Saurashtra University - COnnecting REpositories · 2013. 7. 15. · Rajkot and Surendranagar city...
482
Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93) Mehta, Hemangi D., 2011, “A Comparative study of undergraduate students on role of education on women empowerment”, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/719 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu [email protected] © The Author
Transcript of Saurashtra University - COnnecting REpositories · 2013. 7. 15. · Rajkot and Surendranagar city...
Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93)
Mehta, Hemangi D., 2011, “A Comparative study of undergraduate students on
role of education on women empowerment”, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/719 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.
Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu
© The Author
Re.no.3911
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ON ROLE OF
EDUCATION ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
A
THESIS
SUBMITTED
TO
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY
RAJKOT
FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN GENERAL HOME SCIENCE
UNDER THE FACULTY OF HOME SCIENCE
SUBMITTED BY
MEHTA HEMANGI D.
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
DR. DAXABEN N. MEHTA
PRINCIPAL,
SMT.S.C.U.SHAH HOME SCIENCE,
AND C.U. SHAH ARTS & COMMERCE,
MAHILA COLLEGE. WADHWANCITY.
MARCH, 2011
STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY Ph. D. RULES ORDI. PH.10
I hereby declare that the research work incorporated in the present thesis is original and has not been submitted either partially or wholly to any University/Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
I further declare that the content and the result presented in the thesis
is in view of the advancement of the knowledge in Home Science in general and in the area of women empowerment.
Date:28/03/2011 Hemangi D. Mehta Place: Rajkot M.Sc. (Gen.Home.Sci.)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Research is a team work. It is very difficult to do research in any field. One Successful research in whole is due to the co operation and help of many people. I am very thankful to every person, who helped me in making my work successful. It is a matter of immense pleasure for me to express my heartiest gratitude to all those personalities who have helped me in each and every ways. I am at a loss of fine & polite words to express my feelings & humble in debts to my dedicated & Knowledgeable guide - “ Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta” – Principal, Smt. Sadguna C.U.Shah Home science and C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College, Wadhwan city, Surendranagar. I am really very thankful from bottom of my heart. No words will be too high to express my sincere thanks to my parents, my family members & teachers. Their constant inspiration & warm attitude help me a lot. Last but not the least, my Friends who stand with me from beginning till end of my research, their support help me to boost my spirit in every difficult times. Finally, thanks to all those people who helped me directly or indirectly. Date:28/03/2011 Mehta Hemangi D.
INDEX TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER
No.
PARTICULARS PAGE
NO.
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 01
1.11 INDIAN WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT:AN OVERVIEW 01
1.12 STATUS OF WOMEN IN 21ST CENTURY IN INDIA 05
1.13 EDUCATION IS AN AGENT OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT 11
1.14 CURRENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION 13
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 15
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY 15
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 16
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE SAMPLE 16
1.6 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY 17
1.7 TERMS OF TITLE 26
1.8 CHAPTERIZATION 27
CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF PAST LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION 28
2.2 IMPORTANC OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 28
2.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 28
2.31 STUDIES ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT 28
2.32 BENEFITS OF EDUCATION FOR WOMEN 30
2.33 EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN 31
2.34 NEED FOR EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE 38
2.35 EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ON GOING APPROACHES & STRATEGIES
40
2.36 STUDIES ON POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 41
2.37 STUDIES ON SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 43
2.38 STUDIES ON ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 47
2.39 STUDIES ON LEGAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 54
2.40 STUDIES ON CULTURAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 56
2.41 STUDIES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
57
CHAPTER-3 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1 INTRODUCTION 60
3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLING 60
3.3 DEVELOPING TOOLS 62
3.31 COVERING LETTER 62
3.32 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 62
3.33 SUBJECT WISE SECTIONS 63
3.4 PILOT STUDY 63
3.5 VALIDATION OF TOOL 63
3.6 CATEGORIZATION OF VARIABLES 64
3.7 COLLECTION OF DATA 65
3.8 DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT 65
3.9 PROCEDURE OF COLLECTION OF DATA 66
3.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 66
CHAPTER-4 RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION 67
4.2 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 67
4.3 OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
68
4.4 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON POLITICA L EMPOWERMENT
96
4.5 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT
124
4.6 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
149
4.7 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON CULTURAL EMPOWERMENT
175
4.8 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT
201
4.9 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON JAMNAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS
228
4.10 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON MORBI CITY RESPONDENTS
272
4.11 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON RAJKOT CITY RESPONDENTS
312
4.12 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SURENDRANAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS
351
CHAPTER-5 SUMMARY & DISCUSSION
5.1 SUMMARY 390
5.11 PROBLEM 390
5.12 POPULATION & SAMPLE 390
5.13 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 390
5.14 RESEARCH DESIGN 391
5.15 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 391
5.2 DISCUSSION 391
5.3 CONCLUSION 406
5.4 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 411
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
1 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ENGLISH VERSION
2 PHOTOGRAPHS
3 PERMISSION LETTER
LIST OF TABLES
NO NAME OF TABLES PAGE
NO.
3.1 Showing the information regarding name of the c ollege type and number of students
61
4.1 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Resp ondents 63
4.2 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint fa mily Respondents
70
4.3 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts a nd Commerce Respondents
72
4.4 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
75
4.5 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
78
4.6 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
81
4.7 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
84
4.8 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
87
4.9 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respo ndents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
90
4.10 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
93
4.11 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Res pondents regarding political empowerment.
96
4.12 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding political empowerment.
98
4.13 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding political empowerment.
100
4.14 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding political empowerment.
103
4.15 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political e mpowerment.
106
4.16 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding poli tical empowerment.
109
4.17 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding poli tical empowerment.
112
4.18 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding poli tical empowerment.
115
4.19 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding political empowerment.
118
4.20 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding poli tical empowerment.
121
4.21 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents regarding social empowerment.
126
4.22 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding social empowerment.
126
4.23 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding social empowerment.
128
4.24 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding social empowerment.
130
4.25 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empo werment.
133
4.26 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding soci al empowerment.
136
4.27 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding soci al empowerment.
138
4.28 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding soci al empowerment.
141
4.29 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding social empowerment.
143
4.30 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding soci al empowerment.
146
4.31 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents regarding economic empowerment.
149
4.32 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding economic empowerment.
151
4.33 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding economic empowerment .
153
4.34 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding economic empowerment.
155
4.35 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic em powerment.
158
4.36 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding econ omic empowerment.
161
4.37 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding econ omic empowerment.
163
4.38 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding econ omic empowerment.
166
4.39 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding economic empowerment.
169
4.40 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding econ omic empowerment.
172
4.41 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents regarding cultural empowerment.
175
4.42 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
177
4.43 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
179
4.44 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding cultural empowerment.
181
4.45 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural em powerment.
184
4.46 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cult ural
187
empowerment. 4.47 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cult ural empowerment.
191
4.48 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cult ural empowerment.
192
4.49 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding cultural empowerment.
195
4.50 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cult ural empowerment.
198
4.51 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents regarding psychological empowerment.
201
4.52 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
203
4.53 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
205
4.54 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding psychological empowerment.
207
4.55 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychologic al empowerment.
210
4.56 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psyc hological empowerment.
213
4.57 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psyc hological empowerment.
216
4.58 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psyc hological empowerment.
219
4.59 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding psychological empowerment.
222
4.60 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psyc hological empowerment.
225
4.61 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
228
4.62 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
231
4.63 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment .
133
4.64 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empower ment.
237
4.65 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowermen t
240
4.66 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerm ent.
243
4.67 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerm ent.
246
4.68 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological emp owerment.
249
4.69 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
252
4.70 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of 254
Jamnagar regarding social empowerment. 4.71 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of
Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment. 256
4.72 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
258
4.73 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
260
4.74 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
262
4.75 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
264
4.76 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
266
4.77 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
268
4.78 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
270
4.79 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
272
4.80 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
275
4.81 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
277
4.82 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding political empowermen t.
280
4.83 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
282
4.84 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment .
285
4.85 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment .
287
4.86 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowe rment.
290
4.87 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
292
4.88 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
294
4.89 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
296
4.90 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
298
4.91 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
300
4.92 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
302
4.93 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
304
4.94 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
306
4.95 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
308
4.96 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
310
4.97 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
312
4.98 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
314
4.99 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
316
4.100 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerme nt.
319
4.101 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
321
4.102 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowermen t.
324
4.103 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowermen t.
326
4.104 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empow erment.
329
4.105 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
331
4.106 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
333
4.107 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
335
4.108 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
337
4.109 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
339
4.110 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
341
4.111 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
343
4.112 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
345
4.113 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
347
4.114 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
349
4.115 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
351
4.116 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
353
4.117 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowe rment.
355
4.118 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding political em powerment.
358
4.119 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empow erment.
358
4.120 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic emp owerment.
363
4.121 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural emp owerment.
365
4.122 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychologica l empowerment.
368
4.123 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
370
4.124 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
372
4.125 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
374
4.126 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
376
4.127 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
378
4.128 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
380
4.129 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
382
4.130 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
384
4.131 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
386
4.132 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowermen t.
388
LIST OF FIGURE
NO NAME OF FIGURE PAGE
NO.
2.1 Showing Type of Work 49
2.2 Showing Field of Work 50
3.1 Showing Distribution of Sample 62
3.2 Showing Categorization of variables 64
4.1 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Resp ondents 69
4.2 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint fa mily Respondents
71
4.3 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts a nd Commerce Respondents
74
4.4 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
74
4.5 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
80
4.6 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
83
4.7 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
86
4.8 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
89
4.9 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respo ndents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
92
4.10 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
95
4.11 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Res pondents regarding political empowerment.
97
4.12 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding political empowerment.
99
4.13 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding political empowerment.
102
4.14 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding political empowerment.
102
4.15 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political e mpowerment.
108
4.16 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding poli tical empowerment.
111
4.17 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding poli tical empowerment.
114
4.18 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding poli tical empowerment.
114
4.19 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding political empowerment.
120
4.20 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding poli tical empowerment.
120
4.21 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents regarding social empowerment.
125
4.22 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding social empowerment.
127
4.23 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding social empowerment.
127
4.24 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding social empowerment.
132
4.25 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empo werment.
135
4.26 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding soci al empowerment.
135
4.27 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding soci al empowerment.
140
4.28 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding soci al empowerment.
140
4.29 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding social empowerment.
145
4.30 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding soci al empowerment.
148
4.31 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents regarding economic empowerment.
150
4.32 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding economic empowerment.
152
4.33 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding economic empowerment .
152
4.34 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding economic empowerment.
157
4.35 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic em powerment.
160
4.36 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding econ omic empowerment.
160
4.37 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding econ omic empowerment.
165
4.38 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding econ omic empowerment.
168
4.39 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding economic empowerment.
168
4.40 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding econ omic empowerment.
174
4.41 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents regarding cultural empowerment.
176
4.42 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
178
4.43 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
178
4.44 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding cultural empowerment.
183
4.45 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural em powerment.
186
4.46 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cult ural empowerment.
189
4.47 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cult ural empowerment.
189
4.48 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cult ural empowerment.
194
4.49 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding cultural empowerment.
197
4.50 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cult ural empowerment.
200
4.51 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents regarding psychological empowerment.
202
4.52 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
204
4.53 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
204
4.54 Showing Scores Obtained by home science respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding psychological empowerment.
209
4.55 Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychologic al empowerment.
212
4.56 Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondent s of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psyc hological empowerment.
215
4.57 Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psyc hological empowerment.
218
4.58 Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents o f Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psyc hological empowerment.
221
4.59 Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding psychological empowerment.
224
4.60 Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psyc hological empowerment.
227
4.61 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
230
4.62 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
230
4.63 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment .
236
4.64 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empower ment.
239
4.65 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowermen t
242
4.66 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerm ent.
245
4.67 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerm ent.
248
4.68 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological emp owerment.
251
4.69 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
253
4.70 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
255
4.71 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
257
4.72 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
259
4.73 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
261
4.74 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
263
4.75 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
265
4.76 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
267
4.77 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
269
4.78 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
271
4.79 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
274
4.80 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
274
4.81 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
279
4.82 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding political empowermen t.
279
4.83 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
284
4.84 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment .
284
4.85 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment .
289
4.86 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowe rment.
289
4.87 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
293
4.88 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
295
4.89 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
297
4.90 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
299
4.91 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
301
4.92 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
303
4.93 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
305
4.94 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
307
4.95 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
309
4.96 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
311
4.97 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural res pondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
313
4.98 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint f amily respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
315
4.99 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
318
4.100 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerme nt.
318
4.101 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
323
4.102 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowermen t.
323
4.103 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowermen t.
328
4.104 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empow erment.
328
4.105 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
332
4.106 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
334
4.107 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
336
4.108 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
338
4.109 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
340
4.110 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
342
4.111 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
344
4.112 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
346
4.113 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
348
4.114 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
350
4.115 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
352
4.116 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
354
4.117 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowe rment.
357
4.118 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding political em powerment.
357
4.119 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empow erment.
362
4.120 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic emp owerment.
362
4.121 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural emp owerment.
367
4.122 Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychologica l empowerment.
367
4.123 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
371
4.124 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
373
4.125 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
375
4.126 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
377
4.127 Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural re spondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
379
4.128 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
381
4.129 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
383
4.130 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
385
4.131 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
387
4.132 Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowermen t.
389
CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.11 INDIAN WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: AN OVERVIEW 1.12 STATUS OF WOMEN IN 21ST CENTURY IN INDIA 1.13 EDUCATION IS AN AGENT OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT 1.14 CURRENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION 1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 1.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE SAMPLE 1.6 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY 1.7 TERMS OF TITLE 1.8 CHAPTERIZATION
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women.
Jawaharlal Nehru Education has been of central significance to the development of
human society. It can be the beginning, not only of individual knowledge information and awareness, but also of a holistic strategy for development and change. Late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru rightly remarked “Some people seem to think that education is not as important as putting up a factory. I May sacrifice any number of factories, but I will not sacrifice human beings and their education because it is the human beings who set up factories and produce the things we want.” Education helps an individual to develop his potential to the full, to increase his productivity and to become a useful and productive member of the society. Education is holistic in concept and is multi dimensional.
The importance of education can be interpreted from the reply to the
question asked from Aristotle. The question asked was “How much better educated men were than those who were uneducated.” The reply was, “As much as the livings are than the dead.”
1.11 Indian women’s Empowerment: An Overview
Vedic era has witnessed equal rights for women in the field of
education, religion, politics, property and inheritance. During the medieval period society had become patriarchal and men- women difference was evident. Men-women role was decided on the basis of sex. Women were consigned inside the tour venue of home. It was considered to be the worst period in the history. During the morden period a number of social reformers felt the need to emancipate women and tried to establish a justified place for them in the family and society. The thinkers and social reformers realized that unless the condition of 50% of Indian population is improved Indian society cannot progress.
Parmita Shastri in “Outlook India 1998” says; ‘I was told that Indian
women don’t think like that about equality. But I would like to argue that it they don’t think like that they should be given a real opportunity to think like that.”
The persistence of hunger and abject poverty in India is due to large
measure to the subjugation and marginalization and disempowerment of women. Women suffer from hunger and poverty in greater numbers and to great degree than men. At the same time, it is women who bear the primary responsibility for actions needed to end hunger, education, nutrition, health and family income.
Women’s empowerment has five Components: • Women’s sense of self-worth; • Women’s right to have and to determine choices: • Women’s right to have access to opportunities and resources; • Women’s right to have the power to control their own lives, both within
and outside the home; and • Women’s ability to influence the direction of social change to create a
more just social and economic orders, nationally and internationally. Looking through the lens of hunger and poverty, there are seven major
areas of discrimination against women is India. 1. Malnutrition: India has exceptionally high rate of child malnutrition,
because tradition in India requires that women eat last and least throughout their lives, even when pregnant and lactating. Malnourished women give birth to malnourished children, perpetuating the cycle. This point is made in the article, “The Asian Enigma” published by UNICEF in 2004 that, malnutrition is worse in south Asia have less voice and freedom of movement, Judgment and self expression and independence largely denied. Millions of women in South Asia have neither the knowledge nor the means nor the freedom to act in their own.
2. Women are in poor Health: females receive less health care than
males. Many women die in childbirth of easily prevented complications. Working conditions and environmental pollution further impairs women’s health. The practice of breast feeding female children for shorter period of time, deliberately try to become pregnant again after the birth of male child in order to give maximum attention to the new son , are some of the traits reflect the neglect of girl child.
• Maternal mortality: India’s maternal mortality rates in rural areas are among the highest in the world: A factor that contributes to seek medical care for pregnancy. Evidence reluctance to seek medical care for pregnancy. Evidence from the state of Bihar, Rajasthan, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat find registration for maternal and child health services to be as low as 5.22 percent in urban areas.
• Contraception Use : Women’s health is harmed by lack of access to and the poor quality of reproductive services. About 24.6 million couples, representing roughly 18 percent of all married women want no more children but are not using contraception. A study in Tamil Nadu suggest that women’s lack of decision making power in the family ,opportunity costs involved in seeking contraceptive services all play an important role.
• Job Impact on maternal Health : Working conditions of women result in premature and still births. The task performed by women is usually those that require them to be in one position for long period of time, which can adversely affect their reproductive health.
• Impact of Pollution on Women : In Environment, Development and the Gender Gap, Sandhya Venkateswaran, asserts that the high incidence of malnutrition present amongst women and their low metabolism and other health problems affect their capacity to deal with chemical stress, The smoke from household biomass (made up of wood, dung and drop residues) stoves within a three hour period is equivalent to smoking 20 packs of cigarettes. One study quoted by WHO in 2005 found that pregnant women cooking over open biomass stoves had almost 50 % higher chances of stillbirths.
3. Women are Uneducated: families are far less likely to educate girls
than boys and for more likely to pull them out of school, either to help out at home or from fear of violence. India has the largest population of non-school-going working girls. India’s constitution guarantees free primary school education for both boys and girls up to age of 14. The literacy rate for women is 39 percent versus 64 percent for men. Sonal de Desai in ‘Gender inequalities and Demographic Behaviors’ asserts that ‘Parents’ reluctance to educate daughters has its roots in the situation of women. Parents and that their future roles, being mainly reproductive and perhaps including agricultural labour, require no formal education. Another reason being to deliver a chaste daughter to her husband family.
4. Women are Overworked: Women work longer hours and their work is
more arduous then man’s yet their work is unrecognized. Women work roughly, twice as many hours’ men. The extent of women’s contribution is aptly highlighted by a micro study conducted in the Indian Himalayas which found that on a one hectare farm, a pair of bullocks works 1,064 hours a man 1,212 hours and woman 3,485 hours in a year.
5. Women are Unskilled: Women have unequal access resources,
extension services tend to reach only men, which perpetuates the existing division of labour in the agriculture sector, with women continuing to perform unskilled task. A number of factors perpetuate women’s Job skill. It training women for economic activities requires them to leave theire even functional level of literacy. In terms of skill development, women are impeded by their lack of mobility, low literacy level and prejudiced attitude towards women.
6. Women are Mistreated: In recent years there has been an alarming
rise in atrocities against women in India. In terms of rapes, assaults and dowary related murders. Fear of violence suppresses the aspirations of all women infanticide and sex-selective abortions are additional forms of violence that reflect the devaluing of females in Indian society. The insecurity outside the household is today the greatest obstacle in the path of women. Evidence shows that every 26 minutes- a woman is molested, every 34 minutes- a rape takes palce,
Every 42 minutes- a woman is kidnapped and every 93 minutes - a woman is burnt to death over dowary.
7. Women are Powerless: While women are guaranteed equality under
the constitution, legal protection has little effect in the face of prevailing patriarchal traditions. Women lack of power to decide who will they marry, and are offen married off as children. Legal loopholes are used to deny women inheritance rights.
Government has taken steps to empower women through Panchayat Raj Institutions: ManiShankar Aiyer asserts that –“the highest national priority must be the unleashing of woman power in governance. That is the single most important source of societal energy that we have kept corked for half a century.” The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Ammandment Acts, which guarantee that all local elected bodies reserve one third of their seats for women, have spearheaded an unprecedented social experiment which is playing itself out in more than 5000 villages that are home to more than 600 million people. National Policy for the empowerment of women: The goal of the National policy for the empowerment of women is to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women. Some of the specific objectives of this policy are:
(a) Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies for full development of women to enable them to realize their full potential ,
(b) Equal access to health care, quality education at all levels, career and vocational guidance etc,
(c) Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women. The policy also provides for economic empowerment through poverty
eradication, micro credit programmes, training of women to facilitate them in playing efficient role in agriculture and industry. The social empowerment of women is facilitated through effective provisions of Education, Health, Nutrition, gender sensitization, Drinking water and Sanitation etc. Elimination of all forms of violence against women, including those arising from customs, traditions and accepted practices. A National Resource Center for Women (NRCW) is being set up which will provide relevant technical back up for the successful implementation of the policy.
The Government has also committed the following provisions to ensure women’s rights and women empowerment. Some of the commitments are:
• Increase in the Investment in Education to 6% of the GDP with major focus on Women.
• Universalisation of Mother and Child Care Programme to reach out to every corner of the country
• Appointment of Commissioner for women’s Rights. • National Level Machanism for Platform for Action.
According to Indian writer and activist Devika Jain “The positive discrimination of Panchayat Raj Institution has initiated a momentum of change. Women’s entry into local government in such large numbers, offen more than the required 33.3% and their success in campaigning, including the defeat of male in politics, and have no time to go to meetings or to undertake all the other work that is reminds us of a central truth” Power is not something people give away, it has to be negotiated, and sometimes wrested from the powerful. 1.12 Status of Women in 21 st century India “Women are the builder and moulder of nations Destiny Though delicate and soft as a lily, She has a heart, far stronger and bolder than of men…. She is the supreme inspiration for man’s onward march…. She is, no doubt, her commanding Personality, Nevertheless is grimly solemn” -Rabindranath Tagore The Indian woman for ages has played a silent, self effacing role to sustain Indian civilization. However, her status has undergone significant improvement. The woman of modern India is liberal, educated and suave. She is no longer confined to the four walls. She has an opinion on each and every matter; she has earnings for personal leisure and emotional support. There is an enhancement in her self-esteem and confidence. She has started exercising greater control over her own life. This has resulted in changed power equations at her home, her workplace and the society. She wants to enjoy her life to the fullest. She can afford to do so due to the upward mobility in her income levels. And she is governed by rational motives. Her need and desires are innumerable and they vary from satisfying her physiological needs to aesthetics needs. At times she appears decisive; at times she appears snobbish, at times very eager, at times passionate, and at times unreasonable. Her lifestyle is changing drastically. The woman is becoming alert and her alertness is showing in all walks of life. She is an all-rounder. Multi-tasking has become a feature of this new women’s life. She tackles numerous jobs at workplace and home effectively and with ease. She has not left any domain which man can boast of saying it is a male domain. She knows what she wants. She is the decision maker of the house. From buying a pin to a house, a car, a washing machine, in decorating the house, she has a say. The gender issue is becoming an inevitable part of every day life. The technicalities of mechanical and electronic gadgets are no more the man’s domain: the women have learnt it all and are using them more gracefully than men. The number of working women is rising day by day. The Indian women have made significant progress in obtaining responsible positions in organizations. The new age Indian women have come into her own. She
makes her presence felt in the workplace, makes informed economic choices, can hold her own in any setting. In the 21st century, women are leaders in industry, government and organizations worldwide including India. With Air India clearing the way for women cabin crew to become in –flight supervisors , an important male bastion has fallen with Lt Cdr Wahida Prizm becoming the first ever women to command the parade of army. However, it’s in the corporate world that women have shown true grit and determination to break the glass ceiling. Naina lal Kidwai-Country head, HSBC India, Lalita Gupte-CEO,ICICI, Sulajja Firodia Motwani-Joint Managing Director, Kinetic Engineering, Akhila Srinivasan-Managing director, Shriram Life Insurance Company Limited and Director of Executive Board, Shriram Group, Dipti Neelakantan-Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer, J M Morgan Stanley – these are few of the women who have taken on the world. There are organizations which want only women in senior managerial posts: Earlier, women were considered high maintenance, but companies are more sensitive and determined, lead to gender diversity and do phenomenally well, especially in Human Resources. Also women have an advantage because they work with Emotional Quotient as Intelligence Quotient, which is very different. The initiative, creativity and determination of women can also been seen through their entrepreneurship skill. Women entrepreneurship is recent phenomenon in India which came into prominence in late 1970’s. Now-a-days women not only lead and organize a business or industry but also provide employment opportunities to other & earn revenue for the country. More & more women are venturing as entrepreneurs in all kinds of business & economic activities and service sector. Though at the initial stages women entrepreneurship developed only at urban areas, lately it has extended its wings to rural& semi -urban areas too. Agriculture, Horticulture, Sericulture, Dairying & Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Home based industries like handicrafts, Beeding Industry, Agarbati making, Tailoring and Garment Industry, Pottery & Black smithy Industry, Doll-Making, fancy items, Jewellery Beauty parlor , Nursery & Baby Crèche centers, etc. are areas where women entrepreneurs may be found ,thus, women entrepreneurs can take a lead in both organized & unorganized sectors. India has a number of noted women entrepreneurs who have made a mark on the national and international scene, and made a name for themselves. Some of the well known women entrepreneurs in India are Kiran Mazumdar Shaw- Managing Director, Biocon India Limited, Shannaz Hussain-pioneer in the cosmetic & skin industry in India as well as abroad. The Media and Communication sector basically comprises the non-traditional professions which women have opted for. Media is an important sector where the percentages of women employees are raising .Also media, being a liberal and equal profession, sees a huge increase in woman employees. It offers better scope and facilities for women professionals. Earlier women mainly preferred editorial work but now there are
many women reporters and correspondents as well in the Daily Press. Newspapers have however evolved arrangements for informal and continuing association with women journalists who write regular columns in Newspapers as Music critics, Art critics, etc. There are many important women who are well known for their feature writing in the English press. The names of Amita Malik, santha Rungachary, Padmini sen Gupta, Kamala Chopra, Rammi Chhabbra, Promilla Kalhan, Rita Thapar, Kobita Sarkar and Razia Ismail are well known .Today there are very well known women journalists such as Ms.Usha Rai of the Times of India, Anjali Mathur of the Sunday Observer (Bombay), Smita Gupta of the Independent (Delhi), Kalpana Sharita rai of the Indian Express (Bombay), Bacchi J. Karkaria and Dina Vakil of the Times of India. Anita Pratap, Tavleen singh, Mrinal Pande, Seema Mustafa, Kalpana Jain, etc. are distinguished journalists. Another area where women have started making some headway is Advertising and Public Relations. Women have an important role in creative advertising media as copywriters, designers and interviewers. This field has rapidly extended the avenues of employment for women professionals in television and radio. Public relations however are a relatively new field for women in India. Many women have reached important positions in this field in the corporate sector. Radio and Television offers better scope and facilities for women professionals, from its very inception, News Readers, and feature and document producers in Broad casting. A well known women professional in broadcasting is Mehra Masani of the All India Radio. Women have also taken initiative in specialized work like interviewing and discussions and were called upon to participate in prestigious programmes. Television has opened up a large arena for women not only as announcers, etc, but also as important Programme producers, writers, editors, directors, etc. Ekta kapoor and Smiriti Irani are the face of Indian television today. Media personalities like Nalini Singh and Barkha Dutt have reported exclusive coverage from difficult conditions, harsh terrains and dangerous situations. An Indian woman has also made her presence felt in the Film industry. Though the film industry is known for its glamour, women and heroines, there are other aspects of this cinematographic medium, which have given many women professionals a break in the creative worlds. There are enterprising young women who have produced documentaries, short films and advertisements, etc. This Profession has brought opportunities for women in various activities, both in the commercial film industry, as well as on the technical side. The film industry has not only produced great artists and stars like Shabana Azmi and Ashwariya Rai who is the face of Indian cinema worldwide but also women on the technical side of filming, editing etc. who may not be always visible, but whose contribution to the media is beyond doubt. In the recent years, women have become well known in the field of Theatre. Ms.Anamika Haksar, Lillette Dubey and Usha Ganguli are some women who have made their mark in the past few years.
India is witnessing the entry of women in different science disciplines including engineering. The majority of women science degree holders are in pure science or medicine, and their numbers in Engineering and Technology and Computer Sciences and Information Technology is increasing. India has produced some outstanding women scientists like Dr. Janaki Ammal, Prof.Ashima Chatterjee, Prof.Manju Sharma, and Prof.Archana sharma, Prof.Indira Nath, Prof.Anandibai Joshi, Prof. Kasturi Dutta, Prof.Sipra Guha Mukherjee and Dr.Sneh Bhargava to name a few.Dr. Asima Chatterjee’s contribution on natural products, Dr. Mahtab S Bamji’s study on problems related to human health, Dr.Indira Nath’s work on Immunotherapy in Leprosy are the contribution of some women scientists have not only served on the contribution of some women scientists in promotion of scientific Knowledge. Several women scientists have been honored with the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award. Women scientists and technologists have made significant achievements in the field of nuclear medicine, nuclear power, production and development of uranium metal fuel required by the nuclear reactors, nuclear physic and solid state physics, computer science and technology, agriculture and biotechnology, image processing, computer vision etc. Women have been very active in the field of agricultural science, medicine, food products, environmentalists such as Dr.Kalpana Chawla, an Indian American, became the first Indian women to go into space on a 16 days mission of NASA. Women in India have come to the forefront in sports. Indian women have shown great ability in the game of lawn tennis, hockey, badminton, table tennis and athletics. Indian women’s cricket team has also taken long strides in this popular game. Indian women have reached a stage where they participate regularly in national and international sports meets. Not only have they excelled in different sports events, but they have also made a mark on the world scene. Athletics has attracted Indian women since many years .Today India has international icons such as P.T.Usha, Sunita Rani, Jyotimayee Sikdar, Ashwini Nachappa, Kamaljeet Sandhu, Roja Kutty, Vandana Rao, and Anju Bobby George. One of the most popular games with Indian girls is table tennis. Recently Monalisa Barua, Niyati Shah and other have made a name in this field. Badminton is another popular game with Indian women. Ameeta Kulkarni, Radhika Bose, Aparna Popat and other have also earned a name for themselves in this sport. Tennis another popular women’s game, has had its followers for many years. Last year, Sania Mirza did the country proud by winning the Hyderabad Open Tennis tital. She was adjudged the Most Impressive Newcomer of 2005 on the WTA tour at the Stars for stars, the official awards of professional tennis in March 2006. The most popular and graceful of all sports, swimming has also produced its Indian stars. There have since been great achievements by Anita sood, Bula Chaudhury, Abhinaya Shetty, Aarti pradhan, M. Usha and other in international competitions and long distance swimming. Indian women have conquered Mount Everest the highest peak in the world. Bachendri Pal, Krishna Patil,
Santosh Yadav and Harshwanti Bisht are women mountaineers of great repute. Indian women shooters like Anuja Jung, Tejaswini Sawant, Navneet Kauf Sidhu, Saroja Kumar Jhuthu, and Sushma Rana & Anjali Bhagwat have made a mark not only at the national level but also at international level. Also Indians feel proud by winning many national & international events. In the recently concluded Commonwealth Games at Melbourne 2006, Indian Women have won 5 gold & 3 silver medals in shooting, 3 gold & 2 silver medals in weightlifting, 2 medals in athletics & Women’s Hockey team won a silver medal. Also, Indian badminton mixed team won a bronze medal. India is the largest democracy in the world where the women constitute almost half the population. Women play a dual role in politics- as voters and political Representatives. There can be no true democracy, no true people’s participation in governance and development without equal participation of women and men in all spheres of life and at all levels of decision making. Women’s opportunities to exercise power are in many contexts greater at the local than at national level. In India, policies to increase women’s political participation in local elections lead to significant increase in women’s presence in local office. The recent passage of 73rd &74th Constitutional Amendments providing 33 percent reservation to women in Panchayat & Nagarpalika Bodies has been hailed as landmark towards women’s empowerment at the lower level. The studies on women’s participation in village council, reports on the empowering effects on the women themselves as well as the positive impact of women’s presence on local politics. Women’s presence has made the councils more responsive to community demands for infrastructure, housing, schools& health, helped improve the implementation of various government programmes and increased the likelihood that other women also feel empowered & take advantage of state services & demand rights. Increasingly, women have stood for elections and got elected as members of State Legislative Assemblies and the Parliament. The number of representatives has been steadily increasing .In the 1st Lok Sabha (1952-1957) out of 466 seats, 23 were won by women members making a 4.9 percent of the total. Out of these 2 were appointed as ministers out of the total of 542 seats making it 8.6 percent of the total. Also the number of women ministers in the Council of Ministers, Uma Bharti & Rabri Devi held Chief Minister Ship of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar respectively. Currently Jayalalitha, Sheila Dixit & Vasundhra Raje Scindia are the Chif Ministers; women have proved themselves to be most successful. Today young women are opting for the unconvenventional career of police service. The employment of women in police establishments reflects not only the socioeconomic advancement but also changes in the attitude towards the role of women in society. The Indian Police service (IPS) has been appointing women in the IPS cadre at par with men. These women are expected to have the same qualifications and training as is expected of their male counterparts. It is no longer a strange sight to see a group of police women handling a riot situation, and performing other duties along with men. Similarly, the other police based services such as the Border Security Force,
CRPF, CISE, NSG, Railway Protection Force and the Home Guards all recruit women in various capacities. There have been women in police service of the most important police officers is Ms.Kiran Bedi the first women IPS officer of India. She has not only brought about great changes in the lives of the new independent women of India. She was awarded the prestigious Magsaysay Award for her active role in bringing about social change. The fashion scene today in India is dominated by women Designers like Ritu Beri, Rina Dhaka, Puja Nayyar & Ritu Kumar and models like Ujwala Raut & others have made a name in this field not only in India but internationally also. Women today have proved their battle in every field. But their road to success was not lined with roses. They’ve had to work doubly hard to prove that not only are they as good, but also the best in their field. They also have had to battle male resistance. Women make up only 6% of India’s workforce and the numbers get more skewed as you go up the corporate ladder. There are only 4% women at senior management levels and almost none in a leadership role. Further, only 1 percent of the organizations have women CEOs. Gender biases do crop up during recruitment process. Around 14 percent of the companies have policies which exclude women from certain posts such as manufacturing, shop- floor, sales and marketing and top level positions. Though India has many women scientists, their proportion as compared to men is still not very high. Most women scientists, doctors, engineers, etc. have been fortunate to be born in families which encourage education of women, and do not discriminate against women and girls. Also women in India have long been deprived of participation in games and sports by direct or indirect social inhibitions. Indian socity, still reels under social handicaps of early marriage, inferior status of girl’s, inconvenient dress of women, conservative and traditional parental attitudes. Sports were mainly a male preserve, in which women have only recently started participating that too in small number. Women are making a little progress into politics & government, but not yet enough to make a difference. It can be said that women’s involvement in national & state politics has been a nonstarter. The number of women members in the Lok Sabha in terms of percentage of total number of members in the Lok Sabha never crossed 2 digits, in spite of the fact that women constitute nearly 50 percent of the voters. It has taken more than 5 decades and 14 Lok Sabha for the percentage of women members in the House to move up pattially from a mere 4.9 percent in 1952 to 8.6 percent now, a figure that is far below the average of around 15 percent in countries which have elected legislature. Though numerically the strength of women members in the Lok Sabha has been increasing, their participation in the decision-making positions is significantly smaller .Also till date from the 1st Lok Sabha; very few women have reached the highest level of power & authority. Since 1952 to till date there have been only 8 women who have held cabinet Rank Ministership, 52 became Ministers of State, 20 were Deputy Ministers & only 1 Prime minister. With regard to women holding ministership in India, the
successive governments, irrespective of whichever political party held power, women are generally given the so called ‘soft’ portfolios, or in the areas traditionally considered women’s concerns, such as health, welfare, culture, education, women & child development. Women are generally excluded from key ministries like commerce, defense, fiancé, justice etc. Indian women leaders face discrimination & exclusion from positions of power. The Women’s Reservation Bill in Parliament is yet to see the light of the day. Women are active in a variety of economic area, which they often combine ranging from wage labour & subsistence farming & fishing to the informal sector. Women contribute to development not only through remunerated work but also through a great deal of unremunerated work. On the one hand, women participate in the production of goods & services for the market & household consumption, in agriculture, food production or family enterprises. On the other hand, women still also perform the great majority of unremunerated domestic work & community work such as, caring for children & older persons, preparing food for the family, protecting the environment & providing voluntary assistance to vulnerable & disadvantaged terms & are not valued in national accounts. Women’s contribution to development is seriously under estimated, and thus its social recognition is limited. The Constitution of the Republic of India ensures equality for women & men in every sphere of life & activity. Women in India have been given equality of opportunity in all matters relating to education, employment & legal status and they can aspire to grace the highest office of the State. However this is not truly indicative of the existing position of women in general in the country as yet. Though legally & constitutionally, all women have equal access to live under stress & strain of male domination that manifests itself in the form of various kinds of hardships & indignities meted out to them. To ensure equality of status of our women we still have miles to go. 1.13 EDUCATION IS AN AGENT OF WOMAN
EMPOWERMENT
Since the beginning civilization there has been continual and eternal flow of knowledge and wisdom in our country. Like Minervs, the Greek Goddess of wisdom, in our country the female deity Goddess Sarswati is considered as fountain of knowledge. For the materialistic and spiritual development as well as for performing various kinds of duties, knowledge is considered as main sources of light. This light shows to mankind not only the proper direction to go ahead but to visualize the various fields with minute observation.
