeva. g)motivireba - personalis erT gundad muSaobisaTvis saWiroatmosferos Seqmna. kontrolireba – Catarebuli samuSaos

Sefaseba da gaanalizeba, anu Sedegebis Sedareba dagegmilmiznebTan da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi makoreqtirebeli zomebismiReba. yvela zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebis Semdeg SegviZliadavaskvnaT Semdegi: yvela qarTul dResaswaulTa struqturada Tanmimdevroba sxvadasxva regionSi sxvadasxvagvaria, TumcaSinaarsi da simboloTa daniSnuleba ar icvleba. dResaswaulSimonawileobda sazogadoebis yvela wevri da yvelas hqondadakisrebuli Tavisi funqcia da roli. dResaswaulis dawyebisTariRi, rogorc aRvniSneT, winaswar iyo cnobili, sofels kisanaxaobis dawyebas sagangebod SerCeuli momReralTa anmusikosTa jgufi atyobinebda. dResaswaulis monawileTafunqciaTa gadanawileba wina dReebSi xdeboda. sociumis yvelawevrs dakisrebuli hqonda Tavisi funqcia da roli. tradiciulsazogdoebas gaaCnda gonieri menejmenti - Sroma, brZola,locva da sanaxaoba ise enacvleboda erTmaneTs, disharmoniaar iqmneboda.

1. julieta ruxaZe, qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli (berikaoba-yeenoba),Tb. 2000, gv.149;2. iqve: gv. 132.

julieta ruxaZe, qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli (berikaoba-yeenoba),Tb., 1966;l. gvaramaZe _ qarTuli xalxuri qoreografia, Tb, 1957;i. surgulaZe _ miTosi, kulti, rituali saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2003;r. gujejiani – qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan, Tb 2008;James Heilbrun - The Economics of Art and culture. 2007;Iain Robertson - understanding international art markets and management2005;Derrick Chong - Art management 2006;Armstrong Gary – marketing and art management 2007;Phillip Kotler – marketing – introduction 2007.

menejmenti qarTul tradiciul sanaxaobiTkulturaSi saxalxo dResaswaulebis magaliTzenino sanadiraZe

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musikismcodneoba mamuka sixaruliZe

Sopenis lirikul-kantilenuri etiudebis

interpretaciis zogierTi sakiTxi

(Txz.10 #3 E-dur, #6 es-moll da Txz.25 #7cis-moll)

Txzuleba 10 #3, #6 da Txzuleba 25 #7 etiudebigamorCeuli piesebia Sopenis etiudebis ciklSi. isini TavisixasiaTiT kardinalurad gansxvavdebian ara marto am Janristradiciuli, winaromantikuli periodis wminda instruqciulibunebisagan, aramed romantikuli periodis maRalmxatvrulivirtuozuli etiudis koncefciisaganac. isini warmoadgenenpoetis sulis aRsarebas da mTeli safortepiano literaturisuRrmes Sedevrebs; amasTanave es genialuri TxzulebebiWeSmariti magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad siRrmiseulad aRiqvamdaSopeni etiuds, rogorc Janrs da ra mravalmxrivad esmodamisi gamomsaxvelobis, Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis da teqnikursaSualebaTa Serwymis perspeqtivebi. maTi gadmocemisas, gardasaSemsruleblo niWierebisa, aucilebelia ganviTarebuliinteleqti, sulieri simwife da piradi cxovrebiseuligamocdileba, raTa am saocari piesebis miRma davinaxoTgenialuri xelovani Tavis gancdaTa siRrmiTa damravalferovnebiT, aristokratulobiTa da zomierebiT.Tavisi nawrmoebebis Sesrulebisas Sopeni, listis sityvebiTrom vTqvaT, amJRavnebda `gulissiRrmiseul grZnobebs~, racmis mSobliur enaze erTaderTi sityviT gamoixateba _ `Zal”.Sesabamisi gamoTqma sxva enaSi ar moipoveba, Sopeni ase aRwersmas Tavis dRiurSi, _ ̀ ra kargad var... naRvlianad! naRvlianadda kargad! ra grZnobaa es? _ kargad da naRvlianad, magramroca naRvliani xar, xom ar SeiZleba kargad iyo?! me kimsiamovnebs es! ucnauri mdgomareobaa~. polarul emociurmdgomareobaTa urTierTkavSiri kanonzomieria. es Tavs iCenskompozitoris umravles TxzulebebSi. yvelafrismomcvelSopenis ̀ Zal”-Si igrZnoboda ̀ polonuri suli, aRsavse ZaliT,raindobiT, gmirobiT, dramatulobiT, sinaziT, samSoblozedardiTa da sevdiT, Rrma melanqoliiT~.1 amgvari grZnobebiTaaaRbeWdili es etiudebi, isini Sopenis lirikis sxvadasxva

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waxnagebs warmoaCenen, naTel-idiliur (E-dur), sevdian-melanqoliur (es-moll) da tragikul-deklamaciur (cis-moll)saxeTa gaxsna Semsruleblebisagan Sesabamis emociur dafsiqologiur CaRrmavebas moiTxovs.

am etiudebSi warmodgenilia tipuri romantikuli faqtura:sami plani, anu sami moqmedi piri – melodia, SigTavsi da bani(Txz.25 #7 etiudSi bani Tavad warmoadgens ZiriTad melodias).aq Semsrulebeli gansakuTrebulad unda grZnobdes faqturas,mis samganzomilebianobas: horizontalurs - melodiisa daTanxlebis ganviTareba-ganfenas droSi, vertikalurs – qveda,Sua da zeda plastebis SeTavsebas harmoniulad da siRrmiseuls– reliefuri, wina, axlo planis garCevas fonisagan, ukanaplanisagan (risi realizebac Sesrulebisas dinamikis saSualebiTxdeba). `Sopeni musikas gansakuTrebul maRal socialurmniSvnelobas aniWebda, is masSi da kerZod musikalurinterpretaciaSi `sakuTari azrebis bgerebiT gadmocemisxelovnebas~ xedavda. misi azriT is rac SeuZlebelia sityvebiTgadmoices, SesaniSnavad gadmoicema musikiT, _ bgeraganusazRvreli sityvaa adamianisa, anu raRac iseTi, riTacadamianis yvelaze intimuri da Rrma arsi gamoixateba. Sesabamisadamisa Sopens aucileblobad miaCnda pirvel rigSi nawarmoebisZiriTadi azris, poeturi xasiaTis, Sesrulebis Sinagani RerZisSegrZneba da gansazRvra. Sopeni ambobda _ `ar arsebobsWeSmariti musika faruli Canafiqris gareSe~2 _ es frTianifraza SesaniSnavad xsnis mis pozicias.

etiudi # 3 mi maJorinebismieri kompozitoris SemoqmedebaSi arsebobs mwvervalebi,romlebic gansakuTrebuli elvarebiT gamoirCevian. Sopenisgenialur melodiebs Soris mesame etiudis melodia erT-erTigamorCeulia. cnobilia, rom TviT Sopeni am Temas TavissaukeTeso melodiad miiCnevda. kremliovs moyvanili aqvs rimski-korsakovis Semoqmedebis mkvlevris iastrebcevis cnoba imisSesaxeb, rom rimski-korsakovs am etiudis musika yvelazesaukeTeso, idealur da srulyofil melodiad miaCnda arsebulmelodiaTa Soris.3 musikis moyvarulTa farTo wreSic esetiudi identificirebulia Sopenis saxesTan.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mesame etiudSi teqnikuriTvalsazrisiT pirvel adgilze dgas bgeraTwarmoqmnis problema(Sua nawilSi vxvdebiT wminda teqnikur problemebsac – sakmaodswraf tempSi – stretto, con bravura – ormagi kvartebi, kvintebi,seqstebi), - intonaciurad mdidari, mReradi bgeris floba,melodiis deklamaciuri Sesruleba, polifoniuri momentebi,farTo sunTqva, daxvewili pedali – ai es ZiriTadi siZneleebi,romlebic unda gadaiWras Sopenis mesame etiudis Sesrulebisas.

am etiudSi kidura nawilebi vokaluri xasiaTisaa, Suanawili ki – instrumentuli. Sopeni gansakuTrebuladiswrafvoda mReradi, plastikuri, musikaluri metyvelebisaken.am mizniT igi mowafeebs urCevda, rac SeiZleba xSirad esminaTbelkantos ostatebisaTvis, ufro xSirad vidre pianistebisaTvis.xandaxan mouwodebda kidec, rom TviTonac eswavlaT simRera.`Tqven unda imReroT, Tu gindaT, rom iswavloT dakvra~,4 _ambobda igi. simReris kanonzomierebis codna misTvis gaazrebuli,bunebrivi frazirebisa da Sinaarsobrivad mravalferovaniwarmoTqmis winapiroba iyo. ZiriTadi sirTule aq isaa, rommarjvena xeli erTdroulad asrulebs rogorc melodias, isemeTeqvsmetedebis Tanxlebas. imisaTvis, rom pianistma SeZlosmelodiisa da Tanxlebis gamijvna, maT Soris balansisdacva, Zalian sasargebloa Semdegi cnobili xerxi: marjvenaxelis partias vukravT ori xeliT. amiT Cvens Sinagan smenaSimarTlacda ori xma fiqsirdeba da rodesac mxolod marjvenaxeliT davukravT, Cvenda uneburad TiToeul xmas TavisiSeferiloba mieniWeba (gavixsenoT neihauzis sityvebi: yvelaukravs ise, rogorc esmis). xelis simZime gadatanili iqnebaTiTebze, romlebic melodias ukraven. maT Soris xom xSiradaris susti TiTebi, xolo Zlieri TiTebi, romlebic Tanxlebasasruleben, Semsubuqdebian.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime saintereso savarjiSo aqvsmoyvanili kortos. mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes melodiisada banis dueti. amitom pianistma calke unda daukras melodiada banis xazi. mxolod is ar aris sakmarisi, rom banis notebiJRerdnen, isini mTlian xazs unda qmnidnen. aucilebeliaSemsrulebelma SeigrZnos da zustad gadmosces banSimocemuli punqtiruli ritmi da misi sinkopuri xasiaTi, vinaidan

Sopenis lirikul-kantilenurietiudebis interpretaciis zogierTi sakiTximamuka sixaruliZe

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mas Tavisi moZraobiT Sinagani impulsi Seaqvs etiudis faqturismSvid, gawonasworebul dinebaSi.

am etiudSi Sopeni iyenebs harmoniuli elifsis meTods.elifsi Sopenis musikaSi iseve, rogorc sxva kompozitorebTan,Cveulebrivi movlenaa, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvamxatvrul-Sinaarsobriv, emociur, musikalur-dramatul,kompoziciur aspeqtebSi. igi gamoyenebulia etiudis Sua,ganviTarebad nawilSi, kulminaciis wina zonaSi. elifsisgamoyeneba am pirobebSi nakarnaxevia misi, rogorc konkretuliharmoniuli xerxis TaviseburebiT: `meryevi, disonirebuliakordis gantvirTva (gadawyveta) xdeba ara mosalodnel myartonikaSi, aramed nebismier sxva akordSi, romelic, rogorcwesi, meryevia da xSirad warmoadgens disonans, anu iqmnebamoulodnelobis efeqti, dagegmili ganviTarebis kalapotisuecari Secvla~.5 upirvelesad, _ ar aris ioli nawarmoebismTavari da damxmare tonalobebis emociuri Seferilobisgadmocema, ar aris ioli calkeuli akordebis emociuriSeferilobis gaxsna, TiToeuli akordis Zalis dozireba,gansakuTrebiT disonirebulisa, maTi adgilis da emociurifunqciis mixedviT. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniamodulaciebSi. xSirad isini saWiroeben garkveul gadaxrasZiriTadi tempidan, magram rogors _ pasuxi Semsruleblismusikalur alRozea damokidebuli. ara nakleb mniSvnelovaniproblema, razec damokidebulia Sesrulebis damajerebloba,yoveli axali tonalobis bunebriv momzadebaSia.

etiudis Sua nawilidan iwyeba musikaluri masalisdramatizeba – moZraoba sxvadasxva intervalebiT, naxtomebi,faqturis TandaTanobiT garTuleba, modulaciebi, dinamizacia.yvelafer amas mivyavarT did kulminaciasTan f con bravura,stretto. intervalebis epizodebis teqnikur daZlevaSi mivmarTavTZvel, nacnob xerxs: zeda xmebi, iseve rogorc qveda xmebi, undavimecadinoT cal-calke, aplikaturis mkacri dacviT.SesaZlebelia marjvena xelis zeda da marcxena xelis qvedaxazebis erTad dakvrac. es ara marto gaamaxvilebs smenas,aramed gaavarjiSebs saWiro kunTebs. unda gavixsenoT samuelfainbergis rCeva: davyoT didi siZnele mcire siZneleebad dacal-calke davZlioT isini. arsebobs meore aprobirebuli

xerxic: siZnelis kidev ufro gamZafreba. am xerxis mixedviTligebis SeerTebiT or-ori intervali unda davukraT gaormagebiT,gasammagebiT, mxolod ise rom xeli ar dagveZabos.miuxedavad Sua nawilis aseTi masStaburi ganviTarebisa, igiar unda iyos amovardnili kidura nawilebis lirikul-idiliurixasiaTidan. mis bolo rva taqtSi unda moxdes im nazi, mSvidixasiaTisa da JReradobis Semzadeba, romelic reprizaSiagamefebuli. aq musika JRers ufro miRmurad. didi kulminaciisada dramatuli ganviTarebis Semdeg, igi TiTqos ufro mogonebaa,vidre realuri suraTi.

etiudi #6 mi bemol minories musika TiTqos fsiqologiuri portretia martosuli

adamianisa, Sinagani monologi, aRsareba, romelic TavisigamomsaxvelobiT, mxatvruli zemoqmedebis ZaliT SeiZlebaSopenis genialuri preludiebis gverdiT davayenoT. antonrubinSteinis Sedareba – `musikaSi aJRerebuli suli~ |_albaT yvelaze ukeT gamoxatavs am piesis Sinaarss.

etiudi polifoniuria. faqturaSi mkveTrad arisgamovlenili sami Sre (melodia Tavisi damxmare xmiT, banismelodiuri xazi da ornamentulad melodizirebuli figuraciaSua SreSi), romelic qmnis polifoniur siRrmesa da denadobas.swored maT diferenciasa da logikur dinamikur ganlagebaSiaam etiudis ZiriTadi sirTule. misi yoveli xma saguldagulodunda iqnas damuSavebuli da Seswavlili. mSvidi melodia,romelic TiTqos eyrdnoba damxmare xmas sisadaviT gamoirCeva.yovelgvar efeqtebs moklebuli TiTqos CaZiruli, CaketiliaTavis TavSi. am SegrZnebas amZafrebs tonaloba mi bemolminori, romelic mTeli eqspoziciis manZilze ar icvleba.kidura nawilebSi melodia da damxmare xma qmnian kontrapunqts,rac Sesrulebisas naTlad unda iqnas gamovlenili. marcxenaxelSi banTan erTad mocemulia melodiuri figuraciebi.aucilebelia maTi funqciis gamijvna, JReradobis mxriv maTidinamikis diferenciacia. `orjer eqspoziciur periodSi damesamed reprizaSi JRers Tema, sadac oqtavuri naxtomiTmiRebuli melodiuri mwvervali moTavsebulia winadadebismosalodnel dasasrulamde erTi taqtiT adre. D7-VI


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gadawyvetas mosdevs ortaqtiani gafarToeba. es erTi mxrivmasStaburad awonasworebs kulminaciis adgilmdebareobas Temiskidura wertilebis mimarT, meore mxriv ki mihyavs ganviTarebakvadratul proporciamde. reprizaSi, romelic imeorebseqspoziciis meore winadadebas, mocemulia xuTtaqtianigafarToeba, rac miRweulia Sewyvetili kadansuri brunvisII6

b1-D samjeradi gameorebiT. kadenciuri harmoniebis esgafarToeba warmoadgens Txzulebis moaxloebuli dasasrulissignalis komunikaciur funqcias~.6

ibadeba kiTxva: ratom gaimeora Sopenma reprizaSi mxoloderTi winadadeba. Cveni varaudiT, es gamowveuli iyo imiT, romTavidan aecilebina Temis Warbi gameoreba. imavdroulad TemiserT gatarebas SeiZleba mohyoloda reprizis masStabis ormagiSemcireba, rac gamoiwvevda naadrevi dasasrulis SegrZnebas.Sopeni irCevs optimalur variants: igi imeorebs Temas mxoloderTxel, magram masStaburad afarToebs mas, razec zemoTaciyo saubari. yovelive zemoTqmuli faqtobrivad exeba etiudisaRqmis musikalur-dramaturgiul sakiTxs, rac esodenmniSvnelovania SemsruleblisaTvis.Tanxleba TiTqos monotonuria Tavisi moZraobiT, magramintonaciurad Zalze gamomsaxvelia, savse qromatuli xveulebiT.swored is Tavisi melodiiT qmnis, qsovs xasiaTis Suq-Crdilebs.msgavsi ti pis melodizirebuli Tanxleba xSirad gvxvdebaromantikosebTan, igi TiTqos xatavs, gadmoscems im garemos,viTarebas, sadac warmoiSoba da viTardeba melodia.

kremliovi wers: Cven winaSea Sidatonaluri modulaciebis,Tamami harmoniebis, ornamentikis Taviseburi unikumi. igi axalibrwyinvale magaliTia (me-2 etiudis Semdeg) Warbi qromatizmiTdatvirTuli harmoniuli qsovilis ostaturi flobisa, racesoden damaxasiaTebelia Sopenis azrovnebisaTvis.7 TanxlebazemuSaobisas aucilebelia moZraobis uwyvetobis, siTanabris,legatos miRweva. pirvel etapze igi unda damuSavdes upedlod,raTa ar gamogveparos umciresi xarvezebi, romlebic SeiZlebawarmoiSvas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioTaraakordul bgerebs, maT disonirebul JReradobas, SeferilobasmTlian konteqstSi. rac Seexeba pedals, _ igi vibrirebs,

uaRresad mobiluria. aq ar arsebobs mza recepti. yuri daorive pedali maqsimalurad mobilizebuli unda iyos dareagirebdes umcires cvlilebebze, raTa faqturis sisufTave,gamWvirvaloba SenarCundes Warbi qromatizmis pirobebSi.

milSteini wers: aravin yofila uxeSi, xisti dakvris iseTimowinaaRmdege, rogorc Sopeni iyo. misi azriT, TiTebi ki arunda urtyamdnen klaviSebs, aramed rbilad unda exebodnenbaliSebiT da moqnilad gadadiodnen erTidan meoreze. mtevaniunda iyos moqnili Tavisufali, magram unda `yanyalebdes~,TiTebi odnav moxrili, TiTis wverebi _ msubuqad fiqsirebulida rac SeiZleba, klaviSebTan axlos. maTi ZiriTadi funqciaamaqsimalurad SeigrZobdnen klaviSis fskers. isini TiTqos`Zerwaven~ bgeras.8

etiudi #19 do diez minorietiudi SeiZleba SevadaroT instrumentul duets, aq orive

xma individualizebulia, magram isini viTardebian harmoniulerTobliobaSi. erT xmaSi warmoSobil da ganviTarebul emociurtalRas xazs usvams da amZafrebs replika an gamomsaxveliintonacia, meore xmaSi. es azrobrivi gadajaWvuloba mTlianobas,uwyvetobas aniWebs musikas.Semsrulebels kargad unda hqondes gaazrebuli, xmaTatembraluri Seferilobidan gamomdinare, maTi dinamikuriganviTarebis amplituda, raTa saTanadod gadmosces dinebislogikuroba, amaSi mas daexmareba mervedebis ganuwyvetelipulsacia faqturis Sua SreSi, swored aq mocemul intervalTagamomsaxveli, gabmuli moZraoba dagvicavs gadaWarbebulirubatosa da azris danawevrebisagan. msgavsi tipis pulsaciaxSirad gvxvdeba beThovenis sonatebis meore nawilebSi, romelicgarindebis, zedroulobis SegrZnebas badebs da amasTanavemusikaluri dinebis maorganizebel muxts warmoadgens, aseveaSopenis preludebSi h-moll, Des-dur, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriTes moZraoba wvimis, cremlis wveTebis asociacias iwvevs. ̀ SopeniserT-erTi yvelaze gamomsaxveli melodia, `musikalurimetyvelebis~, melodiuri reCitativis unikumi, romlis TiToeuliintonacia ̀ laparakobs~, metyvelebs da imavdroulad melodiuriaam sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. melosis xazi calkeul


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fragmentebad ki ar iyofa, aramed mravali taqtis manZilzeuwyvetad miedineba da Tavisi ganuyofeli lirikuli talRiTSlis sazRvrebs maT Soris~.9

Sesavali improvizaciuli xasiaTisaa. aq kompozitoriSemsrulebels garkveul Tavisuflebas aZlevs, vinaidan essami taqti araa SeboWili mervedTa gabmuli pulsaciiT, magramSemsrulebeli aucileblad unda grZnobdes Sinaganmaorganizebel muxts, rac ganwyobisa da drois ganviTarebismizez-Sedegobrivi logikurobisTvisaa aucilebeli.`damkvidrebulma azrma, rom esaa etiudi marcxena xelisaTvisdroTa ganmavlobaSi gamoiwvia misi Sinaarsisa dagamomsaxvelobis calmxrivi gageba da imdenad Secvala misidaniSnuleba pedagogiur praqtikaSi, rom Cven saWirod migvaCniagamovideT am etiudis tradiciuli interpretaciis winaaRmdeg.amiT davexmarebiT Semsrulebels Tavi Seikavos nawarmoebiszerele gagebisagan, eqspansiurobisa da bgeris zedmetisimkveTrisagan, rac upiratesobas aniWebs bans, marjvena xelispartias ki mxolod akompanimentis funqcias utovebs. am etiudispoeturi Canafiqri da WeSmariti Rirebuleba swored orivepartiis zust bgeriT Tanafardobazea dafuZnebuli~.10 aq araris sakmarisi, mxolod pianisturad komfortuli Sesruleba.am etiudis Sesrulebisas xSirad ifarglebian elegiur-melanqoliuri xasiaTiT, rac iwvevs interpretaciiserTferovnebas da Sinaarsis gaubraloebas. Semsrulebelmadamajereblad unda gadmosces musikis tragikul-deklamaciuribuneba, dramatuli kulminaciis TandaTanobiTi momzadeba, rasacxazs usvams marcxena xelis mgznebare pasaJebi da marjvenasRrma, STambeWdavi JReradoba.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos pedalizebis Taviseburebaam etiudSi, rac gamowveulia ori melodiis erTdrouliganviTarebiT. aq pedali mxolod harmoniul cvlilebebze kiaraa orientirebuli, aramed melodiur xazTa mTlianobasa dalegatoze, igi unda iyos rac SeiZleba mobiluri raTagamoiricxos zedmet obertonTa dagrovebis sixSire.`Sopeni SedarebiT iSviaTad mimarTavs kontrapunqtis imitaciurxerxebs, miuxedavad calkeuli magaliTebisa mazurkebsa daminorul baladaSi. Sopenis polifoniuri stilis SesaniSnavi

miRwevaa etiudi do diez minori Txz.25, Rrma, daZabuliCafiqreba, sadac meore xma amdidrebs, kontrastulad avsebspirveli xmiT gamoxatul azrs. es nawarmoebi marad icocxlebs,rogorc dasturi adamianuri tanjvisa da fiqrisa. amgvarad,Sopenis SedarebiT mraval, mcire formis nawarmoebebs gancdebissiRrmiTa da zemoqmedebis ZaliT SeuZliaT gaejibron nebismiervrcel, mravalnawilian nawarmoebs~.11

umniSvnelovanesia pedalizaciis sakiTxi saerTodsafortepiano xelovnebaSi da kerZod SopenTan, konkretuladki am etiudebTan mimarTebaSi. Sopeni aRiarebulia rogorcfortepianos poeti, pedalis poeti. man pedalis manamde ucnobiaxali SesaZleblobebis aRmoCeniT araCveulebrivad gaamdidrasafortepiano JReradobis palitra. is cnobili iyo Tavisijadosnuri pedalizaciiT iseve, rogorc SemdgomSi skriabini.

ZiriTadi elementebi, rasac efuZneba pedalizacia SopenisnawarmoebebSi aris harmonia da gansakuTrebiT banebi, esaa misimusikis arsebiTi sasicocxlo baza; maTi melodiuri daritmuli Serwyma da bolos _ JReradi atmosferosmravalferovneba, rac musikas gamomsaxvelobiT xasiaTsaZlevs.12

erT-erTi Zireuli sirTule am etiudebis Sesrulebisas(rogorc zogadad Sopenis musikaluri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelisirTule) aris rubatos problema. Sopenis moswavle mikuliSemdegnairad aRwers misi Sesrulebis stils, _ ̀ xeli, romelicasrulebs Tanxlebis rols, unda ukravdes mkacrad, zustadtaqtSi, xolo meore, romelsac mihyavs melodiuri xazi, _ritmulad Tavisuflad.~13 swored es aris SopenisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli tempo rubato. es proporcia unda daicvasSemsrulebelma, raTa melodia ar gamovides cocxal sunTqvas,intonirebas moklebuli, an meores mxriv – egzaltirebul-

salonuri.

1. Николаев В., «Шопен – исполнитель и педагог». в збор: Как исполнятьШопена. ред. Засимова А). Москва., 2009г., Классика - XXI., gv. 77-7;.2.Мильштейн Я., «Советы Шопена пианистам», М., 1967г., gv.15;3.Кремлёв Ю., «Фредерик Шопен», Л.-М., 1949г., gv. 389;4.Мильштейн Я., «Советы Шопена пианистам», М., 1967г., gv. 31;


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5.es sakiTxi ganxilulia: Арутюнов Д., «О роли эллипсиса в музыкеШопена Ф.».; ix.kr. «Венок Шопену», М., 1989г., gv. 200-233;6. es sakiTxi ganxilulia: Арутюнов Д., «О роли эллипсиса в музыкеШопена Ф».; ix.kr. Венок Шопену», М., 1989г., gv. 213;7. Кремлёв Ю., «Фредерик Шопен», Л.-М., 1949г., gv.394;8. Мильштейн Я., «Советы Шопена пианистам», М., 1967г., gv 32-33;9. Корто А., «О Фортепианном исскустве», М., 1965г., gv. 277;10. Кремлёв Ю., «Фредерик Шопен», Л.-М., 1949г., gv.434;11.Феинберг С., Шопен каким мы его слышим – Состтовлениевступительная статья и примечания Хентовой С.М., изд. «Музыка»,Москва, 1970г., gv.253;12.Голубовская Н., «О музыкальном исполнительстве», Л., 1985г.gv.118;13. Мильштейн Я.,«Советы Шопена пианистам».; М., 1989г., gv.21.

gvanca Rvinjilia

axali qarTuli profesiuli musikis

wanamZRvrebi romantikul

tendenciasTan da qarTuli poeziis

versifikaciasTan mimarTebaSi

erovnuli saero sakompozitoro skola saqarTveloSiCamoyalibda romantikuli mxatvrul-saxeobrivi sistemisfarglebSi da upirvelesad daufuZna evropuli musikaluriromantizmis pirveli periodisTvis mniSvnelovan sasimRero(romanss) da saopero Janrs. erovnuli saero profesiulimusikis tradiciebis uqonlobis pirobebSi, qarTulimusikismcodneobisTvis metad mniSvnelovania Seiswavlos, Turomeli stilur-intonaciuri nakadebi umzadebda mas safuZvels.erovnuli sakompozitoro skolis genezisis dadgenisas Tavadmusikaluri xelovnebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan sirTuleebsvawydebiT. garkveul etapamde CvenTvis praqtikulad ucnobiamusikaluri xelovnebis sxvadasxva stilur-intonaciurinakadebis realuri xmovaneba. samefo karis musicirebis Sesaxebki mogvepoveba mxolod mwiri literaturul-istoriuli cnobebi.yovelive es gvaiZulebs ̀ SemovliTi~ gzis Ziebas da xelovnebissxva dargis, kerZod, qarTuli mxatvruli literaturisdaxmarebiT, musikalur sferoSi mimdinare savaraudo procesisrekonstruirebas. apriori iTqmis, rom erovnuli cnobierebiswyalobiT Semzadda romantikuli tendenciebis Semcvelistiluri nakadebi, romelTac me-19 saukunis qarTuli saeromusikis Taviseburebebi gansazRvres. TviT XIX saukunis qarTulkulturaSi ganviTarebuli mxatvrul-esTetikuri procesebisgasaRebic cnobierebaSi moiZieba. amdenad, upriania kvlevisascnobierebis Taviseburebebs SevexoT, radganac maTze orientirebaxelovnebis sferoSi mimdinare movlenebis gamTlianebul aRqmasuwyobs xels. qarTuli msoflaRqmisa da cnobierebisTvistipuria romantikuli tendenciebi _ romantikul-lirikulisawyisisken ltolva, rasac lirikuli saxierebisa da tragizmisfenomenic ukavSirdeba. amgvari cnobiereba mxatvrul

mamuka sixaruliZe

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SemoqmedebaSi Sesabamis romantikul musikalur-intonaciurinakadebs ayalibebs.

musikaluri xazis rekonstruirebisas mivmarTavT qarTulpoezias Semdegi faqtorebis gamo: 1. romantikuli msoflaRqmayvelaze srulyofilad qarTul literaturaSi, kerZod poeziaSivlindeba. 2. erovnuli suli yvelaze metad aRmoCnda daculiqarTul poetur lirikaSi, igi naklebad ganicdida ucxomwerlobis gavlenas. 3. imdenad ramdenadac poezias yvelazeufro mWidro kontaqti aqvs musikasTan, erovnuli poeziamniSvnelovanwilad dagvexmareba musikalur-intonaciuriprocesebis rekonstruirebaSi. 4. erovnuli mwerlobisganviTarebis xazi saqarTveloSi ar Sewyvetila da mudamgamokveTilia romantikulis, pirovnulis, lirikuli saxierebisprioriteti. es uwyvetobac gviwyobs xels procesebis kvlevaSi.5. uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqtori ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSileqsis gamRerebis tradicias; poezia xom SeqmnisTanavefunqcionirebda, rogorc sinkretuli xelovneba. savaraudod,poeziaSi gamovlenili romantikuli tendenciebi swored musikislirikul intonaciurobaSi unda gardatexiliyo.

rodes ac musi kaluri x elovneb i s proces eb i srekonstruirebisas xelovnebis sxva dargebs (am SemTxvevaSipoezias) veyrdnobiT, vxelmZRvanelobT martivi da logikuriprincipiT. cnobiereba eris fenomenis is nawilia, romelicxelovnebis yvela dargSi vlindeba da msgavs procesebs udebssaTaves. georg vilhelm hegelis azriT, xelovnebis sxvadasxvasfero, maT Soris arsebuli saerTo niSnebis gamo, erT idealSiiyris Tavs _ `xelovnebis TiToeul dargs Camoyalibebis isTaviseburebani gaaCnia, romlebic abstraqtulad yvelasaerTianebs~.1 am kuTxiT xelovnebis dargebi SeiZleba SevadaroTmsoflios enebsac, radgan, rogorc Teoriuli lingvistikisfuZemdebeli – vilhelm fon humboldti wers: _ ̀ gansxvavebulienebi sulac ar aris erTi da imave sagnis sxvadasxvagvarixedva~.2 poeziis ganviTarebis istoriuli procesis analogiiTda musikasTan gadakveTis wertilebis wyalobiT, nawilobrivmainc aris SesaZlebeli musikalur-intonaciur mxareSiareklili procesebis aRdgena, erovnuli cnobierebis saSualebiT

ki maTi gamTlianebis saSualeba gveZleva. am or dargs Sorisintonaciuri zegavlenis meqanizmi Semdegnairad SeiZlebaCamoyalibdes. poeziisa da musikis Sexebis wertiliintonaciurobaze modis (am sityvis farTo gagebiT). rogorcv. varina-grosmani wers: – `garda xelovnebis am ori dargissaxeobrivi kavSirisa, yvela vokalur nawarmoebSi arsebobsmusikaluri da poeturi kompoziciis, sametyvelo da musikaluriintonaciis, musikaluri da poeturi ritmis urTierTgavlena~.3

poeturi nimuSebis gamRerebis dros leqsis fonema musikazezemoqmedebs saxeobriv-emociurad, versifikaciis TaviseburebebisgaTvaliswinebiT ki wminda intonaciuradac.Arac Seexeba termins– versifikacia, igi daamkvidra grigol robaqiZem, me-19 saukunis30-iani wlebidan me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebis CaTvliT estermini praqtikulad aravis gamouyenebia.4 Tu kidev ufroCavuRrmavdebiT sakiTxs da poeziis Teoriis kuTxidangavaanalizebT am kavSirs poeziasa da musikas Soris, aRmovaCenT,rom isini efuZnebian erTmaneTTan advilad Sefardebadkategoriebsa da parametrebs. zemoTqmulis sailustraciodmivmarToT poeziis Teoriis Tundac mecnier nikolaigumilioviseul klasifikacias, romlis Tanaxmad – 1. fonetikaikvlevs leqsis bgeriT mxares, ritms, e. i. xmis awevisa dadawevis monacvleobas, instrumentirebas, anu sxvadasxva bgerisxarisxsa da urTierTs Soris kavSirs, bgeriTi TvalsazrisiTleqsis dasrulebis mecnierebas da mecnierebas riTmebis Sesaxeb;2. stilistika ganixilavs STabeWdilebas, romelsac sityvaaxdens. am STabeWdilebas gansazRvravs sityvis warmomavloba,asaki, ama Tu im gramatikuli kategoriisTvis kuTvnileba, adgilifrazaSi da agreTve, sityvaTa krebuli, romelic TiTqos erTmTlianobas qmnis; 3. kompozicia swavlobs leqsSi CadebulazrTa, grZnobaTa da saxeTa intensivobasa da cvlas; 4.eidolologia ajamebs poeziis Temebs da poetis am TemebTanSesaZlo damokidebulebebs.5 winamdebare msjeloba faqtobrivadagebulia musikaluri xelovnebis kategoriebsa da terminebze.am dargebis zogi Teoriuli sakiTxis analizi marTlac saerToterminebsa da kategoriebs efuZneba, saanalizo sakiTxebisTvisobrivi msgavsebac saxezea. amdenad, dasmuli problemis

axali qarTuli profesiuli musikis wanamZRvrebi romantikultendenciasTan da qarTuli poeziis versifikaciasTan mimarTebaSigvanca Rvinjilia

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kvlevisas, qarTuli poezia CvenTvis amosavali wertilia. statiisdasawyisSi zogadad SevexeT erovnuli cnobierebis rolssaero sakompozitoro skolis CamoyalibebaSi, amjeradkonkretulad mivuTiTebT, Tu rogor vlindeba qarTulixelovnebis upirveles dargSi literaturaSi erovnulicnobierebis umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebebi - pirovnulisawyisisken ltolva, lirikul-romantikuli tendenciebi,tragizmis fenomeni, Semdeg ki ganvixiloT qarTuli poeziisistoriuli gza saero profesiuli musikaluri xelovnebisrekonstruirebis kuTxiT.