“Knowledge is the third eye of men which gives sigh t in all affairs .”
Female education was not only confined to literacy knowledge but was
open to various branches like art and religious, dance and drama politics and administration etc. An educated woman is a sure sign of education of coming generation because literate women can never tolerate illiteracy in the house. That is why Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru rightly point out:-
“If education is given to woman than it would lead to education of
home, society and world at large.” Great social reformer has given foremost importance to female literacy
for the simple reason that the mother is the primary teacher of the child. Healthy growth of the physical and mental capabilities of the children is in the hands of the mother. Good citizens are assets to the country. So it goes without saying that to awaken the people it is the women who should be awakened first and they should be trained to play an effective role in all walks of life, because women have played and important role in each and every aspect of life. They have there contribution in the field of education, literature, medicine, religious, economic activities, social activities, defence forces, journalism, mountaineering and rock climbing, printing, embroidery, textile designing, film industry, hotel industry, architecture, administration and art, apart from their contribution in domestic field.
• WHAT IS EMPOWERMENT?
Empowerment is a very broad term encompassing all type of empowerment such as education economic, social, political, legal psychological and cultural empowerment of women. The world declaration in world conference in 1990 laid emphasis on “education of all lays stress on universalising access and promoting equity the two issues which are vital to empowerment of women”.
The process of women empowerment is thus concerned with changing
the power relations between individuals and groups in the society and involves awareness raising building of self confidence, expansion of choice, involvement in decision making and increased access to and control over resources unless they themselves become conscious of the oppression met out to them and show initiative both to push forward. It can create an opportunity to change their status much. Some of the empowerment could be identified as follows-
* Literacy and higher education. * Better health care for herself. * Higher age of marriage. * Greater work participation in modernized sector * Necessary financial and service support for self employment. * Opportunities for higher position of power. * Complete knowledge of her rights and above all. * Self-reliance, self respect and dignity of being women. Empowerment is envisaged as an aid to help women to achieve equality with men or, at least, to reduce gender gap considerably. Empowerment would enable women to perform certain social roles which they can not perform without it. This would mean helping women to their constitutional and legal right of equality. Though men and women are declared to be equal before the law and though discrimination on the basis of
sex is forbidden by the constitution. It is common knowledge that women are still at disadvantage in many areas of life. Indeed, one could even say that the position of women in India has not improved much since the enactment of the constitution when it comes to the issue of gender justice.
• A LOOK AT WOMEN EDUCATION SCENARIO
If one analyses, the women’s education scenario, one would find that women’s education is an area cluttered with contradictory complexes, opposing theories and tremendous emotions in brief: -
1. On the one hand, India has large mass of people either disinterested in or the problem of higher education for women; on the other hand, enlightened women alone express deep concern about the problem.
2. The area of higher education for women is at crossroads between
intellectual rationality and social conservatism. It is often emotional and ends in negativism.
3. Some people believe that education can not be different for males and
females. Hence, men and women should have the same curriculum content. But there is another school of thought who believes that there are inherent difference between girls and boys. Therefore the content of education should also be different. How ever, there is consensus of the common general objectives of higher education, namely, character formation, personality development, increasing employability competence and inculcation of civic sense.
1.14 CURRENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION
The growth in number of women students in higher education since independence has been phenomenal. While women constituted only 9.3 percent of all students in institutions of the higher education on the eve of independence, the percentage of women students enrolled in all colleges and universities was 34.1in 1995-96.
The pace of growth has been particularly faster in last two decades, of
so. The number of women enrolled per hundred men registered a four fold increase during the period from 1950-51 to 1995-96.
Noteworthy factor of the general increase in the number of girls student
in higher education is uniformity in there enrolment at all levels of education. Faculty wise Arts stream account for the highest, followed by commerce, science, education, law, Engineering and Technology.
The number of women colleges in the country has recorded a
substantial increase. It increases from 780 in 1986-87 to 1146 in 1995-96. It is significant that the university grant commission has a programme for promoting women’s studies where in it gives assistance to universities for
setting up centres / cells for women studies. As on 31st march UGC had provided assistance to 33 universities and colleges for setting up sport centres/cells.
At the times of independence in 1947 we had only 20 universities and
500 colleges. The number of student and teacher in higher education system was very small at the beginning of 1996-97 we have 209 universities and there are tremendous increase in the number of colleges. i.e. from 500 to 9278 in which the number of Women College are 1146.
The latest annual report of the ministry of Human resources
Development proclaim that: women’s education has always been a priority area and NEE envisages the entire education system to work for women’s education and empowerment. It has been emphasized that gender concerns must be built into all education process. Emphasis has been laid on enrolment and retention of the girl child in formal and non formal schooling, recruitment of rural women as teachers and removal of gender bias in the curriculum.
One aspect of unequal relations of society, the world over and in our
country, is the disadvantaged and marginalized position of women and girls in education, fifty percent of the population; in higher education they from only about 34 percent in graduate and post graduate studies and 26.6 per cent in diploma and certificate courses.
The issue is even more of social justice and gender equality. One of
the main reasons of the majority of the girls not being able to take up higher education is the week base, i. e. at the school stage, particularly in the rural areas. Added to this are economic deprivation, lack of motivation and strong patriarchal attitude against girl’s education.
The number of women universities in the country is five. Though a very
small number, still they could take a lead in this matter in association with the UGC and the women study centres. They could specifically examine the issue and recommend to the government and the corporate sector the needs of girl students, desiring and deserving, and to at least render financial and motivational assistance and to those who go in for higher education.
The NCW would eagerly look forward to the recommendations so that
we could also take up the issue in appropriate manner with concerned authorities to augment the enrolment of girls’ students, retain them in the stream for the full term and help them to opt for a career of their choice and beneficial to the society.
Education is one of the sub themes of UN world bodies on women
paragraph 163 of forward looking strategies states that education is the bar is for the full promotion and improvement of the status of the women. It is the basic tool that should be given to women in order to fulfil their role as full member of society. The world declaration on education for all was adopted in 1990 at joint in Thailand. It was recognized by all than education is the basic right to every one. The 1995 world education report reveals that the major
anomaly which persists in both the developing and developed country is one of the gender biases.
Though women stay in the longer in the academic in many of the
developed countries, they do not pursue science course equally with men. It is a psychological and cultural bias which prevents women from pursuing careers in science and industry.
The progress made by women is also encouraged by government by
providing facilities but access to these facilities is hindered due to cultural conditioning. The most obvious progress has been made in the field of education and literacy as more and more women are going into new professions and literacy rates for women are also going up although they remain lower the literacy rate for men. A UNESCO report published in November 2006 says the gender disparity in access to schooling still exists in 54 countries but it also says that in many countries more girls were found at secondary school level then boys. In India efforts at popularizing female education started during the British period and since independence they have been intensified and gradually women are breaking all men with ease. The national education policy of 1986 stresses wider women’s access to vocational, technical and professional at all levels and includes “education for women’s equality”. It includes all the steps that have to be taken to make women self confident and capable of thinking and deciding independently. It also encourages women’s studies as a critical input to promote better understanding of women‘s contribution to society. Women’s illiteracy is the main reason for their lower status and their difference. Steps have to be taken in removing the illiteracy. In the end, women alone can change their position and power you must take it as a very true statement and its high time women understood it. Women will have to use all methods and means available to achieve the equality.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Researcher decided to study on the role of education on women empowerment for that some variables were selected. The problem was: “A comparative study of under graduate student on r ole of education on women empowerment” 1.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY Every study has its own importance. The importance of this study is as follows: 1. By this study, we will be able to know the role of education on women empowerment of Arts, Commerce and Home science students. 2. Form this study, over all development of rural and urban women could be known. 3. From this study, overall development of joint and nuclear family students could be known.
4. From this study, the role of education on political, social, economic, cultural and psychological empowerment could be known. 5. Further studies can be done based on this study. 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to focus on role of education on under graduate student on women empowerment. Objective of study are as under:
1. To evaluate the importance for empowerment of women. 2. To clarify the concept of empowerment of women. Its various
components and aspects such as political, Social, economic, cultural and psychological empowerment.
3. Comparative study of respondents from joint and nuclear family. 4. Comparative study of respondents from urban & rural. 5. Comparative study of respondents from Home Science and Arts. 6. Comparative study of respondents from Home Science and
Commerce. 7. Comparative study of respondents from Arts and Commerce. 8. Comparative study of respondents from Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and
Surendranagar. 1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY This study is an attempt to examine the concept of empowerment of women in the wider context. The study of women empowerment will definitely help us to understand the importance of education in a life of a woman as a normal human being. This study will strongly impact on the education about the under graduate women for their own empowerment. It will help them to understand the importance of empowerment and to find the reasons, “why they need empowerment?” As we know the women of Gujarat are not conscious about their education. So, we can say that the empowerment of women assumes great significance in Gujarat, particularly in Saurashtra. So, I choose the colleges which are affiliated to Saurashtra University Empowerment is envisaged as an aid to help women to achieve equality with men or at least to reduce gender gap considerably. Empowerment would enable women to perform certain social roles which they can not perform without it. In the Indian situation, this would mean helping women to enjoy their constitutional and legal rights to equality. Women empowerment also increases the ratio of political equality, which includes not only the equal rights to franchise but also the more important rights to gain access to the formal institutionalized centres of power. It is offen strongly argued that education is a powerful tool in the empowerment of women Economic independence or self generated income is considered as the major means of empowerment of women. Thus, the prevailing value system has put
so many hurdles on the path to women’s equality through economic empowerment. From the fore going description, it will be clear that empowerment of women is a complicated and uphill task, to a large extent, women’s empowerment will be at the expense of the power that larger sense, men will gain and not loose by the sharing of power with women. This study will help to achieve women’s equality and ensure honorable co-existence of women with men in socity. A new movement in this direction is the need of the hour. As we know Empowerment is not a studded thing, it is the process, by which a human being, particularly women, grows, develops and becomes increasingly well adjusted in a changing society. Empowerment provides and also increases the experiences of women that enable them from desirable habits, broaden mental vision, deepen understanding, skills to face & solve problems and higher level of mental strength and confidence. “Empowerment is the only instrument to ach ieve ideals!” The four major colleges of Gujarat particularly of Saurashtra are selected and under graduate students are selected as respondents for analysis. The Home science, Arts & Commerce girl’s students of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot & Surendranagar were selected as respondents. The college going girls are mostly around sixteen to twenty year which is the most important period of life of a human being, particularly of women, during this stage the foundation stones of one’s life and personality are laid thus this is the right time to be empowered a woman. 1.6 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
In research hypothesis should be decided first. Hypothesis is the base of the research. Following hypothesis were decided.
1) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding women empowerment. 2) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding women empowerment. 3) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding women empowerment. 4) There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment.
5) There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment.
6) There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment.
7) There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment.
8) There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment.
9) There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment.
10) There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment.
11) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding political empowerment. 12) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding political empowerment. 13) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding political empowerment. 14) There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
15) There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
16) There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
17) There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
18) There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
19) There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
20) There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
21) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding social empowerment. 22) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding social empowerment. 23) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding social empowerment. 24) There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
25) There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
26) There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
27) There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
28) There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
29) There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
30) There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
31) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding economic empowerment.
32) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding economic empowerment. 33) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding economic empowerment. 34) There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
35) There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
36) There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
37) There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
38) There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
39) There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
40) There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
41) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding cultural empowerment. 42) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding cultural empowerment. 43) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding cultural empowerment. 44) There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
45) There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
46) There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
47) There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
48) There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
49) There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
50) There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
51) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding psychological empowerment. 52) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding psychological empowerment. 53) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding psychological empowerment. 54) There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment.
55) There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment.
56) There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment.
57) There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment.
58) There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment.
59) There will be no significant difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment.
60) There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment.
61) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment. 62) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment. 63) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment. 64) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment. 65) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment. 66) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
67) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment. 68) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
69) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment. 70) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment. 71) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment. 72) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment. 73) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
74) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
75) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment. 76) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment. 77) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment. 78) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment. 79) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment. 80) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment. 81) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment. 82) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment. 83) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment. 84) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment. 85) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment. 86) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
87) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment. 88) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment. 89) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment. 90) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
91) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment. 92) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment. 93) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment. 94) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment. 95) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment. 96) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment. 97) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment. 98) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment. 99) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment. 100) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment. 101) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment. 102) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment. 103) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment. 104) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
105) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment. 106) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
107) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
108) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment. 109) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment. 110) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment. 111) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment. 112) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment. 113) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment. 114) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment. 115) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment. 116) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment. 117) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
118) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
119) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
120) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
121) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
122) There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
123) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment. 124) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment. 125) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment. 126) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment. 127) There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment. 128) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment. 129) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment. 130) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment. 131) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment. 132) There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment. 1.7 TERMS OF TITLE Students: One who is enrolled or attends classes at a school, college or university. In present study one who attends class of final year of arts, commerce and home science degree courses are defined as students. Education: Means the teaching or learning of skills, values and knowledge. Here education in terms of arts, commerce and home science. Under Graduate: A college or university students who has not yet received a bachelor’s or similar degree. In present study students who have applied for bachelor degree of arts. Commerce and Home science are defined as under graduate.
Empowerment: Means to make able to do the work. Here overall development of the students which make them able to compete in this world by all means. Home Science respondents: Students studying in third year of B. Sc. home science. Arts respondents: Students studying in third year of arts faculty Commerce respondents: Students studying in third year of commerce faculty. Rural: Respondents living outside taluka or district area. Urban: Respondents living in city or Taluka or District area. Joint Family: Respondents who lives in joint family having grandparents. Nuclear family: Respondents who lives in nuclear family with their own Parents only. 1.8 CHAPTERIZATION In this chapter the introduction of the study has been given. Objective and hypothesis has been listed. Chapter-2 Review of part literature: In this chapter studies related to the role of education on women empowerment has been given. Chapter-3 Research design: In this chapter how research work was done and the design of research work has been given. Chapter-4 Results: In this chapter data collected, tabulation & test applied has been given. The data has been interpreted. Chapter-5 Summary and discussion: In this chapter the observations and calculations was discussed. The conclusion regarding significance & difference between variables has been discussed. Suggestion for further studies was mentioned.
CHAPTER – 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 IMPORTANTCE OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.31 STUDIES ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT 2.32 BENEFITS OF EDUCATION FOR WOMEN 2.33 EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN 2.34 NEED FOR EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE 2.35 EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ON GOING APPROACHES & STRATEGIES 2.36 STUDIES ON POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 2.37 STUDIES ON SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 2.38 STUDIES ON ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 2.39 STUDIES ON LEGAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 2.40 STUDIES ON CULTURAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN 2.41 STUDIES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
28
CHAPTER – 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 INTRODUCTION
‘There isn’t single country in the world-not one-wh ere men and women enjoy completely equal opportunity… that is w hy we must change attitudes and policies. The aim must be to g ive each and every human being greater freedom to make choices about t heir own lives....’ -Gro Harlem Brundtland World Conference on Wom en, Beijing, 2006
When researcher select the topic, one should go through the studies done in past. As such researches on the role of education on women empowerment was not done before but there are few studies regarding education & empowerment
2.2 IMPORTANTCE OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The study of referred literature on previously made studies or research will give you correct direction to your study or research. The study helps in planning your project. As per Walter R. Brog. “The literature in any field form a foundation upon which all the future work will be built” The study of referred literature provides scientific and logic support to the study being undertaken. The study provides various bottleneck on the subject on which the student can add and develops suitable means and methodology and move further his work. The referred literature provides ideal guidance to plan the study being carried out by the student. 2.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.31 Studies on women empowerment
The empowerment of women is one of the central issues in the process of development of countries all over the world. The International Women’s Day celebrated on 8th march every year has become a day of demonstration for equal opportunity and solidarity. But the question arises how relevant is celebration of Women’s Day in view of the fact that their position in the society has not changed much. They are still treated as the ‘weaker sex’ who needs to be protected entire life-be it by her father, husband or son. The ‘New Age Women’ and the ‘Women of Substance’ in true terms are just words in books.
Women constitute about half of the total population of country but they
suffer from many disadvantages as compared to men in terms of literacy rates, labour participation rates earnings. Social, economic and political
29
empowerment is the need of the day, as it is one only surest way of making women “equal partners in development”. The process of women empowerment is conceptualized in terms of personal assertions, self-esteem and confidence, ability to protect themselves as women attaining socio-political participation and economic independence, ownership of productive assets and provide leadership in women.
The Government has been implementing various schemes for the
socio-economic advancement and development of women in the country. The ‘National Policy for Empowerment of women’ was adopted in 2001 with the objective of ensuring women their rightful place in society by empowering them as agents of socio-economic change and development.
‘Empowerment of women’, is therefore, an important approach adopted
in the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) for development of women. Two important schemes in the areas of education viz ‘Sarv- Shiksha Abhiyan’ and ‘Mahila Samakhya’ are being implemented by department of Elementary Education and Literacy. A number of other schemes include Swyamsidhs, Swashakti, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, Swawalamban, and support to training-cum-Employment Programme (STEP), Swadhar, and Hostel for working women.
Women as a group of the human community their status, role and
problems have been an important issue of debates among the intellectuals from pretty time.
Writers, thinkers, researchers and discoveries say that the first female
made the transition from an ape to a human erectus who stood on her ‘Two Feet’ and they named her ‘Lucy’ and she is the first female. I understand judeo, Christian and Islamic religions teach us that ‘Adam and Eve’ the first from whom we all emerged. It is said that women is the indispensable for human being as air and water are essential for living on this earth. Then why throughout history and in many societies including India gender inequality is part and parcel of an accepted male dominated culture.
Women and men are different in four manners. They think and act
differently in some given conditions. Men are egoist, arrogant, assertive and dominate. Men and women have their specific areas of strengths and weaknesses but understanding is the mandatory. If they understand each other they can have better relationship. But from the long time, the women on this earth were treated as a sort of thing. Her place in this society was not like other human being. She has no rights even she cannot move nor does anything at her will. In Hindu Shasta’s, she has been branded just like animals. ‘Great poet of Hindi-“Tulsi Das” said in Ramayan ‘D hol, Ganwar, Shudra, Pashu, Naari-Ye Sab Tadan Ke Adhikari’, according to this statement one can easily understand that what status has been granted to our mothers. There is not only one example; we have many examples of this type.
Just see, another example of women’s status-Mahabharata
“Draupadi” was reduced to the status of a bitch, as she was the wife of
30
Five Pandwas. She was not only the wife of Five Pan dwas, she put at stake in gambling by none else than the so-called D harmraj Yudhishthar!
One more example-in Manusmriti women were treated as animals and
slave. Such was the placement earmarked to our daughters, sisters, wives, mothers and grandmothers that the heads of humanity bend upon down with shame. As Swami Vivekananda said, “There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a bird to fly on one wing”.
Our society has never been reluctant to accept female politicians at the
power centre. India has respected women leaders like-Sarojini Naidu, Indira Gandhi.Mamta Banerji, Sheila Dikshit, Jayalalitha, Sushma Swaraj to name a few. The year 2020 will no doubt see more women politicians at the helm of affairs and our experts are confident that women will make a better administrator, and she will clean up the mess created by men. 2.32 Benefits of education for women:
Education as a means to promote development in soci al &
economic condition According to Dreze and Sen, education has five intrinsic values for
improving social and economic conditions in Third World countries, both benefits for communities and societies, as well as individual social benefits.
First of all education gives personal benefits for the individual in terms
of self-confidence leading to motivation and interests in society. Social interactions are easier when persons are capable of reading a newspaper about social and political issues in the community and the rest of the World.
Secondly, education gives access to a wider range of job opportunities
and in general enables persons to take advantage of economic opportunities and to participate in local politics.
Thirdly, a higher literacy rate facilitates public debates and demands for
health care, social security and other needs. Public discussions enable people to hold politicians accountable for their promises of improvements in the social service sector. Information on ones society provides better possibilities for utilizing the service system.
Fourthly, education indirectly prevents child labour, to the extent that
implementation of legislation of basic education for all children, force parents to send their children to school which again gives less time for labour. Entering school broadens horizons for young people. This means that meeting other children and young people could result in new ideas of different opportunities in the future.
The fifth effect of education and literacy enables oppressed groups in a
society to become politically organized. Being a larger group makes it easier
31
to insist on ones rights and demands concerning social and politically issues. An organized group achieves visibility in the society and is harder to oppress. The ability to resist operation not only concerns disadvantaged groups in society, but education does also have positive effects within families when girls are being educated (Dreze & Sen. 2002).
Political and economic spheres has been gender-blind, but in the late 1970s this respective changed. In 1979 “Fertility and Education: What do we really know?” was published by Cochrane. A large number of studies and research concerning this subject followed, and concluded the existence of a high correlation between women’s schooling level and a decline in infant mortality and fertility rates. Women who had completed basic education were able to make use of health facilities and service for their children and had a higher interest in sending their children to school (Dighe 1998). 1990 was proclaimed to be the international literacy year; by the UN. The focus on education for women continued during the 1990s and results of different researches showed that investment in this area gave the highest “output” (compared to earlier development investments focusing primarily on production and industrial growth) both at socio-economic, cultural and political levels.
Before the mid 1970s people occupied with development issues has paid little attributed from women (Fink 1992). Educating women also result in economic benefits. In Africa, for example, 46% of the agricultural workforce is female. Educating these women will increase productivity, enabling them to contribute to the protection of the environment and preservation of water and energy will increase economic growth markedly. Investment in education for girls and women has, according to Shultz, been one of the factors why Southeast Asia, East Asia and Latin America have a significant progress in social and economic growth. Conversely, growth has for instance in Middle East and North Africa been of limited scale which according to Schultz is one of the consequences of a lacking investment in the education of girls and women (Schultz 2001:2008) economic analysis on wage returns shows a lower fertility rate and infant mortality and a higher GNP per capital and life expectancy when a larger number of girls are enrolled in primary education. Furthermore does a study of countries with equity of about 100% enrolment rate at primary level, show higher GNP and lower fertility rates when more girls are enrolled in secondary education. This indicates the necessity of educating women at secondary level as well, since it not only gives a higher personal freedom as Dreze and Sen Mention. But it also affects children, as well as the rest of the society in a positive way.
2.33 Education and development of women
“In order to awaken the people, it is the women who have to be awakened. Once she is on the move, the household moves, the village moves and the country moves: and through the women, its children are brought into the picture and given the opportunity of a healthier life and better training. Thus, through the children of today we build the India tomorrow.”
32
-Pt. Nehru
Traditionally, women are more backward in every respect in our society comparatively than men. Women’s education is an instrument for liberation not only of women but of the Indian society as whole. During the last three decades, planning of the socially, educationally and economically disadvantaged groups has been accelerated in India. It is only in the last decade beginning with the International Women’s Year in 1975 followed by the attention of planners in India has been specially focused on women.
The history of mankind reveals that there was a time when it was not essential for everyone to learn, or to read and write. The life was so simple and the activities of a person were confined to his small village community and that of women were limited to their respective families only. With the passage of time, the complexity of life also increased. Now activity of the people is no more confined to the boundaries of their communities/families but has tremendously grown in the recent century. The scientific Knowledge and technology have entered the sphere of our day-to-day life-and-culture. But in this process women are backward. Very few of them are getting the minimum fruits of present development of our country. But the major portion of the poor section, both urban and rural areas, are completely deprived of it, more particularly the women in rural areas, and though it is not denied that till now our Indian society is completely male-dominated, women are exploited, oppressed and deprived in every sphere of life whether socially, economically, politically or culturally. But if we read the history of social change in India we will observe that the position of women today is not as equal as with the position of women in ancient period it was. Once it was time when the position of women in our society was very high, especially in Vedic period the educational status of women were almost equal to men. For example, we can say about Gargi, Maitreyi, Lilavati, etc. Even if we go back little more we learn that once it was time when women were the heads of the families. But in course of time women became the prisoners of our walls in the little home among their family members, especially to serve the men. But society cannot stand for ever in a particular place. So again, women are coming out of their small cottages to serve themselves for the greater interest of the society. Still there are some obstacles regarding their coming out from home for the society which prevents them to participate in Nation’s development.
1. Women and education
The lack of education is the main cause for which women are the sufferer, more than men. The lack of education means the lack of self-reliance, self-confidence for which women are not able to come out of their problems. So educating a woman means educating a family. That’s why our great social scientist Swamiji said, “Educate your women first and leave them to themselves, then they will tell you what reforms are necessary for them”. As per one estimate, about 850 million people in the world are illiterates. Out of these, about 50 percent are in India alone. But if we take illiteracy rate among women the situation becomes more alarming. Four out of five women in this country are illiterates that mean they are denied the
33
benefits of modern knowledge, improvement of functional skills and behavioral changes towards modernization. No doubt that there has been a tendency towards literacy in post- Independence era, but women to a large extent have been ignored. Consequently, a considerable majority of the women particularly from rural areas continue to be either illiterate or semi-literate. It means women are not given due opportunities in order to enable them to take the benefit of the modern technology.
2. Women and law Illiteracy creates a barrier to the realization of constitutional goals of social justice and equality of status of opportunity between men and women. After Independence various laws were enacted to ensure equality, social justice and fraternity, enshrined in the preamble of the Constitution. Under Indian Constitution every citizen enjoys safeguard against exploitation and various measures have been taken to ensure the protection and equal opportunity to women. But the noble ideals enshrined in the Constitution are hardly followed in practice. They are not aware about the various programmes of social-welfare and development which is actually meant for their improvement. Policies to extend educational opportunities (both formal and non-formal) to women have failed to bridge the knowledge gap between men and women which was emphasized as the main task by the National Committee on Women’s Education in 1958. So it is recognized that without education women cannot make themselves liberated out of their problems and unless women are developed in a country the nation cannot develop as a whole with men alone. Different Development Programme for Women : After Independence major emphasis was placed on different development projects for rural and urban areas including special programmes for women. So, many programmes for women have been planned and also implemented such as ‘Functional literacy for women’. In ‘Integrated child development services programmes were lamented with the aims and objectives to educate women as follows: (1) Making women more conscious of the right and responsibilities, the implications of the laws governing women’s status in society and developing and understanding about the various manifest and concealed ways which cause women’s oppression: (2) Assisting women to achieve economic viability through acquisition of literacy and other necessary skills and resources: (3) Providing women access to knowledge in areas like health, child care, nutrition and family planning: (4) Assisting women to form their own groups for learning and productive activity, and strengthening their participation in the developmental process. To reach these aims and objectives, sufficient preparations have been made such as human resource (who will work for them?) planning and
34
management (how will work?) need based curriculum (what kind of content areas should be covered?), sufficient teaching, and learning materials, appropriate methodology, proper training, monitoring and evaluation etc. Well, all the ideas above-mentioned are very good. But what do the result says after implementing those programmes up to this? What do the statistics say? – Not absolutely, but a very few number of participants are getting the benefits of development and the rest major portion is out of it. Now the question simply arises that- What are the obstacles in the way of women’s lives to get education for coming out of their problems? Various factors are responsible for the low education development of women. These factors can be grouped under the categories namely, economic, social and others.
3. Economic factors Studies have revealed that “Women carry two-thirds of the total work load in the country and receive not more than 10% of the total wages, out of which they probably do not get even 1% for their own use. An important reason for the low participation of girls in education among the disadvantaged sections of the population is that girls from a very early age begin to take care of their younger siblings and to house-hold work to relieve their parents to go out for work. Such girls indirectly generate income. Again, although no school fees may be charged, certain items like books, stationary and uniform entail costs which poor family would be unwilling to incur for sending their daughters to school. If the girls can directly earn some income, for example, as a domestic servant, the income forgone by her, if she is sent to school, is an additional cost which the family may not be prepared to meet. Further, when resources are limited and education has to compete for resources with various other sectors of the economy, women’s education will find it even more difficult to get adequate resources and attention from planners who are generally men with not very favorable attitude forwards women’s education. Social factors : This plays an important role in inhibiting the participation of women in education. Early marriage, frequent pregnancy, affects the enrolment rates of girls in education. Most important, however, is the attitude towards girls which is widely prevalent, especially among the poor and in rural areas. The role of girls is restricted and considered to be useful both by the parents and the community (amongst whom education has not made much progress) and hence, the low participation of girls in education. On the other hand, as boys are regarded as belonging to the world of work, their education is encouraged. Again women are regarded to be passive and pliant units in social system which confers on them a subordinate status (unfortunately, women themselves accept such an attitude as being culturally conditioned for it) and their education is feared as it may make the women question such a system: hence, the negative attitude towards education of women. Due to our cultural and social heritage parents are often reluctant to send their daughters to boys’ schools, especially for girls (though the
35
percentage of such institutions is very few in numbers) inhibit their participation in education. The lack of women teacher and instructress similarly hinders the progress and do not suit girls in rural areas as they are required for work either at home or in rural areas as they required for work higher at home or in fields at the same time: hence, their low participation in school education. The unattractive school environment, especially in mixed schools, lack of physical facilities for sitting in class and the discriminating attitudes of teachers towards girls, etc., also adversely affect the participation of girls in education. Where schools are located at a distance from the home, especially also inhibits the participation of girls in education. There are some more other factors for which women are not able to participate in education .If we list, it would be a long history, but I do not want to go far, the above-mentioned are enough. Any how these are the barriers for which most of the women are not getting proper education and to their ignorance till now, after 40 years of Independence women are not independent. They are not free from male domination. They are sufferers of social evils and prejudices like cruel dowry system, caste system, etc. They have no economic independence, - working a lot for the family (especially household work) and getting nothing. Here it is also said that among poor unorganized sector women are economically exploited more than men. In rural areas in the fields for the same works female workers get fewer wages than male workers. Also politically women are exploited. The equal right and protection for both men and women already mentioned in our Constitution are not applicable in practical life. And culturally, how they are not oppressed? There is only one answer according to Paulo Freire, - “The culture of silence”- to have patience to tolerate all the exploitations done by the others. What should be the remedial measures to promote women’s education to come out of their problems: Suggestions for educational improvement of women: The measures to promote women’s education will have to take into consideration the factors which inhibit the participation of women in the formal education system. Many of these measures have already been adopted in certain places, but in most cases partially have less impact. The measures need to be adopted uniformly and in a big way. The measures being suggested are as follows:
• Education for girls up to the secondary stage should be made free in all parts of the country. Besides, incentives like free supply of books, stationery, uniforms, mid-day meals, attendance- scholarships and stipends should be provided at least to the 50% (instead of the mere 20% at present) of the girls who hail from the poorer sections of society. Such measures would reduce the economic constraints which stand in the way of greater participation of girls in education.
• Separate schools for girls should be established wherever there is a demand for them. However, the same standards and courses should be made available in such schools as in mixed schools.
• More women teachers should be employed and special facilities should be provided to attract them especially to the rural areas,
36
for instance, they could be given free accommodation, special allowance, etc. where women teachers are still not available, at least school matrons should be appointed to look after the girls students.
• The school environment should be made more attractive so that girls’ participation in the educational system is greater than at present. Adequate physical facilities like proper seats in the class, separate toilets, and suitable extra-curricular activities and games should be made available, in the school for girls and especially in mixed schools
• The time schedule of the schools should be made flexible so that girls can attend classes when they are free from domestic chores.
• The common and relevant curriculum for boys and girls should be introduced to have equal educational opportunity and later equal job opportunity.
• Child care centers of Balwadis as part of the elementary education system are necessary to keep the siblings (for whom the girls are able to attend classes in the schools).
• Schools for girls should be set up at easy walking distance from their homes. Where this is not possible, adequate arrangements for free or cheap hostel facilities for girls should be provided.
• Special campaigns should be launched to change people’s attitude in favor of girl’s education. Such attitudinal changes are more likely if the benefits of education for girls are obvious, for instance, schools can provide education which is relevant to their homes better in later life or would help them to enhance their income for women will have to be generated which is by no means an easy task.
• Impart vocational or employment related knowledge and skills. • Considering the inadequacy of the educational needs of women
the importance of non-formal programmes cannot be over-emphasized. However, the non-formal programmes available at present tend to be as ineffectively utilized by women as the formal education opportunities and the socio-economic factors acting as barriers in both the cases are the same. Social constraints affect women as covertly as school-age girls and the whole value complex attached to the norm of house-bound women limit women’s access to non-formal programmes. For example, while women may work the whole day in the field, an agricultural extension programmes would be directed only to male farmers. Again, economic constraints loom large where expenditure is involved or where paid leave facilities are not provided to working women. Women with family responsibilities are left with little time after the endless drudgery of household chores to participate in educational programmes. Besides, there are no infrastructural facilities like child care services and domestic assistance to facilitate their participation.
• While devising non-formal education programmes for women care needs to be taken that these:
37
• Enhance awareness: • Include literacy and numeracy as learning tools: • Offer general education related to knowledge and skill base
required for improving the quality of life: And
For girls less than 15 years of age, essential general education leading to the level reached after the completion of first cycle of the formal system is required. They also need to be encouraged a great deal to enter the formal education system. The content of education for such girls will have to be derived directly from their real life situation and work activities so that it is not divorced from reality as otherwise the non-formal system would prove to be as ineffective as the unrealistic formal system. For the age-group above 15 years, continuing education programmes outside the formal system (e.g., literacy programmes, part-time secondary and tertiary education, open universities, distance education through mass media leading to certification and may offer an opportunity to reenter the formal education system)need to be provided according to the educational level already attained by them. Such women could complete their education and to enter suitable occupations, or if already working, to advance in their careers. The latter would also necessitate vocational training programmes, those relating to health, family-life, nutrition, child care, home-management, women’s rights, civil responsibilities, generation of awareness of the role of women, whether working or not. Mention may be made of the factors which would help in effective utilization of various non-formal programmes. Many of them are common to the formal education system. There are:
• Access to greater number of non-formal programmes with multiple alternatives for learners to choose from, and provisions of or subsidized programmes:
• Provision of more employment opportunities. • Motivation schemes like paid leave and facilities as child care centers
to enable women to participate in the programmes: • Time and labor saving devices to simplify household work: • Support within the home including the concept of shared
responsibilities: • Maximum utilization of existing infrastructure, e.g., formal school
buildings for providing non-formal education. Some of these factors have far-reaching implications and are by no means easy to ensure. In all non-formal education programmes special attention should be given to the needs of rural women who are the most disadvantaged, both socially and economically.
There is an urgent need to give top priority to women’s education in the coming years to ensure development with social justice in the country .The problem of women’s development, therefore, calls for sincere, dedicated all-out efforts from the whole of society, from planners, administrators,
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philanthropists and social and educational workers. A movement for women’s education in India will have to strike the very root of the parasitic system of social inequalities in the country. 2.34 Need for empowerment of female Of late the incidence of female headed households is on the increase. In many developing countries vast changes are taking place at the elementary level of ‘family’ mainly because of economic hardship suffered. The causes for the rising incidence of female headship are varied. While marital breakdown and preference for the status of unmarried mother are the major reasons as far as advanced countries are concerned, in the case of developing countries widowhood and desertion are found to be the major reasons, the latter especially among the low income group. Migration of men to urban areas in search of wage employment is another important contributory phenomenon. In the recent past autonomous movement of women in search of employment is on the increase which causes female headship in urban areas. Based on two different but complementary research perspectives viz. system oriented perspective and the actor oriented perspective it is believed that increasing number of women headed households is associated with economic marginality. The causes for concern on female headedness are many. Most female heads live with severe financial constraints. Their work is often low paid and menial. Most of them have no marketable skills because of poor education and lack of training. They cannot be choosy in their employment but should take up what they can procure which makes them vulnerable to exploitation by their employers. The growing inequality between male headed and female headed households is another cause for concern. The children who grow up in such households suffer poverty from childhood which is unacceptable. Hence the need for identification and empowerment of female heads of households. In order to remove the hardships suffered by the female heads the government should come out with some realistic programmes. First of all efforts should be made to identify female headed households. Once they are identified the really deserving should be assisted with income generating activities. Once again the sons of the female heads should not be offered jobs since there is no guarantee that the widowed mothers will be taken care of NGOs are already doing a good deal of service to the deserted women. But the magnitude of the problem is so vast and so severe especially at the destitute’ level that NGO activity alone will not suffice. Among the female heads whoever are hale and healthy should be imparted some skill so as to enable them to make a living out of it. But all above are easily said than done. The financial requirements are quite heavy. But now the time has come for identification of such female headed households in view of their increasing number and the growing inequality between female and male headed households. At least a bread through should be made by including some relevant questions in the existing census/NSS schedules. One round of NSS should be completely devoted to the identification of female headed
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households which may help policy planners devise appropriate alleviation measures. At the community level one important strategy of empowerment of female heads is promotion of ‘self help group’. Due to scarce resources and the problem of identification of female heads the government may not be very effective and in such a context the concerned target group should take care of itself. In the intervention strategies of the voluntary sector ‘self help’ has emerged as a new paradigm. Two important elements of this approach are building upon what the rural poor have rather than what they lack and facilitating and promoting their organizations. The underlying assumption behind self help promotion is by ‘being reached the position of the poor is weakened and not strengthened’ by merely ‘being reached’ the poor tend to become dependent on development agencies and they are being forced to accept the development process which is not of their own making. It does not mean that the development agencies have no role to play. Instead of playing a ‘supportive role’ they can play a ‘directive role’. ‘Self help’ implies development of the bargaining power of the poor to the extent that outside agencies cannot unilaterally impose their conditions and regulations upon the rural poor as passive recipients. Thus either the NGOs can mobilize the poor female heads and promote group employment schemes and collective action for their social economic needs or the female heads themselves to organize plan and execute programmes for their welfare. Such self help promotion strategies are likely to be more effective and realistic than the programmes passed on by outside development agencies. Such self-help organizations could also bring pressure on the government to identify appreciates the problems and extends help to female heads of house household. The government and voluntary organizations may at the most provide employment opportunity to reduce the economic vulnerability of female heads. But the attitudinal change has to come about in the minds of people towards the treatment of widows/separated and this could be done only through persistent education of people on this issue through press, visual media meetings etc. The secondary status accorded to women should be done away with both at the attitudinal and practical levels. Since women heads of households are not one homogeneous group they should be classified as de-jure and de-facto in each socio-economic category for evolving suitable policy measures. In view of the rising incidence of female headed household’s empowerment of such female heads is an urgent necessity warranting immediate action by governmental and non-governmental organizations. 2.35 Empowerment of women on going Approaches and s trategies
Women empowerment is fast emerging as an important slogan for the 1990s. This slogan is gradually being integrated with that of participation, advanced so vociferously by many in the late 1970s and 1980s, with the accent of development progress becoming people centred and equitably distributed. As a result, women’s subordinate position has been recognized and the need to improve their “status” beyond the traditional sphere became a
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significant step forward in the rhetoric of international development. It was also recognized that there is a need for equal participation of women and men in every sphere of national life for the purpose of national development and also for the better standard of living.
Gender equality represented by fairer opportunities for women and
better access to education, childcare, credit and employment contribute to their development. It is also recognized that investing in women’s capabilities and empowering them to achieve their choices is the surest way to contribute to economic growth and overact development of the nation. The goals and commitments of the recent series of global summits provide a powerful new framework and many concrete specifics for concerted action. The Cairo Conference was a challenge to the world to accept that if we are to deal with population issues in a truly serious and meaningful way, it requires the emancipation and empowerment of women.
As a result, in India, women were recognized as a separate target
group after 1980, and the government began to direct its effort towards mainstreaming of women into the national developmental process. Their major approaches were adopted one after the other by the government towards the development of women viz., the welfare approach, the anti-poverty approach and the equity/equality approach. While the welfares approach laid stress on the importance of women’s pates as wives and mothers and careers of family welfare the anti-poverty approach was built on two strategies – need for recognizing women’s participation to family income paid and unpaid works. There was full effort to mobilize poor women and give them economic support through income generating projects and co-operative functioning. The equity/equality approach focuses on women’s actual productive contribution rather than looking at it from the traditional role as wives and mothers. The aim in this approach is to ensure women’s rightful and equal position in society through direct programmes that would enhance women’s activities in both the household as well as market spheres. Thus began the strategy for the empowerment of women in India.
Some of the empowerment mechanisms in India could be identified
as follows: • Literacy and higher education; • Better health care for herself and her children; • Higher age at marriage; • Greater work participation in modernized sector; • Necessary financial and service support for self-employment; • Opportunities for higher positions of power; • Complete knowledge of her rights; and above all • Self-reliance, self-respect and dignity of being a woman.
The Constitution of India made a deliberate radical departure from the inherited social system, by granting to women equal social and political status. Constitutional equal status meant that every adult female, whatever her social position, or accomplishments had the opportunity to function as a citizen and individual partner in the task of nation building. With the exception of cultural
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empowerment of women, the following aspects of women empowerment are given importance such as, full participation of women in democracy (political empowerment); the education of girls (social empowerment); the eradication of gender barriers in employment (economic empowerment); and land rights and legal machinery (legal empowerment). Let us now analyze each aspect of empowerment of women in detail. 2.36 Studies on Political empowerment of women
The political empowerment of women is one of the most important
aspects in the overall empowerment of women for it gives women the capacity to influence the decision-making process. The political empowerment of women in India has made considerable strides with only 4.4 percent women being represented in the first Parliament of 1952-57 to 7.4 percent in the election of 1996. Women’s representation in the Rajya-Sabha has however, shown greater improvement, having increased from 7.7 percent in 1952 to 15.5 percent in 1991. Besides the 33 percent reservation of seats for women in the Panchayati Raj institutions is certainly a revolutionary step towards empowerment of rural women. The Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth Constitutional Amendments paved the way for the emergence of about one million women as leaders and decision-makers in the rural and urban elected bodies. Of these, 75000 will be Chairpersons in rural areas. This will really empower women politically at the grass-roots level in a revolutionary fashion and it will enable them to take interest at the local level to energize and improve the situation of women in areas like health, education and employment, which essential to their basic existence, This will also train them for further political assertions in the form of Members of State Legislatures and Parliament. As a result of the system of periodical elections, woman even in remote rural areas of the country are now familiar with the elections though not with their mystique.
Despite their vast numerical strength, women occupy a marginalized
position in society because of several socio-economic constraints. This has inhibited effective participation of women in political processes and the institutional structure of democracy. Even after five decades of the grant of political equality, statistics have over the years revealed that while there is an acceptable visible manifestation of gender quality at the voter level, gender visibility within the power structures show cause for woman concern. According to the document on Women’s Development (1985), women’s role in political structure had virtually remained unchanged, despite the rapid growth of informal political activity by them.
In general the women candidates have to cross three hurdles before they could aspire to enter the formal political structures - (a) they should be willing to stand for elections, (b) they should be judged suitable by the party electorate which is the “gate-keeper of power and (c) they have to be voter friendly. Besides, broad-based political participation of women has been severely limited due to the nexus of traditional factors such as considerations of caste religion and feudal and family status. Farther, the political parties do not favour the nomination of women candidates, although the political parties
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do have a Women’s wing, few women have access to the inner ring of the party. This is the core of the power structure. This is true of the Indian political system as well. Majority of the women; are illiterate not politically conscious due to the lack of information and political awareness and they make their choice on the basis of suggestions from male members of the family. As a result, women were left on the periphery of political process.
However, with the Panchayati Raj institutions getting Constitutional
status by way of the Seventy-third Amendment Act, it is hoped that the women will have greater participation in the political process and decision-making capacity as the Act made such a role mandatory and universal in the whole of India. But, it must be remembered that a change cannot be brought about overnight. Women have been subjected to exploitation forages and this cannot break free of all the shackles of illiteracy, poverty and tradition at one stroke. Even today, most of the women are uneducated, have little or no property and Live in a tradition-bound society. In such a case, the politically powerful can make them contest elections for their own political gains. Another problem is that women, especially in rural areas, would not come forward to fight the elections. In case, they do come forward, it would be along the patriarchal whip, under the command and guidance of the males, as proxies and signing or stamping on the dotted lines. But it is a fact that a breakthrough has been made.
Gender as a political ideology view, women a basically different from men-psychologically, physiologically and often intellectually. Women’s perception of life is a web. Man’s is that of a ladder. Women emphasize stress attachment, affiliation, empathy and interdependence. Men emphasize competition, independence, separation and formal rights. Combined with the first-past the winning post-theory, an inherent weakness of the democratic electoral process, the visibility issue gets further compounded (Shanti, K2006)
Gender empowerment strategies under these circumstances require structural systemic change and basic attitudinal and value change. The real empowerment of women requires a thorough going renewal of the political process on a democratic basis. Unless women are equipped with the necessary skill in political decision-making, their increased representation in the local bodies may not alter the existing set up. It is, therefore necessary to sensitize the women in the women’s perspective, not in the narrow feminist sense, but in the sense of honourable co-existence with men for this will enable women to exercise their “will” and advance towards their complete emancipation. This, of course, requires sensitizing men as well, as they are currently the holders of power. Besides the success of the Panchayati Raj institutions largely depends on the collective participation, they are at a take off point, where the basic indicators are positive and the women who will be elected in the election have a challenging and an operas task ahead. And, thus there is a need to extend greater affirmative action from the Panchayati level, to the state and national level and political conscious raising and supportive action by women’s organization at the voter level to enhance self-potency and political efficacy. If these measures are followed, political
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participation of women will open up new vistas of development, which will automatically result in the real political empowerment of women in the society.
2.37 Studies on Social Empowerment of women
We are convinced that women’s empowerment and their full
participation on the basic of equality in all spher es of society, including participation in the decision-making process and ac cess to power, are fundamental for the achievement of equality, develo pment and peace.
- Beijing Declaratio n, 2006 In this section an attempt is made to analyses the wise scope for
women empowerment. Empowerment of women has relevance in all the walks of line. The areas of women empowerment can be demarcated conveniently into political, social, economic, cultural and psychological. Social empowerment deals with empowerment at the level of family, community and at personal level which includes psychological and physical health of women. Other areas include religion, literature, arts, media, history, legislation, human rights and social movements.
1. Social Empowerment of women at the level of fami ly
Family is the first agency to create discrimination and gender injustice. Domestic empowerment is concerned with freedom and autonomy of women in the family or in the households; both at parental as well as in in-laws’ houses. There are several traditions and customs related to dressing up, food habits, space for movements etc. that are discriminatory. And domestic empowerment envisages ensuring equality for women in domestic life. Empowerment in the domestic field deals with socialization at home, succession, inheritance, the issue of domestic and social space, mobility, status and role at home, and so on. Social space for women is very restricted in Indian context. The friendship circle of girls especially in rural areas is very limited. Mobility and social interactions of rural women are governed by culture and traditions. Seemanthini Niranjana (2006) remark that there is a relative lack of theorization on the spatial basis of social life in the domains of sociology and anthropology and a reluctance to conceptualist the body more fully in gender studies. Seeking to rectify these tendencies, she provides accounts of the domains and activities of women; describes cultural perceptions and experiences of the female body; explores gender in the ritual realm; and provides suggestions for formulating a basis for female agency within a space-body matrix. The physical space of the domestic world where women reside provides an important clue to an understanding of their socio-economic position in India. Space at the household which women usually occupy is very limited and secluded. Even when they take up the yoke of the domestic responsibilities, they are rather invisible at their households. The expansion of physical space of the household for women is an important concern of her domestic empowerment. She is no longer the subdued daughter in law,
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seldom heard or seen, but a more vocal and visible wife and mother with greater share in decision making in the family. In an extended family, daughter-in-law occupies relatively low status compared to other women of the household. Her appearance, mobility, freedom, and communication are restricted at in laws’ house. The status of a daughter-in-law does not become better until she becomes a mother-in-law. Only with the attainment of the position of mother-in-low did women attain a position of respect in the joint family. The joint family discouraged public participation of women because the greater authority of older women prevented younger women from breaking out of traditionally approved female behavior patterns. Divorce is considered a taboo in our society and a divorced woman looked upon with displeasure and disapproval. The socio-economic empowerment of women in the family in reality is the urgent need of hour. This seems to be the best way to stop the degeneration of the society and to bring real harmony, happiness, progress, prosperity and peace in the world. It is a very complex phenomenon and needs multi-dimensional, multi-pronged and multi-disciplined handling. What women do and are expected to do vary, of course, with economy, climate, political or religious ideologies and cultures, but there is throughout the world a core of common tasks which women everywhere are required to perform. These include housework like, cooking, cleaning and sweeping, care of small children and so on. In addition providing these services, a rural woman is also responsible for the household production of food, care of herds, etc. Moreover often rural women spend her time fetching water and fuel. Division of labor by gender is most often evident. More than any other concept, the concept of equal sharing of household and family work is universal goal of the women’s movement. (Balasubramahnyam, 2005) Chirita Benerji (2007) weaves a warm, evocative tapestry out of memories of food, ritual and women’s lives in Bengal. She writes about growing up from girlhood to womanhood in her native land, food and ritual become intimate experiences, which definitively shape day-to-day life for the women of that culture. Food and cuisine are nothing simple to Bengal; they are essential to the Indian mental and cultural landscape. Like in agricultural communities the world over, food and ritual, food and social custom, food and culture, are deeply imprecated. Women’s lives are closely associated with the production and preparation of food. Certain foods are ‘forbidden’ which Indian windows cannot eat. Association of food with status is clear. Education: Equal access to education for women and girls will be ensured. Special measures will be taken to eliminate discrimination, universalize education, eradicate illiteracy, create a gender-sensitive educational system, increase enrolment and retention rates of girls and improve the quality of education to facilitate life-long learning as well as development of occupation/vocation/technical skills by women. Reducing the gender gap in secondary and higher education would be a focus area. Sectoral time targets in existing policies will be achieved, with a special focus on girls and women, particularly those belonging to weaker sections including
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the Scheduled Castes/Minorities. Gender sensitive curricula would be developed at all levels of educational system in order to address sex stereotyping as one of the causes of gender discrimination.
Health: A holistic approach to women’s health which includes both nutrition and health services will be adopted and special attention will be given to the needs of women and the girl at all stages of the life cycle. The reduction of infant mortality and maternal mortality, which are sensitive indicators of human development, is a priority concern. This policy reiterates the national demographic goals for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) set out in the National Population policy 2004.
Nutrition: In view of the high risk of malnutrition and disease that women
face at all the three critical stages VIZ., infancy and childhood, adolescent and reproductive phase, focused attention would be paid to meeting the nutritional needs of women at all stages of the life cycle. This is also important in view of the critical link between the health of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women with the health of infant and young children. Special efforts will be made to tackle the problem of macro and micro nutrient deficiencies especially amongst pregnant lactating women as it leads to various diseases and disabilities.
Science and Technology: Programs will be strengthened to bring about a
greater involvement of women in science and technology. These will include measures to motivate girls to take up science and technology for higher education and also ensure that development projects with scientific and technical inputs involve women fully. Efforts to develop a scientific temper and awareness will also be stepped up. Special measures would be taken for their training in areas where they have special skills like communication and information technology. Effort to develop appropriate technologies suited to women’s needs as well as to reduce their drudgery will be given a special focus too.
Violence against women: All forms of violence against women, physical
and mental, at domestic or societal levels, including those arising from customs, traditions or accepted practices shall be dealt with effectively with a view to eliminate its incidence. Institutions and mechanisms/schemes for assistance will be created and strengthened for prevention of such violence, including sexual harassment at work place and customs like dowry; for the rehabilitation of the victims of violence and for taking effective action against the perpetrators of such violence. A special emphasis will also be laid on programmes and measures to deal with trafficking in women and girls.
It is often argued that education is powerful tool in the emancipation and
empowerment of women indeed the different co members of the United Nations (e.g. UNICEF) and experts in women’s development argue for women’s education as the basic status in women’s quality. It has been reported as a crucial factor for development of women as it not only helps women to gain knowledge which is the necessary courage an inner strength to face the challenges. It will also enable them to procure a job and supreme
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the income of the family and achieve social status. Education, especially of women, has a major impact on health and nutrition, and is the key of developing a sustainable strategy for population control. Moreover, educated women could play an equally important role as men in nation building. Thus there is no denying the fact that education empowers women.
One of the recommendations of the National policy on Education
(1986) by the Government of India is to promote “empowerment” of women through the agency of education and it is considered to be a landmark in the approach to women’s education. The national Literacy Mission is another step towards eradication of illiteracy in the age group of 15 – 35 years by the year 1995. Women’s education has assumed special significance in the content of planed development as education was included in the Sixth Five Year Plan as a major programme for the development of women. The internalization of elementary education, enrolment and retention of girls in the schools, promotion of Balwadis and crèches, increasing the number of girls’ hostels, women’s polytechnics and multipurpose institutions and adult education programmes were some of the steps taken to boost women’s education. This is being done with the hope that once illiteracy is removed, other avenues of development get opened automatically.
In spite of these appreciable momentums much headway has not been
made till date and women’s education has always been an enigma in India for several reasons. In the year 1901, the status of women’s education was deplorable since it was less than 1 percent. In 1981, women’s literacy was 24.83 percent. The 2001 Census report indicates that literacy among women is 54 percent. Almost a century has gone and in spite of best efforts India had achieved only 50 percent literacy among women. There are better educational facilities for women in big cities and towns. But the growth of women’s education in rural areas is very slow. In general, majority of the women is still illiterate, weak, backward and exploited.
Education for a long time was dissociated from the idea of nation
building. Its main aim was considered to be transmission of the accumulated wealth of knowledge, impart classical values and to build the character of the individual. It was not viewed as a contributory factor to the development of the nation as we understand it today. Though the aim of education has changed, the perception of women’s education is still backward. A girl child from her childhood is socialized to be a good sister, good wife and good mother and not for a challenging career. She is constantly reminded that her role is limited to home and home management. Even in those families where girl children are given higher education they are encouraged to take up humanities and social sciences and not sciences, medicine or engineering. Though the trend is changing it is very slow.
It is indisputable that education enables a woman to gain more knowledge about the world outside of her hearth and home, helps her to get status, positive self-confidence. Even so, these attributes will remain personal to her and cannot be transferred to her sex. The fact that education by itself will not contribute to social status of women has been shown by the
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population Crisis Committee’s (USA) data sheet, which shows that many countries which have high scores on education of women are low on social status of women (HDR,1990). In Kerala, the very high rate of female literacy has not increased the social status of its women commensurately, True, there have been a general all-round development in Kerala women, especially in their quality of life, level of white collar employment, expectation of life, maternal rates control of birth but, in other fields, the women of Kerala are more insecure today than before. Wife burning, dowry death and crimes against women which, were unheard of a few decades ago have now become a general feature like in the rest of India.21 Certainly, by itself education will not be able to deliver the goods unless it fosters new values – values which expose the inequities against women and which espouse gender justice.
There is a need for encouraging more women to participate in
vocational, technical and professional education. Women’s education should be treated as a special priority in all Programmes of development. The government can open more places in schools for girls, lessen the financial burdens of education for women, reform curricula and education system, in order to encourage girls to formulate non-traditional career goals and centralize the educational system to greater equivalence of educational experiences for girls. Education for women must be practical and well adapted in their needs, especially in relation to health nutrition and legal right.
2.38 Studies on Economic Empowerment of women
Poverty Eradication: Since women comprise the majority of the
population below the poverty line and are very often in situations of extreme poverty, given the harsh realities of intra-household and social discrimination, macroeconomic policies and poverty eradication programmes will specifically address the needs and problems of such women. There will be improved implementation of programmes which are already women oriented with special targets for women. Steps will be taken for mobilization of poor women and convergence of services, by offering them a range of economic and social options, along with necessary support measures to enhance their capabilities
Women and Economy: Women’s perspectives will be included in designing and implementing macro-economic and social policies by institutionalizing their participation in such processes. Their contribution to socio-economic development as producers and workers will be recognized in the formal and informal sectors (including home based workers) and appropriate policies relating to employment and to her working conditions will drawn up. Such measures could include:
Reinterpretation and redefinition of conventional concepts of work wherever necessary is needed e.g. in the Census records, to reflect women’s contribution as producers and workers. Preparation of satellite and national accounts Development of appropriate methodologies for undertaking both.
Women and Agriculture: In view of the critical role of women in the
agriculture and allied sectors, as producers, concentrated efforts will be made
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to ensure that benefits of training, various extension programmes will reach them in proportion to their numbers. The programmes for training women in soil conservations, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock including small animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc. will be expanded to benefit women workers in the agriculture sector.
Women and Industry: The important role played by women in
electronics, information technology and food processing and agro industry and textiles has been crucial to the development of these sectors. They would be given comprehensive support in terms of labor legislation, social security and other support services to participate in various industrial sectors.
Women at present cannot work in night shift in factories even if they wish to. Suitable measures will be taken to enable women to work on the night shift in factories. This will be accompanied with support services for security, transportation etc.
Economic and Social development of a country can only be meaningful
when women are in the main stream of progress. It is possible through economic empowerment of women. The main objectives to empower women are to create large scale awareness with the active participation of women. Empowerment of women in any society may be judged through parameters like employment scenario, education, women’s liberation and women law.
Economic empowerment of women by enabling institutionalisation
through organisation of self Help Groups, Mahila Mandals, focussing on credit and thrift activities, related to meeting social financial needs and investments for initiating micro enterprises. While facilitating financial and institutional development for initiating economic activities, capacity building for income generation through training in various skills and trades identified as suitable and with potential for sustainability in the project area would be initiated. The concept of economic empowerment does not only address poverty alleviation as it also reaches out to the empowerment of women by bringing incomes in the hands of women. There by promoting decision making independent of men in incurring expenditures.
‘BUSINESS TODAY’ in its special issue March 12, 2008 list 25 most powerful women in Indian Business Companies are monitoring the gender equation and proactively hiring women.
Figher-2.1 Showing Type of Work
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Business Today, March-2008
Blue-Collar, 26
White Collar, 22
Non-working,
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Source: Business Today, March 12, 2008
The 25 most powerful women in Indian Business2007 – 2008 1. Vineeta Bali CEO, Britannia Industries 2. Vedika Bhandarkar MD, J.P. Morgan INDIA 3. Shobhna Bhartia Vice Chairman, HT media 4. Elaben Bhatt Founder, SEWA 5. Neelam Dhavan M.D. Microsoft, India 6. Manish Girotra M.D.UBS Securities 7. Lalita Gupte Jt. M.D. ICICI Bank 8. Ekta Kapoor Creative Officer Balaji Telefilms 9. Renu S. Karnad Executive Director, HDFC 10. Chanda Kochhar E.D. ICICI Bank 11. Naina Lal Kidwai Deputy C.E.O., HSBC 12. Punita Lal E.D. (Marketing) PEPSI 13. Kiran M. Shaw M.D.Biocon
14. Zia Mody Partner AZB Partners 15. Kalpna Morparia DMD ICICI BANK 16. Falguni Nayar MD, Kotak Mahindra Cap. 17. Amrita Patel Chairperson NODB 18. Swati Piramal Direc. Strategic Alliances and Comm. 19. Madhabi P.Buch Sr.Gen. Mgr. ICICI BANK 20. Reunuka Ramnath CEO, ICICI Venture 21. Radhika Roy M.D. NDTV 22. Preeta Reddy M.D. Apollo Hospital Group 23. Shikha Sharma CEO, ICICI P.Life Insurance 24. Malika Srinivasan Direc. Tractors & Farm-Equipments
25. Preeti Vyas Gianetti CEO, Vyas Gianetti - Creative
Indian women have contributed a lot in the field of business. There has been a rapid growth of women entrepreneurs in other field like in the world of fashion designers are women with their own labels.2/3 women entrepreneurs are concern with health science, media and entertainment and banking.
Figure – 2.2 Showing Field of Wo rk
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2007-2008 Finance Banking
Media
Health Science
Auto
IT
NGO's
All Figures in %
Instead of this progress, if we go through a cursory glance on the socio-economic status of ‘INDIAN RURAL WOMEN’ we find they are on the same place from where they are not getting their rights. The Socio-economic status of rural women is poor. She however busy in household/ domestic work. They are struggling for survival. She is powerless, malnutrited, poor in health, uneducated, unskilled. She has no right to live her life in her own way. While women are guaranteed equality under the constitution, legal protection has little effect in the face of prevailing patriarchal traditions. Women lack power to decide who they will marry and are often married off as children. Legal loopholes are used to deny women inheritance right. We naturally require a change in mindset to allow economic partitions of women in equal footing with men in society. Women need to move away to a certain extent from the traditional roles of home-makers and child rearing to more progressive roles where their economic contribution to society is regarded in a positive light. Approaches to economic Disempowerment of women After the end of Second World War, welfare programmes to reconstruct the European economy, was specifically targeted at the vulnerable groups. They identified women as the main beneficiaries of these welfare programmes. This development assistance effort had two approaches (1) financial aid for economic growth, and (2) relief aid for socially deprived groups. Now we are marching from welfare approach to women development and empowerment approach. Our vocabulary is also changing along with our approach. There have been three approaches that seek to integrate women in development process. They are Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD) and Gender and Development (GAD). There are five factors in the WID approach. They are Welfare, Equity, Anti-poverty efforts, Efficiency and Empowerment.
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The Welfare approach is based on three assumptions. They are (1) women are passive recipients of development, (2) motherhood is the most important role for women in society, and (3) Child bearing is her significant responsibility. In the second half of 1970s, the Women and Development (WAD) approach emerged as a critique of modernisation theory and WID approach. It has its close base in the dependency theory. The focus was that women have always been a part of the development process: therefore, integrating women in development is a myth. It highlights the relationship between women and development processes. The approach accepts women as important economic actors in their societies. Women’s work in the public and private domain is central to the maintenance of their social structures. It looks at the nature of integration of women in development which sustains existing international structures of inequality. The Equity approach was introduced in the UN Decade for women. This approach sees women as active participants in the development process who through both their productive and reproductive role provide a critical contribution to economic growth. This approach aims at reducing inequalities between men and women in the division of labour. It acknowledges that women must be brought into the development process through access to employment and the market place. Anti-poverty programmes aim at increasing productivity of poor women. It recognises the productive role of women and their practical need to earn an income particularly through small-scale income generating projects. It meets the practical gender needs while recognising her triple roles: reproductive, productive and community management. Gender and Development (GAD) came into existence in an alternative to WID approach. It has a holistic approach by looking at all aspects of women’s lives. It challenges the basic of assigning specific gender roles to different sexes. It recognises women’s contribution inside and outside the household non-commodity production. It rejects the public/private dichotomy. It gives special attention to oppression to women in the family by entering the so called ‘Private sphere” of the household. It emphasises the state’s duty to provide social services in promoting women’s emancipation, Women have been seen as agents of change rather than as passive recipients of development assistance. This approach stresses the need for women to organise themselves for more effective political voice and recognise that patriarchy operates within and across classes to oppress women. It focuses on strengthening women’s legal rights. It shows how necessary it is to understand the ways in which unequal relationship between men and women contribute to the exclusion of women in the development process. GAD approach sees gender as a cross-cutting issue with relevance for influencing all economic, social and political process. It aims to identify both the practical gender needs of women such as healthcare, water supply, education labour saving technologies and the strategic gender needs
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ensuring increase in benefits and help to overcome structural constraints. The strategic needs of women include the right to land ownership, access to loan or active participation in decision making bodies. The World Bank in 1994 revised its earlier WID policy that tended to treat women as a special target group of beneficiaries in projects and programmes and replaced it with a new GAD policy which is based on the recognition that “investing in women is central to sustainable development” and refers to its own studies indicating strong economic arguments for investing in women. Today gender budgeting and having gender friendly project is internal part of all development programme. The Empowerment approach, while recognising the fact that women’s subordination lies in the family, emphasises the fact that women experience oppression differently according to their race, class, colonial history and current positions in international economic order. So women have to challenge oppression at different levels simultaneously. This approach is well articulated in the Development Alternatives for Women in India, which was a formation of individual women and women’s groups that came into existence before the 1999 Nairobi Conference. DAWN takes into account long term and short-term strategies. Long term strategies are needed to break down the structures of inequality between gender, classes and nations. The short-term strategies are identified as necessary to provide ways of responding to the current cries. The empowerment approach recognised the triple role of women. It seeks through grassroots women organisation, to raise their consciousness to challenge their subordination. Women activists reflect the beneficiary for women. They prefer to use participants for them. Another set three approaches to women’s empowerment is presented by Savitri Bisnath (2001), VIZ; (1) integrated development; (2) economic development; and (3) consciousness raising and organising among women. These are not mutually exclusive categories, but they are useful for distinguishing between the various causes of women’s powerlessness and among the different interventions thought to lead to empowerment. 1. The integrated development approach interprets women’s powerlessness to be a result of their greater poverty and lower access to health care, education, and survival resources. Strategies deployed under this approach aim to enhance women’s economic status through the provision of services. This approach improves women’s everyday realities by assisting them in meeting their survival and livelihood needs, i.e., their practical needs. 2. The economic development approach situates women’s economic vulnerability at the centre of their powerlessness, and assumes that economic empowerment positively impacts various aspects of women’s position as workers through organising and providing them with access to support services. Though this approach improves women’s economic position, she notes that it is unclear that this change necessarily empowers them in other dimensions of their lives. 3. The consciousness-raising and organising empowerment approach is based on a complex understanding of gender relations and women’s status. This method ascribes women’s powerlessness to the ideology and practice of
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patriarchy and socio-economic inequality. Strategies focus on organising women to recognise and challenge gender-and class-based discrimination in all aspects of their lives. However, she posits that though successful in enabling. Women to address their strategic needs, this approach may not be as effective in assisting them to meet their immediate or practical needs (www.unifem.org.). In the practical field, the Economic development Approach can be further classified into three approaches: 1. The financial self-sustainability paradigm (also called the financial systems approach and the sustainability approach) has been promoted since the mid-nineties by international institution such as DFID-UK, USAID, UNDP and the World Bank. “The justifications for targeting women are in terms of efficiency; Women are better re-payers and are an underutilised resource for development”. This strategy aims to enable poor people to achieve financial self-sustainability through access to micro-finance services with the assumption that there will be accompanying poverty reduction and empowerment effect. Empowerment is defined in individualist terms, such as the “expansion of individual choice and capabilities for self-reliance”. 2. The poverty alleviation is part of an integrated poverty-targeted community development programme. Its main focus is to develop sustainable livelihoods and increase “well-being through integrated livelihood interventions and social provision”, including literacy and health care. In terms of empowerment, the underlying assumption is that addressing women’s practical needs will enable them to address underlying inequalities. 3. The feminist empowerment paradigm situates micro-finance as an important way to respond to the immediate practical needs of poor informal sector women workers, and as part of a strategy for wider social and political empowerment of women. “Gender subordination is seen as a complex, multi-dimensional and all-pervasive process, affecting all aspects of women’s lives and embedded at many different mutually reinforcing levels: individual consciousness, the household, work, legislation, state structures and international economic and political systems. Support is provided for individual women, and challenging inequalities at the macro-level” (www. Unifem. org.). Economic independence of access self-generated income is considered to be the major means of empowerment of women and, the contribution of employment to the empowerment of women’s position is largely contributed by the education and they enable women to move out of their homes to an ideas, exchange their problems and evaluated their position against men in many areas of social life. This would grow their position in society and an urge to do something better employment of a women assures her a better rewarding life and human relationship. The government has there certain positive steps in full employment of women and payment of equal remuneration to them. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 (India) was a major step towards protective legislation and establishing the principles of equality, as it provides for equal remuneration for women workers and prevention of discrimination against women in the matter of employment. In addition to enabling women on their own legs, the Government of India introduced a number of women-oriented generations the recognition of national
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responsibility the economic empowerment of women cannot be anything but to the advantage of women.