qarTuli literaturis pirvelive nimuSebSi vlindebasubieqturi sawyisis siRrme, romelic adamianis fsiqologiisRrma Sreebsac ki gadaswvdeba. am mxriv unikaluria iakobcurtavelis `SuSanikis wameba~, romelSic gmiris sulierimdgomareobis fsiqologiuri qveteqsti bunebis suraTebisgadmocemisas ixsneba, rac uprecedentoa Suasaukuneebissaqristianos mwerlobisTvis. mkvlevari revaz baramiZe xazsusvams am nawarmoebis personaJTa aRwerisas fsiqologiuriniuansebisa da saero nakadis siWarbes.6 leonti mroveliskrebulis (`cxovreba farnavazisa~) erT-erT monakveTs kiSemdegnairad afasebs: _ ̀ aseTi fsiqologiuri pasaJebi sruliaducxoa 12 saukuniT dacilebuli mematianis wmindainformaciuli xasiaTis stilisTvis, romlisTvisacniSandoblivia mxolod faqtebis fiqsireba da maTi analizi,xolo pirovnebis Sinagan samyaroze, mis subieqtur gancdebze,12 saukuniT dacilebuli mematianeebi naklebad gvesaubrebian~.7

`suli wmidis~ STagonebiT moqmedi mwerali Tu JamTaaRmweriambavs subieqtur prizmaSi gardatexs, rac yovladgamoricxulia Janris kanonikidan gamomdinare. es faqtigvimyarebs azrs, rom Sua saukuneebis epoqalur sivrceSi –pirovnuli sawyisisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba,romantikuloba, saero cnobierebis nakadis dominireba erovnulimxatvruli cnobierebis Taviseburebaa. SemTxveviT ar miuTiTebdaivane javaxiSvili Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobasTanmimarTebaSi: _ `aRmosavleTis arc erT qristian ers, gardaqarTvelebisa, arc asurelebs, arc somxebs, arc TviT bizantiel

berZnebs saero mwerloba ar gaaCniaT~.8 pirovnuli sawyisisadmigansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba, renesansis epoqidanmoyolebuli ukve racionalizmis, evropocentrizmis da racmTavaria, anTropocentrizmis damkvidrebasac uwyobs xels.mxatvruli msoflaRqma am periodSi isedac individualizmisniSniTaa aRbeWdili da pirovnebis problemis irgvlivkoncentrirdeba. saqarTveloSi es gamovlinda renesansuliraindobis institutis (saqarTveloSi ̀ kargymobis~ saxeliT),qalis kultis damkvidrebis, Zmadnaficobis da stumar-maspinZlobis adaTis Camoyalibebis, gmirobis Rirebulebrivikategoriis win wamowevis formiT, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyoxeli pirovnuli `mes~ ganmtkicebas. rusTavelis poemaSi TavsiCens pirovnebasTan dakavSirebuli romantikuli tendenciebi:idealurisken swrafva, amaRlebuli siyvarulisa da sevdismotivebi, pirovnebis guneba-ganwyobis bunebis suraTebTandakavSireba da sxva.

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi mkvidrdeba soflis samduravisada kaeSanis Temac, rac kvlav pirovnebis problemas ukavSirdebada uSualod amzadebs qarTul romantizms. me-19 saukuneSiki konkretuli mimarTulebis – romantizmis mxatvrul-saazrovno sistemis farglebSi Tavs iyris pirovnebis subieqturmsoflaRqmasTan dakavSirebuli yvela problema. rogorcwinamdebare analizma cxadyo, erovnuli kultura mudammgrZnobiare iyo pirovnulisadmi , lirikulisadmi ,romantikulisadmi, radgan es cnobierebis doneze gvaxasiaTebs.rad Rirs Tundac is faqti, rom sagmiro eposze adresaqarTveloSi lirikuli xalxuri eposi warmoiSva, lirikuliJReradoba axasiaTebda musikaluri glexuri folklorisJanrebs: urmulebs, nanebs, satrfialo calfa simRerebs.erovnuli profesiuli saero skolis Camoyalibebac xom sworedromantikuli niSniTaa aRbeWdili; pirvel qarTul romansebsada operebSic wina planzea wamoweuli pirovnuli `me~,romantikuloba, lirikuli saxiereba.

axla ki saero musikis istoriuli gzis rekonstruirebisTvismovawyoT mcire eqskursi qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi damivuTiToT poeturi versifikaciis musikalur intonaciurobazezemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.


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Tavdapirvelad zogadad ganvsazRvroT qarTuli leqsisfenomeni. rogorc sayovelTaodaa cnobili, leqswyobis mocemulsistemas gansazRvravs am eris enis prosodiuli monacemi,ufro konkretulad – prosodiuli sistemis zesegmenturifunqcionaluri fonema. naSromSi dasmuli problemis WrilSiZalze sagulisxmoa filolog apolon silagaZis mosazrebaqarTuli leqswyobis Sesaxeb. igi metrikul tipologiaSileqswyobaTa oTxi ZiriTad tips gamoyofs: 1. silaburi, 2.aqcenturi (dinamikuri, kvalitatiuri, silabur-aqcenturi), 3.metrikuli (duraciuli, kvantitatiuri), 4. tonuri. leqswyobismis mier Camoyalibebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT, romelSicoTxi tipi or klasad erTiandeba (1. silaburi leqsTwyoba, 2.silabur-prosodiuli leqswyoba: duraciuli, dinamikuri,tonuri) qarTul leqss ganakuTvnebs meoTxe tips – tonursda meore klass. 9 leqswyobis sistemaTa Soris tonuri leqsiyvelaze Tavisufalia, radgan mis taepebSi marcvalTa nebismieriraodenobaa dasaSvebi, cezura moZravia, strofuli danawevrebaaraTanmimdevruli, aRiniSneba kavSiri prozaul metyvelebasTan.

sxvadasxva epoqaSi qarTuli poeturi stilismravalferovneba namdvilad Sesabamis zemoqmedebas axdendamusikis intonaciurobaze. pirvel rigSi SevexoT poemas`vefxistyaosani~. garda uzarmazari gavlenisa qarTulmxatvrul cnobierebaze, savaraudoa am nawarmoebis musikalurintonaciurobaze zemoqmedebis faqtic. rogorc cnobilia,`vefxistyaosani~ hpovebda saTanado musikalur SesrulebasTu rusTavelis mier ara, Tamar mefis karis musikosebis mxrivmainc. garda amisa, saqarTveloSi arsebobs poemis calkeulsityvebze agebuli xalxuri simRerebi. Tavad poemac gvawodebsfasdaudebel informacias sasaxlis karze musikis uzarmazarirolis Sesaxeb, sagulisxmoa, rom TviT SoTa rusTavelimiuTiTebs musikis poeziasTan kavSirze; poemis mixedviT,meleqseobis mesame saxe `kargi aris sanadimod, samRerelad~.gvxvdeba mravali terminic, romlebic musikisa da poeziissiaxloveze miuTiTebs. ase mag.: `mgosani~ (gos – sparsuladCangs niSnavs) – Cangze damkvreli improvizatori iyo. ̀ mgosnis~Sesatyvis sityvad, pavle ingoroyvas ̀ simReraTmwerali~ miaCnia

(aqve gavixsenoTY qarTul realobaSi damkvidrebuli terminic`mgosanni glovisani~). poemaSi gvxvdeba termini `mutribic~,romelic arabuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs musikoss, mocekvaves,aseve sityvebi – `aqebdes, amkobdes, enamusikobs~, romlebicminiSnebaa gamRerebiT warmoTqmul saxotbo poeziaze.gamRerebisas poemis versifikacias didi gavlena unda moexdinaerovnuli musikis intonaciur bunebaze. cnobilia, rom ̀ kiTxva~Zvel qarTulSi, ̀ xmiT Sesrulebas~ niSnavda. poemis aRqmisasesTetikuri gancda ibadeba teqstis azrobrivi Sinaarsis daversifikaciis Sinagani musikalobis aRqmiT. literatori mosegogiberiZis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca poemis Sinaganimusikaloba, romelsac eZebs ufro siRrmiseul SreebSi, xololeqswyobis gamoyenebuli formebi, metruli da riTmulistruqturebi, evfoniis xerxebi, misi azriT, mxolod am Sinaganimusikaluri arsis gadmocemis saSualebebia. pirobiTadmkvlevari mas `leqsis kontrapunqts~ uwodebs da wers:`momajadovebelia am bgeraTa kontrapunqtuli xma~..10 marTebuliadakvirveba _ `sityvis mosmena SeuZlebeli xdeba da mxolodharmoniuli gancdaRa rCeba yurisTvis~.11 mkvlevrisTvis es`leqsiT mReraa~, rodesac ̀ musikosobs xmiani Tu uxmo bgerebisiSviaTi harmonia~.12 TviT majamebis xSiri gamoyenebac`musikalurad srulRirebulia~. yovelive amas m. gogiberiZem`rusTavelis versifikaciis `tonacia~ uwoda.13 rogorcmkvlevari elguja xinTibiZe miuTiTebs, rusTavelma sabolooddaamkvidra Teqvsmet-marcvlovani metri, romelic ̀ lirikuligadasvlebisaTvisaa mosaxerxebeli~, `evfonia gaamdidraSidariTmebis uamravi ̀ modelebiT~, ̀ riTmis musikalobas erTvisbgeraTa harmoniuli JReradoba~, romelic gamoixataaliteraciebis da asonansebis damkvidrebaSi, aseve daamkvidrafistikauri forma Tav is i boloriTmulobiTa daSidauriTmobiT.14 miuxedavad imisa, rom poemaSi vxvdebiTaRmosavluri poeziis motivebs, Tavad versifikacia qarTulilirikuli poeziis Taviseburebebs eyrdnoba, romlebic arsebobdasaero poeziis sxva nimuSebsa da xalxur lirikul poeziaSi,TviT qarTul sasuliero iambikur poeziaSic.15 rusTavelispoemasTan erTad mniSvnelovania lirikuli saxotbo poeziis


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nimuSebic _ SavTelis ̀ abdulmesiani~, CaxruxaZis ̀ Tamariani~.Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT am nimuSebis versifikaciismravalferovnebas, savaraudoa, rom musikalur intonaciaSiigi metad saintereso ritmo-intonaciur modelebsCamoayalibebda. poeziis gamRerebis tradicia SemdgomsaukuneebSic SenarCunda. am mxriv saintereso me-17-18saukuneebia, rodesac Tamaris da daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqisSemdeg kvlav aRdga mefe-poetebis tradicia saqarTveloSi,romlis msgavsi msoflios sxva erebs, SesaZloa, arc ki hqondeT.es erTi argumentia qarTveli eris romantikuli cnobierebisdasamtkiceblad. sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos istoriis amZnelbedobis Jams mefe-poetebis TxzulebebSi vlindeba istendenciebi, rac evropaSi romantizmis xelovnebam moitana.sakuTari qveynis bediT daTrgunuli mefeebi pirovnul kaeSansavlenen soflis samduravis da soflis amaoebis TemebSi.epoqaluri da erovnuli tkivilebi, masTan dakavSirebuli axalisaxeobrivi Tematika rusTavelis mier damkvidrebul leqswyobisformebSi hpovebs gamoxatulebas; Tumca savsebiT bunebrivia,rom 16 da 20 marcvlovani saleqso forma garkveulgadaxalisebas ganicdis. am leqsebis gamRerebisas, kaeSanis,sevdis motivi, Sesabamis sevdian intonaciurobas daudebdasaTaves musikalur intonirebaSi. versifikaciis problemisWrilSi sainteresoa Teimuraz I-is da arCilis, vaxtang VI-isSemoqmedeba. am ukanasknelis saxels ukavSirdeba qarTulilirikuli poeziis Janris _ elegiis damkvidreba Tavisipalindromuli formebiT (waRma-ukuRma erTnairad warmoTqmadi),rac gamRerebis SemTxvevebSi, savaraudod, gansakuTrebulmusikalur intonaciurobas daudebda safuZvels. dasmuliproblemis WrilSi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagania daviTguramiSvilis Semoqmedeba. misi leqsebis musikalur intonaciazezemoqmedebis sakiTxi dialeqtikur planSi unda ganvixiloT.erTi mxriv, qarTuli, masTan erTad ukrainuli musikalurifolkloris plastebiT profesiuli daintereseba zemoqmedebasaxdenda mis leqsebze. meore mxriv ki, misi leqsebi specialuradsasimRero kiloze gadasatanad iwereboda. guramiSvilispoeziaSi xdeba rusTavelis poemis versifikaciis kanonikidan

TandaTan gamonTavisufleba. rusTavelis 16 marcvlian daCaxruxaZiseul 20 marcvlian leqsTan erTad igi iyenebs 5, 6,7, 11, 12, 14 marclian leqss, qmnis akrostiqul leqss.16

mTlianiobaSi 87 saleqso formaSi 57 sazoms mimarTavs(romelTagan 40 man daamkvidra). CvenTvis princi pulimniSvnelobis mqonea is faqti, rom mwerlis saxels lirikuliJanris dinamikuri ganviTareba ukavSirdeba. musikalurintonaciurobaSi gardatexili lirikuli saxiereba, aseTigamravalferovnebuli versifikacia uTuod moaxdenda gavlenasmusikaze da Zlier lirikul-romantikul nakads daudebdasaTaves. sagulisxmoa, rom d. guramiSvilis poezia SedarebiTgvian Semovida saqarTveloSi da ̀ gadaurCa~ anton kaTalikosissami stilis Teoriis gavlenas, ris gamoc ̀ simsubuqe~ SeinarCuna.`daviTiani~ romantikosebis leqsebis paralelurad damkvidrda.praqtikulad Tanaarsebobda lirikuli leqswyobis principuladgansxvavebuli formebi, rac romantizmis epoqis poeziisversifikaciis mravalferovnebas ganapirobebda. qarTuli saeromusikalur-poeturi xelovnebis ganviTarebis saintereso periodiukavSirdeba erekle II-is epoqas, rodesac sasaxlis karzemoRvaweobdnen gamoCenili poetebi, momRerlebi da ̀ damkvrelebi~– besarion gabaSvili (besiki), saiaTnova, maCabeli. besikislirikul-romantikuli saxierebis mqone poeziac sasimRerodiyo gankuTvnili da mis hangs `ciur mRerad~ moixseniebdnen.`aSuRuri xmovanebis~ gamo besikma `meleqseTbaSis~ saxelicki daimkvidra. 17 besikis leqsis Sinagani musikalobaganpirobebuli iyo mravalferovani saleqso formebiT,heterosilaburi sazomebis simravliT, `besikuris~ saxeliTdamkvidrebuli `tano tatanos~ metriT (5/4/5), romelsacwinacezurul riTmas uwodeben. CvenTvis princi pulimniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom aRmosavluri leqswyobisgavrcelebul formebs poetma erovnuli ieri mianiWa. amdenadqarTuli lirikuli poeziis xazi, misTvis damaxasiaTebelisubieqturi sawyisis gamaxvilebiT, arc amjerad dakargula.garda profesiuli mwerlobisa, romelic musikaluri xelovnebisxazis rekonstruirebaSi gvexmareba, mniSvnelovania qarTulipoeturi Tu musikaluri folklori (mxatvrul-saxeobrivi


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da intonaciuri plastebis doneze), samefo karis xelovneba,aSuRuri poezia, sadac aseve mkafiod vlindeba romantikulicnobiereba. aSuRebis vokalur-instrumentuli Janrebi – dasTani,baiaTi, muxambazi gamoirCeoda uxvi melizmebiT, ganviTarebulimelodikiT, isini marTavdnen poetur paeqrobas, romelicerTgvarad qarTul Sairoba-kafiobas da SemRerebas hgavda.besikis Tanamedrove, aSuRuri poeziis warmomadgenlis saiaTnovaslirikuli leqsis fonemac specifikur ritmo-intonaciurnakadSi hpovebda gardatexas. dasmuli problemis WrilSiaSuRuri kultura SesaZloa nakleb aqtualuria, magramsinkretuli xelovnebis es tradicia im poeturi tradiciisfarglebSi moiazreba, romelmac subieqtur-pirovnuli gancdissiRrme gamoavlina da erT-erTi stiluri nakadis saxiTmonawileobda saero qarTuli musikis iersaxis CamoyalibebaSi;

me-19 saukunemde mimdinare procesebis analizisaspraqtikulad mxolod karis samusiko sinkretuli formebisda lirikuli poeziis stilur nakadebs SevexeT, romlebmacmniSvnelovani saxeobrivi da intonaciuri safuZveli moumzadessaero samusiko xelovnebis ganviTarebas. rac Seexebaromantizmis epoqas, musikismcodneobisTvis problema SedarebiTmartivdeba, radgan praqtikulad yvela procesis sanotomasalaSi asaxva xdeba. erovnuli kultura metad mgrZnobiareaRmoCnda masSi genetikurad Cadebuli romantikuli sawyisisadmi.mzaoba evropuli romantizmis mxatvrul-saazrovno sistemisaTvisebisaTvis erovnuli cnobierebis doneze arsebobda, ramacmyari niadagi Seqmna am mimarTulebis CamoyalibebisTvis daqarTuli kultura evropuli kulturis ganviTarebis erTianmagistralur xazs kanonzomierad daubrunda. sxva SemTxvevaSi,mxolod evropuli romantizmis meqanikuri gavlena veruzrunvelyofda erovnuli romantikuli poeziis TavisTavadobasda genialobas.