But there seems to be a little link between the level of economic development and women’s economic opportunities. There are some major factors, which hinder gainful utilization of female labour force such as, general antipathy towards women’s employment, responsibilities at home, traditional forms of job discrimination, high male unemployment, women’s work and earning being treated as subsidiary to that of man’s absence of facilities such as cheap eating facility, childcare centre and safe transport. In India, the labour force participation of women is very law. As per 1991 Census, the percentage of women in the labour force was 22 against 52 percent for men. Though women engage in a wider variety of occupations, they are concentrated usually in the unorganized sector, at the lowest rung of the ladder. Contribution through work in the domestic sectors remains unrecorded.
The plight of working women has drawn attention of many welfare
institutions and women’s organization in the recent years. The panel Document22 adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women stated: “In order to ensure women the right to work it is especially necessary to eliminate unemployment and all forms of discrimination, enable them to have access to every profession, ensure them to general and vocational training and to eliminate illiteracy through the establishment of functional literacy.” This statement is quite valid as we cannot view women’s economic participation is related to a variety of variables, cultural values relating to the sexual division of labour, women’s access to education and availability of jobs to women should be taken care.
One of the major hurdles to the development of employment
opportunities for women is the lack of adequate training. Women should have access to productive resources such as land, building, credit, housing and skill training. Supporting service provisions would make women more functional and productive by reducing their drudgery and provide them with more time for employment. Programmes for women, consisting of skill building and skill upgrading can be more fruitful for enhancing their economic status, and make them to have a superior bargaining power as far as employment is concerned. Therefore, it is crucial for raising the female earning power to increase the effective demand for education, health and family planning services, which are necessary for improving the status of women to a great extent. 2.39 Studies on Legal Empowerment of women
Laws empower women. They provide legal redressed in cases where conciliation fails. And, it is important machinery at all levels, as it has an ability to sensitize women to fulfil their needs. The concept of gender equality was accepted in principle by the great Indian political leaders of the twentieth century. With the adoption of the Constitution in India, there has been a spate of legislation to protect women and to give them an equal status, The
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following legislations23 have been enacted which are women-specific and women-related to protect women against social evils like child marriage Act of 1955, the Special Marriage Act of 1954, the Hindu Succession Act of 1956, the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956, the Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act of 1976, the Factories Act of 1948, the Maternity Benefits Act of 1961, the Equal Remuneration Act of 1976, the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the Immoral Traffic (prevention) Act of 1986, the establishment of family Courts in 1984 and the Amendments to Criminal Law in 1983. The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act of 1986 and the Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act of 1987 have also been passed to protect the dignity of women and prevent violence against them as well as their exploitation. The State also imposes a fundamental duty on every citizen to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
Legal rights of women in India are of very high order and in certain
respects more than what is available for women in other countries. But seldom are these laws followed. Violations are the order of the day than adherence to these laws. For instance, the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act instead of protecting the women penalize her, the others serve to strengthen the state by wasting more and more power with the enforcement machinery. For many of the laws, which reinforce equality between men and women, social acceptance is yet to come. Personal Laws are the laws, which govern marriage, divorce, inheritance, succession and adoption. Personal Laws do vary based on the religion practiced. The personal laws governing Hindus has been codified and amended from time to time making it progressive and comprehensive but not the Mohammedan Law. This has become a legal problem for women of different religions as they are put to differential treatment. As long as there are disparities in the law administered, based on religion, Article 44 of the Constitution which states that the state shall endeavour to secure the citizen a Uniform Civil Code remains a dead letter.
The law, which grants a decree for divorce must also secure for
women a measure of economic independence. The cruel treatment of women in the hands of their husbands and their families is because of her total dependence on man, be it father, husband of son. If things go well then there is no problem but for those who are not so fortunate there must be a way out, other than ending life. Moreover, if dowry harassment, wife battering and child abuse took place in a non-domestic setting it would definitely give rise to legal action of complaint but when set in the domestic arena even law enforcement agencies are reluctant to interfere. Women lack the courage to start proceedings especially when they want the marriage tie to continue. Besides, “family” is the prime plays an important role in solving family disputes but their coverage is inadequate. In spite of the fact that legal remedies are available for women, many affected women do not resort to them in view of the time, cost and social image constraints.
Another important area where law could be an important tool of
safeguard against exploitation of women is the law relating to wages for workers in the informal sector. Women constitute 90 percent of the total
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marginal workers. Despite having ratified Imitational Conventions as are embodied by International Labour Organization (ILO) and having laws such as the Minimum Wages Act, the Contract Labour Act, the Equal Remuneration Act, etc. Poor implementation and enforcement has prevented women from benefiting from these legal safeguards. Laws to protect women against violence are proved inadequate as new forms of violence are coming to light which point out that a totally new approach is needed to deal with the situation. Therefore, there has to be a greater emphasis on creating awareness amongst the law enforcement machinery on issues related to human rights and social justice, which have been guaranteed by the Indian Constitution in Indian women.
From the foregoing it is clear that legislation is an important instrument
towards social change, but experience has shown that statutory change alone is not adequate. Moreover, legislation in itself has only a limited impact and cannot be carried out in isolation. A change in social attitude is a must. Legal equality without social or economic equality is meaningless and women have been socially, morally, economically and physically exploited in the name of tradition, religion or by social sanctions. This should come to an end. Women have been defined by the sex and until this social attitude changes there will be no change in the status of women. Besides awareness and knowledge of women’s rights to equality has to be created not only among women but also in the society at large. Moreover, women should become aware of their legal rights and demand their unbiased implementation. In addition, women must themselves be involved in a much bigger way in the judicial and the law enforcement process as judicial officers, lawyers or police. The constitutional vision of gender justice can be realized only by a set of multiple strategies which include more affirmative action. Women’s movement therefore could play a vital role in such a context and perhaps that could be the most effective instrument in achieving the legal empowerment of women.
2.40 Studies on Cultural empowerment of women
The most basic factor which inhibited women from being empowered
till recently was the attitude of society towards a women’s role and her place in society. These social values and attitudes get reflected in the education and socialization of girls, and in the institutional arrangement of society. Traditionally, a women’s reproductive role was considered as her primary role and her role as producer secondary, unless as in the low-income classes, economic necessity forced a women to support the family. Coupled with this was the idealized image of the woman as the one who subordinated self to the family.
Women were socialized into accepting these role definitions, and
expectations through stories from mythology, epics and folklore, which glorified women who conformed to the ideal image. Thus, women were conditioned to sacrifice their own goals and ambitions, deny themselves their legitimate space and surrender any resources, which might have contributed to their independence. They were told to always adjust, accept and accommodate. This was hardly conducive to the development of self-
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confidence, self-image and initiative or willingness to take risks, characteristics absolutely essential for empowerment.
These values and attitudes also meant that girls were often given less
education than boys, and even when girls were educated up to school or beyond, the aspirations of the parents and even of the girls, themselves were lower both as to educational attainments and future prospects. For a young girl marriage and children were considered the only lifelong activity or to secure a better husband, since husbands preferred educated wives.
These attitudes reflected too on the courses and curricula offered to
women, these were not designed to equip girls with specialized training for a job or career. If employment was at all considered for a woman, it was seen merely as a temporary occupation till marriage. This conditioned not only women’s own aspirations but also judgment of their capacities, choice of occupations and training. It also coloured the attitudes of all such as parents, teachers, heads of schools and training institutions, employers and policy makers.
From the foregoing it is clear that it is not enough if women empower
themselves through education, employment and participation in decision-making. There should be cultural empowerment of women. To make this a reality, there should be social recognition, which requires attitudinal change. Freedom is necessary for women. It does not mean breaking away from home and tradition, but it means searching for one’s own identity and making the people around her to accept her as a human person. Moreover, there is a necessity of “conscious raising” of “awareness creation” for the achievement of cultural empowerment of women. This can be done through powerful means of communication, mobilization and organization of both men and women by helping them to think about themselves, identify the oppressive forces working against their improvement and enjoy a feeling of “oneness” and identification with the rest of the members of their group. The mobilization process could be successfully carried out by the non-governmental organizations working for the development of women.
Thus creating awareness among women about their freedom is
invaluable. In addition, unless patriarchal values die and principles of justice are enshrined in the minds of every individual in the society, it is impossible to reap the fruits of empowerment of women.
2.41 Studies on Psychological Empowerment of women Disaster Turned Opportunity
Women in Latur Rebuild Their Lives Although women here remain as economically marginalised as they were before the disaster, these ten years after the quake have seen a significant change in their collective perception of themselves and their role as members of the community. This psychological change can be counted as the most positive fall-out of the post-quake projects, notwithstanding the many short comings in planning and implementing resettlement work – by the community, by donor agencies like
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the World Bank, by NGOs and by the government. It is a measure of the assertiveness these women have developed that, during the tenth anniversary observance at Latur on September 30,2003, one of the women felt emboldened enough to question a State Minister in the middle of a public meeting, demanding to know what the Government was doing about closing liquor shops (because drunkenness leads to domestic violence). Ten years ago, none of these women would have dared to question a minister. Psychological empowerment, while essential and welcome, does not translate into better availability of basic services – an example of this is the poor access to health centres in the interior regions.
The special attention paid on the education of women and girls in
development policies, activities and projects arise out of the knowledge that ensuring basic education for all, especially the education of women and girls and achieving gender equality are important elements in promoting development and advancement in people's life quality as well as a means to empowering women themselves. Empowerment as the expansion of freedom of choice and action is identified by the World Bank as one of the key elements of poverty reduction and a primary development goal. The promotion of women's empowerment as a development goal is based on a dual argument: that gender equality is a crucial aspect of human welfare and intrinsically worth pursuing and a means to other ends such as the promotion of growth, reduction of poverty and promotion of better governance.
Home science aims at educating individuals in the art and science of
family living, improving services and goods and helping individuals and family to meet the challenges of the process of modernization. The discipline of home science is an applied science and drawn its principles from the basic discipline of arts and science. The committee of American Home economics Association (1959) has clarified this as: “Home economics synthesis knowledge drawn from its own researches, from the physical, Biological and social sciences and the arts and applies this knowledge to improve the lives of families and individuals.” Still there are variations in the ideologies.
Home science is education for home living. The home and family are the measuring yardsticks of any nation. They reflect the progress of the country by catering to the physical, spiritual and emotional needs of life and suitable environment for the growth of children and culture to citizens. It builds characters, ensures happiness and influences the individual and the community for better living citizenship, respect for others, contentment, health, character, efficiency in work are all obtained through sound home making. Since home science affects the very foundation of an individual’s life, home science is education for living.
Home science is concerned and interested in effecting improvements in home and family living. It influences the growth and development of family members, through the knowledge of the environment in which they live. It uses scientific method in solving daily problems. It is concerned with the happenings in the world, and how they affect the family.
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Home science in addition to giving education for home living, also trains students for careers the greatest career is of course, home making and bringing up happy families, there are other careers in the communities, such as; teachers, extension workers, dieticians, and nursery school teachers. However, it can be safely said that home science education focuses at coordinating the scientific and practical knowledge drawn from different fields to utilize it in a suitable way for the development welfare and happiness of individual, family, community and nation at large.
So this study was undertaken to compare how home science, art &
commerce education is effective imparting empowerment to women. Though empowerment is wide word & has so many dimension but if it can impart nutrition, health, social, educational, management & house hold knowledge to the students it could be helpful to them to become self confident & can lead to empowerment.
CHAPTER – 3
RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLING 3.3 DEVELOPING TOOLS 3.31 COVERING LETTER 3.32 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3.33 SUBJECT WISE SECTIONS 3.4 PILOT STUDY 3.5 VALIDATION OF TOOL 3.6 CATEGORIZATION OF VARIABLES 3.7 COLLECTION OF DATA 3.8 DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT 3.9 PROCEDURE OF COLLECTION OF DATA 3.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER – 3
RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1 INTRODUCTION
Education is the process by which an individual grows, develops and becomes increasing well adjusted in a changing society. Education provides experiences that enable a person from desirable habits, broaden mental vision, deepen understanding of her study in society and acquire skills to meet and solve problems encountered every day. Mastery of material environment in itself cannot bring happiness. Knowledge is only an instrument to achieve ideals. One may have knowledge, but not judgment; one may have material power, but not spiritual vision; one may have physical strength, but not capacity. Science must help us to acquire moral qualities, discipline dedication and devotion to truth. The mind of an educated person should be cultured and fearless. 3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
The students studying in undergraduate colleges of Jamnagar, Morbi Rajkot, and Surendranagar in the year 2009-10 were population for the study. The information regarding name of the college, type and number of students is given in table 3.1
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Table 3.1 Showing the information regarding name of the college, type and number of students.
Sr. No. Name of college Faculty girls Total
Arts 50 50
Commerce 35 35
1 Smt.S.C.U.Shah Home science and Arts & Commerce Mahila College -Wadwan city.
Home Science
33 33
Arts 53 53
Commerce 30 30
2 Smt. J. A. Patel Mahila arts, Commerce, and Home science College-Morbi Home
Science 33 33
3 Om Vindhya Vasini Advance Computer and commerce college-MORBI
Commerce 06 06
4 Shri P.G. Patel Commerce College, MORBI.
Commerce 14 14
Home Science
34 34 5 Sadgurudev Ranchhoddasji Bapu Mahila Home Science & Late M.J. K. Mahila Commerce College .RAJKOT
Commerce 18 18
6 M.V.M.Science & Home Science College,RAJKOT-360 001.
Home Science
71 71
Arts 50 50 7 Smt. R.R. Patel Mahila Arts & Commerce College, RAJKOT. Commerce 32 32
Arts 47 47
Commerce 09 09
8 Shri A.K.Doshi Mahila Arts, Commerce & Home Science College. JAMNAGAR.
Home Science
29 29
9 Shri G.H. Gosrani Commerce & D.D. Nagda B.B.A. College, JAMNAGAR.
Commerce 41 41
Total 585 585
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FIGURE – 3.1 SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE
1.3 DEVELOPING TOOLS
The researcher wanted to find out the role of education on empowerment. In this study the role of education on women empowerment was checked on the respondents from arts, commerce & home science faculty & the variables like area of living & family type was also checked.
3.31 Covering letter
This letter was to orient the respondents to the research. It specified the purpose and pattern of research. It also assured them that the collected data will be used for educational purpose only. The complete letter was in simple Gujarati language followed by signature of researcher herself. 3.32 Background information
This section consulted of basic details about the respondent. It had the following aspects:
185 Students
For
Commerce
200 Students For
Home
Science
200 Students
For
Arts
Under Graduate Girls Students
For 585
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� Name � Address � Age � Religion � Caste � Region � Type of family � Education
3.33 Subject wise sections. The questionnaire was then presented in women empowerment section of five political, social, economic, cultural and psychological. The questions in which a single answer could be given were accompanied by a five box for Totally Agreed, Partially Agreed, Neutral, Partially disagreed and Totally disagreed. This pattern was uniformly followed for all five sections. Care was taken to see that language used was simple, scientific and easy to understand. Special care was taken to see that no items were repeated. 3.4 PILOT STUDY For the purpose of assuring the correctness of the questionnaire a pilot study was conducted a sample of * 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty – 11th standard * 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- 11th standard * 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- 11th standard * 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty – 12th standard * 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- 12th standard * 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- 12th standard * 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty –first year * 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- first year * 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- first year * 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty – Second year * 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- Second year * 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- Second year * 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty – Third Year * 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- Third Year * 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- Third Year Total-75
The researcher met each of this information of statement and got the questionnaire filled. The language used and space provided was found to be adequate. More changes were made as required. No major difficulties were faced while collecting the data for pilot study using the designed questionnaire.
3.5 VALIDATION OF TOOL The researcher made few changes after pilot study in the tool then researcher got the tools validated from experts,
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Dr. Daxaben Mehta Principal, Smt.S.C.U.Shah Home Science, And C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce, Mahila College. Wadhwan city. Dr. Manjari Acharya Reader Sardar Patel University Vallbh Vidyanagar. Dr. Alka Mankad Lecturer Smt.J.A.Patel Mahila Arts, Commerce and Home science College- Morbi. 3.6 CATEGORIZATION OF VARIABLES The researches had selected the following independent variables for the study. 1. Area 2. Types of family 3. Education
FIGURE - 3.2 Showing Categorization of variables
Area
Types of family
Education
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The independent Variables were further divided into categories for the purpose of statistical analysis of the data. *Area
The selected under graduate students may belong to different types of Area thus, this variable was categorized as- A. Urban B. Rural *Types of family:
The selected under graduate students may belong to different types of families thus, this variable was categorized as- A. Joint family B. Nuclear family *Education
This under graduate student’s variable was categorized into three. A. Arts B. Commerce C. Home Science. 3.7 COLLECTION OF DATA
The Information regarding the area of living & the type of family was collected. The variables were urban rural area, joint, nuclear family and home science, arts &commerce faculty. 3.8 DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
In this study role of education on women empowerment was checked on the respondents from arts, Commerce & Home science Faculty & the variables Like area of living & family type was also checked.
To study the role of education statement were self prepared by the researcher. The statements were divided into following categories. The changes in social, political, cultural, economic & psychological empowerment were checked.
There were 200 statements & The respondents had to choose one
option out of five the statements have five option fully agreed, agreed, not sure, not agreed, not fully agreed.
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3.9 PROCEDURE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
For collection of data, researcher contacted principal of the college discussed about the purpose of the study asked for co-operation & permission. After getting date & time researcher went to the college & collected data. First researcher told the students about the purpose of study & asked them to fill the statement gives them the statement form & took back after 2 days. 3.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In the study first overall marks of the students were checked. For urban, rural, joint nuclear family, Home Science, arts & Commerce faculty & then divided into different political, social, economic, cultural & psychological empowerment level of women . Statistical analysis was done using mean, standard deviation, standard error, significance test. & T- test. Calculation was done using both the level of significance. In chapter 4 Statistical analysis & interpretation of the results are given.
CHAPTER: 4
RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 4.3 OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT 4.4 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT 4.5 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT 4.6 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 4.7 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON CULTURAL EMPOWERMENT 4.8 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON PSYCHOLOGICAL
EMPOWERMENT 4.9 OVERALL SCORES SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
JAMNAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS 4.10 OVERALL SCORES SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION O N MORBI
CITY RESPONDENTS. 4.11 OVERALL SCORES SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
RAJKOT CITY RESPONDENTS. 4.12 OVERALL SCORES SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
SURENDRANAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS
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CHAPTER: 4
RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this research the role of education on women empowerment of the students studying in undergraduate colleges of Jamnagar, Morbi Rajkot, and Surendranagar was studied. On the basis of objectives 132 null hypotheses was formed. To check the hypothesis the variables were urban & rural area, joint & nuclear family and home science, arts & commerce faculty students.
The statements to check the hypothesis was self made. After collecting information the statistical analysis was done. For interpretation & analysis all five hundred eighty five respondents were divided into following groups.
1) Overall scores of role of education on women empowerment. 2) Scores of Role of Education on Political Empowerment 3) Scores of Role of Education on Social Empowerment 4) Scores of Role of Education on Economic Empowerment 5) Scores of Role of Education on Cultural Empowerment 6) Scores of Role of Education on Psychological Empowerment 7) Scores of Role of Education on Jamnagar city respondents 8) Scores of Role of Education on Morbi city respondents. 9) Scores of Role of Education on Rajkot city respondents. 10) Scores of Role of Education on Surendranagar city respondents 4.2 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In this study for data analysis mean, standard deviation, standard error of difference between mean, ANOVA and F test were used.
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4.3 OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT .
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family as well as
Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.1 to 4.10.
Table: 4.1 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rur al Respondents.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
251-300 1 0 301-350 1 0 351-400 1 1 401-450 0 0 451-500 4 1 501-550 11 1 551-600 16 8 601-650 33 10 651-700 53 30 701-750 53 32 751-800 67 33 801-850 68 18 851-900 46 9 901-950 29 7
951-1000 24 4 1001-1050 15 2 1051-1100 5 1 1101-1150 1 0
Total 428 157
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 428 778.4579 130.87696 6.32618
Women Empowerment
rural
157
749.9108
107.45359
8.57573
69
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
335.665
28.54712
10.65662
2.679
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.1 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
778.4579 and the rural respondents was 749.9108 .The standard deviation of urban respondent was 130.87696 and rural respondent was 107.45359. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 6.32618 and rural respondent was 8.57573. The difference between mean was 28.54712 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 10.65 and t value was 2.679 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.1 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Urban and Rural respondents was women Empowerment
28.54712
10.65662
2.679
0 10 20 30
Mean Difference Std. Error Difference t-value
70
Table: 4.2 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and J oint family
Respondents.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
251-300 0 1 301-350 0 1 351-400 1 1 401-450 0 0 451-500 2 3 501-550 9 3 551-600 17 7 601-650 19 24 651-700 41 42 701-750 46 39 751-800 62 38 801-850 59 27 851-900 32 23 901-950 22 14
951-1000 17 11 1001-1050 9 8 1051-1100 3 3 1101-1150 0 1
Total 339 246
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 339 775.9912 120.78490 6.56014
Women Empowerment
Joint
246
763.6382
131.80045
8.40329
71
Nuclear and Joint family respondents was Women Empowerment
12.352910.6607
1.159
MeanDifference
Std. ErrorDifference
t-value
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
Equal variances not
Assumed
500.008
12.35294
10.66071
1.159
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.2 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was
775.9912 and the joint family respondent was 763.6382. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 120.78490 and joint family respondent was 131.80045. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 6.56014 and joint family respondent was 8.40329. The difference between mean was 12.35294 and it was in favour of nuclear family. The standard error of difference was 10.66071 and t value was 1.159 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure- 4.2 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
72
Table: 4.3 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents.
Table – 4. 3
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
251-300 0 1 0 301-350 0 1 0 351-400 0 1 1 401-450 0 0 0 451-500 0 1 4 501-550 4 5 3 551-600 7 11 6 601-650 9 22 13 651-700 19 31 32 701-750 12 38 36 751-800 34 38 27 801-850 31 26 28 851-900 23 15 18 901-950 20 7 9
951-1000 20 2 6 1001-1050 14 1 2 1051-1100 6 0 0 1101-1150 1 0 0
Total 200 200 185
Descriptives Women empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 200 826.7350 132.47696 9.36754
Arts 200 732.3800 109.47057 7.74074
Commerce 185 751.8541 112.87231 8.29854
Total 585
73
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
987369.659 2 493684.829
Within Groups 8221445.134
582 14126.194
34.948
19.50 99.50
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 94.35500* 11.88537 Home science
com 74.88095* 12.12389
home -94.35500* 11.88537 arts
Com. -19.47405 12.12389
home -74.88095* 12.12389 commerce
arts 19.47405 12.12389
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.3 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents was 826.7350, arts respondents was 732.3800 and commerce respondents was 751.8541. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 132.47696, arts respondents was 109.47057 and commerce respondents was 112.87231. The standard error of Home science respondents was 9.36754, arts respondents was 7.74074 and commerce respondents was 8.29854.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 987369.659
and within groups was 8221445.134 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 493684.829 and within groups was 14126.194. The ‘f ’- value is 34.948 and was significant at 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Home science
respondents and arts respondents was 74.88095 and Home science respondents and commerce respondents was 94.35500. and arts
74
respondents and commerce respondents was 19.47405 and that standard error of difference between mean of Home science and arts respondents was 12.12389 , Home science and commerce respondents was 11.88537 and commerce and arts respondents was 12.12389 which was significant at o.o5 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of home science respondent was higher than the arts and commerce respondents. And role of education on women empowerment of commerce respondent was higher than the arts respondents.
Figure- 4.3 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts an d Commerce
respondents
Figure- 4.4 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city.
840.3103
119.97771
22.2793
9.88
825.3939
99.60137
17.33837
856.3048
129.59286
12.64697
722.0606
133.06271
23.16324
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
826.735
132.47696
9.36754
34.948
732.38
109.47057
7.74074
751.8541
112.87231
8.29854
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
75
Table: 4.4 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of Jamnagar,Morbi,Rajkot,Surendranagar city.
Frequency of Home science Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
251-300 0 0 0 0 301-350 0 0 0 0 351-400 0 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 0 451-500 0 0 0 0 501-550 0 0 1 3 551-600 2 0 2 3 601-650 0 0 4 5 651-700 2 6 6 5 701-750 2 2 4 4 751-800 3 5 21 5 801-850 7 8 13 3 851-900 6 5 10 2 901-950 0 3 17 0
951-1000 5 3 11 1 1001-1050 2 1 9 2 1051-1100 0 0 6 0 1101-1150 0 0 1 0
Total 29 33 105 33
Descriptives Women empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 29 840.3103 119.97771 22.27930
Morbi 33 825.3939 99.60137 17.33837
Rajkot 105 856.3048 129.59286 12.64697
Surendranagar 33 722.0606 133.06271 23.16324
Total 200
76
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
458784.743 3 152928.248
Within Groups 3033694.212
196 15478.032
9.880
8.56 26.23
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.4 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 840.3103, Morbi city respondents was 825.3939, Rajkot city respondents was 856.3048 and Surendranagar city respondents was 722.0606. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 119.97771, Morbi city respondents was 99.60137, Rajkot city respondents was 129.59286 and Surendranagar city respondents was 133.06271. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 22.27930, Morbi city respondents was
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi 14.91641 31.66633
Rajkot -15.99442 26.09856
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 118.24974* 31.66633
Jamnagar -14.91641 31.66633
Rajkot -30.91082 24.82823
Morbi
Surendranagar 103.33333* 30.62781
Jamnagar 15.99442 26.09856
Morbi 30.91082 24.82823
Rajkot
Surendranagar 134.24416* 24.82823
Jamnagar -118.24974* 31.66633
Morbi -103.33333* 30.62781
Surendranagar
Rajkot -134.24416* 24.82823
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
77
17.33837, Rajkot city respondents was 12.64697 and Surendranagar city respondents was 23.16324.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
458784.743 and within groups was 3033694.212 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 152928.248 and within groups was 15478.032. The ‘f ’- value was 9.880 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was 14.91641, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -15.99442, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 118.24974, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -30.91082 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 103.33333 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 134.24416 . The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 31.66633, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 26.09856 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 31.66633.
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on home science respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on home science respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than Morbi and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home science respondents of Morbi city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
78
Table- 4.5 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Responde nts of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Arts Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
251-300 1 0 0 0 301-350 1 0 0 0 351-400 1 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 0 451-500 1 0 0 0 501-550 3 1 0 1 551-600 3 5 2 1 601-650 4 7 5 6 651-700 5 9 7 10 701-750 7 8 13 10 751-800 10 10 9 9 801-850 4 6 9 7 851-900 4 5 3 3 901-950 1 2 2 2 951-1000 1 0 0 1 1001-1050 1 0 0 0 1051-1100 0 0 0 0 1101-1150 0 0 0 0
Total 47 53 50 50
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 47 707.1277 151.69114 22.12643
Morbi 53 732.4717 98.26761 13.49809
Rajkot 50 747.7800 82.61622 11.68370
Surendranagar 50 740.6200 95.24381 13.46951
Total 200
79
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
45224.318 3 15074.773
Within Groups 2339552.802
196 11936.494
1.263
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
Table- 4.5 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 707.1277, Morbi city respondents was 732.4717, Rajkot city respondents was 747.7800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 740.6200. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 151.69114, Morbi city respondents was 98.2676,1 Rajkot city respondents was 82.61622 and Surendranagar city respondents was 95.24381. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 22.12643, Morbi city respondents was 13.49809, Rajkot city respondents was 11.68370 and Surendranagar city respondents was 13.46951. The difference between mean of Jamnagar and
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -25.34404 21.89029
Rajkot -40.65234 22.19680
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -33.49234 22.19680
Jamnagar 25.34404 21.89029
Rajkot -15.30830 21.53942
Morbi
Surendranagar -8.14830 21.53942
Jamnagar 40.65234 22.19680
Morbi 15.30830 21.53942
Rajkot
Surendranagar 7.16000 21.85085
Jamnagar 33.49234 22.19680
Morbi 8.14830 21.53942
Surendranagar
Rajkot -7.16000 21.85085
80
Morbi city was -25.34404, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -40.65234 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -33.49234, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -15.30830, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was -8.14830 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 7.16000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 45224.318
and within groups was 2339552.802 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 15074.773 and within groups was 11936.494. The ‘f ’- value is 1.263 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was almost same.
Figure- 4.5 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
707.1277
151.69114
22.12643
1.263
732.4717
98.26761
13.49809
747.78
82.61622
11.6837
740.62
95.24381
13.46951
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
81
Table- 4.6 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Commerce Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
251-300 0 0 0 0 301-350 0 0 0 0 351-400 1 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 0 451-500 3 0 1 0 501-550 2 0 1 0 551-600 4 0 0 2 601-650 6 2 2 3 651-700 8 10 5 9 701-750 7 7 11 11 751-800 4 12 9 2 801-850 7 4 10 7 851-900 4 8 5 1 901-950 2 5 2 0 951-1000 2 1 3 0 1001-1050 0 1 1 0 1051-1100 0 0 0 0 1101-1150 0 0 0 0
Total 50 50 50 35
Descriptives Women empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 50 710.4200 139.01213 19.65928
Morbi 50 785.7400 93.84221 13.27129
Rajkot 50 779.9400 108.15794 15.29584
Surendranagar 35 722.5143 72.71070 12.29035
Total 185
82
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
212821.697 3 70940.566
Within Groups 2131367.363
181 11775.510
6.024
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
Table- 4.6 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 710.4200, Morbi city respondents was 785.7400, Rajkot city respondents was 779.9400 and Surendranagar city respondents was 722.5143. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 139.01213, Morbi city respondents was 93.84221, Rajkot city respondents was 108.15794 and Surendranagar city respondents was 72.71070. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 19.65928, Morbi city respondents was 13.27129, Rajkot city respondents was 15.29584 and Surendranagar city respondents was 12.29035.
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -75.32000 21.70300
Rajkot -69.52000 21.70300
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -12.09429 23.91555
Jamnagar 75.32000 21.70300
Rajkot 5.80000 21.70300
Morbi
Surendranagar 63.22571 23.91555
Jamnagar 69.52000 21.70300
Morbi -5.80000 21.70300
Rajkot
Surendranagar 57.42571 23.91555
Jamnagar 12.09429 23.91555
Morbi -63.22571 23.91555
Surendranagar
Rajkot -57.42571 23.91555
83
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 75.32000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 69.52000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -12.09429, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 5.80000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 63.22571 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 57.42571. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 212821.697
and within groups was 2131367.363 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 70940.566 and within groups was 11775.510. The ‘f ’- value is 6.024 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between commrrce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.6 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Res pondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
710.42
139.01213
19.65928
6.024
785.74
93.84221
13.27129
779.94
108.15794
15.29584
722.5143
72.7107
12.29035
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
84
Table: 4.7 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Urban Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
251-300 1 0 0 0 301-350 1 0 0 0 351-400 1 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 0 451-500 3 0 1 0 501-550 5 0 2 4 551-600 7 2 3 4 601-650 9 6 9 9 651-700 12 15 7 19 701-750 11 10 13 19 751-800 12 19 26 10 801-850 16 12 22 18 851-900 12 14 15 5 901-950 3 6 19 1
951-1000 7 2 13 2 1001-1050 2 2 10 1 1051-1100 0 0 5 0 1101-1150 0 0 1 0
Total 102 88 146 92
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 102 741.1275 151.00972 14.95219
Morbi 88 781.7045 100.92983 2.21654
Rajkot 146 830.5959 130.81087 10.82598
Surendranagar 92 734.0000 100.63425 10.49185
Total 428
85
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups 721791.424 3 240597.141
Within Groups 6592196.819
424 15547.634
15.475
8.54 26.18
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.7 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 741.1275, Morbi city respondents was 781.7045, Rajkot city respondents was 830.5959 and Surendranagar city respondents was 734.0000. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 151.00972, Morbi city respondents was 100.92983, Rajkot city respondents was 130.81087 and Surendranagar city respondents was 100.63425 . The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 14.95219, Morbi city respondents was
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -40.57709* 18.14126
Rajkot -89.46844* 16.09094
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 7.12745 17.92830
Jamnagar 40.57709* 18.14126
Rajkot -48.89134* 16.82761
Morbi
Surendranagar 47.70455* 18.59230
Jamnagar 89.46844* 16.09094
Morbi 48.89134* 16.82761
Rajkot
Surendranagar 96.59589* 16.59779
Jamnagar -7.12745 17.92830
Morbi -47.70455* 18.59230
Surendranagar
Rajkot -96.59589* 16.59779
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
86
2.21654, Rajkot city respondents was 10.82598 and Surendranagar city respondents was 10.49185.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
721791.424 and within groups was 6592196.819 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was 240597.141 and within groups was 15547.634 The ‘f ’- value was 15.475 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -40.57709, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -89.46844, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 7.12745, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -48.89134 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 47.70455 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 96.59589. The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 18.14126, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 16.09094 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 17.92830.
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on urban respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on urban respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city. Figure- 4.7 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
741.1275
151.00972
14.95219
15.475
781.7045
100.92983
2.21654
830.5959
130.81087
10.82598
734
100.63425
10.49185
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
87
Table: 4.8 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Rural Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
251-300 0 0 0 0 301-350 0 0 0 0 351-400 1 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 0 451-500 1 0 0 0 501-550 0 1 0 0 551-600 2 3 1 2 601-650 1 3 2 4 651-700 3 10 11 6 701-750 5 6 15 6 751-800 5 9 13 6 801-850 2 6 10 0 851-900 2 4 3 0 901-950 0 4 2 1
951-1000 1 2 1 0 1001-1050 1 0 0 1 1051-1100 0 0 1 0 1101-1150 0 0 0 0
Total 24 48 59 26
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 24 730.4167 145.84414 29.77031
Morbi 48 761.5833 106.95850 15.43813
Rajkot 59 763.2373 87.69350 11.41672
Surendranagar 26 716.1154 104.39323 20.47320
Total 157
88
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups 55833.920 3 18611.307
Within Groups 1745384.832
153 11407.744
1.631
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
Table- 4.8 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 730.4167, Morbi city respondents was 761.5833, Rajkot city respondents was 763.2373 and Surendranagar city respondents was 716.1154. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 145.84414, Morbi city respondents was 106.95850, Rajkot city respondents was 87.69350 and Surendranagar city respondents was 104.39323. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 29.77031, Morbi city respondents was 15.43813, Rajkot city respondents was 11.41672 and Surendranagar city respondents was 20.47320.
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -31.16667 26.70176
Rajkot -32.82062 25.85874
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 14.30128 30.23379
Jamnagar 31.16667 26.70176
Rajkot -1.65395 20.76085
Morbi
Surendranagar 45.46795 26.00809
Jamnagar 32.82062 25.85874
Morbi 1.65395 20.76085
Rajkot
Surendranagar 47.12190 25.14182
Jamnagar -14.30128 30.23379
Morbi -45.46795 26.00809
Surendranagar
Rajkot -47.12190 25.14182
89
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 31.16667, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 32.82062 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 14.30128, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -1.65395, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 45.46795 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 47.12190. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 55833.920
and within groups was 1745384.832 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 18611.307 and within groups was 11407.744. The ‘f ’- value is 1.631 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.8 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
730.4167
145.84414
29.77031
1.631
761.5833
106.9585
15.43813
763.2373
87.6935
11.41672
716.1154
104.39323
20.4732
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
90
Table: 4.9 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Famil y Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Nuclear Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
251-300 0 0 0 0 301-350 0 0 0 0 351-400 1 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 0 451-500 2 0 0 0 501-550 2 1 2 4 551-600 7 3 3 4 601-650 3 4 6 6 651-700 9 16 11 5 701-750 12 8 19 7 751-800 12 19 25 6 801-850 12 13 24 10 851-900 10 10 10 2 901-950 2 7 13 0 951-1000 6 3 8 0 1001-1050 2 0 6 1 1051-1100 0 0 3 0 1101-1150 0 0 0 0
Total 80 84 130 45
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 80 761.3250 135.62362 15.16318
Morbi 84 776.2381 100.04091 10.91536
Rajkot 130 804.8769 118.48959 10.39222
Surendranagar 45 718.1556 112.81057 16.81681
Total 339
91
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
276206.243 3 92068.748
Within Groups 4654872.730
335 13895.142
6.626
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
Table - 4.9 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 761.3250, Morbi city respondents was 776.2381, Rajkot city respondents was 804.8769 and Surendranagar city respondents was 718.1556. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 135.62362, Morbi city respondents was 100.04091 Rajkot city respondents was 118.48959 and Surendranagar city respondents was 112.81057. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 15.16318, Morbi city respondents was 10.91536, Rajkot city respondents was 10.39222 and Surendranagar city respondents was 16.81681.
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -14.91310 18.41488
Rajkot -43.55192 16.75037
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 43.16944 21.96520
Jamnagar 14.91310 18.41488
Rajkot -28.63883 16.50164
Morbi
Surendranagar 58.08254 21.77612
Jamnagar 43.55192 16.75037
Morbi 28.63883 16.50164
Rajkot
Surendranagar 86.72137 20.38790
Jamnagar -43.16944 21.96520
Morbi -58.08254 21.77612
Surendranagar
Rajkot -86.72137 20.38790
92
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was-14.91310, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -43.55192 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 43.16944, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -28.63883, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 58.08254 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 86.72137. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 276206.243
and within groups was 4654872.730 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 92068.748 and within groups was 13895.142. The ‘f ’- value is 6.626 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.9 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Fami ly Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
761.325
135.62362
15.16318
6.626
776.2381
100.04091
10.91536
804.8769
118.48959
10.39222
718.1556
112.81057
16.81681
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
93
Table: 4.10 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Joint Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
251-300 1 0 0 0 301-350 1 0 0 0 351-400 1 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 0 451-500 2 0 1 0 501-550 3 0 0 0 551-600 2 2 1 2 601-650 7 5 5 7 651-700 6 9 7 20 701-750 4 8 9 18 751-800 5 9 14 10 801-850 6 5 8 8 851-900 4 8 8 3 901-950 1 3 8 2 951-1000 2 1 6 2 1001-1050 1 2 4 1 1051-1100 0 0 3 0 1101-1150 0 0 1 0
Total 46 52 75 73
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 46 700.4130 165.54134 24.40774
Morbi 52 771.9615 108.93854 15.10706
Rajkot 75 822.1867 132.15784 15.26027
Surendranagar 73 737.3973 93.56010 10.95038
Total 246
94
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
494844.859 3 164948.286
Within Groups 3761137.941
242 15541.892
10.613
8.54 26.18
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.10 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 700.4130, Morbi city respondents was 771.9615, Rajkot city respondents was 822.1867 and Surendranagar city respondents was 737.3973. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 165.54134, Morbi city respondents was 108.93854, Rajkot city respondents was 132.15784 and Surendranagar city respondents was 93.56010. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 24.40774, Morbi city respondents was
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -71.54849* 25.23390
Rajkot -121.77362* 23.34722
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -36.98422 23.46849
Jamnagar 71.54849* 25.23390
Rajkot -50.22513* 22.49684
Morbi
Surendranagar 34.56428 22.62267
Jamnagar 121.77362* 23.34722
Morbi 50.22513* 22.49684
Rajkot
Surendranagar 84.78941* 20.49702
Jamnagar 36.98422 23.46849
Morbi -34.56428 22.62267
Surendranagar
Rajkot -84.78941* 20.49702
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
95
15.10706, Rajkot city respondents was 15.26027 and Surendranagar city respondents was 10.95038.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
494844.859 and within groups was 3761137.941 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 164948.286 and within groups was 15541.892. The ‘f ’- value was 10.613which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -71.54849, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -121.77362, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was -36.98422, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -50.22513 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 34.56428 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 84.78941 . The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 25.23390, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 23.34722 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 23.46849.
The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on joint family respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on joint family respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on joint family respondents of Surendranagar city was higher than the Jamnagar city. Figure- 4.10 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Famil y Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
700.413
165.54134
24.40774
10.613
771.9615
108.93854
15.10706
822.1867
132.15784
15.26027
737.3973
93.5601
10.95038
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
96
4.4 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON POLITICA EMPO WERMENT
The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.11 to 4.20
Table: 4.11 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class Urban Rural
21-30 1 0 31-40 4 1 41-50 19 12 51-60 58 27 61-70 119 47 71-80 124 44 81-90 74 22 91-100 22 3 101-110 7 1
Total 428 157
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 428 71.5397 13.08075 .63228
Political Empowerment
rural 157 68.2739 12.32811 .98389
97
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
293.187 3.26583 1.16954 2.792
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.11 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
71.5397 and the rural respondents was 68.2739. The standard deviation of urban respondent was 13.08075 and rural respondent was 12.32811. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was .63228 and rural respondent was .98389. The difference between mean was 3.26583 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference was 1.16954 and t value was 2.792 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Table: 4.11 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment
Urban and Rural respondents was Political Empowerment
3.26583
1.16954
2.792
Mean Difference Std. Error Difference t-value
98
Table: 4.12 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint Family Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class Nuclear Joint
21-30 0 1 31-40 2 3 41-50 16 15 51-60 44 41 61-70 99 67 71-80 105 63 81-90 57 39 91-100 12 13 101-110 4 4
Total 339 246
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 339 71.1180 12.21834 .66361
Political Empowerment
Joint 246 70.0366 13.90502 .88655
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
485.891
1.08141
1.10741
.977
t-value is not Significant at any level
99
Table 4.12 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 71.1180 and the joint family respondent was 70.0366. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 12.21834 and joint family respondent was 13.90502. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was .66361 and joint family respondent was .88655. The difference between mean was 1.16954 and it was in favour of nuclear family. The standard error of difference was 1.08141 and t value was .977 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.12 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family Respondents
12
34
1.08141 1.10741
0.9770.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
Nuclear and Joint respondents was political Empower ment
Meandifference Std. Errordifference t
100
Table: 4.13 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
Frequency Class Home Science Arts Commerce
21-30 0 1 0 31-40 1 2 2 41-50 10 13 8 51-60 35 34 17 61-70 46 60 59 71-80 56 55 57 81-90 45 25 26 91-100 3 7 15 101-110 4 3 1
Total 200 200 185
Descriptives
Political empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 200 71.5100 13.27483 .93867
Arts 200 68.7650 12.96535 .91679
Commerce 185 71.8000 12.41790 .91298
Total 585
ANOVA
Political Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
1103.125 2 551.562
Within Groups 96893.535 582 166.484
3.313
19.50 99.50
F-value is not Significant at any level
101
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 2.74500 1.29029 Home science
com -.29000 1.31618
home -2.74500 1.29029 Arts
Com. -3.03500 1.31618
home .29000 1.31618 Commerce
arts 3.03500 1.31618 Table 4.13 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 71.5100, arts respondents was 68.7650 and commerce respondents was 71.8000. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 13.27483, arts respondents was 12.96535 and commerce respondents was 12.41790. The standard error of home science respondents was .93867, arts respondents was .91679 and commerce respondents was .91298. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 2.74500, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was -.29000 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -3.03500. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
1103.125 and within groups was 96893.535 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 551.562 within groups was 166.484. And the ‘f ’- value is 3.313 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
102
Figure- 4.13 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts a nd Commerce respondents regarding political empowerment.
71.51
13.27483
0.93867
3.313
68.765
12.96535
0.91679
71.8
12.4179
0.91298
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Homescience Arts Commerce
Figure- 4.14 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scie nce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city R egarding Political Empowerment.
68.7241
12.09751
2.24645
0.556
72.697
11.75926
2.04703
71.6476
14.27005
1.39261
72.3333
12.58885
2.19144
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
103
Table: 4.14 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of Jamnagar,Morbi,Rajkot,Surendranagar city Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency of Home science Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
21-30 0 0 0 0 31-40 0 0 1 0 41-50 0 0 8 2 51-60 10 7 14 4 61-70 8 6 26 6 71-80 5 11 28 12 81-90 5 9 23 8 91-100 1 0 2 0 101-110 0 0 3 1
Total 29 33 105 33
Descriptives Political empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 29 68.7241 12.09751 2.24645
Morbi 33 72.6970 11.75926 2.04703
Rajkot 105 71.6476 14.27005 1.39261
Surendranagar 33 72.3333 12.58885 2.19144
Total 200
104
ANOVA
Political empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
295.922 3 98.641
Within Groups 34772.058 196 177.408
.556 8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
Table- 4.14 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 68.7241, Morbi city respondents was 72.6970, Rajkot city respondents was 71.6476 and Surendranagar city respondents was 72.3333. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 12.09751, Morbi city respondents was 11.75926 Rajkot city respondents was 14.27005 and Surendranagar city respondents was 12.58885. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.24645, Morbi city respondents was 2.04703, Rajkot city respondents was 1.39261 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.19144.
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -3.97283 3.39021
Rajkot -2.92348 2.79413
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -3.60920 3.39021
Jamnagar 3.97283 3.39021
Rajkot 1.04935 2.65812
Morbi
Surendranagar .36364 3.27903
Jamnagar 2.92348 2.79413
Morbi -1.04935 2.65812
Rajkot
Surendranagar -.68571 2.65812
Jamnagar 3.60920 3.39021
Morbi -.36364 3.27903
Surendranagar
Rajkot .68571 2.65812
105
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -3.97283, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city -2.92348 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -3.60920, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 1.04935, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was .36364 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was -.68571. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 295.922 and
within groups was 34772.058 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 98.641 and within groups was 177.408. The ‘f ’- value is .556 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between homescience respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of homesciencrespondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
106
Table: 4.15 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Political Empowerment.
Frequency of Arts Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
21-30 1 0 0 0 31-40 1 0 1 0 41-50 2 7 2 2 51-60 7 4 8 15 61-70 14 16 17 13 71-80 9 17 16 13 81-90 8 6 5 6 91-100 3 2 1 1 101-110 2 1 0 0
Total 47 53 50 50
Descriptives
Political empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 47 70.7234 16.23697 2.36841
Morbi 53 68.7736 13.69677 1.88140
Rajkot 50 68.0800 10.72065 1.51613
Surendranagar 50 67.6000 10.75326 1.52074
Total 200
107
ANOVA
Political empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
271.588 3 90.529
Within Groups 33180.367 196 169.288
.535 8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
Table- 4.15 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 70.7234, Morbi city respondents was 68.7736, Rajkot city respondents was 68.0800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 67.6000. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 16.23697, Morbi city respondents was 13.69677, Rajkot city respondents was 10.72065 and Surendranagar city respondents was 10.75326. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.36841, Morbi city respondents was 1.88140, Rajkot city respondents was 1.51613 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.52074.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was
1.94982, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 2.64340 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi 1.94982 2.60691
Rajkot 2.64340 2.64341
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 3.12340 2.64341
Jamnagar -1.94982 2.60691
Rajkot .69358 2.56512
Morbi
Surendranagar 1.17358 2.56512
Jamnagar -2.64340 2.64341
Morbi -.69358 2.56512
Rajkot
Surendranagar .48000 2.60221
Jamnagar -3.12340 2.64341
Morbi -1.17358 2.56512
Surendranagar
Rajkot -.48000 2.60221
108
city was 3.12340, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was .69358, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 1.17358 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was .48000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 271.588 and
within groups was 33180.367 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 90.529 and within groups was 169.288. The ‘f ’- value is .535 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.15 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
70.7234
16.23697
2.36841
0.535
68.7736
13.69677
1.8814
68.08
10.72065
1.51613
67.6
10.75326
1.52074
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
109
Table: 4.16 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Res pondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Frequency of Commerce Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
21-30 0 0 0 0 31-40 2 0 0 0 41-50 2 1 0 5 51-60 5 2 4 6 61-70 17 14 14 14 71-80 15 14 20 8 81-90 6 11 7 2 91-100 3 8 4 0
101-110 0 0 1 0 Total 50 50 50 35
Descriptives Political empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 50 69.2000 12.70867 1.79728
Morbi 50 76.0200 11.92748 1.68680
Rajkot 50 75.2800 11.35160 1.60536
Surendranagar 35 64.5143 10.12095 1.71075
Total 185
ANOVA
Political empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
3691.797 3 1230.599
Within Groups 24681.803 181 136.364
9.024
8.56 26.23
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
110
Table 4.16 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 69.2000, Morbi city respondents was 76.0200, Rajkot city respondents was 75.2800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 64.5143. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 12.70867, Morbi city respondents was 11.92748, Rajkot city respondents was 11.35160 and Surendranagar city respondents was 10.12095. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 1.79728, Morbi city respondents was 1.68680, Rajkot city respondents was 1.60536 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.71075.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
3691.797 and within groups was 24681.803 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 1230.599 and within groups was 136.364. The ‘f ’- value was 9.024 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -6.82000, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -6.08000, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.68571, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was .74000 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 11.50571 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 10.76571. The difference between the standard error of
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -6.82000* 2.33550
Rajkot -6.08000* 2.33550
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 4.68571 2.57359
Jamnagar 6.82000* 2.33550
Rajkot .74000 2.33550
Morbi
Surendranagar 11.50571* 2.57359
Jamnagar 6.08000* 2.33550
Morbi -.74000 2.33550
Rajkot
Surendranagar 10.76571* 2.57359
Jamnagar -4.68571 2.57359
Morbi -11.50571* 2.57359
Surendranagar
Rajkot -10.76571* 2.57359
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
111
Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 2.33550, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 2.33550 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.57359.
The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on commerce respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar, Rajkot and Surendranagar city. The role of education on commerce respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
Figure- 4.16 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce R espondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Political Empowerment.
69.2
12.70867
1.79728
9.024
76.02
11.92748
1.6868
75.28
11.3516
1.60536
64.5143
10.12095
1.71075
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
112
Table: 4.17 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Political Empowerment.
Frequency of Urban Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
21-30 1 0 0 0 31-40 2 0 2 0 41-50 3 2 8 6 51-60 19 8 15 16 61-70 32 23 36 28 71-80 23 27 48 26 81-90 16 18 26 14 91-100 4 10 7 1
101-110 2 0 4 1 Total 102 88 146 92
Descriptives Political empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 102 69.4412 13.82033 1.36842
Morbi 88 74.2386 11.99616 1.27880
Rajkot 146 72.9658 13.75721 1.13855
Surendranagar 92 69.0217 11.40559 1.18911
Total 428
ANOVA
Political empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
1970.404 3 656.801
Within Groups 71091.921 424 167.670
3.917
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
113
Table- 4.17 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 69.4412, Morbi city respondents was 74.2386, Rajkot city respondents was 72.9658 and Surendranagar city respondents was 69.0217. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 13.82033, Morbi city respondents was 11.99616 Rajkot city respondents was 13.75721 and Surendranagar city respondents was 11.40559. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 1.36842, Morbi city respondents was 1.27880, Rajkot city respondents was 1.13855 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.18911.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -
4.79746, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -3.52458 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was .41944, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 1.27288, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 5.21690 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 3.94401. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 1970.404
and within groups was 71091.921 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was 656.801 and within groups was 167.670. The ‘f ’- value is 3.917 which was not Significant at any level.
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -4.79746 1.88392
Rajkot -3.52458 1.67100
Jamnagar
Surendranagar .41944 1.86180
Jamnagar 4.79746 1.88392
Rajkot 1.27288 1.74750
Morbi
Surendranagar 5.21690 1.93076
Jamnagar 3.52458 1.67100
Morbi -1.27288 1.74750
Rajkot
Surendranagar 3.94401 1.72364
Jamnagar -.41944 1.86180
Morbi -5.21690 1.93076
Surendranagar
Rajkot -3.94401 1.72364
114
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.17 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respo ndents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Political Empowerment.
69.4412
13.82033
1.36842
3.917
74.2386
11.99616
1.2788
72.9658
13.75721
1.13855
69.0217
11.40559
1.18911
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
Figure-4.18 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Political Empowerment. .
70.5833
14.61362
2.98299
1.19
69
13.9406
2.01215
68.4407
10.26926
1.33694
64.4231
10.96603
2.15062
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
115
Table: 4.18 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Political Empowerment.
Frequency of Rural Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
21-30 0 0 0 0 31-40 1 0 0 0 41-50 1 6 2 3 51-60 3 5 11 8 61-70 7 13 21 6 71-80 6 15 16 7 81-90 3 8 9 2 91-100 3 0 0 0
101-110 0 1 0 0 Total 24 48 59 26
Descriptives Political empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 24 70.5833 14.61362 2.98299
Morbi 48 69.0000 13.94060 2.01215
Rajkot 59 68.4407 10.26926 1.33694
Surendranagar 26 64.4231 10.96603 2.15062
Total 157
ANOVA
Political empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
540.501 3 180.167
Within Groups 23168.722 153 151.430
1.190
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
116
Table- 4.18 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 70.5833, Morbi city respondents was 69.0000, Rajkot city respondents was 68.4407 and Surendranagar city respondents was 64.4231. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 14.61362, Morbi city respondents was 13.94060 Rajkot city respondents was 10.26926 and Surendranagar city respondents was 10.96603. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.98299, Morbi city respondents was 2.01215, Rajkot city respondents was 1.33694 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.15062.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 1.58333, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 2.14266 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 6.16026, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was .55932, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 4.57692 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 4.01760. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 540.501 and within groups was 23168.722 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 180.167 and within groups was 151.430. The ‘f ’- value is 1.190 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi 1.58333 3.07642
Rajkot 2.14266 2.97929
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 6.16026 3.48336
Jamnagar -1.58333 3.07642
Rajkot .55932 2.39194
Morbi
Surendranagar 4.57692 2.99650
Jamnagar -2.14266 2.97929
Morbi -.55932 2.39194
Rajkot
Surendranagar 4.01760 2.89669
Jamnagar -6.16026 3.48336
Morbi -4.57692 2.99650
Surendranagar
Rajkot -4.01760 2.89669
117
Table-4.19 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Famil y Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Political Empowerment.
Frequency of Nuclear Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
21-30 0 0 0 0 31-40 1 0 1 0 41-50 1 3 7 5 51-60 15 11 11 7 61-70 27 25 39 8 71-80 18 26 45 16 81-90 13 15 22 7 91-100 4 4 3 1
101-110 1 0 2 1 Total 80 84 130 45
Descriptives Political empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 80 70.5000 12.45549 1.39257
Morbi 84 71.3810 11.87069 1.29520
Rajkot 130 71.7538 12.10168 1.06139
Surendranagar 45 69.8889 13.01960 1.94085
Total 339
ANOVA
Political empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
156.903 3 52.301
Within Groups 50302.377 335 150.156
.348
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
118
Table- 4.19 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 70.5000, Morbi city respondents was 71.3810, Rajkot city respondents was 71.7538 and Surendranagar city respondents was 69.8889. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 12.45549, Morbi city respondents was 11.87069 Rajkot city respondents was 12.10168 and Surendranagar city respondents was 13.01960. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 1.39257, Morbi city respondents was 1.29520, Rajkot city respondents was 1.06139 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.94085.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -
.88095, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -1.25385 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was .61111, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -.37289, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 1.49206 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 1.86496. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 156.903 and
within groups was 50302.377 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 52.301 and within groups was 150.156. The ‘f ’- value is .348 which was not Significant at any level.
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -.88095 1.91430
Rajkot -1.25385 1.74126
Jamnagar
Surendranagar .61111 2.28337
Jamnagar .88095 1.91430
Rajkot -.37289 1.71541
Morbi
Surendranagar 1.49206 2.26371
Jamnagar 1.25385 1.74126
Morbi .37289 1.71541
Rajkot
Surendranagar 1.86496 2.11940
Jamnagar -.61111 2.28337
Morbi -1.49206 2.26371
Surendranagar
Rajkot -1.86496 2.11940
119
The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.19 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear fam ily Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City R egarding Political Empowerment.
70.5
12.45549
1.39257
0.348
71.381
11.87069
1.2952
71.7538
12.10168
1.06139
69.8889
13.0196
1.94085
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
Figure - 4.20 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Fami ly Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Political Empowerment.
68.1957
16.2051
2.38931
3.342
74.0192
14.40791
1.99802
71.5067
14.48426
1.6725
66.8493
10.24515
1.1991
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
120
Table: 4.20 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Joint Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
21-30 1 0 0 0 31-40 2 0 1 0 41-50 3 5 3 4 51-60 7 2 15 17 61-70 12 11 18 26 71-80 11 16 19 17 81-90 6 11 13 9 91-100 3 6 4 0
101-110 1 1 2 0 Total 46 52 75 73
Descriptives Political empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 46 68.1957 16.20510 2.38931
Morbi 52 74.0192 14.40791 1.99802
Rajkot 75 71.5067 14.48426 1.67250
Surendranagar 73 66.8493 10.24515 1.19910
Total 246
ANOVA
Political empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
1884.362 3 628.121
Within Groups 45486.309 242 187.960
3.342
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
121
Table-4.20 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 68.1957, Morbi city respondents was 74.0192, Rajkot city respondents was 71.5067 and Surendranagar city respondents was 66.8493. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 16.20510, Morbi city respondents was 14.40791 Rajkot city respondents was 14.48426 and Surendranagar city respondents was 10.24515. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.38931, Morbi city respondents was 1.99802, Rajkot city respondents was 1.67250 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.19910.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -5.82358, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -3.31101 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 1.34634, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 2.51256, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 7.16992 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 4.65735. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 1884.362 and within groups was 45486.309 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 628.121 and within groups was 187.960. The ‘f ’- value is 3.342 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -5.82358 2.77501
Rajkot -3.31101 2.56753
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 1.34634 2.58087
Jamnagar 5.82358 2.77501
Rajkot 2.51256 2.47401
Morbi
Surendranagar 7.16992 2.48785
Jamnagar 3.31101 2.56753
Morbi -2.51256 2.47401
Rajkot
Surendranagar 4.65735 2.25409
Jamnagar -1.34634 2.58087
Morbi -7.16992 2.48785
Surendranagar
Rajkot -4.65735 2.25409
122
4.5 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SOCIAL EMPOWE RMENT.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.21 to 4.30.
Table: 4.21 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class Urban Rural
1-50 1 0 51-100 0 1 101-150 14 4 151-200 36 9 201-250 124 63 251-300 174 65 301-350 77 14 351-400 2 1
Total 428 157
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 428 256.6729 50.86913 2.45885
Social Empowerment
rural 157 249.6051 42.30032 3.37593
123
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
331.341
4.17647
4.17647
1.692
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.21 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 256.6729 and the rural respondents was 249.6051.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 50.86913 and rural respondent was 42.30032. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.45885 and rural respondent was 3.37593. The difference between mean was 4.17647 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 4.17647 and t value was 1.692 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.21 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Urban and Rural respondents was social Empowerment
4.1764.176
1.692
0 1 2 3 4 5
Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
124
Table: 4.22 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class Nuclear Joint
1-50 0 1 51-100 0 1 101-150 13 5 151-200 31 14 201-250 92 95 251-300 147 92 301-350 55 36 351-400 1 2
Total 339 246
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 339 254.7581 49.36587 2.68119
Social Empowerment
Joint 246 254.8008 48.06897 3.06477
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
535.967
-.04270
4.07204
-0.10
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.22 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 254.7581 and the joint family respondent was 254.8008. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 49.36587 and joint family respondent was 48.06897. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 2.68119 and joint family respondent was 3.06477. The
125
difference between mean was -.04270 and it was in favour of nuclear family. The standard error of difference was 4.07204 and t value was -0.10 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.22 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment
-0.0427
4.07204
-0.1
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t
Nuclear and Joint respondents was Social Empowerment
Figure-4.23 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts an d Commerce respondents Regarding Social Empowerment
271.87
54.29727
3.8394
21.017
242.495
43.65868
3.08713
249.573
42.36175
3.1145
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
126
Table: 4.23 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class Home Science Arts Commerce
1-50 0 1 0 51-100 0 1 0 101-150 8 4 6 151-200 14 17 14 201-250 32 89 66 251-300 82 75 82 301-350 63 12 16 351-400 1 1 1
Total 200 200 185
Descriptives
Social Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 200 271.8700 54.29727 3.83940
Arts 200 242.4950 43.65868 3.08713
Commerce 185 249.5730 42.36175 3.11450
Total 585
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
93613.785 2 46806.893
Within Groups 1296191.880
582 2227.134
21.017
19.50
99.50
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
127
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
arts 29.37500* 4.71925 Home science
com 22.29703* 4.81396
home -29.37500* 4.71925 arts
Com. -7.07797 4.81396
home -22.29703* 4.81396 commerce
arts 7.07797 4.81396
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.23 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents was 271.8700, arts respondents was 242.4950 and commerce respondents was 249.5730. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 54.29727, arts respondents was 43.65868and commerce respondents was 42.36175. The standard error of home science respondents was 3.83940, arts respondents was 3.08713 and commerce respondents was 3.11450.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 93613.785
and within groups was 1296191.880 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 46806.893 and within groups was 2227.134. The ‘f ’- value is 21.017 and was significant at 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Home science
respondents and arts respondents was 29.37500 and Home science respondents and commerce respondents was 22.29703. and arts respondents and commerce respondents was -7.07797 and that standard error of difference between mean of Home science and arts respondents was 4.71925 , Home science and commerce respondents was 4.81396 and commerce and arts respondents was 4.81396 which was significant at o.o5 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
home science respondent was higher than the arts and commerce respondents. And role of education on social empowerment of commerce respondent was higher than the arts respondents.
128
Table: 4.24 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city rega rding Social Empowerment.
Frequency of Home science Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-50 0 0 0 0 51-100 0 0 0 0
101-150 0 0 2 6 151-200 0 0 5 9 201-250 5 6 16 5 251-300 15 19 38 10 301-350 9 8 43 3 351-400 0 0 1 0
Total 29 33 105 33
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 29 281.9655 34.93206 6.48672
Morbi 33 282.2727 29.23854 5.08978
Rajkot 105 283.8190 48.80904 4.76327
Surendranagar 33 214.5758 67.90620 11.82095
Total 200
ANOVA
Social empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
129845.487 3 43281.829
Within Groups 456845.133 196 2330.843
18.569
8.56 26.23
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
129
Table 4.24 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents was 281.9655, Morbi city respondents was 282.2727, Rajkot city respondents was 283.8190 and Surendranagar city respondents was 214.5758. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 34.93206, Morbi city respondents was 29.23854, Rajkot city respondents was 48.80904 and Surendranagar city respondents was 67.90620. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 6.48672, Morbi city respondents was 5.08978, Rajkot city respondents was 4.76327 and Surendranagar city respondents was 11.82095.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 129845.487 and within groups was 456845.133 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 43281.829 and within groups was 2330.843. The ‘f ’- value was 18.569 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -.30721 , Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -1.85353, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 67.38976, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -1.54632 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 67.69697 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 69.24329. The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 12.28843,
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -.30721 12.28843
Rajkot -1.85353 10.12780
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 67.38976* 12.28843
Jamnagar .30721 12.28843
Rajkot -1.54632 9.63484
Morbi
Surendranagar 67.69697* 11.88542
Jamnagar 1.85353 10.12780
Morbi 1.54632 9.63484
Rajkot
Surendranagar 69.24329* 9.63484
Jamnagar -67.38976* 12.28843
Morbi -67.69697* 11.88542
Surendranagar
Rajkot -69.24329* 9.63484
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
130
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 10.12780 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 12.28843.
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on home science respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on home science respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home science respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
Figure- 4.24 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Social Empowerment.
281.9655
34.93206
6.48672
18.569
282.2727
29.23854
5.08978
283.819
48.80904
4.76327
214.5758
67.9062
11.82095
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
131
Table- 4.25 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment.
Frequency of Arts Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-50 1 0 0 0 51-100 1 0 0 0
101-150 2 1 1 0 151-200 7 3 4 3 201-250 16 20 26 27 251-300 18 25 17 15 301-350 2 4 2 4 351-400 0 0 0 1
Total 47 53 50 50
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 47 230.1915 59.65577 8.70169
Morbi 53 247.0000 36.90164 5.06883
Rajkot 50 241.9400 33.68062 4.76316
Surendranagar 50 249.8400 39.97620 5.65349
Total 200
ANOVA
Social empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
10903.178 3 3634.393
Within Groups 368406.817 196 1879.627
1.934
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
132
Table- 4.25 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 230.1915, Morbi city respondents was 247.0000, Rajkot city respondents was 241.9400 and Surendranagar city respondents was 249.8400. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 59.65577, Morbi city respondents was 36.90164 Rajkot city respondents was 33.68062 and Surendranagar city respondents was 39.97620. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 8.70169, Morbi city respondents was 5.06883, Rajkot city respondents was 4.76316 and Surendranagar city respondents was 5.65349.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city -16.80851,
the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -11.74851 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -19.64851, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 5.06000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was -2.84000 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was -7.90000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 10903.178
and within groups was 368406.817 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 3634.393 and within groups was 1879.627. The ‘f ’- value is 1.934 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -16.80851 8.68658
Rajkot -11.74851 8.80821
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -19.64851 8.80821
Jamnagar 16.80851 8.68658
Rajkot 5.06000 8.54735
Morbi
Surendranagar -2.84000 8.54735
Jamnagar 11.74851 8.80821
Morbi -5.06000 8.54735
Rajkot
Surendranagar -7.90000 8.67093
Jamnagar 19.64851 8.80821
Morbi 2.84000 8.54735
Surendranagar
Rajkot 7.90000 8.67093
133
the role of education on social empowerment of arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same. Figure- 4.25 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment
230.1915
59.65577
8.70169
1.934
247
36.90164
5.06883
241.94
33.68062
4.76316
249.84
39.9762
5.65349
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
Figure- 4.26 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
234.94
48.87694
6.91224
4.102
261.32
34.53625
4.88416
256.38
42.49364
6.00951
243.9714
36.45584
6.16216
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
134
Table: 4.26 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Res pondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment.