saero musikis Semdgomi ganviTarebac mTlianad romantizmismusikalur-saazrovno sistemis orbitaSi moeqca. metadsainteresoa axali saliteraturo enis normebis da evropulifunqcionaluri sistemis damkvidrebis erTdrouloba. erovnuliprofesiuli sakompozitoro stili Camoyalibda evropuli

funqcionaluri samusiko sistemis erovnul kilourazrovnebasTan Sejerebis gziT. am periodisTvis erovnulniadagze arsebuli intonaciuri nakadebi musicirebis wiaRSiumTavresad romansis JanrSi hpovebs gadawyvetas. Tumcaaqtualobas kvlav inarCunebs poeziis nakadis roli. musikalurintonirebaze misi zemoqmedebis procesi ukve sanoto sistemaSifiqsirdeba. romantikosTa ToTxmet marcvliani jvaredinariTmebis mqone saleqso zoma, udavod Seicavda musikaluriaJRerebis potenciur SesaZleblobas. ase, mag.: aleqsandreWavWavaZis bevri leqsi qarTul da rusul enebzec ki imRereboda.romantizmis periodSi warmoqmnil salonebSi poetis leqsebismusikaloba vasil barnovs aRuZravda maTi notebiTurT gamocemissurvils. gansakuTrebuli ganxilvis sagania qarTuliversifikaciuli azrovnebis erT-erTi mwvervali – nikolozbaraTaSvilis poezia. ̀ rogorc cnobilia, daviT guramiSvilissaleqso reformis, sulxan – saba orbelianis versifikaciulsiaxleTa damkvidrebis meoxebiT, qarTuli leqsi XIX saukuneSi,garkveulwilad, ukve ganaxlebuli Sexvda n. baraTaSvilissaleqso reformas~.18 qarTveli romantikosebidan pirvelmaswored man gaikvlia gza musikaluri salonebisaken. zog leqssigi gamiznulad musikaluri aJRerebisTvis werda, Targmnidarusul sasimRero teqstebsac, rusTavelis msgavsad, mis poeziaSivxvdebiT poeturi da musikaluri saxierebis momcvel sityvaTaSeTanxmebas (`esxivmfinareba~, `mgosnis yarib guls~, `xmiTmSvenieriT~ namReri ̀ tkbili simRera~). n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSigarda aTmarcvledis (5/5-s saxiT) sazomisa, romelic Zalzemosaxerxebelia musikaSi aJRerebisTvis , gvxvdebaToTxmetmarcvliani (5/4/5), Teqvsmetmarcvliani (53/53) daocmarcvliani (55/55) sazomebi, romlebic SedarebiT naklebaddaeqvemdebareboda musikaluri frazis imanentur kanonebs.imdenad ramdenadac baraTaSvilis poezia ar iZleva `moqnili~melodiuri musikaluri frazis agebis saSualebas (versifikaciisTaviseburebebis gamo), salonuri musicirebis pirobebSi adgilihqonda leqsebis `meqanikur~ gamRerebas, rodesac poeziagansazRvravs musikaluri frazis struqturas. am saxiTgamRerebuli poeziis popularobaze metyvelebs poetis leqsebze


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dawerili k. maxaraZis, i. kargareTelis, n. gudiaSvilis, g.sayvareliZis, i. mirianaSvilis, l. faliaSvilis romanebi dasagundo simRerebi.

calke sakiTxad SevexoT qarTuli leqsis sazomTa SoriserT-erT, yvelaze gavrcelebul metrs _ aTmarcvleds, romelmacgarkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina qarTuli musikis intonaciurbunebaze. filolog Tamar barbaqaZis azriT, misi erT-erTisaxe _ 5/5 gvxvdeba aRorZinebis periodis xanidan dRemde, 4/4/2 damkvidrebulia aseve aRorZinebis epoqaSi da aRdgeniliaXX saukuneSi, qarTuli ritmikisaTvis Zlier xelovnuri saxe3/4/3 erTi striqoniT aris warmodgenili pirvelad aleqsandreWavWavaZis leqsSi `edems rgulsa~ (`lal-brolsa SerevniaSeTxzulad~) da 3/3/3/1, romelic XVIII–XIX saukuneebisqarTul poeziaSi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba~.19 xazgasmiT aRvniSnavTrom Sinagani musikalobis mxriv gamorCeulia aTmarcvlianisazomis 4/4/2 (maT Soris `muxranuli~), romelic XVIII-XIXsaukuneebSi metnaklebi intensivobiT gvxvdeba mamukabaraTaSvilis, vaxtang VI-is, daviT guramiSvilis, nikolozbaraTaSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis poeziaSi, gansakuTrebuliintensivobiT ki mas XX saukunis poetebi mimarTaven. rogorcTamar barbaqaZe wers - `maRali Sairis ritmul sqemasTansiaxlove melodiurobas matebs am sazoms, romelic daRmavalikadenciiTa da mimarTvis refrenulobiT gamoirCeva~. 20

amgvarad, qarTuli saero sakompozitoro skola Camoyalibdasaukuneebis siRrmidan momdinare poeturi da sxva lirikuliTvisobriobis stilul-intonaciuri nakadebis Serwymis gziT,rac intensificirebuli iyo erovnuli romantikulicnobierebiT. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom XIX_XX saukuneebismijnaze sakompozitoro skolis formireba axali qarTuliprofesiuli musikis upirveles Janrs – romanss daukavSirda,romelSic lirikulma intonaciurma nakadebma moiyara Tavi.romansi, lirikuli intonaciurobis ganviTarebis pirvel etapzemiuTiTebs. Tuki qarTul romanss lirikuli intonaciuriobisganviTarebis pirvel etapad miviCnevT, erovnul operaSi stiluriplastis saxiT SeRweuli romansuloba, lirikuliintonaciurobis ganviTarebis meore etapze migvaniSnebs.

romansulobis, rogorc stiluri kategoriis xvedriTi wiliqarTuli klasikuri periodis operaSic imdenad didia, romgarkveulwilad TviT gmirul-dramatul xazsac Crdilavs.amitom aris, rom operebis Janruli specifikis gansazRvrisas,sityva ̀ lirikuli~ uciloblad figurirebs (lirikuli opera`Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~, lirikul-epikuri ̀ abesalom daeTeri~, lirikul-dramatuli ̀ daisi~, lirikul-komikuri ̀ qeToda kote~).

amgvarad, romantizmis epoqa saqarTveloSi uSualo biZgiaRmoCnda musikaluri skolis CamoyalibebisTvis, Tumca mtkicesafuZveli erovnul niadagze arsebobda.

1. Гегель Г. Эстетика, т. 3, М., 1971, стр. 8;2. wurwumia r. aleqsi maWavarianis liriuli saxierebis bunebisaTvis,Tsk. Sromebis krebuli, 1994, gv. 260-270;3. Вассина-Гроссман В. А. «Музыка и поетическое слово», Т 1, М.., 1972 , с.5;4. http://www.lib.ge/body_text.php?5787;5. http://www.lib.ge/body_text.php?4290;6. baramiZe r. qarTuli prozis sakiTxebi, Tb., ̀ ganaTleba~, 1996, gv7. iqve, gv. 7;8. javaxiSvili i. qarTveli eris istoria, t. 2, Tb., 1967. gv. 665;9. http://www.litinstituti.ge/II%20a5.pdf;10. mose gogiberiZe. ̀ rusTaveli _ petriwi. preludiebi~, Tbilisi,1961 w., gv. 73;11. iqve, gv. 75;12. iqve, gv. 74;13. iqve, gv. 71;14. xinTibiZe a. ̀ qarTuli leqsTmcodneoba~, Tb., Tsu-s gamomcemloba,1997, gv. 13-15;15. iqve, gv. 13;16. http://www.qim.ge/davit%20guramishvili.html;17. http://www.qim.ge/besiki.html;18. ix.: iqve;19. ix.: iqve;20. ix.: iqve;


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universitetis

sadoqtoro programa

naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiTstatiis stili daculia

programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. mixeil kalandariSvili

dramisa da Teatris Teoria

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Tamar cagarelidoqtoranturis III kursi

Sua saukuneebis epoqis

saTeatro azris mimoxilva

(Rirsi maqsime aRmsareblis mixedviT)

Sua saukuneebis saTeatro kultura, rogorc cnobilia,sam saxeobad Camoyalibda:

1. saeklesio sanaxaobebi;2. samoedno Teatri;3. sakaro Teatri.aRniSnul periodSi, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi

aRmoCnda saeklesio sanaxaobani. istoria gvamcnobs, rom Suasaukuneebis pirvelsave etapze qristianuli religia ganmtkicdaise, rom ara Tu xelovneba, filosofia, morali da samarTalimoaqcia misi gavlenis qveS, aramed igi feodaluri klasisideologiad iqca.

evropaSi epoqis sinamdviles warmoadgenda kaTolikurieklesiis TandaTan, politikur Zalad gardaqmna, romelicsaxelmwifoebrivi modelis msgavsad, ierarqiul xasiaTs atarebda.mis saTaveSi amqveynad qristes mosaydred gamocxadebuliromis papi idga, xolo rjulis moZRvrebis wyarod aRiarebuliiyo saRmrTo Tqmulebebi da biblia. qristianuli religiaadamians arwmunebda saaqao cxovrebis amaoebaSi da qadagebdasaiqio cxovrebis jojoxeTis saSinelebasa da samoTxismSvenierebas. WeSmaritebis Semecnebis kriteriumad eklesiamaRiara grZnoba, RmerTis rwmena, xolo realuri faqtebigamoacxada iluziad. aseve, radganac masebze didi zegavlenismqone Teatri iyo, eklesiam Seqmna sakraluri anu `wmindaTeatri~ da Sua saukuneebis sanaxaobiTi kulturismniSvnelovani nakadi aRmoCnda saeklesio saxilveli. erTimxriv, qristianulma religiam mogvianebiT miiRo da gamoiyenakidec Zvel berZenTa filosofiuri warmodgenebi. meore mxrivki, Tu antikur epoqaSi warmodgenebi imarTeboda Ria cis qveSda es iyo pirdapir vizualur-verbaluri aqtis ganxorcielebaRmerTisadmi, Sua saukuneebis saeklesio Teatrma rituali

SenobaSi Semoitana, TiTqos da adamiani SeboWa, taZris gareTcxovreba araraobad warmoaCina. Tavad rituali xom, religiiTan tradiciiT dawesebuli moqmedebaa da raki religiasTanmarTlac mWidro kavSirSia, xSirad mxolod viwro wrisaTvisiyo misawvdomi misi namdvili arsi. igulisxmeba viwro wreganswavluli da gandobili adamianebisa, xolo garegani mxaresayovelTaod iyo gamotanili da saxalxod samzeri.`qristianuli religiidan gamomdinare _ gaufasurebagrZnobierebiTi sinamdvilisa _ Teatrs ar mieca saSualeba,ufro meti yofiliyo, vidre ilustracia, qadagebis saSualeba.~1

mrevlze gabatonebis mizniT Seiqmna ara mxolodTeatraluri sanaxaobani, aramed misi ̀ eskizi~ _ liturgiuli(liturgia _ berZ. liturgia _ mTavari qristianulimRvdelTmsaxureba: Jamis wirva) drama, romelic bibliursiuJetebs eyrdnoboda.

rogorc maqsime aRmsarebeli2 wers: ̀ liturgia qristianulidramaa. is aris sulis gadasvla potenciis mdgomareobidanmoqmedebisaken da mimarTulia eidosis, rogorc saboloo miznis,telosis sruli ganxorcielebisaken – mTeli, xiluli dauxilavi samyaros qristes gansxeulebisaken. xolo miTosi,SegviZlia vTqvaT, scenari qristes Sesaxeb, aris wminda werili~,3

romelic, maqsimes mixedviT, aseve RmerTsityvis sxeulia. wmindamamasTvis liturgiaSi amoqmedebuli wminda werili, qristestani miemarTeba Tavisi miznisaken qristes sxeulad saboloo,`esqatologiuri4 wminda ganwyobiT moicavs Cvens macxonebelmisteriebs (saidumloebebs)”5.AB

qriste aris `sityva metyvelTa da nametyvelebTa; dasicocxle cocxalTa da maTi , visac acocxleben(cocxlebulTa) da yoveliveSi myofi da xdomadi.”6Aqristemyofobs yvelaSi da ritualis gziT xdeba, anu imoqmedeba,energiad `iqmneba~ yvelaSi: `maTi saSualebiT, simboloebisritualuri amoqmedebiT, TiToeul CvenganSi, rodesac, ra Tqmaunda, igi, TiToeuli Cvengani, qristes pirvelsaxis TanaxmadsakuTari unaris Sesabamisad keTilad cxovrobs, eklesianaTlobis (naTloba maqsimesTan Seesabameba aristoteleskaTarziss. anu, naTlobis drama kaTarzisis processiwyebs monawileSi da liturgiis drama , rogorc

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` mi steriaTa mi steria ~ , ga na srulebs kaTarzisisdawyebul am process.) ritualiT moqmedebs, raTasuliwmidaSi mocemuli Zeobilobis _ Svilobilobis saCuqaricxadi gaxdes, rogorc qristes msgavsad (xatad) amoqmedebuli(πολιτευόμενον– kidev erTi ZvelberZnuli terminia, romelicSeexeboda moqalaqis polisSi ̀ keTilad~, saTanadod cxovrebas.cxovrebiT/moqalaqeobiT warmoCenili).~7

maqsimesaTvisac rituali ̀ daxatavs~ adamians qristes xatadda adamianTa jgufs ki metafizikuri realobis, RmerTis samefo`qalaqis~, anu wminda samebis `moqalaqeebad~ warmoaCens (raTqma unda, madliTad da ara bunebiTad). xolo amas igiakeTebs iambliqos Teurgiis msgavsad `magiurad~, anu, maSinacki, rodesac ritualis monawiles bolomde gacnobierebulicki ara aqvs ritualis yoveli simbolos TavisTavadi arsi (esxdeba, radgan TiToeuli ritualizirebuli sagani aris saRvTogamonaTebis erTgvari WurWeli. xolo simbolizirebulimoqmedeba ki awesrigebs da harmoniad ̀ gaawyobs~ am gamonaTebebisgansagnebul nairgvarobas). Teurgiuli rituali `CaiTrevs~monawiles im realobaSi, romlisakenac igi aris mimarTuli.pirvel etapze monawilisaTvis sakmarisia rwmena, anu miTosisadmielementaruli ndoba: `suliwmidis madli uxilavad maradmyofobs, Taviseburad da umetesad ki wminda sinaqsisis(liturgiis) dros. igi TiToeul damswres (monawiles)sakuTari unaris Sesabamisad gardaqmnis da gardasaxavs,WaSmaritad usaRvToesad Sescvlis da mihyavs amoqmedebuli(ritualizirebuli) misteriebis mier gamoxatulisaken. Tundacrom igi (monawile), radgan jer kidev qristeSi yrma aris, vergrZnobdes (amas) da moqmedebulis siRrmis xedvis uZluriiyos, da (aseve ver grZnobdes) saRvTo simboloTagan gamoxatulicxonebis TiToeuli amoqmedebuli (τελουμένων) madlis masSimoqmedebas, mainc harmoniuli morgebis da Sewyobilobis mieruaxloesTagan (igulisxmeba droSi maxlobeli movlenebi –T. c.) yovelives (sagnebis da movlenebis) dasasrulisakenmihyavs~.8 maSasadame, rituali Teurgiulad `momarTavs~(`harmoniuli morgebis da Sewyobilobis...~) monawilis suls,Caxatavs masSi saRvTo (Tu miTiur) realobas da, amgvarad,mas aqcevs pirovnebad da RvTaebrivi polisis moqalaqed, radgan

am saRvTo poliss xdis miwier realobadac. amave dros,miuxedavad imisa, rom rituali, rogorc Teurgiuli aqtisrealobaSi ganxorcieleba, erTgvarad avtomaturia, maincaucilebelia miTis Tu sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebiselementaruli codna. (De mysteriis, II 11:`da es arcazrovnebaa (msjelobaa, cnebaa), romelic TeurgebsRmerTebTan akavSirebs. radgan ra SeuSlida Teoretikosfilosofosebs i ma Si , rom h qonodaT RmerTebTa nTeurgiuli ka vS iri? m a gr a m s ina mdv ileSi sa q m esxvagvaradaa: Teurgiuli erTobis mimniWebeli arisgamouTqmel da yovelgvar gagonebaze (azrovneba)amaRlebul saqmeTa RvTismosavad (RvTisSesaferisad)aRsruleba, agreTve mxolod RmerTebisaTvis sacnauruxmo simboloTa Zala. amitom amgvar qmedebas gagonebiT(azrovnebiT) ver gamoviwvevT; aseT SemTxvevaSi maTimoqmedeba (energia, qmediToba) gonismieri iqneboda daCvenze iqneboda damokidebuli. ... Tavad niSnebi xomCveni azrovnebis gareSec akeTeben Tavis saqmes, isiniRmerTebisaken arian mimarTuli, xolo RmerTebisga mouTqm eli Zala Ta visTav ad Seicnobs sa kuTargamoxatulebes (xatebs), ise, rom Cveni gagonebis miergamoRviZebas ar saWirooebs... magram qmediTi erTianobaarc Semecnebis gareSe warmoiqmneba, Tumca igiveobrivimainc ar aris~.9 amas mowmobs is faqtic, rom mistagogiaSimaqsime ramdenjerme ubrundeba dogmaturad fundamenturiWeSmaritebebis sakmaod dawvrilebiT gadmocemas. (De mysteriis,II 11:`da es arc azrovnebaa (msjelobaa, cneba),romelic Teurgebs RmerTebTan akavSirebs. radgan raSeuSlida Teoretikos filosofosebs imaSi, romhqonodaT RmerTebTan Teurgiuli kavSiri? magramsinamdvileSi saqme sxvagvaradaa: Teurgiuli erTobismimniWebeli aris gamouTqmel da yovelgvar gagonebaze(azrovneba – T. c.) amaRlebul saqmeTa RvTismosavad(RvTisSesaferisad – T. c.) aRsruleba, agreTve mxolodRmerTebisaTvis sacnaur uxmo simboloTa Zalaa. amitomamgvar qmedebas gagonebiT (azrovnebiT) ver gamoviwvevT;aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi moqmedeba (energia, qmediToba)