Frequency of Commerce Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-50 0 0 0 0 51-100 0 0 0 0
101-150 4 0 1 1 151-200 6 2 4 2 201-250 22 16 12 16 251-300 13 26 28 15 301-350 5 6 4 1 351-400 0 0 1 0
Total 50 50 50 35
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 50 234.9400 48.87694 6.91224
Morbi 50 261.3200 34.53625 4.88416
Rajkot 50 256.3800 42.49364 6.00951
Surendranagar 35 243.9714 36.45584 6.16216
Total 185
ANOVA
Social empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
21020.813 3 7006.938
Within Groups 309170.451 181 1708.124
4.102
8.54 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
135
Table- 4.26 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 234.9400, Morbi city respondents was 261.3200, Rajkot city respondents was 256.3800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 243.9714. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 48.87694, Morbi city respondents was 34.53625 Rajkot city respondents was 42.49364 and Surendranagar city respondents was 36.45584. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 6.91224, Morbi city respondents was 4.88416, Rajkot city respondents was 6.00951 and Surendranagar city respondents was 6.16216.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -26.38000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -21.44000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -9.03143, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 4.94000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 17.34857 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 12.40857. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 21020.813 and within groups was 309170.451 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 7006.938 and within groups was 1708.124. The ‘f ’- value is 4.102 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -26.38000 8.26589
Rajkot -21.44000 8.26589
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -9.03143 9.10857
Jamnagar 26.38000 8.26589
Rajkot 4.94000 8.26589
Morbi
Surendranagar 17.34857 9.10857
Jamnagar 21.44000 8.26589
Morbi -4.94000 8.26589
Rajkot
Surendranagar 12.40857 9.10857
Jamnagar 9.03143 9.10857
Morbi -17.34857 9.10857
Surendranagar
Rajkot -12.40857 9.10857
136
Table: 4.27 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment.
Frequency of Urban Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-50 1 0 0 0 51-100 0 0 0 0
101-150 6 0 3 5 151-200 10 4 12 10 201-250 36 27 26 35 251-300 35 43 60 36 301-350 14 14 44 5 351-400 0 0 1 1
Total 102 88 146 92
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 102 243.5000 56.08299 5.55304
Morbi 88 262.1250 36.77543 3.92027
Rajkot 146 272.9178 49.27215 4.07779
Surendranagar 92 240.2826 50.71084 5.28697
Total 428
ANOVA
Social empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
83559.415 3 27853.138
Within Groups 1021374.791
424 2408.903
11.563 8.54 26.18
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
137
Table- 4.27 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents was 243.5000, Morbi city respondents was 262.1250, Rajkot city respondents was 272.9178 and Surendranagar city respondents was 272.9178. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 56.08299, Morbi city respondents was 36.77543, Rajkot city respondents was 49.27215 and Surendranagar city respondents was 50.71084. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 5.55304, Morbi city respondents was 3.92027, Rajkot city respondents was 4.07779 and Surendranagar city respondents was 5.28697.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
83559.415 and within groups was 1021374.791 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was 27853.138 and within groups was 2408.903. The ‘f ’- value was 11.563 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -18.62500, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -29.41781, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 3.21739, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -10.79281 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 21.84239 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 32.63520. The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 7.14077, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 6.33372 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 7.05694.
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -18.62500* 7.14077
Rajkot -29.41781* 6.33372
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 3.21739 7.05694
Jamnagar 18.62500* 7.14077
Rajkot -10.79281 6.62369
Morbi
Surendranagar 21.84239* 7.31831
Jamnagar 29.41781* 6.33372
Morbi 10.79281 6.62369
Rajkot
Surendranagar 32.63520* 6.53323
Jamnagar -3.21739 7.05694
Morbi -21.84239* 7.31831
Surendranagar
Rajkot -32.63520* 6.53323
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
138
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on urban respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on urban respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
Figure-4.27 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment.
243.5
56.08299
5.55304
11.563
262.125
36.77543
3.92027
272.9178
49.27215
4.07779
240.2826
50.71084
5.28697
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
Figure-4.28 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment.
246.0833
47.54487
9.70506
2.571
258.4375
36.85793
5.31998
252.0508
39.00638
5.0782
231
49.65884
9.7389
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
139
Table: 4.28 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment.
Frequency of Rural Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-50 0 0 0 0 51-100 1 0 0 0
101-150 0 1 1 2 151-200 3 1 1 4 201-250 7 15 28 13 251-300 11 27 23 4 301-350 2 4 5 3 351-400 0 0 1 0
Total 24 48 59 26
Descriptives Social empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 24 246.0833 47.54487 9.70506
Morbi 48 258.4375 36.85793 5.31998
Rajkot 59 252.0508 39.00638 5.07820
Surendranagar 26 231.0000 49.65884 9.73890
Total 157
ANOVA
Social empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
13395.023 3 4465.008
Within Groups 265738.493 153 1736.853
2.571
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
140
Table-4.28 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 246.0833, Morbi city respondents was 258.4375, Rajkot city respondents was 252.0508 and Surendranagar city respondents was 231.0000. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 47.54487, Morbi city respondents was 36.85793 Rajkot city respondents was 39.00638 and Surendranagar city respondents was 49.65884. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 9.70506, Morbi city respondents was 5.31998, Rajkot city respondents was 5.07820 and Surendranagar city respondents was 9.73890.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -12.35417, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -5.96751 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 15.08333, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 6.38665, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 27.43750 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 21.05085. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 13395.023 and within groups was 265738.493 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 4465.008 and within groups was 1736.853. The ‘f ’- value is 2.571 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -12.35417 10.41889
Rajkot -5.96751 10.08995
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 15.08333 11.79707
Jamnagar 12.35417 10.41889
Rajkot 6.38665 8.10078
Morbi
Surendranagar 27.43750* 10.14822
Jamnagar 5.96751 10.08995
Morbi -6.38665 8.10078
Rajkot
Surendranagar 21.05085 9.81021
Jamnagar -15.08333 11.79707
Morbi -27.43750 10.14822
Surendranagar
Rajkot -21.05085 9.81021
141
Table: 4.29 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Fami ly Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment. .
Frequency of Nuclear
Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-50 0 0 0 0 51-100 0 0 0 0
101-150 3 1 3 6 151-200 8 3 11 9 201-250 26 23 31 12 251-300 31 47 52 17 301-350 12 10 32 1 351-400 0 0 1 0
Total 80 84 130 45
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 80 251.1125 49.20353 5.50112
Morbi 84 262.1190 36.44782 3.97678
Rajkot 130 263.9923 49.14233 4.31007
Surendranagar 45 220.8222 56.83480 8.47243
Total 339
ANOVA
Social empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
68523.798 3 22841.266
Within Groups 755178.367 335 2254.264
10.132
8.54 26.18
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
142
Table 4.29 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents was 251.1125, Morbi city respondents was 262.1190, Rajkot city respondents was 263.9923 and Surendranagar city respondents was 220.8222. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 49.20353, Morbi city respondents was 36.44782, Rajkot city respondents was 49.14233 and Surendranagar city respondents was 56.83480. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 5.50112, Morbi city respondents was 3.97678, Rajkot city respondents was 4.31007 and Surendranagar city respondents was 8.47243.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
68523.798 and within groups was 755178.367 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 22841.266 and within groups was 2254.264. The ‘f ’- value was 10.132 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -11.00655, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -12.87981, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 30.29028, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -1.87326 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 41.29683 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 43.17009 . The difference between the
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -11.00655 7.41719
Rajkot -12.87981 6.74676
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 30.29028* 8.84721
Jamnagar 11.00655 7.41719
Rajkot -1.87326 6.64658
Morbi
Surendranagar 41.29683* 8.77104
Jamnagar 12.87981 6.74676
Morbi 1.87326 6.64658
Rajkot
Surendranagar 43.17009* 8.21190
Jamnagar -30.29028* 8.84721
Morbi -41.29683* 8.77104
Surendranagar
Rajkot -43.17009* 8.21190
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
143
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 7.41719, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 6.74676 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 8.84721.
The difference between nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on nucler respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on nucler respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on nuclear respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city. Figure-4.29 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear resp ondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Social Empowerment.
251.1125
49.20353
5.50112
10.132
262.119
36.44782
3.97678
263.9923
49.14233
4.31007
220.8222
56.8348
8.47243
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
144
Table: 4.30 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Social Empowerment.
Frequency of Joint Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-50 1 0 0 0 51-100 1 0 0 0
101-150 3 0 1 1 151-200 5 2 2 5 201-250 17 19 23 36 251-300 15 23 31 23 301-350 4 8 17 7 351-400 0 0 1 1
Total 46 52 75 73
Descriptives Social empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 46 231.6087 60.99708 8.99353
Morbi 52 258.7308 37.39147 5.18526
Rajkot 75 271.9733 44.11379 5.09382
Surendranagar 73 248.9726 43.01517 5.03454
Total 246
ANOVA
Social empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
50142.161 3 16714.054
Within Groups 515961.079 242 2132.071
7.839
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
145
Table- 4.30 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 231.6087, Morbi city respondents was 258.7308, Rajkot city respondents was 271.9733 and Surendranagar city respondents was 248.9726. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 60.99708, Morbi city respondents was 37.39147 Rajkot city respondents was 44.11379 and Surendranagar city respondents was 43.01517. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 8.99353, Morbi city respondents was 5.18526, Rajkot city respondents was 5.09382 and Surendranagar city respondents was 5.03454.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -
27.12207, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -40.36464 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -17.36391, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -13.24256, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 9.75817 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 23.00073. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 50142.161
and within groups was 515961.079 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 16714.054
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -27.12207 9.34616
Rajkot -40.36464 8.64737
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -17.36391 8.69228
Jamnagar 27.12207 9.34616
Rajkot -13.24256 8.33240
Morbi
Surendranagar 9.75817 8.37901
Jamnagar 40.36464 8.64737
Morbi 13.24256 8.33240
Rajkot
Surendranagar 23.00073 7.59171
Jamnagar 17.36391 8.69228
Morbi -9.75817 8.37901
Surendranagar
Rajkot -23.00073 7.59171
146
and within groups was 2132.071. The ‘f ’- value is 7.839 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between joint respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of joint respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure-4.30 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
231.6087
60.99708
8.99353
7.839
258.7308
37.39147
5.18526
271.9733
44.11379
5.09382
248.9726
43.01517
5.03454
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
147
4.6 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT. The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.31 to 4.40. Table: 4.31 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class Urban Rural
51-100 6 2 101-150 18 9 151-200 89 41 201-250 159 71 251-300 106 27 301-350 44 6 351-400 6 1
Total 428 157
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 428 234.0444 52.41186 2.53342
Economic Empowerment
rural 157 219.3567 46.82332 3.73691
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
308.541
14.68770
4.51472
3.253
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
148
Table 4.31 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 234.0444 and the rural respondents was 219.3567 .The standard deviation of urban respondent was 52.41186 and rural respondent was 46.82332. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.53342 and rural respondent was 3.73691. The difference between mean was 14.68770 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 4.51472 and t value was 3.253 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents. Figure- 4.31 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
14.6877
4.51472
3.253
0 5 10 15
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t
Urban and rural respondents was Economic empowerment
149
Table: 4.32 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class Nuclear Joint
51-100 3 5 101-150 15 12 151-200 67 63 201-250 134 96 251-300 88 45 301-350 29 21 351-400 3 4
Total 339 246
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 339 233.7847 48.71033 2.64558
Economic Empowerment
Joint 246 225.0285 54.46837 3.47278
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
491.818
8.75621
4.36569
2.006
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.32 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 233.7847 and the joint family respondent was 225.0285. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 48.71033 and joint family respondent was 54.46837. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 2.64558 and joint family respondent was 3.47278. The
150
difference between mean was 8.75621 and it was in favour of nuclear family. The standard error of difference was 4.36569 and t value was 2.006 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of nuclear family respondent was higher than joint family respondent. Figure: 4.32 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment
8.75621
4.365692.006
0
2
4
6
8
10
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t
Nuclear and Joint respondents was Economic Empowerment
Figure-4.33 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts an d Commerce respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
253.3
52.67173
3.72445
47.493
206.82
44.81708
3.16905
230.1946
44.9597
3.3055
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
151
Table: 4.33 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
Frequency Class Home Science Arts Commerce
51-100 2 4 2 101-150 3 19 5 151-200 26 66 38 201-250 66 82 82 251-300 63 27 43 301-350 33 2 15 351-400 7 0 0
Total 200 200 185
Descriptives
Economic Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 200 253.3000 52.67173 3.72445
Arts 200 206.8200 44.81708 3.16905
Commerce 185 230.1946 44.95970 3.30550
Total 585
ANOVA
Economic Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
216041.332 2 108020.666
Within Groups 1323726.515
582 2274.444
47.493
19.50 99.50
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
152
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
arts 46.48000* 4.76911 Home science
com 23.10541* 4.86482
home -46.48000* 4.76911 arts
Com. -23.37459* 4.86482
home -23.10541* 4.86482 commerce
arts 23.37459* 4.86482
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.33 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents was 253.3000, arts respondents was 206.8200 and commerce respondents was 230.1946. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 52.67173, arts respondents was 44.81708 and commerce respondents was 44.95970. The standard error of home science respondents was 3.72445, arts respondents was 3.16905 and commerce respondents was 3.30550.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 216041.332
and within groups was 1323726.515 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 108020.666 and within groups was 2274.444. The ‘f ’- value is 47.493 and was significant at 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Home science
respondents and arts respondents was 46.48000 and Home science respondents and commerce respondents was 23.10541. and arts respondents and commerce respondents was -46.48000 and that standard error of difference between mean of Home science and arts respondents was 4.76911, Home science and commerce respondents was 4.86482 and commerce and arts respondents was 4.86482 which was significant at o.o5 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of home science respondent was higher than the arts and commerce respondents. And role of education on economic empowerment of commerce respondent was higher than the arts respondents.
153
Table: 4.34 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency of Home science Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar 51-100 1 0 1 0
101-150 1 0 2 0 151-200 7 4 13 2 201-250 5 16 29 16 251-300 9 8 33 13 301-350 6 5 20 2 351-400 0 0 7 0
Total 29 33 105 33
Descriptives Economic empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar 29 246.9655 62.12285 11.53592
Morbi 33 241.6970 44.35756 7.72166
Rajkot 105 261.0857 56.83463 5.54649
Surendranagar 33 245.6970 31.24948 5.43984
Total 200
ANOVA
Economic empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
13878.867 3 4626.289
Within Groups 538209.133 196 2745.965
1.685
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
154
Table-4.34 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 4.86482, Morbi city respondents was 241.6970, Rajkot city respondents was 261.0857 and Surendranagar city respondents was 245.6970. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 62.12285, Morbi city respondents was 44.35756 Rajkot city respondents was 56.83463 and Surendranagar city respondents was 31.24948. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 11.53592, Morbi city respondents was 7.72166, Rajkot city respondents was 5.54649 and Surendranagar city respondents was 5.43984.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was
5.26855, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -14.12020 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 1.26855, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -19.38874, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was -4.00000 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 15.38874. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 13878.867
and within groups was 538209.133 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 4626.289 and within groups was 2745.965. The ‘f ’- value is 1.685 which was not Significant at any level.
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Morbi 5.26855 13.33790
Rajkot -14.12020 10.99275
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 1.26855 13.33790
Jamnagar -5.26855 13.33790
Rajkot -19.38874 10.45768
Morbi
Surendranagar -4.00000 12.90047
Jamnagar 14.12020 10.99275
Morbi 19.38874 10.45768
Rajkot
Surendranagar 15.38874 10.45768
Jamnagar -1.26855 13.33790
Morbi 4.00000 12.90047
Surendranagar
Rajkot -15.38874 10.45768
155
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment of home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.34 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Rega rding Economic Empowerment
246.9655
62.12285
11.53592
1.685
241.697
44.35756
7.72166
261.0857
56.83463
5.54649
245.697
31.24948
5.43984
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
156
Table: 4.35 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency of Arts Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
51-100 2 0 1 1 101-150 9 6 2 2 151-200 13 19 12 22 201-250 17 21 26 18 251-300 4 7 9 7 301-350 2 0 0 0 351-400 0 0 0 0
Total 47 53 50 50
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 47 197.4043 57.13510 8.33401
Morbi 53 202.8868 38.02361 5.22294
Rajkot 50 218.7600 39.81927 5.63129
Surendranagar 50 207.9000 41.52563 5.87261
Total 200
ANOVA
Economic empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
12173.260 3 4057.753
Within Groups 387532.260 196 1977.205
2.052
8.56 23.26
F-value is not Significant at any level
157
Table- 4.35 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 197.4043, Morbi city respondents was 202.8868, Rajkot city respondents was 218.7600 and Surendranagar city respondents was 207.9000. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 57.13510, Morbi city respondents was 38.02361 Rajkot city respondents was 39.81927 and Surendranagar city respondents was 41.52563. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 8.33401, Morbi city respondents was 5.22294, Rajkot city respondents was 5.63129 and Surendranagar city respondents was 5.87261.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was --
5.48254, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was --10.49574 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -10.49574, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -15.87321, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was -5.01321 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 10.86000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 12173.260
and within groups was 387532.260 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 4057.753
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -5.48254 8.90921
Rajkot -21.35574 9.03395
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -10.49574 9.03395
Jamnagar 5.48254 8.90921
Rajkot -15.87321 8.76641
Morbi
Surendranagar -5.01321 8.76641
Jamnagar 21.35574 9.03395
Morbi 15.87321 8.76641
Rajkot
Surendranagar 10.86000 8.89316
Jamnagar 10.49574 9.03395
Morbi 5.01321 8.76641
Surendranagar
Rajkot -10.86000 8.89316
158
and within groups was 1977.205. The ‘f ’- value is 2.052 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment of arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.35 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
Figure - 4.36 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce R espondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
213.26
57.74179
8.16592
5.031
242.94
40.16975
5.68086
239.48
40.1056
5.67179
222.9143
25.46782
4.30485
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
197.4043
57.1351
8.33401
2.052
202.8868
38.02361
5.22294
218.76
39.81927
5.63129
207.9
41.52563
5.87261
0 50 100 150 200 250
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
159
Table : 4.36 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Re spondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency of Commerce Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
51-100 2 0 0 0 101-150 5 0 0 0 151-200 13 8 11 6 201-250 18 22 20 22 251-300 7 13 16 7 301-350 5 7 3 0 351-400 0 0 0 0
Total 50 50 50 35
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 50 213.2600 57.74179 8.16592
Morbi 50 242.9400 40.16975 5.68086
Rajkot 50 239.4800 40.10560 5.67179
Surendranagar 35 222.9143 25.46782 4.30485
Total 185
ANOVA
Economic empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
28627.332 3 9542.444
Within Groups 343305.663 181 1896.716
5.031
8.56
26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
160
Table- 4.36 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 213.2600, Morbi city respondents was 242.9400, Rajkot city respondents was 239.4800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 222.9143. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 57.74179, Morbi city respondents was 40.16975 Rajkot city respondents was 40.10560 and Surendranagar city respondents was 25.46782. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 8.16592, Morbi city respondents was 5.68086, Rajkot city respondents was 5.67179 and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.30485.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -29.68000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -26.22000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -26.22000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 3.46000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 20.02571 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 16.56571. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 45224.318 and within groups was 2339552.802 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 15074.773 and within groups was 11936.494. The ‘f ’- value is 1.263 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -29.68000 8.71026
Rajkot -26.22000 8.71026
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -9.65429 9.59824
Jamnagar 29.68000 8.71026
Rajkot 3.46000 8.71026
Morbi
Surendranagar 20.02571 9.59824
Jamnagar 26.22000 8.71026
Morbi -3.46000 8.71026
Rajkot
Surendranagar 16.56571 9.59824
Jamnagar 9.65429 9.59824
Morbi -20.02571 9.59824
Surendranagar
Rajkot -16.56571 9.59824
161
Table: 4.37 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency of Urban Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
51-100 3 0 2 1 101-150 11 4 3 0 151-200 30 16 23 20 201-250 31 41 41 46 251-300 16 18 48 24 301-350 11 9 23 1 351-400 0 0 6 0
Total 102 88 146 92
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 102 216.8137 59.10935 5.85270
Morbi 88 231.4318 43.82614 4.67188
Rajkot 146 252.4726 56.11493 4.64410
Surendranagar 92 226.4022 34.85513 3.63390
Total 428
ANOVA
Economic empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
85838.595 3 28612.865
Within Groups 1087131.562
424 2563.990
11.160
8.54 26.18
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
162
Table 4.37 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents was 216.8137, Morbi city respondents was 231.4318, Rajkot city respondents was 252.4726 and Surendranagar city respondents was 226.4022. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 59.10935, Morbi city respondents was 43.82614, Rajkot city respondents was 56.11493 and Surendranagar city respondents was 34.85513. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 5.85270, Morbi city respondents was 4.67188, Rajkot city respondents was 4.64410 and Surendranagar city respondents was 3.63390.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 85838.595 and within groups was 1087131.562 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was 28612.865 and within groups was 2563.990. The ‘f ’- value was 11.160 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -14.61809, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -35.65888, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was -9.58845, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -21.04078 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 5.02964 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 26.07043. The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 7.36705, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 6.53443 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 7.28056.
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -14.61809* 7.36705
Rajkot -35.65888* 6.53443
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -9.58845 7.28056
Jamnagar 14.61809* 7.36705
Rajkot -21.04078* 6.83358
Morbi
Surendranagar 5.02964 7.55021
Jamnagar 35.65888* 6.53443
Morbi 21.04078* 6.83358
Rajkot
Surendranagar 26.07043* 6.74025
Jamnagar 9.58845 7.28056
Morbi -5.02964 7.55021
Surendranagar
Rajkot -26.07043* 6.74025
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
163
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on urban respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on urban respondents of Surendranagar city was higher than the Jamnagar city. Figure- 4.37 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respo ndents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
216.8137
59.10935
5.8527
11.16
231.4318
43.82614
4.67188
252.4726
56.11493
4.6441
226.4022
34.85513
3.6339
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
164
Table: 4.38 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency of Rural Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar 51-100 2 0 0 0
101-150 4 2 1 2 151-200 3 15 13 10 201-250 9 18 34 10 251-300 4 10 10 3 301-350 2 3 0 1 351-400 0 0 1 0
Total 24 48 59 26
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 24 207.8333 69.61863 14.21084
Morbi 48 218.9583 45.17670 6.52070
Rajkot 59 228.2203 35.77037 4.65691
Surendranagar 26 210.6154 44.98451 8.82219
Total 157
ANOVA
Economic empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
9816.486 3 3272.162
Within Groups 332201.539 153 2171.252
1.507
8.56
26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
165
Table-4.38 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 207.8333, Morbi city respondents was 218.9583, Rajkot city respondents was 228.2203 and Surendranagar city respondents was 210.6154. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 69.61863, Morbi city respondents was 69.61863 Rajkot city respondents was 35.77037 and Surendranagar city respondents was 44.98451. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 14.21084, Morbi city respondents was 6.52070, Rajkot city respondents was 4.65691 and Surendranagar city respondents was 8.82219.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -
11.12500, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -20.38701 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -2.78205, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -9.26201, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 8.34295 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 17.60495. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 9816.486
and within groups was 332201.539 and df of between groups was 3 and
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -11.12500 11.64917
Rajkot -20.38701 11.28139
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -2.78205 13.19009
Jamnagar 11.12500 11.64917
Rajkot -9.26201 9.05733
Morbi
Surendranagar 8.34295 11.34655
Jamnagar 20.38701 11.28139
Morbi 9.26201 9.05733
Rajkot
Surendranagar 17.60495 10.96862
Jamnagar 2.78205 13.19009
Morbi -8.34295 11.34655
Surendranagar
Rajkot -17.60495 10.96862
166
within groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 3272.162 and within groups was 2171.252. The ‘f ’- value is 1.507 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment of rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same. Figure-4.38 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
207.8333
69.61863
14.21084
1.507
218.9583
45.1767
6.5207
228.2203
35.77037
4.65691
210.6154
44.98451
8.82219
0 50 100 150 200 250
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
Figure-4.39 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Fami ly Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City R egarding Economic Empowerment.
223.5375
58.4827
6.53856
3.662
227.4881
43.45958
4.74183
244.0615
47.39407
4.15673
234.0667
36.86116
5.49494
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
167
Table: 4.39 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Fami ly Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency of Nuclear Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar 51-100 2 0 0 1
101-150 8 4 3 0 151-200 20 19 23 5 201-250 26 34 51 23 251-300 14 20 39 15 301-350 10 7 11 1 351-400 0 0 3 0
Total 80 84 130 45
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 80 223.5375 58.48270 6.53856
Morbi 84 227.4881 43.45958 4.74183
Rajkot 130 244.0615 47.39407 4.15673
Surendranagar 45 234.0667 36.86116 5.49494
Total 339
ANOVA
Economic empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
25464.097 3 8488.032
Within Groups 776507.183 335 2317.932
3.662
8.54
26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
168
Table- 4.39 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 223.5375, Morbi city respondents was 227.4881, Rajkot city respondents was 244.0615 and Surendranagar city respondents was 234.0667. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 58.48270, Morbi city respondents was 43.45958 Rajkot city respondents was 47.39407 and Surendranagar city respondents was 36.86116. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 6.53856, Morbi city respondents was 4.74183, Rajkot city respondents was 4.15673 and Surendranagar city respondents was 5.49494.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -3.95060, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -20.52404 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -10.52917, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -16.57344, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was -6.57857 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 9.99487. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 25464.097 and within groups was 776507.183 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 8488.032 and within groups was 2317.932. The ‘f ’- value is 3.662 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -3.95060 7.52121
Rajkot -20.52404 6.84137
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -10.52917 8.97127
Jamnagar 3.95060 7.52121
Rajkot -16.57344 6.73978
Morbi
Surendranagar -6.57857 8.89404
Jamnagar 20.52404 6.84137
Morbi 16.57344 6.73978
Rajkot
Surendranagar 9.99487 8.32705
Jamnagar 10.52917 8.97127
Morbi 6.57857 8.89404
Surendranagar
Rajkot -9.99487 8.32705
169
Table: 4.40 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency of Joint Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
51-100 3 0 2 0 101-150 7 2 1 2 151-200 13 12 13 25 201-250 14 25 24 33 251-300 6 8 19 12 301-350 3 5 12 1 351-400 0 0 4 0
Total 46 52 75 73
Descriptives Economic empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 46 200.4348 63.27037 9.32871
Morbi 52 226.2885 46.66289 6.47098
Rajkot 75 247.9733 59.84529 6.91034
Surendranagar 73 216.0548 36.77631 4.30434
Total 246
ANOVA
Economic empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
73269.096 3 24423.032
Within Groups 653597.705 242 2700.817
9.043
8.54 26.18
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
170
Table 4.40 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents was 200.4348, Morbi city respondents was 226.2885, Rajkot city respondents was 247.9733 and Surendranagar city respondents was 216.0548. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 63.27037, Morbi city respondents was 46.66289, Rajkot city respondents was 59.84529 and Surendranagar city respondents was 36.77631. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 9.32871, Morbi city respondents was 6.47098, Rajkot city respondents was 6.91034 and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.30434.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
73269.096 and within groups was 653597.705 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 24423.032 and within groups was 2700.817. The ‘f ’- value was 9.043 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -25.85368, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -47.53855, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was -15.62001, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -21.68487 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 10.23367 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 31.91854. The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 10.51913,
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -25.85368* 10.51913
Rajkot -47.53855* 9.73264
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -15.62001 9.78320
Jamnagar 25.85368* 10.51913
Rajkot -21.68487* 9.37815
Morbi
Surendranagar 10.23367 9.43060
Jamnagar 47.53855* 9.73264
Morbi 21.68487* 9.37815
Rajkot
Surendranagar 31.91854* 8.54449
Jamnagar 15.62001 9.78320
Morbi -10.23367 9.43060
Surendranagar
Rajkot -31.91854* 8.54449
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
171
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 9.73264 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 9.78320.
The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on joint family respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on joint family respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on joint family respondents of Surendranagar city was higher than the Jamnagar city. Figure- 4.40 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Famil y Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Economic Empowerment.
200.4348
63.27037
9.32871
9.043
226.2885
46.66289
6.47098
247.9733
59.84529
6.91034
216.0548
36.77631
4.30434
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
172
4.7 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON CULTURAL EMPOWERMENT The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.41 to 4.50. Table: 4.41 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class Urban Rural
1-25 2 0 26-50 12 2 51-75 95 28 76-100 242 110 101-125 77 17
Total 428 157
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 428 84.8037 16.66557 .80556
Cultural Empowerment
rural
157 85.2229 13.67226 1.09117
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
335.931
-.41919
1.35631
-.309
t-value is not Significant at any level
173
Table 4.41 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 84.8037 and the rural respondents was 85.2229. The standard deviation of urban respondent was 16.66557 and rural respondent was 13.67226. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was .80556 and rural respondent was 1.09117. The difference between mean was -.41919 and it was in favour of rural respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 1.35631 and t value was -.309 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.41 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
-0.41919
1.35631
-0.309-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t
Urban and Rural respondents was Cultural Empowerment
174
Table: 4.42 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class Nuclear Joint
1-25 0 2 26-50 11 3 51-75 66 57 76-100 211 141 101-125 51 43
Total 339 246
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 339 84.8525 15.58358 .84638
Cultural Empowerment
Joint 246 85.0041 16.37457 1.04400
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
512.434 -.15156 1.34399 -.113
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.42 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 84.8525 and the joint family respondent was 85.0041. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 15.58358 and joint family respondent was 16.37457. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was .84638 and joint family respondent was 1.04400. The difference between mean was -.15156 and it was in favour of joint family
175
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 1.34399 and t value was -.113 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same. Figure- 4.42 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
-0.15156
1.34399
-0.113
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t
Urban and Rural respondents was Cultural Empowerment
Figure- 4.43 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts a nd Commerce respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
87.53
17.54188
1.2404
12.077
86.585
14.92772
1.05555
80.2865
14.04724
1.03277
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
176
Table: 4.43 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
Frequency Class Home Science Arts Commerce
1-25 0 1 1 26-50 6 3 5 51-75 39 33 51 76-100 106 129 117 101-125 49 34 11
Total 200 200 185
Descriptives
Social Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 200 87.5300 17.54188 1.24040
Arts 200 86.5850 14.92772 1.05555
Commerce 185 80.2865 14.04724 1.03277
Total 585
ANOVA
Social Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
5888.705 2 2944.352
Within Groups 141888.191 582 243.794
12.077
19.50
99.50
F-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.43 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 87.5300, arts respondents was 86.5850 and commerce respondents was 80.2865. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 17.54188, arts respondents was 14.92772 and commerce respondents was 14.04724. The standard error of home science respondents was 1.24040, arts respondents was 1.05555 and commerce respondents was 1.03277. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 94.35500, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 74.88095 and
177
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 19.47405. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
5888.705 and within groups was 141888.191 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 2944.352 within groups was 243.794. And the ‘f ’- value is 12.077 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
178
Table: 4.44 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency of Home science Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-25 0 0 0 0 26-50 0 0 2 4 51-75 2 8 16 13 76-100 18 21 54 13
101-125 9 4 33 3 Total 29 33 105 33
Descriptives Cultural empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 29 92.7931 14.19351 2.63567
Morbi 33 86.1515 13.63158 2.37295
Rajkot 105 91.3905 16.26020 1.58683
Surendranagar 33 72.0000 19.17192 3.33740
Total 200
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
10389.828 3 3463.276
Within Groups 50845.992 196 259.418
13.350
8.56 26.23
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
179
Table 4.44 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 92.7931, Morbi city respondents was 86.1515, Rajkot city respondents was 91.3905 and Surendranagar city respondents was 72.0000. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 14.19351, Morbi city respondents was 13.63158, Rajkot city respondents was 16.26020 and Surendranagar city respondents was 19.17192. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.63567, Morbi city respondents was 2.37295, Rajkot city respondents was 1.58683 and Surendranagar city respondents was 3.33740.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
10389.828 and within groups was 50845.992 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 3463.276 and within groups was 259.418. The ‘f ’- value was 13.350 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was 6.64159, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 1.40263, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 20.79310, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -5.23896 and Morbi and
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi 6.64159 4.09959
Rajkot 1.40263 3.37877
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 20.79310* 4.09959
Jamnagar -6.64159 4.09959
Rajkot -5.23896 3.21431
Morbi
Surendranagar 14.15152* 3.96514
Jamnagar -1.40263 3.37877
Morbi 5.23896 3.21431
Rajkot
Surendranagar 19.39048* 3.21431
Jamnagar -20.79310* 4.09959
Morbi -14.15152* 3.96514
Surendranagar
Rajkot -19.39048* 3.21431
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
180
Surendranagar city respondents was 14.15152 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 19.39048 . The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 4.09959, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 3.37877 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.09959.