Sua saukuneebis epoqis saTeatro azris mimoxilvaTamar cagareli

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gonismieri iqneboda da Cvenze iqneboda damokidebuli.Tavad niSnebi xom Cveni azrovnebis gareSec akeTebenTavis saqmes, isini RmerTebisaken arian mimarTuli,xolo RmerTebis gamouTqmeli Zala TavisTavad SeicnobssakuTar gamoxatulebebs (xatebs), ise, rom Cvenigagonebis mier gamoRviZebas ar saWiroebs. . . magramqmediTi erTianoba arc Semecnebis gareSe warmoiqmneba,Tumca igiveobrivi mainc ar aris”10 anu, fabula, wmindawerili da dogmatebia is orientirebi, romlisakenac undaiyos mimarTuli ritualis, liturgiuli dramis monawilisgoneba da igi ar unda Cerdebodes mxolod garegnul formebze.es ki niSnavs, rom ara simboloebis formebia TviTmizani,aramed am simboloebSi gamoxatuli saRvTo/miTiuri realoba.amasve ukavSirdeba meore sakiTxic. aristotele ambobs, romtragedia kiTxviT, anu moZraobisa da inscenirebis gareSecaRwevs mizans, romelic aris kaTarzisi da yovelTvis ar arisaucilebeli misi scenaze gaTamaSeba.11

xolo maqsime, Tavis mxriv, mistagogiis dasasrulSi, anuSejamebisas ambobs: `gvwams, rom suliwmidiseul saCuqrebs,romlebic miviReT aq, am sicocxleSi rwmenismieri madliT,momaval saukuneSi (sicocxleSi) WeSmaritad Segvamovnebulad(hipostasirebulad) miviRebT namdvili saxiT Cveni rwmeniseulimtkice imedisa da misi Seuryeveli da utyuari aRTqmismixedviT, vinc amas Segvpirda. radgan SeZlebisdagvarad vicavTmcnebebs da gvwams, rom mivaRwevT (gadavalT ra rwmeniTimadlidan misi saxis xedvis madlamde,12 vinc Segvcvlis TavisTavisken, anu RmerTi da Cveni macxovari ieso qriste CvenSiarsebuli waxdenilobis saxeebis garSemoZarcvas da aqaurigrZnobadi simboloebis wiaR miRebuli saidumloebebisarqeti pebs (pirvelsaxeebs) mogvmadlebs qriste (aRvniSnavT,rom m aq s im es aTv is moma valSi ars ebulebi ki arm i i tov e b i a n , a r a m ed Ta v i a n T i n a m d v il i s a x iTwarmoCndebian da iqnebian Segvamovnebuli, anu namdviladhi postasirebuli _ anu arsebulni. da aseve, esyvelaferi moxdeba ara `liton~ logosSi, aramed _`tanian~ qristeSi). maSasadame, ara ritualis esa Tu isformaa TviTmizani, aramed rituali adamians akavSirebs ufro

farTo sferosTan, romlisakenac igi gonebiT unda iyosmimarTuli.* romlisTvisac saWiroa simboluri enac. sworedam simboluri enis nayofia qristianuli dogmatebi da, amrigad,maTSi yovelTvis aris raRac miTiuri , ritualuradaqtualizirebuli, romelsac adamiani gadahyavda sinamdvilisufro farTo gagebamde _ kaTarzisamde, romelsac maqsimeSemdegnairad xsnis: `sanam sulieri kanoniT ar STainTqmebabunebis kanoni...… da sanam ar gamoCndeba cxadad dausabamosamefos xati~.

amrigad, maqsimesaTvis liturgiuli drama aris: a) rituali,saRvTo simboloTa ̀ gawyobili~ realoba, romelic namdviladarsebuls _ RmerTs akavSirebs qristes RvTaebriv pirovnebaSiadamians-eklesias-samyaros; b) drama, romlis fabulacaa wmindawerili, rogorc qristes tani da rom swored am dramaSiwminda werili, rogorc potencia-tani, iqceva qristesesqatologiur sxeulad; g) aseve Teurgiuli moqmedeba, romlismizania adamianis ganRmrToba. maqsimes Teologiis mixedviT ki:a) simboloebs aqvs warmavali, Sualeduri mniSvneloba dasaboloo mizani, telosi aris qristes pirispir xedva; b)qristes tani aris saboloo simbolo RvTaebrivi samefosi; g)eklesia, rogorc qristes sxeuli, xdeba ̀ am qveyanaSi~ moqmedi`zecuri realoba~; d) ̀ zeciuris~ Canacvleba qveyniuri raimesimboloTi iwvevs miwieris absolutad gadaqcevas, anu igiiWers ~zeciurs~ adgils da amiT qristianobis arss.

amgvarad Caisaxa saeklesio sanaxaobani eklesia-monastrebSi(evropaSi - laTinur enaze) da gankuTvnili iyo sasulieropirebisa da ganaTlebuli diletantebis mcirericxovaniwrisTvis. am kulturis mTavari mizani ki gaxldaT mrevlis_ mayureblis _ mkiTxvelTa religiuri ganswavla daganmtkiceba qristianuli sarwmunoebaSi.

1. karlo inasariZe, Teatrismetyveleba, miunxeni, 1995;2. Rirsi maqsime aRmsarebeli daibada 580 wels konstantinopolSi,qristianTa ojaxSi. siymawvileSi man mravalmxrivi ganaTleba miiRo:swavlobda filosofias, gramatikas, ritorikas, saRvTismetyvelodialeqtikas. saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Camdgari maqsime Tavisi

ganswavlulobisa da keTilsindisierebis wyalobiT, imperator herakles


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(610-641) pirveli mdivani gaxda, magram samefo karis cxovreba amZimebdamas, amitom qrisopolisis savanes (bosforis napirze) miaSura damonazvnad aRikveca. wmidanma saZmos gulwrfeli siyvaruli daimsaxurada male monastris winamZRvari gaxda. 633 wels _ ierusalimelipatriarqis, sofronis (xs. 11 marts) TxovniT maqsime aleqsandriaSigaemgzavra. am xanebSi wmida sofronma saxeli gaiTqva monoTelitTaeresis winaaRmdeg Seurigebeli brZoliT. mas Semdeg, rac IV msofliokrebam (451 w.) dagmo monofizitoba, romelic ieso qristeSi mxoloderT (RvTaebriv) bunebas aRiarebda, monoTelitebma Semoitanes swavlebaerTi RvTaebrivi nebisa da erTi (RvTaebrivi) qmedebis Sesaxeb, rasacuaryofili monofizituri cvruswavlebis aRiarebamde mivyavdiT.marTlmadideblobis brZolas mwvaleblur swavlebebTan aZnelebda isgaremoeba, rom aRmosavleTis sami sapatriarqo taxti monofizitTaxelSi aRmoCnda: konstantinopolis eklesias sergi ganagebda, antioqiisas_ aTanase, aleqsandriisas ki _ kvirosi. konstantini polidanaleqsandriaSi mimaval Rirs maqsimes gzad kretaze unda gaevlo.swored aq daiwyo misi mqadagebluri moRvaweoba. aleqsandriaSi damis maxloblad Rirsma mamam eqvsi weli dahyo. maqsime aRmsarebelimxurvaled icavda marTlmadideblobas da mis qadagebebs didi warmatebahqonda sxvadasxva wodebisa da fenis adamianebs Soris. 638 welsgardaicvala patriarqi sergi, 641 wels ki _ imperatori herakle.qveyanaSi gamefda mrisxane da sastiki karstancius II (642-648),monoTelitTa momxre. Rirsma maqsimem karTagens miaSura da qalaqsa damis SemogarenSi kidev xuTi weli iqadaga. 647 wels maqsime afrikaSidabrunda. 649 wlis oqtomberSi Sedga kreba, romelsac as ormocdaaTidasavleli episkoposi da marTlmadidebluri aRmosavleTisocdaCvidmeti warmomadgeneli eswreboda, maT Soris _ maqsimeaRmsarebelic. krebam dagmo monoTelitoba. roca konstancius IIkrebis dadgenilebas gaecno, brZana, SeepyroT papi martine da Rirsimaqsime. Rirs maqsimes samSoblos RalatSi dasdes brali da sapyrobileSiCaagdes. 656 wels maqsime TrakiaSi gadaasaxles, Semdeg kikonstantinopolSi gadaiyvanes. Rirsi mama saSinlad awames Tavis ormowafesTan erTad: samives ena amoaWres, marjvena xeli mohkveTes dadasavleT saqarTveloSi gadaasaxles. aq saswauli aResrula: mowameebslaparakisa da weris unari daubrundaT. wmida maqsimem iwinaswarmetyvelaTavisi aRsasruli da mSvidobiT miicvala 662 wlis 13 agvistos.wmidani qalaq cagerSi dakrZales, mis saflavze RamRamobiT samilampari inTeboda da mravali kurneba aResruleboda. mowame anastasimaqsime aRmsareblis mowafe iyo da masTan erTad idevnebodamonoTelitTagan. maqsime aRmsareblis cxovreba wmida anastasimSemogvinaxa. igi gardaicvala 662 wels;

3. mistagogia, bolosityva. 90,700;4. berZ.:Eschatos ukanaskneli; logos _ moZRvreba, an swavleba,msoflmxedvelobis da RvTismetyvelebis nawili; moZRvreba kacobriobisukanasknel movlenebze, civilizaciis dasasrulze. mistikur moZRvrebebSiesqatologia aRniSnavs ordinaluri realobis (drois, Jamis) dasasrulsda RmerTTan SeerTebas. tradiciul religiur sistemaTa esqatologiaSiganxilulia momavlis ukanaskneli movlenebi, romlebicnawinaswarmetyvelebia wminda werilebSi da sakralur teqstebSi: mesiismosvla, samsjavro, jojoxeTi da samoTxe. berZnulis sityva бaeonaRniSnavs epoqas, an garkveul istoriul periods. amdenad ̀ samyarosaRsasrulis~ nacvlad SeiZleba iTargmnos `Jamis~, `dReTa~, an`wuTisoflis aRsasruli~. esqatologia – msoflios yvelacivilizaciis religiuri sistemaTa ganuyofeli nawilia. yvelareligiaSi odiTganve arsebobda erTmaneTis msgavsi moZRvreba ukanasknelmovlenebze, rac aSkarad miuTiTebs erT preistoriul wyaroze.)ganxorcielebisaken da am procesSi _ iseve, rogorc aristoteleseulida zogadad ZvelberZnuli drama _ ̀ CaiTrevs~ adamianebs, maTs sazogadoebas(poliss/eklesias) da samyaros mTlianad. (sxvadasxva siZnelis... 22,PG 91, 1129 CD: `Cvenebr, Cven gamo, CvenTvis qmnilixorcis mier da[sityvis] marcvlebSi da asoebSi Sezrqelda grZnobebisaTvis (grZnobisorganoebisaTvis, sagrZnobelTaTvis”). maqsime ambobs: ̀ eklesias saRvTo

simboloebis aRsrulebisas (τελουμένων) (sainteresoa, romaxalberZnulad mTargmneli sityva τελουμένων-s konteqstidan gamomdinareTargmnis, rogorc gacocxlebuls (ζωντανεύονται). xolo sityva τελετήniSnavs aseve rituals. ase rom, es winadadeba SegveZlo gveTargmna:ritualSi simboloebis gawyobiT da gacocxlebiT... anu cocxalorganizmad gadaqceviT;5. mistagogia, bolosityva, 90, 712;6. mistagogia, Sesavali, 90, 664;7. mistagogia, bolosityva, 90, 712;8. mistagogia 24 PG90, 704;9. lela aleqsiZis Targmani. ix. l. aleqsiZe, neoplatonuri filosofia.

plotini da iambliqosi. teqstebi, Targmani, ganmartebebi, gamomc. logosi,Tbilisi 2009, 153-154.10. ix. l. aleqsiZe, neoplatonuri filosofia. plotini da iambliqosi.teqstebi, Targmani, ganmartebebi, gamomc. logosi, Tbilisi 2009, gv. 153-154. lela aleqsiZis Targmani;11. poetika $26, 1462; Tbilisi 1980w. gamomcemloba ̀ nakaduli~;12. mistagogia 2kor. 5,7.


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daviT gujabiZedoqtoranturis III kursi

`rigoleto mantuaSi~ _ axali Janris

kidev erTi nimuSi

2010 wlis 4, 5 da 6 seqtembers qalaq mantuaSi uCveulosaopero speqtakli Sedga. italiis satelevizio arxma RAI 1– da prodiuserma andrea andermanma warmoadgines juzepeverdis ̀ rigoleto~. saopero speqtakli gaTamaSda im istoriulgaremoSi, romelSic libretistma franCesko piavem gadmoitanaviqtor hiugos mier safrangeTis mefis francisk I-isTavaSvebuli cxovrebis erTi monakveTis Sesaxeb 1832 welsdawerili da safrangeTSi akrZaluli (rogorc mefisxelisuflebis avtoritetis Semlaxavi) drama. TviT piesa`mefe erToba~ (`mefe Tavs irTobs~) - naxevari saukunisganmavlobaSi akrZaluli iyo safrangeTSi, xolo verdi dapiave, agreTve cenzuris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, iZulebulnigaxdnen operis libretoSi SeecvalaT mTavari gmirebis saxelebi,moqmedebis dro da adgili. sabolood, francisk I mantuishercogad gadaiqca, xolo masxara tribule – rigoletod,visi saxelis mixedviTac operas mieca ufro neitralurisaxelwodeba.1

TviT is faqti, rom saopero speqtaklebi istoriul garemoSiidgmeba – axali ar aris. cnobilia, magaliTad, igive verdis`aidas~ cnobili dadgma, romelic egvipteSi, piramidebis fonzeagebul grandiozul scenaze gaTamaSda, risTvisac, scenisa dakolosaluri dekoraciebis garda, gizaSi aigo mayurebelTadarbazic (rekvizitebia saWiro), Tumca mantuaSi dadgmuli`rigoleto~ principulad gansxvavebuli momentia.

satelevizio eTerSi pirdapiri gadacemisTvis dadgmulioperis prodiuseria andrea andermani reJisori – marko belokio,diriJori – zuben meta, damdgmeli operatori – vitoriostoraro, partiebs asrulebdnen la-skalas da msoflioscnobili saopero Teatrebis wamyvani solistebi, plaCidodomingo (rigoleto), vitorio grigolo (hercogi), iulia

naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT

statiis stili daculiaprogramis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe

msoflio kinos istoria

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eleqtroenergia, rac mTel italias ori dRe eyofodagasanaTeblad. `mantuis rigoleto~ istoriuli SenobebisinterierebSi specialurad satelevizio translirebisaTvisgaTamaSda, saWiro iyo TiToeuli am interieris gadasaRebgaremod gadakeTeba, maTSi kinoganaTebis damontaJeba, msaxiobebisxmis (saopero simReris) maRalxarisxovnad Caweris organizebada rigi sxva teqnikuri Tu SemoqmedebiTi amocanebis gadaWra.

teqnikuri detalebi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadacsaxezea scenuri xelovnebis ekranuli savsebiT axleburiforma, romelic aqamde mxolod orjer Sedga da romelicukve damoukidebeli Janris aSkarad gamoxatul Tvisebebsatarebs. am Janrs jer saxeli ara aqvs, `mantuis rigoleto~(“Rigoletto a Mantova”) sainformacio saitebze moixsenieba`pirdapiri eTeris filmis~ (“Film in diretta tv”) saxiT, racgulisxmobs saopero speqtaklis imavdroul `cocxal~translacias (e. w. ̀ LIVE”). am faqtSi araferi gansakuTrebulian axali ar iqneboda, speqtakli rom saopero Teatris scenazeSemdgariyo, magram ramdenadac saopero speqtaklisgangansxvavebiT, operis moqmedeba da musikaluri Tanxlebasxvadasxva adgilebSi xorcieldeboda , xolo maTisinqronizireba teqnikuri saSualebebiT xdeboda, gvafiqrebinebs,rom axlo momavalSi SesaZlebeli iqneba iseTi Teatralurixelovnebis iseTi ekranuli formebis Seqmna, romelSic TviTZiriTadi moqmedi pirebi dedamiwis sxvadasxva geografiulwertilebSi iqnebian, xolo mayurebeli maT erTian samoqmedosivrceSi aRiqvams. es ki konkretulad satelevizio cifruliteqnologiebis Teatralur xelovnebasTan urTierTkavSirisaxali etapis maniSnebelia..

1) ixile libretoebis krebuli ̀ 50 opera~, Targmnili rusulidannunu kukulaZis da dora keSelavas mier, gamomc. ~literatura daxelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1966, gv.81-86.

(http://www.rai.it/dl/portali/site/news/ContentItem-09bc7dc9-ee3c-405b-9507-733ea962cb63.html;http://www.flickr.com/photos/sebastiagiralt/226455097/in/photostream/;

daviT gujabiZe

novikova (jilda) da sxvebi, maT Soris – nino surgulaZe,romelic madalenas partias mReroda.

`mantuis rigoleto~ teqnikur-teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiTwarmoadgens operas, mxatvruli kinos da sateleviziotranslaciis sinTezs. amgvari nawarmoebi andrea andermanmaukve orjer warmoadgina: proeqti saxiT - `toska - toskassivrcesa da droSi~ (In the Settings And at the Times of Tosca),romelic 1992 wels ganxorcielda, xolo ̀ traviata parizSi~- 2000 wels.

orive am wina produqciaSic, rogorc ̀ mantuis rigoletoSi~,orkestrs diriJorobda zuben meta. ̀ toska – toskas sivrcesada droSi~ aRiniSna 3 ̀ emmiT~, agreTve specialur nominaciaSi`saukeTeso miqsi~ (xmis reJisura) aRiniSna 2 ostatis namuSevari– klaudio neronesa da nikola kaponerosi.

rac Seexeba namuSevars `traviata parizSi~, CvenTvisdamatebiTi interesis sagani isic SeiZleba iyos, rom violetaspartias qarTveli momRerali eTer gvazava asrulebda.

am orma SesaniSnavma produqciam saerTaSoriso gamoxmaurebada mayureblisa da kritikis umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxures.mantuaSi dadgmuli `rigoleto~ ukve mesame warmatebuliproeqtia ̀ quCaSi gaTamaSebuli~ speqtaklebis seriisa, romelicrevoluciurad axali formatia rogorc televiziis, isesaopero xelovnebisaTvis.

mantuis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi ganawilebuli gadamRebi jgufebimudmiv kavSirSi iyvnen erTmaneTTan da orkestrTan, romelicmaestro zubinis xelmZRvanelobiT bibienas TeatrSi asrulebdaverdis musikas. yvela am jgufis urTierTkomunikaciaxorcieldeboda ̀ rai-I~s Tanamedrove da urTulesi teqnikurisaSualebebiT. gamosaxuleba gadaRebuli iqna HD formatSi,xmis cifrul damuSavebas ki uzrunvelyofda `rai~-s radioganyofilebam. yvelaferTan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli iqna yru-munjTaTvis film-operis Sinaarsis gagebis SesaZlebloba,risTvisac, ̀ rai~-s pres-samsaxuris gancxadebiT, damzadda 777subtitris gverdi. dReisaTvis arsebul arcerT saoperoSesrulebaze ar daxarjula amdeni Sroma, vitorio storarosxelmZRvanelobiT muSaobda mravali kamera, xolo televiziiTgaJRerebuli informaciiT, speqtaklis Cawerisas daixarja imdeni

`rigoleto mantuaSi~ _ axali Janris kidev erTi nimuSi

132 133

Fmaka doliZe

doqtoranturis II kursi

rainer verner fasbinderi - socialuri

freska faSisturi mozaikiT

`Tu Sen akeTeb SenTvis umniSvnelo samuSaos, maSin SegiZliaicxovro aTi-oci wliT ufro didxans, magram es damwuxrebuliwlebi iqneba. me vTvli, rom saWiroa icxovro sxvanairad,ufro xanmokled, magram gaSmagebulad.~1

es sityvebi `umamo Taobis~ erT-erT TvalsaCinowarmomadgenels ekuTvnis. romelsac `bavariel xuligansac~uwodebdnen. mas surda yofiliyo kinoSi igive, rac iyo SeqspiriTeatrSi, marqsi _ politikaSi da froidi _ fsiqologiaSi. esambiciuri (kargi gagebiT) axalgazrda – rainer vernerfasbinderi 1945 wlis 31 maiss moevlina qveyanas kurortvorishofenSi.

zemoxsenebuli reJisori sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadacigi cdilobda skurpulozurad ekvlia da ganexila nacisturifenomeni socialur WrilSi. am rakursiT sayuradReboa mismier 1973 wels gadaRebuli filmi ̀ SiSi suls Wams.~ filmismTavari gmiri, miunxenis arc Tu ise respeqtabelur ubanSimcxovrebi Suaxnis qvrivi emi karovski, TvalSisacemi asakobrivida erovnuli gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, qorwindeba marokoeliemigrantebis TavSeyris adgilas gacnobil alize.

filmSi aisaxa stereotipebis gavlena sazogadoebrivi azrisformirebaze. mag: emisgan mezobeli qalebi moiTxoven, rom mansadarbazo axla kviraSi orjer daalagos mxolod im mizeziT,rom marokoelis gadmosvlam saxlis ormagad dabinZurebagamoiwvia. ubanSi mdebare sursaTis maRaziis mepatronecuaryofiTad aris ganwyobili alisadmi: miuxedavad imisa, romali Tavisuflad saubrobs germanulad, gamyidveli Segnebuladeqceva mas ise, TiTqos ar esmis misi. siuJetis ganviTarebismanZilze fasbinderi gviCvenebs germanuli sazogadoebis TiTqmisyvela warmomadgenlis damokidebulebas erovnuli, nacionalurifenomenisadmi.

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xe201e_rigoletto-diventa-un-film-in-dirett_news;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ3BYNr_mZc&feature=more_related;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx-hIWxxTKw&feature=related; http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105625/ ;· http://articles.sfgate.com/2000-08-25/entertainment/17657045_1_la-traviata-verdi-violetta.

daviT gujabiZe

134 135

reJisorma adamianTa urTierTobaSi Rrma wvdomisa daanalizis unari gamoavlina. gviCvena misi Tanamedrove germanulisazogadoebis niSandoblivi Tvisebebi, kerZod, burJuaziulisazogadoebis merkantilizmi. gavixsenoT vaJiSvilis dabrunebisepizodi, rodesac bruno bodiSs uxdis dedas da damsxvreulitelevizoris safasurs ixdis. magram saboloo jamSi irkveva,rom igi daxmarebis saTxovneladaa mosuli (brunosa da mismeuRles emisTan Svilis datoveba sWirdebaT.) msgavsad, iqcevianmezobeli qalebi sadarbazodan. emis sardafis gamoyenebismizniT, isini Tanaxmani arian miiRon ali da aRfrTovandnenmisi aRnagobiT. fasbinderi sazogadoebas aCvenebs, afrTxilebs,rom, viTomda, warsuls Cabarebuli rasizmi, SesaZloa nebismierdros mobrundes.

dRevandel evropaSi neonacizmi ukve sakmaod gavrcelebulimovlenaa. fasbinderis socialuri freskebi uwinaresad sulierdegradaciazea orientirebuli. swored sulieri krizisi,cnobierebis destruqcia warmoSobs socialur Tu politikurkrizisebs.

ucnaur metamorfozas ganicdis Tavad emi karovskic.sadarbazos dalagebisas Cndeba axali iugoslavieliTanamSromeli iolanta, romelic Tavisi warmomavlobis gamodanarCenebze dabal anazRaurebas iRebs. da roca emasTanSekrebas gadawyveten, ucxoeli TanamSromlis daswreba-ardaswrebis sakiTxs erTi ubralo fraza wyvets: `mas sxvaangariSiT uxdian~. emi karovski alisTan urTierTobis gamo,swored, imave situaciaSi gariyes, magram emas es aSkarad araxsovs. orive epizods reJisori gangeb erTnairad agebs. gmirebierTsa da imave adgilze sxedan. ubralod, gansxvaveba imaSia,rom filmis dasawyisSi suraTis mTavari gmiri qalia,dazaralebuli da mitovebuli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi misadgils ̀ aragermaneli~ TanamSromeli ikavebs. am ori epizodismizanmimarTuli damsgavsebiT fasbinderi aSkarad xazs usvams,rom misTvis miuRebelia emis reaqcia. iqneb am socialuriproblematikis miRma fasbinderis mudmivi tkivilis – simartovis,miusafrobis Temis ganWvretacaa SesaZlebeli?!

rainers sasacilod gamohyavs emis Svili krista da misimeuRle. reJisori pirvelive kadrebSi gviCvenebs am wyvilis

maka doliZe

naTlad Cans, rom germanuli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSijer kidev cocxalia rasistuli ideebi, oRond im gansxvavebiT,rom mas aRar aqvs saxelmwifo politikis, ideologiuridoqtrinis forma. gmirTa sityvebSi gamokrTeba nostalgiaZveli germanuli ̀ wesrigisadmi~, rodesac policielebi grZelTmebs ar atarebdnen da, Sesabamisad, moqalaqeTa Sovinisturiaxirebebis mxardamWerebad gvevlinebodnen. policielTa grZeliTmebi aq Tavisufali, demokratiuli azrovnebis simbolodunda iqnes gagebuli. axlo warsuli kvlav gmirebis aqtualursivrceSi moiazreba da maTi cnobierebis garkveuldeterminirebas axdens.

irgvliv arsebuli garemo ucvlelia: Zveli Senobebi, Zvelisadarbazoebi, Zveli kibeebi, Zveli Sexedulebebi... garemo iseucvlelia: yovel wams elodebi sadarbazos kibeebze WraWuniTmosiarule gestapoelis, Tu eseselis Ceqmebis gamoCenas.yvelafers etyoba warsulis kvali, romelic gmirebis cxovrebaswarmarTavs. aris erTi, arc Tu ise TvalSisacemi Strixi,romliTac fasbinderi aSkarad, arc ise umniSvneloze, migviTiTebs:sadarbazoSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi qali mudam rkinis cxaursmiRma moCans.AaSkaraa, rkinis cxauriT reJisori am qalisa damisi Tanamoazreebis Caketil, SezRudul SexedulebaTa sivrcezemianiSnebs. fasbinderi Seulamazeblad, SesaZloa SokismomgvrelisimarTliT, gviCvenebs alisadmi germanuli sazogadoebisdamokidebulebas. epizodSi, roca wyvili restoranSi Ria cisqveS zis, momsaxure personali usityvod, kuStad, pirmokumuli,mtrulad Sescqeris maT. analogiur reaqcias vawydebiTQq-nikarovskis ojaxur Sexvedraze, sadac igi alis warudgensTavisianebs. kamera axlo xediT da SesamCnevad nela gviCvenebsTiToeuli wevris saxes. maTi briyvuli gamometyvelebisa dadasadgurebuli siCumis sinTeziT reJisors sicilamde mivyavarT.raineri emis qaliSvilis – kristas meuRlis rols TamaSobsda savaraudoa, rom igi am epizodSi Tavisi gmiris reaqciasacdascinis. emis vaJiSvili bruno ki, ratomRac, televizoriskenmimarTavs Tavis agresias da wixlebiT amsxvrevs mas. iqnebteleviziis saSualebiT Seiqmna axali, manamde ucxoRirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba,ramac, Tavis mxriv, emisa da alis urTierTobasac Seuwyo xeli.

Frainer verner fasbinderi - socialuri freska faSisturi mozaikiT

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Secvalo Zveli Sexedulebebi, moiSoro warsulis mZime tvirTida gabedulad Sexvde axals – momavals!

... da SeuZlebelia ar daeTanxmo kinomcodne gogi gvaxarias,roca is wers: `fasbinders, rogorc WeSmarit xelovansgaazrebuli hqonda, rom swored infantilizmma, bednierimomavlis, `rasis gasufTavbis~ gulubryvilo rwmenam ubiZgagermanel obivatels ̀ eSmakTan garigebaze~, rac Semdeg saSinelitragediiT dasrulda. da am mxrivac Tanamedrove germaniis`bavSvobis~ codvebis avadmyofuri gancda, erTgvari mazoxizmi,TviTgvema gadamwyveti motivi gaxda fasbinderisSemoqmedebaSi.Ggermaniis bedi ar asvenebs rogorc patiosanxelovansa da WeSmarit patriots.~4

zemoTTqmulis kidev erTi dasturiaKraineris erT-erTibolo filmi, 1982 wels gadaRebuli suraTi – `veronikafosis sevda~, romelic deteqtivis, melodramisa daantifaSisturi filmis saocar nazavs warmoadgens.Mmoqmedebae. w. `adenaueris epoqaSi~ (1955 w.) xdeba.

narkomaniiT Sepyrobili mTavari gmiri, msaxiobi qali veronikafosi xdeba damokidebuli sakuTar eqimze. Tavis mxriv, eqimi,mariana kaci, iyenebs pacientis avadmyofur midrekilebas damihyidis mas narkotikebs.Mmiyidvis forma aseTia: qali qonebasetapobrivad uanderZebs eqims narkotikebis sanacvlod. anderZiTmocemuli qoneba iwureba da eqimi pacients klavs, Tan amasise akeTebs, rom Zneli gasarkvevia veronika mokles, Tavimoikla, Tu ubedurma SemTxvevam imsxverpla igi. arcgmirTaAprofesiebi SearCia reJsorma SemTxveviT. marTlac,veronika fosi _ warmodgenebisaTvis, aRlumebisaTvis da xalxTamasebis CvenebebisaTvis arsebobs,Mmariana kaci ki, misisawinaaRmdego tipaJia. is yvelafers malavs, rac aris da araris dasamali.Mmisi profesiac _ eqimi, romelic adamianebSisaerTod keTilSobilur asociaciebs iwvevs, filmSi mxolodda mxolod angarebiT mkvlelobis iaraRia.

filmis mTavar gmir qalSi aSkarad Cafiqrebuli iyo ̀ mesameraixis~ varskvlavi sibila Smitci, romelic aseve 1955 welsnarkotikebisagan gardaicvala. Semdeg ki gairkva, rom misimkvleloba kerZo klinikis mflobelma, sibilas eqimma Caidina,

maka doliZe

urTierTsiZulvilsa da upativcemulobas. Tumca marokoelimaminacvlis danaxvisas, protestis niSnad, xelkaviT,Sexmatkbilebuli wyviliviT toveben dedis saxls. sasaciloki is aris, rom col-qmars, romelic erTmaneTs cemiT emuqreba,nacisturi siZulvili Searigebs da aerTianebs. filmisdasrulebisas Cndeba azri, rom qalbaton karovskis siyvarulsada zrunvas marokoelisadmi stimuls, biZgs aZlevs ara martomisi fizikuri da sulieri martooba, aramed germaniis, mamamisisada sakuTari nacisturi warsulis pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi.albaT, SemTxveviTi araa, rom siuJetis ganviTarebisas, erT-erT dialogSi alisTan emi hyveba mamamisisa da sakuTarifaSisturi warsulis Sesaxeb. vfiqrob, suraTis mTavari gmiriqalis qceva (zrunva alize), nawilobriv mainc, warsulicodvebis gamosyidvis qvecnobier cdad SeiZleba iqnes aRqmuli.

qarTul periodikaSi2 fasbinderis Sesaxeb vawydebiTsaintereso mosazrebas: `raineri fiqrobda, rom rac ufrodadgmuli, gakeTebuli da ̀ lamazia~ filmi, miT ufro Tavisufalida niRabaxdilia is. mayurebels ki simarTlis rcxvenia.~marTalia, reJisoris Sefaseba, yovelTvis, metad gulwrfelida misaRebia, magram ara am filmTan mimarTebaSi. `SiSi sulsWams~, marTlac, Tavisufali da niRabaxdilia ise, rom mayurebelsmarTlac Sercxveba im simarTlisa, rasac fasbinderi am suraTSigadmogvcems, magram filmi arc ̀ lamazia~ da arc ̀ dadgmulis~STabeWdilebas tovebs da swored am garemoebebis wyalobiTaaalbaT, rom am istoriisa ise gjera, TiTqos Sens an mezobelsadarbazoSi momxdar istorias Tvals adevnebde.

reJisoris SemoqmedebaSi am filmis arseboba germanulkompleqsTan brZolis dasturia. man erT-erTma pirvelma, Tamamadda aSkarad gamoitana sinaTleze es problema, ̀ igi erTdrouladgamoxatavda protestsac da nacizmis danaSaulsac inaniebda.danaSauls xalxisa, vinc emxroboda, monawileobda daTanaugrZnobda ideas, romlis sazareli gamometyvelebisdaviwyebas dasWirda Zalian didi dro.~3

arabuli andaza `SiSi suls Wams~, romelsac erT-erTdialogSi emis ali eubneba, filmis saTauradaa gamotanilida erTgvar mowodebis saxesac iRebs: ar unda geSinodes

Frainer verner fasbinderi - socialuri freska faSisturi mozaikiT

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avtorTa Sesaxebmarine (maka) vasaZe _ Teatrmcodne.1986 w. daamTavra S. rusTavelis sax. Teatrisa da kinos saxelmw.institutis TeatrmcodneobiTi fakulteti.2010 w. saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversitetis doqtoranti, programa dramisa da Teatris Teoria,xelmZRvaneli mixeil kalandariSvili.xelmZRvanelobs SoTa rusTavelis Taetrisa da kinos universitetissauniversiteto gamomcemlobas ̀ kentavri~. aris amave universitetisgazeT `durujis” redaqtori, damaarsebeli da redaqtori gazeTisa`kultura~.muSaobda: 1986 _ 1992 wlebSi `saqarTvelos Teatris, musikisa dakinos saxelmwifo muzeum~-Si mecner-TanamSromlad;1992 _ 2000 wlebSi ̀ saqarTvelos samauwyeblo telekompania~- Si, Iarxze sabavSvo, Teatraluri da gasarTobi gadacemis ̀ Wor_News~-isredaqtorad;1998 _ 2000 wlebSi ̀ saerTaSoriso kulturis fondi kavkasia~-Simenejerad;2000 _ 2004 webSi `klubi sardafi~-s erT-erTi damfuZnebelia,kulturuli progremebis xelmZRvanelad: ̀ literaturuli saRamoebi~da ̀ Sexvedrebi saintereso adamianebTan~ prog.xelmZRvanelad;2003. 2005, 2007 wlebSi _ ̀ saerTaSoriso kulturis fondi kavkasia~-s mier daarsebuli kulturis saerTaSoriso bazrobis erT-erTkordinatorad, Teatris da kinos saCvenebeli programis xelm-lad.2005, 2006 wlebSi _ ̀ Tbilisis saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze~ erT-erT koordinatorad.sistematurad aqveynebda da aqveynebs statiebs, werilebs, recenziebsTanamedrove Teatralur procesebze da problemebze Jurn. ̀ sabWoTaxelovneba~, `Teatraluri moambe~. `Театр~ `Teatri da cxovreba~,`saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani~, gazeTebSi ̀ kultura”, ̀ duruji”.aris ramdenime wignis redaqtori da Semdgenel-redaqtori.1986 w. miRebuli aqvs I premia TemaSi _ «Б. Брехт в творчестве Р.Стуруа» _`sabWoTa kavSiris axalgazrda mkvlevarTa saerTaSorisokonferencia~ (Catarda q. leningradSi ax.peterburgi).mopovebuli grantebi: 2003-04-05 wleb. `fondi Ria sazogadoebasaqarTvelo~, ̀ saq. kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis saminsistro~,`saq. erovnuli kinocentri~.tel: +995 (77) 28 87 62el. fosta: [email protected]

romelic, Tavis dros, sakoncentracio banakebSi msaxurobdafaSistebTan.

sibila Smitcis istorias reJisoris bavSvobasTan mivyavarT:1955 wels fasbinderi Zalian patara, daaxloebiT 9 wlisaiyo, da, rogorc Cans, momxdar faqts masze umoqmedia; miTufro, rom raineris mama, romelsac biWi mTeli cxovrebaeZebda, aseve eqimi iyo.

reJisorma momxdari faqti ganazogada da `veronika fosissevdaSi~ gadmosca.Ffilmis Sav-TeTri pirobiToba bariers qmnismayurebelsa da kinosuraTis atmosferos Soris.Eeqimi marianakaci nacional-socialistebis gansxeulebaa Tavisi damxmareasistentiTa da misi megobriT. veronika germanel xalxsganasaxierebs ̀ mesame raixis~ dros, xalxs, romelic veronikasmsgavsad iRebda `narkotiks~. swored aseT `narkotikad~SeiZleba iqnas aRqmuli meore msoflio omis dros faSistebismier warmoebuli nacisturi saomari filmebis propaganda,romliTac maT moaxerxes mosaxleobis gabrueba swored ise,rogorc sibila Smitcs abruebda narkotikebiT misi eqimiiseve, rogorc mariana kaci _ veronikas.Amis SesaCereblad kiarc germanelma xalxma iRona rame, arc sibilam realobaSida arc veronikam – filmSi, radgan samiveni gabruebulniiyvnen: germanelebi – propagandiT, sibila da veronika –narkotikebiT. am uRonobis Sedegad ki samiveni Tavisi logikuridasasrulisaken mieqanebodnen, magram isini damnaSaveni iyvnen,Tundac imitom, rom maT umoqmedobas Seewira uamravi, sruliad

ubralo, udanaSaulo adamianis sicocxle.