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on home science respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on home science respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Morbi and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home science respondents of Morbi city was higher than the Surendranagar city. Figure- 4.44 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
92.7931
14.19351
2.63567
13.35
86.1515
13.63158
2.37295
91.3905
16.2602
1.58683
72
19.17192
3.3374
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
181
Table: 4.45 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency of Arts Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-25 1 0 0 0 26-50 2 0 1 0 51-75 10 10 4 9 76-100 24 38 37 30
101-125 10 5 8 11 Total 47 53 50 50
Descriptives Cultural empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 47 84.2553 18.99481 2.77068
Morbi 53 85.9245 11.79284 1.61987
Rajkot 50 88.4800 14.24027 2.01388
Surendranagar 50 87.5800 14.33718 2.02758
Total 200
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
507.261 3 169.087
Within Groups 43837.294 196 223.660
.756
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
182
Table- 4.45 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 84.2553, Morbi city respondents was 85.9245, Rajkot city respondents was 88.4800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 87.5800. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 18.99481, Morbi city respondents was 11.79284 Rajkot city respondents was 14.24027 and Surendranagar city respondents was 14.33718. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.77068, Morbi city respondents was 1.61987, Rajkot city respondents was 2.01388 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.02758.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was --
1.66921, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was --4.22468 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -3.32468, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -2.55547, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was -1.65547 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was .90000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 507.261 and
within groups was 43837.294 and df of between groups was 3 and within
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -1.66921 2.99645
Rajkot -4.22468 3.03841
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -3.32468 3.03841
Jamnagar 1.66921 2.99645
Rajkot -2.55547 2.94842
Morbi
Surendranagar -1.65547 2.94842
Jamnagar 4.22468 3.03841
Morbi 2.55547 2.94842
Rajkot
Surendranagar .90000 2.99105
Jamnagar 3.32468 3.03841
Morbi 1.65547 2.94842
Surendranagar
Rajkot -.90000 2.99105
183
groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 169.087 and within groups was 223.660. The ‘f ’- value is .756 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same. Figure- 4.45 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
84.2553
18.99481
2.77068
0.756
85.9245
11.79284
1.61987
88.48
14.24027
2.01388
87.58
14.33718
2.02758
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
184
Table : 4.46 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Re spondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency of Commerce Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-25 0 0 1 0 26-50 3 0 2 0 51-75 11 12 10 18 76-100 32 34 34 17
101-125 4 4 3 0 Total 50 50 50 35
Descriptives Cultural empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 50 79.8400 16.56325 2.34240
Morbi 50 82.4800 11.27077 1.59393
Rajkot 50 81.9400 15.78220 2.23194
Surendranagar 35 75.4286 9.73558 1.64561
Total 185
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
1213.225 3 404.408
Within Groups 35094.591 181 193.893
2.086
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
185
Table- 4.46 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 79.8400, Morbi city respondents was 82.4800, Rajkot city respondents was 81.9400 and Surendranagar city respondents was 75.4286. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 16.56325, Morbi city respondents was 11.27077 Rajkot city respondents was 15.78220 and Surendranagar city respondents was 9.73558. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.34240, Morbi city respondents was 1.59393, Rajkot city respondents was 2.23194 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.64561.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was --
2.64000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was --2.10000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 4.41143, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was .54000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 7.05143 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 6.51143. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 1213.225
and within groups was 35094.591 and df of between groups was 3 and within
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -2.64000 2.78491
Rajkot -2.10000 2.78491
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 4.41143 3.06882
Jamnagar 2.64000 2.78491
Rajkot .54000 2.78491
Morbi
Surendranagar 7.05143 3.06882
Jamnagar 2.10000 2.78491
Morbi -.54000 2.78491
Rajkot
Surendranagar 6.51143 3.06882
Jamnagar -4.41143 3.06882
Morbi -7.05143 3.06882
Surendranagar
Rajkot -6.51143 3.06882
186
groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 404.408 and within groups was 193.893. The ‘f ’- value is 2.086 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.46 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Re spondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
79.84
16.56325
2.3424
2.086
82.48
11.27077
1.59393
81.94
15.7822
2.23194
75.4286
9.73558
1.64561
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
Figure-4.47 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
84.3529
18.51125
1.83289
8.282
84.7045
12.61923
1.34521
89.1918
16.48837
1.36459
78.4348
16.28949
1.6983
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
187
Table-4.47 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency of Urban Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-25 1 0 1 0 26-50 5 0 3 4 51-75 18 21 22 34 76-100 59 56 83 44
101-125 19 11 37 10 Total 102 88 146 92
Descriptives Cultural empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 102 84.3529 18.51125 1.83289
Morbi 88 84.7045 12.61923 1.34521
Rajkot 146 89.1918 16.48837 1.36459
Surendranagar 92 78.4348 16.28949 1.69830
Total 428
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
6564.663 3 2188.221
Within Groups 112030.851 424 264.224
8.282
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
188
Table- 4.47 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 84.3529, Morbi city respondents was 84.7045, Rajkot city respondents was 89.1918 and Surendranagar city respondents was 78.4348. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 18.51125, Morbi city respondents was 12.61923 Rajkot city respondents was 16.48837 and Surendranagar city respondents was 16.28949. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 1.83289, Morbi city respondents was 1.34521, Rajkot city respondents was 1.36459 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.69830.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -.35160, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -4.83884 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 5.91816, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -4.48724, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 6.26976 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 10.75700. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 6564.663 and within groups was 112030.851 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was 2188.221 and within groups was 264.224. The ‘f ’- value is 8.282 which was not significant at any level.
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of urban respondents of
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -.35160 2.36495
Rajkot -4.83884 2.09766
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 5.91816 2.33718
Jamnagar .35160 2.36495
Rajkot -4.48724 2.19369
Morbi
Surendranagar 6.26976 2.42374
Jamnagar 4.83884 2.09766
Morbi 4.48724 2.19369
Rajkot
Surendranagar 10.75700 2.16373
Jamnagar -5.91816 2.33718
Morbi -6.26976 2.42374
Surendranagar
Rajkot -10.75700 2.16373
189
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same. Table: 4.48 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency of Rural Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-25 0 0 0 0 26-50 0 0 2 0 51-75 5 9 8 6 76-100 15 37 42 16
101-125 4 2 7 4 Total 24 48 59 26
Descriptives Cultural empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 24 84.9583 13.42768 2.74091
Morbi 48 84.7292 11.24531 1.62312
Rajkot 59 86.3559 14.91674 1.94199
Surendranagar 26 83.8077 15.52294 3.04430
Total 157 85.2229 13.67226 1.09117
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
141.196 3 47.065
Within Groups 29020.001 153 189.673
.248
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
190
Table- 4.48 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 84.9583, Morbi city respondents was 84.7292, Rajkot city respondents was 86.3559 and Surendranagar city respondents was 83.8077. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 13.42768, Morbi city respondents was 11.24531 Rajkot city respondents was 14.91674 and Surendranagar city respondents was 15.52294. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.74091, Morbi city respondents was 1.62312, Rajkot city respondents was 1.94199 and Surendranagar city respondents was 3.04430.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -
.22917, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -1.39760 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 1.15064, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -1.62677, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was .92147 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 2.54824. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 141.196 and
within groups was 29020.001 and df of between groups was 3 and withingroups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 47.065 and within groups was 189.673. The ‘f ’- value is .248 which was not Significant at any level.
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi .22917 3.44305
Rajkot -1.39760 3.33434
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 1.15064 3.89848
Jamnagar -.22917 3.44305
Rajkot -1.62677 2.67700
Morbi
Surendranagar .92147 3.35360
Jamnagar 1.39760 3.33434
Morbi 1.62677 2.67700
Rajkot
Surendranagar 2.54824 3.24190
Jamnagar -1.15064 3.89848
Morbi -.92147 3.35360
Surendranagar
Rajkot -2.54824 3.24190
191
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.48 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respo ndents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
84.9583
13.42768
2.74091
0.248
84.7292
11.24531
1.62312
86.3559
14.91674
1.94199
83.8077
15.52294
3.0443
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
192
Table: 4.49 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Fami ly Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Cult ural Empowerment.
Frequency of Nuclear Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-25 0 0 0 0 26-50 3 0 4 4 51-75 14 13 22 17 76-100 47 65 79 20
101-125 16 6 25 4 Total 80 84 130 45
Descriptives Cultural empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 80 86.1250 16.15540 1.80623
Morbi 84 85.0119 10.94619 1.19433
Rajkot 130 87.1769 15.75366 1.38169
Surendranagar 45 75.5778 18.33959 2.73390
Total 339
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
4704.979 3 1568.326
Within Groups 77377.647 335 230.978
6.790
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
193
Table- 4.49 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 86.1250, Morbi city respondents was 85.0119, Rajkot city respondents was 87.1769 and Surendranagar city respondents was 75.5778. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 16.15540, Morbi city respondents was 10.94619 Rajkot city respondents was 15.75366 and Surendranagar city respondents was 18.33959. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 1.80623, Morbi city respondents was 1.19433, Rajkot city respondents was 1.38169 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.73390.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -
1.11310, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -1.05192 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 10.54722, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -2.16502, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 9.43413 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 11.59915. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 4704.979
and within groups was 77377.647 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 1568.326 and
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi 1.11310 2.37423
Rajkot -1.05192 2.15962
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 10.54722 2.83197
Jamnagar -1.11310 2.37423
Rajkot -2.16502 2.12756
Morbi
Surendranagar 9.43413 2.80759
Jamnagar 1.05192 2.15962
Morbi 2.16502 2.12756
Rajkot
Surendranagar 11.59915 2.62861
Jamnagar -10.54722 2.83197
Morbi -9.43413 2.80759
Surendranagar
Rajkot -11.59915 2.62861
194
within groups was 230.978. The ‘f ’- value is 6.790 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.49 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Fam ily Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City R egarding Cultural Empowerment.
86.125
16.1554
1.80623
6.79
85.0119
10.94619
1.19433
87.1769
15.75366
1.38169
75.5778
18.33959
2.7339
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
195
Table- 4.50 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency of Joint Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
1-25 1 0 1 0 26-50 2 0 1 0 51-75 9 17 8 23 76-100 27 28 46 40
101-125 7 7 19 10 Total 46 52 75 73
Descriptives Cultural empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 46 81.5870 19.74456 2.91118
Morbi 52 84.2308 13.88555 1.92558
Rajkot 75 90.4533 16.49676 1.90488
Surendranagar 73 82.1096 14.32225 1.67629
Total 246
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
3406.903 3 1135.634
Within Groups 62284.093 242 257.372
4.412
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
196
Table- 4.50 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 81.5870, Morbi city respondents was 84.2308, Rajkot city respondents was 90.4533 and Surendranagar city respondents was 82.1096. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 19.74456, Morbi city respondents was 13.88555 Rajkot city respondents was 16.49676 and Surendranagar city respondents was 14.32225. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.91118, Morbi city respondents was 1.92558, Rajkot city respondents was 1.90488 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.67629.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -
2.64381, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -8.86638 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -.52263, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -6.22256, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 2.12118 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 8.34374. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 3406.903
and within groups was 62284.093 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 1135.634 and
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -2.64381 3.24723
Rajkot -8.86638 3.00444
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -.52263 3.02005
Jamnagar 2.64381 3.24723
Rajkot -6.22256 2.89501
Morbi
Surendranagar 2.12118 2.91121
Jamnagar 8.86638 3.00444
Morbi 6.22256 2.89501
Rajkot
Surendranagar 8.34374 2.63767
Jamnagar .52263 3.02005
Morbi -2.12118 2.91121
Surendranagar
Rajkot -8.34374 2.63767
197
within groups was 257.372. The ‘f ’- value is 4.412 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between joint respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of joint respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same. Figure- 4.50 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Famil y Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Cultural Empowerment.
81.587
19.74456
2.91118
4.412
84.2308
13.88555
1.92558
90.4533
16.49676
1.90488
82.1096
14.32225
1.67629
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
198
4.8 SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON PSYCHOLOGICA L EMPOWERMENT The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.51 to 4.60. Table: 4.51 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class Urban Rural
26-50 1 2 51-75 14 2 76-100 30 15 101-125 130 57 126-150 139 54 151-175 109 27 176-200 5 0
Total 428 157
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 428 131.3972 26.94728 1.30255
Psychological Empowerment
rural 157 127.4522 24.69674 1.97101
199
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
301.035 3.94497 2.36252 1.670
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.51 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
131.3972 and the rural respondents was 127.4522 .The standard deviation of urban respondent was 26.94728 and rural respondent was 24.69674. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.30255 and rural respondent was 1.97101. The difference between mean was 3.94497 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.36252 and t value was 1.670 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of urban and rural respondents was all most same. Figure-4.51 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment
Urban and rural respondents was psychological Empowerment
3.94497
2.36252
1.67
Mean difference Std. Error difference t
200
Table: 4.52 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class Nuclear Joint
26-50 1 2 51-75 12 4 76-100 23 22 101-125 94 93 126-150 121 72 151-175 86 50 176-200 2 3
Total 339 246
Group Statistics
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 339 131.4779 26.43540 1.43577
Psychological Empowerment
Joint 246 128.7683 26.32247 1.67826
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological Empowerment
df Mean difference
Std. Error Difference
t
Equal variances not Assumed
.583
2.70958
2.21013
1.226
t-value is not Significant at any level Table 4.52 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 131.4779 and the joint family respondent was 128.7683. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 26.43540 and joint family respondent was 26.32247. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 1.43577 and joint family respondent was 1.67826. The
201
difference between mean was 2.70958 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.21013 and t value was 1.226 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure- 4.52 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Nuclear and Joint family Respondents was Psychological Empowerment
Mean difference,
2.70958
Std. Error difference,
2.21013
t, 1.226
Figure- 4.53 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts a nd Commerce respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
142.525
28.84179
2.03942
41.55
127.715
22.72832
1.60714
120
21.8463
1.60617
0 50 100 150
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
202
Table: 4.53 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment
Frequency Class Home Science Arts Commerce
26-50 1 2 0 51-75 8 3 5 76-100 11 13 21 101-125 21 74 92 126-150 68 77 48 151-175 86 31 19 176-200 5 0 0
Total 200 200 185
Descriptives
Psychological Empowerment
Faculty N Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 200 142.5250 28.84179 2.03942
Arts 200 127.7150 22.72832 1.60714
Commerce 185 120.0000 21.84630 1.60617
Total 585
ANOVA
Psychological Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
50852.355 2 25426.177
Within Groups 356152.630 582 611.946
41.550
19.50
99.50
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
203
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
arts 14.81000* 2.47375 Home science
com 22.52500* 2.52340
home -14.81000* 2.47375 arts
Com. 7.71500* 2.52340
home -22.52500* 2.52340 commerce
arts -7.71500* 2.52340
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.53 shows that the mean score of Home science respondents was 142.5250, arts respondents was 127.7150 and commerce respondents was 120.0000. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 28.84179, arts respondents was 22.72832 and commerce respondents was 21.84630. The standard error of Home science respondents was 2.03942, arts respondents was 1.60714 and commerce respondents was 1.60617.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 50852.355
and within groups was 356152.630 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 25426.177 and Within groups was 611.946. The ‘f ’- value is 41.550 and was significant at 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Home science respondents and arts respondents was 14.81000 and Home science respondents and commerce respondents was 22.52500. and arts respondents and commerce respondents was 7.71500 and that standard error of difference between mean of Home science and arts respondents was 2.47375, Home science and commerce respondents was 2.52340 and commerce and arts respondents was 2.52340 which was significant at o.o5 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of home science respondent was higher than the arts and commerce respondents. And role of education on psychological empowerment of arts respondent was higher than the commerce respondents.
204
Table: 4.54 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Home science Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
26-50 0 0 1 0 51-75 0 0 0 8 76-100 2 1 5 3
101-125 2 5 12 2 126-150 7 16 29 16 151-175 17 11 54 4 176-200 1 0 4 0
Total 29 33 105 33
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 29 149.8621 24.07981 4.47151
Morbi 33 142.5758 19.23543 3.34846
Rajkot 105 148.3619 25.90223 2.52780
Surendranagar 33 117.4545 36.14475 6.29199
Total 200
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
25879.937 3 8626.646
Within Groups 139657.938 196 712.541
12.107
8.56 26.23
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
205
Table 4.54 shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents was 149.8621, Morbi city respondents was 142.5758, Rajkot city respondents was 148.3619 and Surendranagar city respondents was 117.4545. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 24.07981, Morbi city respondents was 19.23543, Rajkot city respondents was 25.90223 and Surendranagar city respondents was 36.14475. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 4.47151, Morbi city respondents was 3.34846, Rajkot city respondents was 2.52780 and Surendranagar city respondents was 6.29199.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
25879.937 and within groups was 139657.938 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 8626.646 and within groups was 712.541. The ‘f ’- value was 12.107 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 7.28631, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 1.50016, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 32.40752, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -5.78615 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 25.12121 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 30.90736 . The difference between the
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi 7.28631 6.79430
Rajkot 1.50016 5.59968
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 32.40752* 6.79430
Jamnagar -7.28631 6.79430
Rajkot -5.78615 5.32712
Morbi
Surendranagar 25.12121* 6.57147
Jamnagar -1.50016 5.59968
Morbi 5.78615 5.32712
Rajkot
Surendranagar 30.90736* 5.32712
Jamnagar -32.40752* 6.79430
Morbi -25.12121* 6.57147
Surendranagar
Rajkot -30.90736* 5.32712
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
206
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 6.79430, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 5.59968 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 6.79430.
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on home science respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on home science respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Morbi and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home science respondents of Morbi city was higher than the Surendranagar city. Figure- 4.54 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
149.8621
24.07981
4.47151
12.107
142.5758
19.23543
3.34846
148.3619
25.90223
2.5278
117.4545
36.14475
6.29199
0 50 100 150 200
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
207
Table: 4.55 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respond ents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Arts Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
26-50 1 0 1 0 51-75 3 0 0 0 76-100 4 3 1 5
101-125 11 24 18 21 126-150 20 21 21 15 151-175 8 5 9 9 176-200 0 0 0 0
Total 47 53 50 50
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 47 124.5532 29.22314 4.26263
Morbi 53 127.8868 18.15707 2.49407
Rajkot 50 130.5200 22.72663 3.21403
Surendranagar 50 127.7000 20.30306 2.87129
Total 200
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
864.837 3 288.279
Within Groups 101933.918 196 520.071
.554
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
208
Table- 4.55 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 124.5532, Morbi city respondents was 127.8868, Rajkot city respondents was 130.5200 and Surendranagar city respondents was 127.7000. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 29.22314, Morbi city respondents was 18.15707 Rajkot city respondents was 22.72663 and Surendranagar city respondents was 20.30306. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 4.26263, Morbi city respondents was 2.49407, Rajkot city respondents was 3.21403 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.87129.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was --
3.33360, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was --5.96681 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -3.14681, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -2.63321, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was .18679 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 2.82000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 864.837 and
within groups was 101933.918 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 288.279 and
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -3.33360 4.56925
Rajkot -5.96681 4.63322
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -3.14681 4.63322
Jamnagar 3.33360 4.56925
Rajkot -2.63321 4.49601
Morbi
Surendranagar .18679 4.49601
Jamnagar 5.96681 4.63322
Morbi 2.63321 4.49601
Rajkot
Surendranagar 2.82000 4.56101
Jamnagar 3.14681 4.63322
Morbi -.18679 4.49601
Surendranagar
Rajkot -2.82000 4.56101
209
within groups was 520.071. The ‘f ’- value is .554 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on psychological empowerment of arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.55 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
124.5532
29.22314
4.26263
0.554
127.8868
18.15707
2.49407
130.52
22.72663
3.21403
127.7
20.30306
2.87129
0 50 100 150
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
210
Table : 4.56 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Re spondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Commerce Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
26-50 0 0 0 0 51-75 2 1 1 1 76-100 12 3 3 3 101-125 23 25 21 23 126-150 9 16 16 7 151-175 4 5 9 1 176-200 0 0 0 0
Total 50 50 50 35
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 50 113.1800 24.16076 3.41685
Morbi 50 122.9800 20.10532 2.84332
Rajkot 50 126.8600 22.34425 3.15995
Surendranagar 35 115.6857 16.42052 2.77558
Total 185
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups 5774.077 3 1924.692
Within Groups 82041.923 181 453.270
4.246
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
211
Table-4.56 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 113.1800, Morbi city respondents was 122.9800, Rajkot city respondents was 126.8600 and Surendranagar city respondents was 115.6857. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 24.16076, Morbi city respondents was 20.10532 Rajkot city respondents was 22.34425 and Surendranagar city respondents was 16.42052. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 3.41685, Morbi city respondents was 2.84332, Rajkot city respondents was 3.15995 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.77558.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was --
9.80000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was --13.68000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -2.50571, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -3.88000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 7.29429 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 11.17429. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 5774.077
and within groups was 82041.923 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 1924.692 and within groups was 453.270. The ‘f ’- value is 4.246 which was not Significant at any level.
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -9.80000 4.25803
Rajkot -13.68000 4.25803
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -2.50571 4.69212
Jamnagar 9.80000 4.25803
Rajkot -3.88000 4.25803
Morbi
Surendranagar 7.29429 4.69212
Jamnagar 13.68000 4.25803
Morbi 3.88000 4.25803
Rajkot
Surendranagar 11.17429 4.69212
Jamnagar 2.50571 4.69212
Morbi -7.29429 4.69212
Surendranagar
Rajkot -11.17429 4.69212
212
The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on psychological empowerment of arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.56 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Re spondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
113.18
24.16076
3.41685
4.246
122.98
20.10532
2.84332
126.86
22.34425
3.15995
115.6857
16.42052
2.77558
0 50 100 150
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
213
Table: 4.57 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Urban Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
26-50 1 0 0 0 51-75 3 1 1 9 76-100 15 4 4 7
101-125 28 33 31 38 126-150 29 36 46 28 151-175 25 14 60 10 176-200 1 0 4 0
Total 102 88 146 92
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 102 127.0196 29.83120 2.95373
Morbi 88 129.2045 20.79299 2.21654
Rajkot 146 143.0479 24.62948 2.03835
Surendranagar 92 119.8587 25.71423 2.68089
Total 428
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
34444.370 3 11481.457
Within Groups 275624.106 424 650.057
17.662
8.54 26.18
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
214
Table 4.57 shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents was 127.0196, Morbi city respondents was 129.2045, Rajkot city respondents was 143.0479 and Surendranagar city respondents was 119.8587. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 29.83120, Morbi city respondents was 20.79299, Rajkot city respondents was 24.62948 and Surendranagar city respondents was 25.71423. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.95373, Morbi city respondents was 2.21654, Rajkot city respondents was 2.03835 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.68089.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
34444.370 and within groups was 275624.106 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was 11481.457and within groups was 650.057. The ‘f ’- value was 17.662 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -2.18494, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -16.02834, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 7.16091,
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -2.18494 3.70946
Rajkot -16.02834* 3.29022
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 7.16091 3.66592
Jamnagar 2.18494 3.70946
Rajkot -13.84340* 3.44085
Morbi
Surendranagar 9.34585* 3.80169
Jamnagar 16.02834* 3.29022
Morbi 13.84340* 3.44085
Rajkot
Surendranagar 23.18925* 3.39386
Jamnagar -7.16091 3.66592
Morbi -9.34585* 3.80169
Surendranagar
Rajkot -23.18925* 3.39386
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
215
Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -13.84340 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 9.34585 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 23.18925 . The difference between the standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 3.70946, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 3.29022 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 3.66592.
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on urban respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home science respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on urban respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home science respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city. Figure-4.57 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
127.0196
29.8312
2.95373
17.662
129.2045
20.79299
2.21654
143.0479
24.62948
2.03835
119.8587
25.71423
2.68089
0 50 100 150 200
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
216
Table: 4.58 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respon dents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Rural Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
26-50 0 0 2 0 51-75 2 0 0 0 76-100 3 3 5 4
101-125 8 21 20 8 126-150 7 17 20 10 151-175 4 7 12 4 176-200 0 0 0 0
Total 24 48 59 26
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 24 120.9583 28.24963 5.76643
Morbi 48 130.4583 20.12192 2.90435
Rajkot 59 128.1695 27.05177 3.52184
Surendranagar 26 126.2692 23.50074 4.60887
Total 157
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
1512.596 3 504.199
Within Groups 93636.295 153 612.002
.824
8.56 26.23
F-value is not Significant at any level
217
Table-4.58 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents was 120.9583, Morbi city respondents was 130.4583, Rajkot city respondents was 128.1695 and Surendranagar city respondents was 126.2692. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 28.24963, Morbi city respondents was 20.12192 Rajkot city respondents was 27.05177 and Surendranagar city respondents was 23.50074. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 5.76643, Morbi city respondents was 2.90435, Rajkot city respondents was 3.52184 and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.60887.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was --
9.50000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was --7.21116 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was -5.31090, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 2.28884, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 4.18910 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 1.90026. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 1512.596
and within groups was 93636.295 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 504.199 and
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -9.50000 6.18467
Rajkot -7.21116 5.98941
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -5.31090 7.00276
Jamnagar 9.50000 6.18467
Rajkot 2.28884 4.80863
Morbi
Surendranagar 4.18910 6.02400
Jamnagar 7.21116 5.98941
Morbi -2.28884 4.80863
Rajkot
Surendranagar 1.90026 5.82335
Jamnagar 5.31090 7.00276
Morbi -4.18910 6.02400
Surendranagar
Rajkot -1.90026 5.82335
218
within groups was 612.002. The ‘f ’- value is .824 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on psychological empowerment of rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.58 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respo ndents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
120.9583
28.24963
5.76643
0.824
130.4583
20.12192
2.90435
128.1695
27.05177
3.52184
126.2692
23.50074
4.60887
0 50 100 150
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
219
Table: 4.59 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Fami ly Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Nuclear Class
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar 26-50 0 0 1 0 51-75 4 0 1 7 76-100 9 4 5 5
101-125 19 33 34 8 126-150 24 33 42 22 151-175 23 14 46 3 176-200 1 0 1 0
Total 80 84 130 45
Descriptives Psychological empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 80 130.0500 29.63658 3.31347
Morbi 84 130.2381 19.11072 2.08515
Rajkot 130 137.8923 25.36134 2.22434
Surendranagar 45 117.8000 29.95117 4.46486
Total 339
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
14059.854 3 4686.618
Within Groups 222144.730 335 663.119
7.068
8.54 26.18
F-value is not Significant at any level
220
Table- 4.59 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 130.0500, Morbi city respondents was 130.2381, Rajkot city respondents was 137.8923 and Surendranagar city respondents was 117.8000. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 29.63658, Morbi city respondents was 19.11072 Rajkot city respondents was 25.36134 and Surendranagar city respondents was 29.95117. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 3.31347, Morbi city respondents was 2.08515, Rajkot city respondents was 2.22434 and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.46486.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was .18810,
the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 7.84231 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 12.25000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -7.65421, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 12.43810 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 20.09231. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 14059.854
and within groups was 222144.730 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 4686.618
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -.18810 4.02284
Rajkot -7.84231 3.65922
Jamnagar
Surendranagar 12.25000 4.79843
Jamnagar .18810 4.02284
Rajkot -7.65421 3.60488
Morbi
Surendranagar 12.43810 4.75712
Jamnagar 7.84231 3.65922
Morbi 7.65421 3.60488
Rajkot
Surendranagar 20.09231 4.45386
Jamnagar -12.25000 4.79843
Morbi -12.43810 4.75712
Surendranagar
Rajkot -20.09231 4.45386
221
and within groups was 663.119. The ‘f ’- value is 7.068 which was not Significant at any level.
The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that the role of education on psychological empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.59 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Res pondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment.
130.05
29.63658
3.31347
7.068
130.2381
19.11072
2.08515
137.8923
25.36134
2.22434
117.8
29.95117
4.46486
0 50 100 150
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
222
Table: 4.60 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Rega rding Psychological Empowerment
Frequency of Joint Class Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
26-50 1 0 1 0 51-75 1 1 0 2 76-100 9 3 4 6
101-125 17 21 17 38 126-150 12 20 24 16 151-175 6 7 26 11 176-200 0 0 3 0
Total 46 52 75 73
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Jamnagar 46 118.5870 28.17531 4.15422
Morbi 52 128.6923 22.71006 3.14932
Rajkot 75 140.2800 27.62224 3.18954
Surendranagar 73 123.4110 21.87835 2.56067
Total 246
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value 0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
16802.772 3 5600.924
Within Groups 152951.020 242 632.029
8.862
8.54 26.14
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
223
Table 4.60 shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 118.5870, Morbi city respondents was 128.6923, Rajkot city respondents was 140.2800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 123.4110. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 28.17531, Morbi city respondents was 22.71006, Rajkot city respondents was 27.62224 and Surendranagar city respondents was 21.87835. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents was 4.15422, Morbi city respondents was 3.14932, Rajkot city respondents was 3.18954 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.56067.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 16802.772 and within groups was 152951.020 and df of between groups was 3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 5600.924 and within groups was 632.029. The ‘f ’- value was 8.862 which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -10.10535, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was -21.69304, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was -4.82400, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -11.58769 and Morbi and Surendranagar city respondents was 5.28135 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was 16.86904. The difference between the standard error of
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
City (J) City Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
Morbi -10.10535* 5.08863
Rajkot -21.69304* 4.70816
Jamnagar
Surendranagar -4.82400 4.73262
Jamnagar 10.10535* 5.08863
Rajkot -11.58769* 4.53668
Morbi
Surendranagar 5.28135 4.56205
Jamnagar 21.69304* 4.70816
Morbi 11.58769* 4.53668
Rajkot
Surendranagar 16.86904* 4.13340
Jamnagar 4.82400 4.73262
Morbi -5.28135 4.56205
Surendranagar
Rajkot -16.86904* 4.13340
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
224
Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 5.08863, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 4.70816 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.73262.
The difference between Joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on Joint family respondents of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on Joint family respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on Joint family respondents of Surendranagar city was higher than the Jamnagar city.
Figure- 4.60 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint famil y respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
118.587
28.17531
4.15422
8.862
128.6923
22.71006
3.14932
140.28
27.62224
3.18954
123.411
21.87835
2.56067
0 50 100 150
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
Jamnagar Morbi Rajkot Surendranagar
225
4.9 OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON JAMNAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family
respondents as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of
Jamnagar city has been given in table no. 4.61 to 4.78.
Table: 4.61 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
251-300 1 0
301-350 1 0
351-400 1 1
401-450 0 0
451-500 3 1
501-550 5 0
551-600 7 2
601-650 9 1
651-700 12 3
701-750 11 5
751-800 12 5
801-850 16 2
851-900 12 2
901-950 3 0
951-1000 7 1
1001-1050 2 1
1051-1100 0 0
1101-1150 0 0
Total 102 24
226
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 102 741.1275 151.00972 14.95219
Women
Empowerment rural 24 730.4167 145.84414 29.77031
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
35.552 10.71078 33.31425 .322
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.61 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 741.1275 and the rural respondents was 730.4167.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 151.00972 and rural respondent was 145.84414. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 14.95219 and rural respondent was 29.77031. The difference between mean was 10.71078 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 33.31425 and t value was .322 which was not Significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of urban and rural respondent of Jamnagar city was almost same.
227
Figure-4.61 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
10.7108
33.3143
0.322
0 10 20 30 40
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
Figure: 4.62 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
60.912
28.7343
2.12
0 20 40 60 80
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
228
Table: 4.62 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
251-300 0 1
301-350 0 1
351-400 1 1
401-450 0 0
451-500 2 2
501-550 2 3
551-600 7 2
601-650 3 7
651-700 9 6
701-750 12 4
751-800 12 5
801-850 12 6
851-900 10 4
901-950 2 1
951-1000 6 2
1001-1050 2 1
1051-1100 0 0
1101-1150 0 0
Total 80 46
Group Statistics
Jamnagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 80 761.325 135.62362 15.16318 Women
Empowerment
Joint 46 700.413 165.54134 24.40774
229
Table 4.62 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 761.3250 and the joint family respondent was 700.4130. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 135.62362 and joint family respondent was 165.54134. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 15.16318 and joint family respondent was 24.40774. The difference between mean was 60.91196 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 28.73430 and t value was 2.120 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
nuclear family respondent of Jamnagar city was higher than the joint family respondent.