1. Краснова Г.`Кино ФРГ”, Москва ,`Искусство” 1987 , с.142;2. Jurnali: ̀ omega~, 2003, #6 gv. 14,;3. ix.: iqve

4. gazeTi: ̀ Tbilisi~, 1987, 5 dekemberi.

maka doliZe

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guruli firalebi da sxva). agreTve sxvadasxva saerTaSorisofestivalis monawile da mravali jildos mflobeli.tel: +995 (32) 23 27 75 ; mob: + 995 (99) 97 00 11el.fosta: [email protected]; [email protected];veb-gverdi: www.georgians.ge

giorgi CarTolani _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetisxelovnebis da socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis mediis da masobriviinformaciis saSualebebis asocirebuli profesori, ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikurmecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori;daamTavra Tbilisis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifoTeatraluri instituti Teatrmcodneobis specialobiT da moskovislunaCarskis saxelobis Teatraluri xelovnebis saxelmwifoinstitutis aspirantura.aris “sazogadoebrivi mauwyebelis” telekompania “I arxis” dRismimarTulebis gadacemebis generaluri prodiuseri. aseve mravalisatelevizio proeqtis avtori da wamyvani.aris mravali samecniero statiis da publikaciis avtori. kotemarjaniSvilis premiis laureati.avtori saxelmZRvanelosi Jurnalistikis specialobisSemswavlelTaTvis – “tele-radio Jurnalistika”, naw. I“teleJurnalistika”.tel: +995 (32) 31 88 18.mob: +995 (77) 50 03 26; +995 (79) 50 03 26E-Mail: [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]

nato gengiuri - sruli profesori, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakultetisxarisxis uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli. 1992 wels daamTavraTbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti(specialoba _ xelovnebaTmcodneoba), Semdgom ki swavlobda imaveuniversitetis aspiranturaSi. iyo germaniis akademiuri gacvlissamsaxuris stipendianti miunxenis ludvig-maqsimilianis universitetSi.gamoqveynebuli aqvs ramdenime aTeuli samecniero publikacia dasamecniero-popularuli statia. maT Sorisaa monografia, wignebi, qarTulda ucxour samecniero JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebi. iyoaraerTi adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis

Tamar quTaTelaZe – xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtorisaqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversitetis mecnier TanamSromeli.daamTavra saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifoTeatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis Teatrmcodneobisfakulteti.sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikaciebi modernuli periodisqarTul, rusul da sazRvargareTul Teatralur reJisuraze.sistematurad ibeWdeba misi werilebi dedaqalaqis centralurTeatrebSi mimdinare Teatraluri procesebis Taobaze.

el-fosta: [email protected]

lia kalandariSvili _ kinomcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori.saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversitetis wamyvni mecnier-muSaki.daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri institutiskinomcodneobis fakulteti. profesiul da samecniero JurnalebSiwerilebs aqveynebs 1974 wlidan. 1979-80 wlebSi staJirebas gadismoskovis kinos istoriisa da Teoriis samecniero institutSiesTetikisa da Teoriis ganxriT. 1990 wels iRebs kinematografistTakavSiris premias ̀ wlis saukeTeso naSromisaTvis kinomcodneobisa dakritikis dargSi~.Pwlebis manZilze msaxurobda kinos Teoriisa daistoriis samecniero centrSi.tel: +995 (32) 98 57 06

irakli maxaraZe _ kinoreJisori, mkvlevari.ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetishumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis amerikismcodneobis mimarTulebisdoqtoranti.dokumenturi, animaciuri da mxatvruli filmebis avtori, reJisori(maT Soris ,,uaild uesTis mxedrebi”, ,,lelos Semobruneba”, ,,gurulifiralebi”, ,,vinc movida gaumarjos!”, ,,dimitri SevardnaZeE” da sxva).daamTavra Tbilisis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluriinstituti, kinosareJisoro fakulteti (guram Jvanias saxelosno).1990-2006 kompania „qarTuli telefilmi”-s reJisori, musikisa dakinos Sesaxeb gadacemebis avtori da wamyvani sxvadasxva satelevizioarxebze: pirveli arxi, ibervizia, imedi („msoflio estradis varskvlavebi”;„rvanaxevari”; „mravalsaxeoba”; „erTxel holivudSi”). aris araerTisaJurnalo publikaciisa da wignis avtori (guruli mxedrebi amerikaSi,

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musika, msoflio da qarTuli musika, musikis istoria, qarTuli daklasikuri musikis istoria, saopero xelovneba, vokaluri xelovneba.Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoriisasistent-profesori, Tbilisis operisa da baletis saxelmwifo Teatrissaliteraturo nawilis ufrosi, monawileobs respublikur dasaerTaSiriso konferenciebSi, gamoqveynebuli aqvs 40 - mde samecnieroSroma. samecniero interesebis sfero moicavs qarTuli musikis dasasuliero musikis sakiTxebs.

momxsenebeli, organizatori, sagranto proeqtebis monawile, avtori daxelmZRvaneli; aris universitetis samagistro da sadoqtoroprogramebis xelmZRvaneli.aris damfuZnebeli da gamgeobis Tavmjdomare saqarTvelos kulturulimemkvidreobis Seswavlisa da popularizebis kavSirisa `signeti~.aris wevri miunxenis asociaciisa `gvianantikuri arqeologia dabizantinologia~. samecniero interesebi: saqarTvelos kulturulimemkvidreoba, arqiteqturis istoria da Tanamedroveoba. dasavleTevropis xelovnebis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi.tel: + 995 (93) 24 42 78el-fosta: [email protected]

nino sanadiraZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtorisaqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi-eqspert specialisti;saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversiteti;biznesisa da marTvis fakulteti – asocirebuli profesori;tel: +995 (77) 78 91 78el-fosta: [email protected]

mamuka sixaruliZe – pianisti, Tbilisis v.sarajiSvilis sax.saxelmwifo konservatoriis doqtoranti, amave saswavleblis pedpraqtikisganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli da saansamblo praqtikis pedagogi. daamTavrawarCinebiT Tbilisis v.sarajiSvilis sax. saxelmwifo konservatoria,fortepianos specialobiT (pedagogi prof. ediSer rusiSvili); daamTavrawarCinebiT Tbilisis v.sarajiSvilis sax. saxelmwifo konservatoriisaspirantura-staJirebis kursi (xelmZRv. prof.ediSer rusiSvili).aris amierkavkasiis respublikebis musikos-SemsrulebelTa VII konkursislaureati (I premia); aris kameruli ansamblebis s.cincaZis sax. IIkonkursis laureati (II premia); aseve mravali saerTaSoriso konkursismonawile. intensiurad eweva saSemsruleblo-sakoncerto moRvaweobas.gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali samecniero-praqtikuli statia. amJamadmuSaobs sadoqtoro Sromaze `Sopenis etiudebis interpretaciissakiTxebi” (xelmZRv. prof.rusudan xojava). mob.: +995 (51) 79 75 42;el-fosta: [email protected]

gvanca Rvinjilia _ musikismcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,asistent-profesori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetis pedagogi, kiTxulobs kursebs: msoflio

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ABOUT AUTHORMaka (Marine) Vasadze graduated a faculty of Theatre Studies at ShotaRustaveli Georgian State University of Theatre and Film.Nowadays she is a head of a publishing department “Kentavri” atGeorgian State University of Theatre and Film. Apart of that, she isalso an editor of the newspaper “Duruji” of the same University aswell as the founder and editor of a newspaper “Kultura”.In 1980 – 1992 she worked as a scholar at Georgian State Museum ofTheatre, Music and Film.1992 – 2000: she worked as an editor for children-, theatre- andentertainment TV programming on Georgian State BroadcastingCompany.1998 – 2000: she worked as a manager of “Stichting CaucasusFoundation”.In 2003, 2005, 2007 she worked as one of the coordinators and as ahead of Theatre and Film Showcase Program of “International CulturalFair” organized by “Stichting Caucasus Foundation”.In 2005, 2006 she worked as one of the coordinators of “TbilisiInternational Film Festival”.Since 2010, she is a PhD student at Shota Rustaveli Georgian StateUniversity of Theatre and Film..Her articles, reviews on contemporary theatre processes and problemshave been published in magazines “Sabchota Khelovneba”, “TeatraluriMoambe”, “Teatri da Ckhovreba”, newspapers “Kultura”, “Duruji”,“Rezonansi”.She is the an editor of several monographs and books.In 1986, the author was awarded with I Prize at the “InternationalConference of Young Soviet Researchers” in St. Petersburg for thepaper “Bertolt Brecht in the work of Robert Sturua”.Acquired grants in years 2003, 2004, 2005: “Open Society Institute”,Georgian State Ministry of Culture, Monument Protection and Sport”,“Georgian National Film Center”.Tel.: +995 (77) 28 87 68; +995 (95) 30 50 60;E-mail.: [email protected]; [email protected]

THEATRE STUDIES

Head of the Program: Prof. Mikheil Kalandarishvili

Marine (Maka) Vasadze

CONVERSATIONS ABOUT ROBERT STURUA’S“THEATRICAL LANGUAGE”

(Formation of Robert Sturua’s Theatrical Language)

Summary

Robert Sturua (Theatre Director, Art Director of Rustaveli Theatre)and Levan Khetaguri Professor, Theatre Scholar, Head of World TheatreDirection.

Georgian as well as European professional theater of theaterdirectors is more than one century old. I mean that theater of directorswas established in the eighties of XIXth century – C. Kean, A. Antoine,O. Brahm, M. Reinhardt, K. Stanislavski, V. Meyerhold, later B. Brechtand etc. Only in the XXth century Georgia, a small but culturally vastcountry, managed to give birth to three world-rank directors – KoteMarjanishvili, Sandro Akhmeteli and Robert Sturua (not meaning theirdates of birth of course). I think this is not such a small number. Throughtheir individual approach all three directors managed to create differenteras in the world of theatre; they said a new word in the formation ofthe language of directors.

Every new cultural occurrence, direction, etc. has its ownpreconditions. This is also true about Kote Marjanishvili and SandroAkhmeteli. However, at this point the subject of my research is RoberSturua, and the formation of his theatrical language. Where can wefind the foundation for his unique theatrical approach - in Georgia andoutside it. How did his theatrical and directorial language develop andcan he be affiliated with any specific movement.

For discussing these topics I chose the form of a dialogue or aconversation, which I think should be interesting for the readers.

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Lia Kalandarishvili

JIM JARMUSH’Z “DEAD MAN”- SUCH ASDECONSTRUCTION OF THE WESTERN

Summary

Narrative form gets hard structures marks and became as a genreon the stage of the very interesting and impressionable development,which, than, by self conditions originality of the artistic works. All genrekinds are framed own, clearly known rule. It its frame this or thatelements of the contents are became by the structure and sounds likeit. Such as rule, it is no changeable: sensibleness and flexibility isdescribed of the rule and genre is developing.

To day, to choose modern film’s genre is more various, when onthe beginning stage of the classification, but, their permanent evolution,connects, or single out by section genre, on own side, make newer andnewer kinds of narrative. It makes many factors of the changingcharacters metamorphose, between them style originality of the concreteauthors, standard of the art works, direction of the art, so, news of themethod or technology, which make side of the films contents in thenew level and give to the idea unique intensity.

Modern world view, feeling of the postmodernism and theory ofthe deconstruction make particular influence on the making forms ofthe genre; outfitted by the highest possibility of the high art not onlyelite, but ordinal mass genres, concretely, we discus question of thechanging the opinion western genre, by the example of the Jim Jarmush’s“Dead Man”.

Jim Jarmush’s “Dead Man” has perceive historical problematic sonearest. By genre this work is determination differently: on there hasbeen discussed, such as deconstruction western, such as philosophicallegory, on the road-move, on the mystic film and so on... All this areopening in the film on the own layer and it inclusion in the play of the

FILM STUDIESTamar Qutateladze

SHALVA GATSERELIA’S SUCCESSFULPERFORMANCES

Summary

In this article analyzed - “Shalva Gatserelia’s successful plays” –one of modern famous director’s five best performances. ShalvaGatserelia’s was special figure of the 70th years directors’ generation.1958-1996 he carried out his spectacles distinct place in the history ofGeorgian Theatre, and performances of his original creationcommandment Shalva Gatserelia’s aesthetics theatre. His performanceswere successful stage in the youth spectators’ Georgian theater history.He also was head of the theater in the 1976-96 years and conducted amajor reform - a new generation of education in the aspiration for thecommunist-oriented theater he reformed with a sharp view, into aModern Youth Theatre by a contemporary aesthetics of the EuropeanTheatre. In this article is discussed the most successful performancemade by Shalva Gatserelia in the Georgian Youth Theatre in 1972-1980years. These are: A. Hackett and K. Goodrich’s “The Diary of AnneFrank”(1972 y.), Vaja-Fshavela’s “Severance” (mokvetili) (1973),D.Kldiashvili’s “Kamushadze’s poverty’’(1974), Bertolt Brecht’s “TheVisions of Simone Machard, (1976) and B. Lavrenev’s“Decomposition’’ (1980). In 1982-1992 years the director made fivesignificant performances, too – D. Kldiashvili’s “Irene Happiness’’(1982), M. Japaridze’s “Peculiars” (1985)’ N. Dumbadze’s“Kukaracha’’(1986). I. Samsonadze’s “Happy Ticket’’ (1989), “Easteron the abolished graveyard`’ (1991.). These performances had improvedhim director – leader authority outstanding with the spirit of the reformswill and settled a solid place in the famous big fourth of the modernGeorgian Theater directors.

ABOUT AUTHORAn associate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film UniversityShe has graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’stheatre scientist..She is working in the institute of scientist.Her dissertation thesis is: “Modern Theatrical art”Tel: +995 (99) 94 47 00

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wrong path in the beginning and might have even commited a crime butlater did everything to change for the better, Leones’s characters werecompletely the opposite. Although he remains a controversial figure incritical circles, his stylistic influence is everywhere in American cinema,from Robert Zemeckis to the work of Quentin Tarantino and hisassociate Robert Rodriguez. The Leone style, some forty years afterhe made his first Western, has become absorbed into the mythology oftwentieth century cinema.

ABOUT AUTHORFilm director, researcher.Doctorate student at the Faculty of Humanitarian Sciences (AmericanStudies) of Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi.He is the author of documentary, animated and feature films. He is thedirector of films among them “Wild West Knights, “The Turn Aroundof Lelo”, “Robbers of Guria”, “Hello and Welcome”, “DimitriShevardnadze” and others.He graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian StateUniversity’s Faculty of Film Directing (Class of Guram Jvania).From 1990 to 2006 he was director of “Kartuli Telepilmi”.He was the author and anchor of music and film programs at varioustelevision channels: First Channel, Ibervizia, Imedi (Stars of WorldStage”; “Eight and a Half”, “Miscellenious”; “Once upon a time inHollywood”). He is the author of several magazine and book publications(Knights of Guria in the US, Robbers of Guria and etc). He is theparticipant of various international festivals and owner of many awards.Tel: +995 (32) 23 2775 ; + 995 (99) 97 00 11E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected];Web www.georgians.ge

structure. In this film is everything opposite, then in the western, thereare genre volume not only simple polygenic example, which, by thisown side give all exhibition of the stereotype in the film’s difficult,postmodern structure. Genre conditionality or dialogue of the conception,their connection, interaction, is scale broadening boundary of the facesideas, make hyperboles loading with the film’s citations and knittinghalf-word, loading hyper reality of the poly semantic symbols. In thisgenre, such as playing structure, it self became new truth and becamefilm’s contents, which is opposite with own being.

Narrative building by paradoxical – deference playing of to be ornot to be became one of the reason and means of the deconstruction ofthe genre.

ABOUT AUTHORLia Kalandarishvili – cinema historian, Ph. D. in Art History. Graduatedfrom Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema in the field ofcinema studies in 1977. Her publications appear in professional andscientific magazines from the year 1974. In the years from 1979 to1980 is an inetern in Moscow State Scientific Institute of Cinema Studiesand Theory in the field of esthetics and theory. In 1999 received anaward of Cinematographers’ Union for the best annual research in thefield of cinema studies and criticism. Worked for a number of years inthe scientific center for cinema theory and history. Lia Kalandarishviliis currently an assistant professor in Shota Rustaveli University ofTheatre and Cinema.Tel: +995 (32) 98 57 06

Irakli Makharadze

Summary

After Sergio Leones’s movies released, it turned out that a goodwestern could be made outside the US borders as well. The Italianspaghetti-western became a strong competitor of its Americancounterpart right away. Unlike the classic western hero who followed

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when we are considering similarity, both of them are watching“performance” in the real time, live; also they could feedback events…Basically difference is that the “spectators” of the performance couldn’tswitch on other performance immediately; but in the case of TV, youcan change broadcaster whenever you’d like to. So you can changeand still be with TV.

Difference between TV and Theatre is also on the visual effect ofthe observing object. Director of performance could underline and drawthe attention of audience on the concrete part of the stage, but howeveraudience could see all stage. This kind of opportunity doesn’t havepeople who watch TV. They have to watch on the picture as it ispresented, but in the difference with theatre you can see “performance”from the different view.

In the most of cases, TV is similar with Cinema & Theatre, butthere are basic differences as well. First and main is that they havedifferent (for Public) functions. TV itself mostly has social functionwhich is realized by journalists; but Cinema and Theatre we have toconsider as Art and just after that then we can talk about their socialfunction. Basically Cinema and Theatre are created for estheticinfluence. Social function and journalism makes TV more similar withRadio.

TV has a lot of close “relatives” – Cinema, Theatre, Radio, andPress. In conclusion we can say that in a hand TV is a creative work,on another it is journalistic, publicist work. That’s why phenomena ofTV are researching by social scientists as well as art critics.

ABOUT AUTHORDr. Art critic, Associative Professor.Associate Professor of Media and Mass Information of the Faculty ofArts and Social Sciences at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University.Associate Professor of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences ofIvane Javakhishvili State University.Graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University with majorin Theatre Studies and Master’s Program of Lunacharsky State TheatreInstitute of Moscow.

George Chartolani

CLOSE “RELATIVES” OF TV BROADCASTERS

Summary

By the simple interpretation TV is the lever of mass communications,part of the media, which receives and transfers information. Howeverthis is not the only mission of TV. TV includes much more, we canconsider that TV unites everything which foods human’s mind andfeelings. Besides positive factors, relationships between human andTV, has its negative sides. On TV we can see kind as well as despitefulcharacters, so the choice is on us; we can choose the “companion” ofour “life”.

TV, as well as Cinema is intended on the mass audience. TV broughtfrom the Cinema technical means (reflecting “news” on the screen)and upgraded it. Cinema without montage is chronicle movie, which isvery close to the TV news genre. In the difference of Cinema, TVcould broadcast on the air live. That is one of the biggest priorities,cause such an opportunity doesn’t have nor Cinema neither Photography.

By the principals - observing the reaction of audience, TV is alsogetting closer with other sphere – Theatre. More, on TV, as well as it isin case of the theatre, pictures, events broadcasted on the air, live,exists just on the real time, time, when it is broadcasted; If of course itis not recorded on the tape, (or other server), it is disappearing likeperformance on the stage.

Like theatre on TV there is dialogue as well as monologue. So wehave to consider the monologue of the anchor, journalist, or dialoguebetween different people.

There is also one similarity. TV, as it is in the case of the theatre,uses decoration, stage make-up and suit.

There is a similarity, but at the same time there is a differencebetween the audiences, “spectators” of TV and Theatre. Basically,

MEDIA STUDIES

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Nato Gengiuri

PERSONIFICATION AND GEORGIANSCULPTURE OF THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH C.

Summary

In the first decades of the 20th c. special significance in Tbilisiarchitecture was given to façade sculpture. There occurred sculpturalcompositions of allegorical meaning, linked with the building function.A novelty was that Georgia was portrayed in the form of personification.In this respect, the façade relief of the people’s house (the present-dayMarjanishvili Theatre) is very important, which shows Georgia andEurope in the form of women.

Georgia is also personified in the monument on the tomb of IliaChavchavadze - Grieving Georgia by I.Nikoladze.

Personification was not a lien to old Georgia art either,personifications of water, the sun, the moon, earth and heaven werefound, but there were no personifications linked with secular life andorganizations. Appearance of personifications of Georgia in sculptureof the first decades of the 20th c. was a novelty and it was due on theone hand to the impulses coming from Europe, and on the other one, tothe intensified sense of national self-consciousness of the commissionerand the public.

ABOUT AUTHORPhD in art history, Full Professor at the Rustaveli State University ofTheatre and Film.In 1992 graduated the Department of Art History of the JavakhishviliTbilisi State University and in 1995, completed the post-doctoral studiesat the same University.In 2005, she held a scholarship and stayed at Ludwig-MaximilianUniversity.

ART STUDIESGiorgi Chartolani is an executive producer of daytime programs at“Channel 1” as well as the author and anchor of many television projects.He is the author of many scientific articles and publications. GiorgiChartolani is laureate of Kote Marjanishvili award.He is the author of a text book on journalism studies – “Television-Radio Journalism”, part 1 “Television Journalism”.Tel: +995 (32) 31 88 18.Mob: +995 (77 ) 50 03 26; +995 (79) 50 03 26E-Mail: [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]

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Nino Sanadiradze

CULTURE MANAGEMENT AND TRADITIONALGEORGIAN IMPROVISATIONAL CELEBRATION

(According Georgian traditional people’s competition)

Summary

The article tries to discuss about management signs in traditionalGeorgian culture – competitions and traditional improvisationalcompetition. The concept of identity is closely tied with the followingconcepts: ethnos, nation and culture. Every society, group nation orindividuals has its own identification and repertory and according themare producing cultural products. For an organization to be successfulover the long term, its culture needs to be managed effectively.Management Systems’ culture management products/process isdesigned to help society define their culture and understand how itaffects behavior and organizational success. The process serves asinput to the progress of strategies for systematically managing cultureas a competitive benefit. The types of traditional well knownimprovisational competitions in Georgia are celebrated almost all overGeorgia. The article tries to argue about culture product and cultureproduct management according consideration traditional Georgianimprovisational celebration’s structure and management types.

ABOUT AUTHORDr. Associated professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film GeorgianState University, Georgian National MuseumTel: + 995 (77) 78 91 78E-mail: [email protected]

CULTURE MANAGEMENTNato Gengiuri has made presentations at numerous scholarly assembliesand organized conferences at the University and edited several universityperiodicals. She has published scholarly works as well as those intendedfor a wider public, including a monograph, books, and articles in Georgianand foreign journals.Nato Gengiuri is an author, participant and leader of several completedand ongoing projects. She is Conference organizer and head of section,Author and Supervisor of the bachelor’s , master’s and doctor’sprograms.Nato Gengiuri is a founder and chairperson of the board of the SignetUnion for the Study and Promotion of Georgian Cultural Heritage. Sheis a member of Munich Association Late Antique Archaeology andByzantology.Scientific interests: georgian cultural heritage, history of architecture,contemporary architecture, art history of Western Europe.Tel: +995 (93) 24 42 78E-mail: [email protected]

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consider Georgian romance as the first stage of development of lyricalintonation, the romance which penetrated into the national opera in aform of a stylistic layer indicates at the second stage of development oflyrical intonation. Thus, the poetic and other stylistic-intonation flowswith lyrical peculiarities coming from the depth of centuries have laidthe foundation for the establishment of a Georgian secular composerschool that was largely intensified by national romantic consciousness.

ABOUT AUTHORMusicologist; PHD; assistant professor; lecturer at the Shota RustaveliState University for Theatre and Cinema; delivers lectures on Historyof world music, as well as on History of world and music, Opera art,Vocal art. Assistant professor at the Vano Sarajishvili Tbilisi StateConservatoire; PR Manager at the Tbilisi Z. Paliashvili Opera and BalletState Theatre; participates in republican and international conferences;the author of about 40 scientific works. Her scientific interests coverthe issues of Georgian music and ecclesiastical music.

Mamuka Sikharulidze

SOME INTERPRETATION ISSUES OF CHOPIN’SLYRICAL-CANTONAL ETUDES

(Opus 10,etudes N3,N6 and Opus 25,etude N7)

Summary

Opus 10 #3, #6 and opus 25 #7 are distinguished pieces in Chopin’setude cycle. By nature they cardinally differ not only from purelyinstructional character of traditional, pre-romantic period of this genre,but from conception of highly artistic virtuosic etude of the romanticperiod as well. Besides, these works of genius represent obviousexample of how deeply Chopin conceived etude as a genre and howthoroughly he comprehended opportunities of merging its expressiveness,informativeness and technical abilities.

Gvantsa Gvinjilia

PREREQUISITES OF NEW GEORGIAN PROFESSIONALMUSIC IN RESPECT OF ROMANTIC TENDENCY AND

GEORGIAN POETRY VERSIFICATION

Summary

Georgian secular composer school was established within theframework of romantic artistic system. Under conditions of absenceof national secular professional music traditions, it is much complicatedto research those stylistic-intonation flows, which have laid thefoundation for it. For these reasons, while ascertaining the genesis, weconsider it expedient to reconstruct the apparent processes ongoing ina music sphere with the help of Georgia literature owing to the cross-points existing between these two branches of art that focuses onintonation. Moreover, because of a tradition of berhyming poems inGeorgia, a phoneme of a poem, versification was directly influencingthe music intonation and its emotional side. Finally, it all laid the foundationfor specific stylistic-intonation flows. This is the only way to ascertainthe prerequisites of Georgian secular composer school. The mostimportant peculiarities of national consciousness were determined inthe process of analysis – aspiration to personal, lyrical basis, whichalso covers the problem of lyrical pattern and tragism. The researchsubstantiates the role of such consciousness in the establishment ofromantic-lyrical stylistic flows of Georgian music that has finally beenconcentrated in new Georgian professional music. During reconstructionof genesis the research has distinguished the role of influence ofversification of poetry by Shota Rustaveli, Georgian king poets, DavitGuramishvili, Besiki, and romantics on musical intonation, as well asthe role of establishment of syncrete music forms, new literary languagenorms, European functional musical system, saloon music, firstcomposing attempts in the establishment of the prerequisites of newsecular professional music. It was mostly based on romance. If we

MUSIC STUDIES

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UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAM

DRAMA AND THEATRE HISTORY

Head of the Program: Prof. Mikheil Kalandarishvili

Tamar TsagareliThird Year PhD Student

THEATRE OPINION REVIEW OFTHE MEDIAVAL EPOCH

(By Saint Maximus the Confessor)

Summary

Saint Maximus the Confessor was born in Constantinople around580 and raised in a pious Christian family. He received an excellenteducation, studying philosophy, grammar, and rhetoric. He was well-read in the authors of antiquity and he also mastered philosophy andtheology. When St Maximus entered into government service, he becamefirst secretary (asekretis) and chief counselor to the emperor Heraclius(611-641), who was impressed by his knowledge and virtuous life.

St Maximus has left to the Church a great theological legacy. Hisexegetical works contain explanations of difficult passages of HolyScripture, and include a Commentary on the Lord’s Prayer and onPsalm 59, various “scholia” or “marginalia” (commentaries written inthe margin of manuscripts), on treatises of the Hieromartyr Dionysiusthe Areopagite (October 3) and St Gregory the Theologian (January25). Among the exegetical works of St Maximus are his explanationsof divine services, entitled “Mystagogia” (“Introduction Concerning theMystery”).

The dogmatic works of St Maximus include the Exposition of hisdispute with Pyrrhus, and several tracts and letters to various people.In them are contained explanations of the Orthodox teaching on the

Main objective of the paper is to help a performer in matters ofinterpretation and overcoming technical difficulties given in these etudes.In addition, the paper gives performer an opportunity of free thinkingand individual performance taking into account given recommendationsas needed.

ABOUT AUTHORI, Mamuka Zaur Sikharulidze was born in Tbilisi on March, 30, 1966.In 1973 I enterd Tbilisi Z.Phaliashvili Special Musical School, Pianospeciality. In 1984 I finished Medium School wihh Gold Medal and thisyear I enterd Tbilisi V.Sarajishvili State Conservatoire (Class instructorProph.Edisher RusiSvili) wich I graduate with Hight Honor in 1989.In 1993 I finished with Honors Post-Graduate/Probation Courses(Instructor Proph.Edisher RusiSvili) of Tbilisi V.Sarajishvili StateConservatoire.In 1987 I graduated from Society Professions Faculty Jurnalist specialityof Tbilisi V.Sarajishvili State Conservatoire’s.In 1985 I participated in Musician Performers VIIth Competition ofSouth Caucasus Republics and was awarded with Laureat Title (Ipremia).In 2003 I became Laureate (II premia) S.Tsintsadze IInd Competitionof Chember Ensembles.I am also a participant of many international Piano Competitions.In 2001 I performed concerts in Osaka, Japan.From 1990 to present I wark as a teacher in Tbilisi Z.Phaliashvili FirstMusical High School Piano Department.From 2003 to present I wark as a teacher in Tbilisi V.Sarajishvili StateConservatoire Obligatory Piano Department.In 2005 I was acting a provisional deputy Dean of Executive Faculty.Now I am Pedagogical Practice Manager and Ensembles Practiceteacher.I intensive participate in Concerts and social activities in Conservatoire.I have wife and two children.

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HISTORY OF WORLD CINEMA

Head of the Program: Prof. Zviad Dolidze

Davit GujabidzeThird Year PhD Student

“RIGOLETTO A MANTOVA”

City of Mantua (Italy) witnessed an unusual performance on 4,5,6September 2010. RAI-1 presented „Rigoletto“ by Giuseppe Verdi.

Andrea Andermann is the producer of this alive-performance,director – Marko Belocchio, director of photography – Vitorio Storaro.Staring – Placido Domingo (Rigoletto), Vitorio Grigolo (Duke), JuliaNovikova (Gilda), Nino Surguladze (Madalenna), etc,

The performance was held in historical places, described by libretto-writer F.Piave. The parts of shooting crew were placed in several spotsof an old city, all of them were in online communication, with eachother and with orchestra, which was placed in Bibiena-theatre andwas conducted by maestro Zubin Mehta. The communication wasorganized by the Radio-department of RAI using modern comprehensivetools. The performance was filmed in HD format.

“Rigoletto a Mantova” is so called „Film in Direct TV“. It means alive-translation of performance. Andrea Andermann has alreadyproduced 2 similar projects: „In the Settings and at the Times ofTosca”(1992) and “La Traviata à Paris”(2000). From technical andtechnological point of view, these projects represent syntheses of Opera,feature film and Live Translation contrary from the opera performance.Performance and musical addition were held apart from each otherand synchronization was done by technical tools. It seems to be acompletely new - cinema genre of theatrical art, which was made onlytwice before but it already has strict characteristics of an independentgenre.

Success of this new project makes the ground for presumptionsthat in the nearest future it’ll be possible to create theatrical

Divine Essence and the Persons of the Holy Trinity, on the Incarnationof the Word of God, and on “theosis” (“deification”) of human nature.

“Nothing in theosis is the product of human nature,” St Maximuswrites in a letter to his friend Thalassius, “for nature cannot comprehendGod. It is only the mercy of God that has the capacity to endow theosisunto the existing... In theosis man (the image of God) becomes likenedto God, he rejoices in all the plenitude that does not belong to him bynature, because the grace of the Spirit triumphs within him, and becauseGod acts in him” (Letter 22).

St Maximus also wrote anthropological works (i.e. concerning man).He deliberates on the nature of the soul and its conscious existenceafter death. Among his moral compositions, especially important is his“Chapters on Love.” St Maximus the Confessor also wrote three hymnsin the finest traditions of church hymnography, following the exampleof St Gregory the Theologian.

The theology of St Maximus the Confessor, based on the spiritualexperience of the knowledge of the great Desert Fathers, and utilizingthe skilled art of dialectics worked out by pre-Christian philosophy, wascontinued and developed in the works of St Simeon the New Theologian,and St Gregory Palamas.

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her. The drugs which could aslo be the war agitation of fascisticgovernment, whith which thay managed to stupefy the people just likethe doctor stupefied Sybille and just like Mariana man did to Veronika.None of them did nothing because Sybille and Veronika were stupefiedby drugs and german people- by agitation.

performances, where even main characters will be playing their partsfrom different geographical places, but the spectator will perceive themin one united action place. The later is exactly the indicator of new eraof communication between digital technology and theatrical art.

Maka DolidzeSecond Year PhD Student

FASBINDER – SOCIAL PORTAL WITHFASCISTIC COLORS

In this work is presented one of the Geman dyrectors Rainer WernerFasbinder, who bravely showed the fallacious sides of society althoughdidn’t follow the healthy way of life himself .I find him interesting because he tried to show the church in a verypeculiar way and to examine the phenomenon of fascism in the socialview. He was one of the eminent representatives of the German socalled ”orphan generation” and because of his lifestyle he was alsoknown as ”Bavarian ruffian”.In the his work ”Ali: Fear Eats The Soul” which was taken in 1973 theauthor showed the racialistic ideas that were still alive in the society ofhis times, only with the difference that it was no more the policy of thecounry and didn’t have the form of ideological doctrine. Everything hasan impact of past which leads the life of characters. The nostalgy tothe old German ”order” is felt in their word. Social looks in this filmshows us the spiritual degradation of german society.I would also like to discuss the last film of Fasbinger ”Verinika Voss”which was taken in 1982. The main female charecter clearly representsthe star of the ”third reich” Sybille Schmitz, which died from drug issue.Later it appared that she was killed by the head of one of the privateclinic, which used to work in one of the concentration camps. Theblack and white stucture of the film creates a barrier between theaudience and the mood of the atmosphere of this work. Doctor Marianawith his assistant and friends are a clear view of the face of men inNational-socialistic party . Veronika reprsents the people of german intimes of the ”thirs reich”, people who were adicted to drugs just like

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