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
Df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
79.678 60.91196 28.73430 2.120
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
230
Table: 4.63 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
251-300 0 1 0
301-350 0 1 0
351-400 0 1 1
401-450 0 0 0
451-500 0 1 3
501-550 0 3 2
551-600 2 3 4
601-650 0 4 6
651-700 2 5 8
701-750 2 7 7
751-800 3 10 4
801-850 7 4 7
851-900 6 4 4
901-950 0 1 2
951-1000 5 1 2
1001-1050 2 1 0
1051-1100 0 0 0
1101-1150 0 0 0
Total 29 47 50
231
Descriptives
Jamnagar -Women empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home
science
29 840.3103 119.97771 22.27930
Arts 47 707.1277 151.69114 22.12643
Commerce 50 710.4200 139.01213 19.65928
Total 126
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
Between
Groups
386234.419 2 193117.209
Within Groups 2408413.62 123 19580.599
9.863
19.49
99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
232
Table 4.63 shows that the mean score of Home science respondents was 840.3103, arts respondents was 707.1277 and commerce respondents was 710.4200. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 119.97771, arts respondents was 151.69114 and commerce respondents was 139.01213. The standard error of Home science respondents was 22.27930, arts respondents was 22.12643 and commerce respondents was 19.65928. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 133.18269, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 129.89034 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -3.29234. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 386234.419 and within groups was 2408413.621 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was 193117.209 within groups was 19580.599. And the ‘f ’- value is 9.863 which was not significant at any level. So it can be said that role of education on women empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
arts 133.18269 33.04242 Home science
Com 129.89034 32.66198
home -133.18269 33.04242 Arts
Com. -3.29234 28.42922
home -129.89034 32.66198 Commerce
arts 3.29234 28.42922
233
Figure-4.63 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
840.3103
119.97771
22.2793
9.863
707.1277
151.69114
22.12643
710.42
139.01213
19.65928
0 200 400 600 800 1000Mea
nStd. D
eviat
ion
Std. E
rror
F-value
234
Table: 4.64 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
21-30 0 1 0
31-40 0 1 2
41-50 0 2 2
51-60 10 7 5
61-70 8 14 17
71-80 5 9 15
81-90 5 8 6
91-100 1 3 3
101-110 0 2 0
Total 29 47 50
Descriptives
Jamnagar -Political Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 29 68.7241 12.09751 2.24645
Arts 47 70.7234 16.23697 2.36841
Commerce 50 69.2000 12.70867 1.79728
Total 126
235
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts -1.99927 3.30802 Home science
Com -.47586 3.26993
home 1.99927 3.30802 Arts
Com. 1.52340 2.84617
home .47586 3.26993 Commerce
arts -1.52340 2.84617
Table 4.64 shows that the mean score of home science respondents was 68.7241, arts respondents was 70.7234 and commerce respondents was 69.2000. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 12.09751, arts respondents was 16.23697 and commerce respondents was 12.70867. The standard error of Home science respondents was 2.24645, arts respondents was 2.36841 and commerce respondents was 1.79728. The difference between mean of home science and arts was -1.99927, home science and commerce was -.47586 and arts and commerce was 1.52340. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 89.128 and within groups was 24139.197 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was 44.564 within
ANOVA
Political Empowerment Table value
S.S. Df M S F-value
0.05
Level
0,01
level
Between
Groups
89.128 2 44.564
Within Groups 24139.197 123 196.254
.227
19.49
99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
236
groups was 196.254. And the ‘f ’- value is .227 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Figure-4.64 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
68.7241
12.09751
2.24645
0.227
70.7234
16.23697
2.36841
69.2
12.70867
1.79728
0 20 40 60 80
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Homescience Arts Commerce
237
Table: 4.65 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
1-50 0 1 0
51-100 0 1 0
101-150 0 2 4
151-200 0 7 6
201-250 5 16 22
251-300 15 18 13
301-350 9 2 5
351-400 0 0 0
Total 29 47 50
Descriptives
Jamnagar -Social Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 29 281.9655 34.93206 6.48672
Arts 47 230.1915 59.65577 8.70169
Commerce 50 234.9400 48.87694 6.91224
Total 126
238
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream
Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error
arts 51.77403 11.94852 Home science
com 47.02552 11.81095
home -51.77403 11.94852 Arts
Com. -4.74851 10.28033
home -47.02552 11.81095 Commerce
arts 4.74851 10.28033
Table 4.65 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents was 281.9655, arts respondents was 230.1915 and commerce respondents was 234.9400. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 34.93206, arts respondents was 59.65577 and commerce respondents was 48.87694. The standard error of Home science respondents was 6.48672, arts respondents was 8.70169 and commerce respondents was 6.91224. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 51.77403, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 47.02552 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -4.74851. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 54865.930 and within groups was 314931.062 and df of between groups was
ANOVA
Social Empowerment Table value
S.S. Df M S F-value
0.05
Level
0,01
level
Between
Groups
54865.930 2 27432.965
Within Groups 314931.062 123 2560.415
10.714
19.49
99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
239
2 and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was 27432.965 within groups was 2560.415. And the ‘f ’- value is 10.714 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on social empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Figure- 4.65 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
281.9655
34.93206
6.48672
10.714
230.1915
59.65577
8.70169
234.94
48.87694
6.91224
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Homescience Arts Commerce
240
Table: 4.66 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
51-100 1 2 2
101-150 1 9 5
151-200 7 13 13
201-250 5 17 18
251-300 9 4 7
301-350 6 2 5
351-400 0 0 0
Total 29 47 50
Descriptives
Jamnagar –Economic Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 29 246.9655 62.12285 11.53592
Arts 47 197.4043 57.13510 8.33401
Commerce 50 213.2600 57.74179 8.16592
Total 126
241
ANOVA
Economic Empowerment Table value
S.S. Df M S F-value
0.05
Level
0,01
level
Between
Groups
44333.754 2 22166.877
Within Groups 421593.905 123 3427.593
6.467
19.49
99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 49.56126 13.82463 Home science
Com 33.70552 13.66546
home -49.56126 13.82463 Arts
Com. -15.85574 11.89451
home -33.70552 13.66546 Commerce
arts 15.85574 11.89451
Table 4.66 shows that the mean score of home science respondents was 246.9655, arts respondents was 197.4043 and commerce respondents was 213.2600. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 62.12285, arts respondents was 57.13510 and commerce respondents was 57.74179. The standard error of home science respondents was 11.53592, arts respondents was 8.33401 and commerce respondents was 8.16592. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 49.56126, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 33.70552 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -15.85574. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 44333.754 and within groups was 421593.905 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was
242
22166.877 within groups was 3427.593. And the ‘f ’- value is 6.467 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on Economic empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Figure- 4.66 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
246.9655
62.12285
11.53592
6.467
197.4043
57.1351
8.33401
213.26
57.74179
8.16592
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Homescience Arts Commerce
243
Table: 4.67 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
1-25 0 1 0
26-50 0 2 3
51-75 2 10 11
76-100 18 24 32
101-125 9 10 4
Total 29 47 50
Descriptives
Jamnagar –Cultural Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 29 92.7931 14.19351 2.63567
Arts 47 84.2553 18.99481 2.77068
Commerce 50 79.8400 16.56325 2.34240
Total 126
244
ANOVA
Cultural Empowerment Table value
S.S. Df M S F-value
0.05
Level
0,01
level
Between
Groups
3082.958 2 1541.479
Within Groups 35680.415 123 290.085
5.314
19.49
99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 8.53778 4.02181 Home science
Com 12.95310 3.97550
home -8.53778 4.02181 Arts
Com. 4.41532 3.46030
home -12.95310 3.97550 Commerce
arts -4.41532 3.46030
Table 4.67 shows that the mean score of Home science respondents was 92.7931, arts respondents was 84.2553 and commerce respondents was 79.8400. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 14.19351, arts respondents was 18.99481 and commerce respondents was 16.56325. The standard error of Home science respondents was 2.63567, arts respondents was 2.77068 and commerce respondents was 2.34240. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 8.53778, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 12.95310 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 4.41532. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
3082.958 and within groups was 35680.415 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was
245
1541.479 within groups was 290.085. And the ‘f ’- value is 5.314 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Figure-4.67 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
92.7931
14.19351
2.63567
5.314
84.2553
18.99481
2.77068
79.84
16.56325
2.3424
0 20 40 60 80 100
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Homescience Arts Commerce
246
Table: 4.68 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
26-50 0 1 0
51-75 0 3 2
76-100 2 4 12
101-125 2 11 23
126-150 7 20 9
151-175 17 8 4
176-200 1 0 0
Total 29 47 50
Descriptives
Jamnagar –Psychological Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 29 149.8621 24.07981 4.47151
Arts 47 124.5532 29.22314 4.26263
Commerce 50 113.1800 24.16076 3.41685
Total 126
247
ANOVA
Psychological Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05
Level
0,01
Level
Between
Groups
24826.261 2 12413.131
Within Groups 84122.445 123 683.922
18.150
19.49
99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 25.30888 6.17536 Home science
Com 36.68207 6.10426
home -25.30888 6.17536 Arts
Com. 11.37319 5.31319
home -36.68207 6.10426 Commerce
arts -11.37319 5.31319
Table 4.68 shows that the mean score of Home science respondents was 149.8621, arts respondents was 124.5532 and commerce respondents was 113.1800. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 24.07981, arts respondents was 29.22314 and commerce respondents was 24.16076. The standard error of Home science respondents was 4.47151, arts respondents was 4.26263 and commerce respondents was 3.41685. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 25.30888, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 36.68207 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 11.37319. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 24826.261 and within groups was 84122.445 and df of between groups was 2
248
and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was 12413.131 within groups was 683.922. And the ‘f ’- value is 18.150 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on psychological empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Figure- 4.68 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment.
149.8621
24.07981
4.47151
18.15
124.5532
29.22314
4.26263
113.18
24.16076
3.41685
0 50 100 150 200
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
F-value
Homescience Arts Commerce
249
Table: 4.69 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
21-30 1 0
31-40 2 1
41-50 3 1
51-60 19 3
61-70 32 7
71-80 23 6
81-90 16 3
91-100 4 3
101-110 2 0
Total 102 24
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 102 69.4412 13.82033 1.36842
Political
Empowerment rural 24 70.5833 14.61362 2.98299
250
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
33.362 -1.14216 3.28189 -.348
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.69 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 69.4412 and the rural respondents was 70.5833. The standard deviation of urban respondent was 13.82033 and rural respondent was 14.61362. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.36842 and rural respondent was 2.98299. The difference between mean was -1.14216 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.28189 and t value was -.348 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure- 4.69 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Political Empowerment.
-1.14216
3.28189
-0.348
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
251
Table: 4.70 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents
Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
1-50 1 0
51-100 0 1
101-150 6 0
151-200 10 3
201-250 36 7
251-300 35 11
301-350 14 2
351-400 0 0
Total 102 24
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 102 243.5000 56.08299 5.55304
Social
Empowerment rural 24 246.0833 47.54487 9.70506
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
39.560 -2.58333 11.18143 -.231
t-value is not Significant at any level
252
Table 4.70 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 243.5000 and the rural respondents was 246.0833.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 56.08299 and rural respondent was 47.54487. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 5.55304 and rural respondent was 9.70506. The difference between mean was -2.58333 and it was in favour of rural respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 11.18143 and t value was -.231 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure- 4.70 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Social Empowerment
2.5833-
11.1814
0.231-
-5 0 5 10 15
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
253
Table: 4.71 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
51-100 3 2
101-150 11 4
151-200 30 3
201-250 31 9
251-300 16 4
301-350 11 2
351-400 0 0
Total 102 24
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 102 216.8137 59.10935 5.85270
Economic
Empowerment rural 24 207.8333 69.61863 14.21084
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
31.259 8.98039 15.36887 .584
t-value is not Significant at any level
254
Table 4.71 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 216.8137 and the rural respondents was 207.8333.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 59.10935 and rural respondent was 69.61863. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 5.85270 and rural respondent was 14.21084. The difference between mean was 8.98039 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 15.36887 and t value was .584 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure- 4.71 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Economic Empowerment.
8.98039
15.3689
0.584
0 5 10 15 20
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
255
Table: 4.72 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
1-25 1 0
26-50 5 0
51-75 18 5
76-100 59 15
101-125 19 4
Total 102 24
Group Statistics City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 102 84.3529 18.51125 1.83289 Cultural
Empowerment rural 24 84.9583 13.42768 2.74091
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
46.071 -.60539 3.29728 -.184
t-value is not Significant at any level
256
Table 4.72 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 84.3529 and the rural respondents was 84.9583 .The standard deviation of urban respondent was 18.51125 and rural respondent was 13.42768. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.83289 and rural respondent was 2.74091. The difference between mean was -.60539 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.29728 and t value was -.184 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same. Figure- 4.72 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
-0.60539
3.29728
-0.184
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
257
Table: 4.73 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
26-50 1 0
51-75 3 2
76-100 15 3
101-125 28 8
126-150 29 7
151-175 25 4
176-200 1 0
Total 102 24
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 102 127.019 29.83120 2.95373
Psychological
Empowerment rural 24 120.958 28.24963 5.76643
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
36.087 6.06127 6.47891 .936
t-value is not Significant at any level
258
Table 4.73 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 127.0196 and the rural respondents was 120.9583.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 29.83120 and rural respondent was 28.24963. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.95373 and rural respondent was 5.76643. The difference between mean was 6.06127 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.47891 and t value was .936 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure- 4.73 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
6.06127
6.47891
0.936
0 2 4 6 8
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
259
Table: 4.74 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
21-30 0 1
31-40 1 2
41-50 1 3
51-60 15 7
61-70 27 12
71-80 18 11
81-90 13 6
91-100 4 3
101-110 1 1
Total 80 46
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 80 70.5000 12.45549 1.39257
Political
Empowerment Joint 46 68.1957 16.20510 2.38931
260
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
75.784 2.30435 2.76551 .833
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.74 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 70.5000 and the joint family respondent was 68.1957. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 12.45549 and joint family respondent was 16.20510. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 1.39257 and joint family respondent was 2.38931. The difference between mean was 2.30435 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.76551 and t value was .833 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent of Jamnagar city was almost same. Figure: 4.74 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment ..
2.30435
2.76551
0.833
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
261
Table: 4.75 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
1-50 0 1
51-100 0 1
101-150 3 3
151-200 8 5
201-250 26 17
251-300 31 15
301-350 12 4
351-400 0 0
Total 80 46
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 80 251.112 49.20353 5.50112
Social
Empowerment Joint 46 231.608 60.99708 8.99353
262
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
78.697 19.50 10.54258 1.850
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.75 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 251.1125 and the joint family respondent was 231.6087. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 49.20353 and joint family respondent was 60.99708. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 5.50112 and joint family respondent was 8.99353. The difference between mean was 19.50 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 10.54258 and t value was 1.850 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Figure: 4.75 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
19.5
10.5426
1.85
0 5 10 15 20 25
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
263
Table: 4.76 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
51-100 2 3
101-150 8 7
151-200 20 13
201-250 26 14
251-300 14 6
301-350 10 3
351-400 0 0
Total 80 46
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 80 223.537 58.48270 6.53856
Economic
Empowerment Joint 46 200.434 63.27037 9.32871
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
87.980 23.10272 11.39200 2.028
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
264
Table 4.76 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 223.5375 and the joint family respondent was 200.4348. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 58.48270 and joint family respondent was 63.27037. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 6.53856 and joint family respondent was 9.32871. The difference between mean was 23.10272 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 11.39200 and t value was 2.028 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the joint family respondents.
Figure: 4.76 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
23.1027
11.392
2.028
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
265
Table: 4.77 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
1-25 0 1
26-50 3 2
51-75 14 9
76-100 47 27
101-125 16 7
Total 80 46
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 80 86.1250 16.15540 1.80623 Cultural
Empowerment Joint 46 81.5870 19.74456 2.91118
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
79.596 4.53804 3.42599 1.325
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.77 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 86.1250 and the joint family respondent was 81.5870. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 16.15540 and joint family respondent was 19.74456. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
266
respondents was 1.80623 and joint family respondent was 2.91118. The difference between mean was 4.53804 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.42599 and ‘t’ value was 1.325 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of nuclear and joint family respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure: 4.77 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
4.53804
3.42599
1.325
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
267
Table: 4.78 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
26-50 0 1
51-75 4 1
76-100 9 9
101-125 19 17
126-150 24 12
151-175 23 6
176-200 1 0
Total 80 46
Group Statistics City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 80 130.050 29.63658 3.31347 Psychological
Empowerment Joint 46 118.587 28.17531 4.15422
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment
Df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
97.900 11.46304 5.31382 2.157
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
268
Table 4.78 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 130.0500 and the joint family respondent was 118.5870. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 29.63658 and joint family respondent was 28.17531. The difference between mean was 11.46304 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 3.31347 and joint family respondent was 4.15422. The standard error of difference between mean was 5.31382 and t value was 2.157 which was significant at 0.05 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on Psychological
empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the joint family respondents.
Figure: 4.78 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment .
11.463
5.31382
2.157
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
t-value
269
4.10 OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON MORBI C ITY
RESPONDENTS.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family respondents
as well as home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar city has
been given in table no. 4.79 to 4.96.
Table: 4.79 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
251-300 0 0 301-350 0 0 351-400 0 0 401-450 0 0 451-500 0 0 501-550 0 1 551-600 2 3 601-650 6 3 651-700 15 10 701-750 10 6 751-800 19 9 801-850 12 6 851-900 14 4 901-950 6 4
951-1000 2 2 1001-1050 2 0 1051-1100 0 0 1101-1150 0 0
Total 88 48
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 88 781.7045 100.92983 10.75916 Women
Empowerment rural 48 761.5833 106.95850 15.43813
270
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
92.016 20.12121 18.81742 1.069
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.79 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 781.7045and the rural respondents was 761.5833.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 100.92983 and rural respondent was 106.95850. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 10.75916and rural respondent was 15.43813. The difference between mean was 20.12121 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 18.81742 and t value was 1.069 which was significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
urban and rural area respondent of morbi city was all most same.
271
Figure- 4.79 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
20.1212 18.8174
1.0690
5
10
15
20
25
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
Figure- 4.80 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
4.27656
18.6378
0.2290
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
272
Table: 4.80 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
251-300 0 0 301-350 0 0 351-400 0 0 401-450 0 0 451-500 0 0 501-550 1 0 551-600 3 2 601-650 4 5 651-700 16 9 701-750 8 8 751-800 19 9 801-850 13 5 851-900 10 8 901-950 7 3 951-1000 3 1
1001-1050 0 2 1051-1100 0 0 1101-1150 0 0
Total 84 52
Group Statistics
Morbi Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 84 776.2381 100.04091 10.91536 Women
Empowerment Joint 52 771.9615 108.93854 15.10706
273
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
101.201 4.27656 18.63782 .229
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.80 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 776.2381 and the joint family respondent was 771.9615. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 100.04091 and joint family respondent was 108.93854. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents was 10.91536 and joint respondent was 15.10706 The standard error of difference between mean was 4.27656 and it was in favour of joint family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was18.63782 t value was .229 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
274
Table: 4.81 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
251-300 0 0 0 301-350 0 0 0 351-400 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 451-500 0 0 0 501-550 0 1 0 551-600 0 5 0 601-650 0 7 2 651-700 6 9 10 701-750 2 8 7 751-800 5 10 12 801-850 8 6 4 851-900 5 5 8 901-950 3 2 5
951-1000 3 0 1 1001-1050 1 0 1 1051-1100 0 0 0 1101-1150 0 0 0
Total 33 53 50
Descriptives Morbi -Women empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 825.3939 99.60137 17.33837
Arts 53 732.4717 98.26761 13.49809
Commerce 50 785.7400 93.84221 13.27129
Total 136
275
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
185409.852 2 92704.926
Within Groups 1251104.706
133 9406.802
9.855
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 92.92224 21.50678 Home science
com 39.65394 21.75295
home -92.92224 21.50678 Arts
Com. -53.26830 19.12127
home -39.65394 21.75295 Commerce
arts 53.26830 19.12127 Table 4.81 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 825.3939, arts respondents was 732.4717and commerce respondents was 785.7400. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 99.60137, arts respondents was 98.26761and commerce respondents was 93.84221. The standard error of Home science respondents was 17.33837, arts respondents was 13.49809and commerce respondents was 13.49809. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 92.92224,the difference between mean of home science and commerce was39.65394- and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -53.26830 The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 185409.852and within groups was 1251104.706and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 133. The mean square of between groups was 92704.926 within groups was 9406.802. And the ‘f ’- value is 9.855 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on women empowerment of jamnagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
276
Figure- 4.81 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Figure- 4.82 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
72.697
11.75926
2.04703
4.261
68.7736
13.69677
1.8814
76.02
11.92748
1.6868
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
825.3939
99.60137
17.33837
9.855
732.4717
98.26761
13.49809
785.74
93.84221
13.27129
0 200 400 600 800 1000
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
277
Table- 4.82 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
21-30 0 0 0 31-40 0 0 0 41-50 0 7 1 51-60 7 4 2 61-70 6 16 14 71-80 11 17 14 81-90 9 6 11 91-100 0 2 8 101-110 0 1 0
Total 33 53 50
Descriptives
Morbi -Political Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 72.6970 11.75926 2.04703
Arts 53 68.7736 13.69677 1.88140
Commerce 50 76.0200 11.92748 1.68680
Total 136
ANOVA
Political Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
1355.113 2 677.556
Within Groups 21151.233 133 159.032
4.261
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
278
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 3.92338 2.79638 Home science
com -3.32303 2.82839
home -3.92338 2.79638 Arts
Com. -7.24642* 2.48621
home 3.32303 2.82839 Commerce
arts 7.24642* 2.48621 Table 4.82 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 72.6970, arts respondents was 68.7736and commerce respondents was 76.0200. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 11.75926, arts respondents was 13.69677and commerce respondents was 11.92748. The standard error of home science respondents was 2.04703, arts respondents was 1.88140 and commerce respondents was 1.68680. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 3.92338,the difference between mean of home science and commerce was -3.32303 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -7.24642 The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 1355.113and within groups was 21151.233and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 133 The mean square of between groups was 677.556within groups was 159.032. And the ‘f ’- value is 4.261which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
279
Table: 4.83 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
1-50 0 0 0 51-100 0 0 0 101-150 0 1 0 151-200 0 3 2 201-250 6 20 16 251-300 19 25 26 301-350 8 4 6 351-400 0 0 0
Total 33 53 50
Descriptives
Morbi -Social Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 282.2727 29.23854 5.08978
Arts 53 247.0000 36.90164 5.06883
Commerce 50 261.3200 34.53625 4.88416
Total 136
ANOVA
Social Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
25322.339 2 12661.170
Within Groups 156611.425 133 1177.530
10.752
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
280
Table 4.83 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 282.2727, arts respondents was 247.0000and commerce respondents was 261.3200. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 29.23854, arts respondents was 36.90164and commerce respondents was 34.53625. The standard error of Home science respondents was 5.08978, arts respondents was 5.06883and commerce respondents was 4.88416. The difference between mean of home science and arts was35.27273, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was20.95273 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was-14.32000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 25322.339 and within groups was 156611.425and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 133 The mean square of between groups was 12661.170 within groups was 1177.530. And the ‘f ’- value is 10.752 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on social empowerment of morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 35.27273 7.60922 Home science
com 20.95273 7.69632
home -35.27273 7.60922 Arts
Com. -14.32000 6.76521
home -20.95273 7.69632 Commerce
arts 14.32000 6.76521
281
Figure- 4.83 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
282.2727
29.23854
5.08978
10.752
247
36.90164
5.06883
261.32
34.53625
4.88416
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
Figure- 4.84 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
241.697
44.35756
7.72166
15.506
202.8868
38.02361
5.22294
242.94
40.16975
5.68086
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
282
Table: 4.84 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
51-100 0 0 0 101-150 0 6 0 151-200 4 19 8 201-250 16 21 22 251-300 8 7 13 301-350 5 0 7 351-400 0 0 0
Total 33 53 50
Descriptives
Morbi –Economic Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 241.6970 44.35756 7.72166
Arts 53 202.8868 38.02361 5.22294
Commerce 50 242.9400 40.16975 5.68086
Total 136
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
50648.772 2 25324.386
Within Groups 217211.110 133 1633.166
15.506
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
283
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 38.81018 8.96127 Home science
com -1.24303 9.06384
home -38.81018 8.96127 Arts
Com. -40.05321 7.96729
home 1.24303 9.06384 Commerce
arts 40.05321 7.96729 Table 4.84 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 241.6970, arts respondents was 202.8868and commerce respondents was 227.0294. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 44.35756, arts respondents was 38.02361and commerce respondents was 40.16975. The standard error of Home science respondents was 7.72166, arts respondents was 5.22294and commerce respondents was 5.68086. The difference between mean of home science and arts was38.81018,the difference between mean of home science and commerce was-1.24303 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was-40.05321. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 50648.772and within groups was 217211.110and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 133 The mean square of between groups was 25324.386 within groups was 1633.166. And the ‘f ’- value is 15.506 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on economic empowerment of morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
284
Table: 4.85 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
1-25 0 0 0 26-50 0 0 0 51-75 8 10 12 76-100 21 38 34 101-125 4 5 4
Total 33 53 50
Descriptives
Morbi –Cultural Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 86.1515 13.63158 2.37295
Arts 53 85.9245 11.79284 1.61987
Commerce 50 82.4800 11.27077 1.59393
Total 136
ANOVA
Cultural Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
395.396 2 197.698
Within Groups 19402.421 133 145.883
1.355
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
285
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts .22699 2.67828 Home science
com 3.67152 2.70894
home -.22699 2.67828 Arts
Com. 3.44453 2.38121
home -3.67152 2.70894 Commerce
arts -3.44453 2.38121 Table 4.85 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 86.1515, arts respondents was 85.9245and commerce respondents was 82.4800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 13.63158, arts respondents was 11.79284 and commerce respondents was 11.27077. The standard error of home science respondents was 2.37295, arts respondents was 1.61987and commerce respondents was 1.59393. The difference between mean of home science and arts was.22699-,The difference between mean of home science and commerce was 3.67152and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was3.44453 The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 395.396 and within groups was 19402.421and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 133. The mean square of between groups was 197.698 within groups was 145.883. And the ‘f ’- value is 1.355 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
286
Figure- 4.85 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
86.1515
13.63158
2.37295
1.355
85.9245
11.79284
1.61987
82.48
11.27077
1.59393
0 20 40 60 80 100meanS
td.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
Figure- 4.86 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment.
142.5758
19.23543
3.34846
10.771
127.8868
18.15707
2.49407
122.98
20.10532
2.84332
0 50 100 150meanS
td.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
287
Table: 4.86 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
26-50 0 0 0 51-75 0 0 1 76-100 1 3 3 101-125 5 24 25 126-150 16 21 16 151-175 11 5 5 176-200 0 0 0
Total 33 53 50
Descriptives
Morbi –Psychological Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 142.5758 19.23543 3.34846
Arts 53 127.8868 18.15707 2.49407
Commerce 50 122.9800 20.10532 2.84332
Total 136
ANOVA
Psychological Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
7902.697 2 3951.349
Within Groups 48790.361 133 366.845
10.771
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
288
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 14.68897 4.24713 Home science
com 19.59576 4.29574
home -14.68897 4.24713 Arts
Com. 4.90679 3.77604
home -19.59576 4.29574 Commerce
arts -4.90679 3.77604 Table 4.86 shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 142.5758, arts respondents was 127.8868and commerce respondents was 122.9800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 19.23543, arts respondents was 18.15707and commerce respondents was 20.10532. The standard error of home science respondents was 3.34846, arts respondents was 2.49407and commerce respondents was 2.84332. The difference between mean of home science and arts was14.68897,the difference between mean of home science and commerce was-19.59576 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was-4.90679 The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 7902.697and within groups was 48790.361and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 133 The mean square of between groups was 3951.349 within groups was 366.845. And the ‘f ’- value is 10.771 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on psychological empowerment of morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
289
Table: 4.87 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents
Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
21-30 0 0 31-40 0 0 41-50 2 6 51-60 8 5 61-70 23 13 71-80 27 15 81-90 18 8 91-100 10 0 101-110 0 1
Total 88 48
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 88 74.2386 11.99616 1.27880 Political
Empowerment rural 48 69.0000 13.94060 2.01215
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
85.132 5.23864 2.38413 2.197
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
290
Table 4.87 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 74.2386 and the rural respondents was 69.0000.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 11.99616and rural respondent was 13.94060. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.27880and rural respondent was 2.01215. The difference between mean was 5.23864 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.38413and t value was 2.197 which was significant at 0.05 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
morbi city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.87 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Political Empowerment.
5.2386
2.3841
2.197
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
291
Table: 4.88 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents
Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
1-50 0 0 51-100 0 0 101-150 0 1 151-200 4 1 201-250 27 15 251-300 43 27 301-350 14 4 351-400 0 0
Total 88 48
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 88 262.1250 36.77543 3.92027 Social Empowerment
rural 48 258.4375 36.85793 5.31998
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
96.526 3.68750 6.60839 .558
t-value is not Significant at any level
292
Table 4.88 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 262.1250and the rural respondents was 258.4375.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 36.77543 and rural respondent was 36.85793. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 3.92027and rural respondent was 5.31998. The difference between mean was 3.68750and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.60839and t value was .558 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
morbi city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.88 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
3.6875
6.6084
0.5580
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
293
Table: 4.89 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
51-100 0 0 101-150 4 2 151-200 16 15 201-250 41 18 251-300 18 10 301-350 9 3 351-400 0 0
Total 88 48
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 88 231.4318 43.82614 4.67188 Economic Empowerment
rural 48 218.9583 45.17670 6.52070
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
94.225 12.47348 8.02159 1.555
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.89 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 231.4318and the rural respondents was 218.9583.The standard deviation of
294
urban respondent was 43.82614and rural respondent was 45.17670. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 4.67188and rural respondent was 6.52070. The difference between mean was 12.47348and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 8.02159and t value was 1.555which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of morbi city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.89 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Economic Empowerment.
12.473
8.0216
1.555
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
295
Table: 4.90 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
1-25 0 0 26-50 0 0 51-75 21 9 76-100 56 37 101-125 11 2
Total 88 48
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 88 84.7045 12.61923 1.34521 Cultural Empowerment
rural 48 84.7292 11.24531 1.62312
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
106.577 -.02462 2.10811 -.012
t-value is not Significant at any level
296
Table 4.90 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 84.7045and the rural respondents was 84.7292.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 12.61923and rural respondent was 11.24531. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.34521 and rural respondent was 1.62312. The difference between mean was -.02462 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.10811 and t value was -.012 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of morbi city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.90 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
-0.0246
2.1081
-0.012
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
297
Table: 4.91 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
26-50 0 0 51-75 1 0 76-100 4 3 101-125 33 21 126-150 36 17 151-175 14 7 176-200 0 0
Total 88 48
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 88 129.2045 20.79299 2.21654 Psychological Empowerment
rural 48 130.4583 20.12192 2.90435
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
99.465 -1.25379 3.65353 -.343
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.91 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 129.2045and the rural respondents was 130.4583.The standard deviation of
298
urban respondent was 20.79299and rural respondent was 20.12192. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.21654and rural respondent was 2.90435. The difference between mean was -1.25379and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.65353and t value was -.343which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of morbi city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.91 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
-1.2538
3.6535
-0.343
-1.5-1
-0.50
0.51
1.5
22.5
33.5
4
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
299
Table: 4.92 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
21-30 0 0 31-40 0 0 41-50 3 5 51-60 11 2 61-70 25 11 71-80 26 16 81-90 15 11 91-100 4 6 101-110 0 1
Total 84 52
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 84 71.3810 11.87069 1.29520 Political Empowerment
Joint 52 74.0192 14.40791 1.99802
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
92.799 -2.63828 2.38110 -1.108
t-value is not Significant at any level
300
Table 4.92 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 71.3810and the joint family respondent was 74.0192. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 11.87069 and joint family respondent was 14.40791. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents was 1.29520 and joint respondent was 1.99802. The difference between mean was -2.63828 and it was in favour of joint respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.38110 and t value was -1.108 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
morbi city nuclear and joint respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.92 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
-2.6383
2.3811
-1.108
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
301
Table: 4.93 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
1-50 0 0 51-100 0 0 101-150 1 0 151-200 3 2 201-250 23 19 251-300 47 23 301-350 10 8 351-400 0 0
Total 84 52
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 84 262.1190 36.44782 3.97678 Social Empowerment
Joint 52 258.7308 37.39147 5.18526
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
106.088 3.38828 6.53466 .519
t-value is not Significant at any level
302
Table 4.93 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 262.1190and the joint family respondent was 258.7308. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 36.44782 and joint family respondent was 37.39147. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents was 3.97678 and joint respondent was 5.18526. The difference between mean was 3.38828 and it was in favour of nuclear respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.53466 and t value was .519 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
morbi city nuclear and joint respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.93 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
3.3883
6.5347
0.5190
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
303
Table: 4.94 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
51-100 0 0 101-150 4 2 151-200 19 12 201-250 34 25 251-300 20 8 301-350 7 5 351-400 0 0
Total 84 52
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 84 227.4881 43.45958 4.74183 Economic Empowerment
Joint
52 226.2885 46.66289 6.47098
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
102.344 1.19963 8.02237 .150
t-value is not Significant at any level
304
Table 4.94 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 227.4881and the joint family respondent was 226.2885. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 43.45958and joint family respondent was 46.66289. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents was 4.74183 and joint respondent was 6.47098. The difference between mean was 1.19963 and it was in favour of nuclear respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 8.02237 and t value was .150 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of morbi city nuclear and joint respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.94 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
1.19963
8.02237
0.150
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
305
Table: 4.95 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
1-25 0 0 26-50 0 0 51-75 13 17 76-100 65 28 101-125 6 7
Total 84 52
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 84 85.0119 10.94619 1.19433 Cultural Empowerment
Joint 52 84.2308 13.88555 1.92558
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
86.636 .78114 2.26589 .345
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.95 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 85.0119and the joint family respondent was 84.2308. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 10.94619and joint family respondent was 13.88555. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents
306
was 1.19433 and joint respondent was 1.92558. The difference between mean was .78114 and it was in favour of nuclear respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was .78114 and t value was .345 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
morbi city nuclear and joint respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.95 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
0.78114
2.26589
0.345
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
307
Table: 4.96 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
26-50 0 0 51-75 0 1 76-100 4 3 101-125 33 21 126-150 33 20 151-175 14 7 176-200 0 0
Total 84 52
Group Statistics City of Morbi
Morbi Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 84 130.2381 19.11072 2.08515 Psychological Empowerment
Joint 52 128.6923 22.71006 3.14932
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
94.371 1.54579 3.77704 .409
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.96 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 130.2381and the joint family respondent was 128.6923. The standard
308
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 19.11072and joint family respondent was 22.71006. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents was 2.08515 and joint respondent was 3.14932. The difference between mean was 1.54579 and it was in favour of nuclear respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.77704 and t value was .409 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.96 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment .
1.5458
3.777
0.409
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
309
4.11 OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON RAJKOT CITY
RESPONDENTS.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family respondents
as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar city has
been given in table no. 4.97 to 4.104.
Table: 4.97 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Ru ral Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
251-300 0 0 301-350 0 0 351-400 0 0 401-450 0 0 451-500 1 0 501-550 2 0 551-600 3 1 601-650 9 2 651-700 7 11 701-750 13 15 751-800 26 13 801-850 22 10 851-900 15 3 901-950 19 2
951-1000 13 1 1001-1050 10 0 1051-1100 5 1 1101-1150 1 0
Total 146 59
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 146 830.5959 130.81087 10.82598 Women
Empowerment rural 59 763.2373 87.69350 11.41672
310
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
158.077 67.35860 15.73351 4.281
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.97 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 830.5959 and the rural respondents was 763.2373. The standard deviation of urban respondent was 130.81087 and rural respondent was 87.69350. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 10.82598 and rural respondent was 11.41672. The difference between mean was 67.35860 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 15.73351 and t value was 4.281 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
Rajkot city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.97 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
311
67.3586
15.73351
4.281
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
MeanDif ference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
312
Table: 4.98 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
251-300 0 0 301-350 0 0 351-400 0 0 401-450 0 0 451-500 0 1 501-550 2 0 551-600 3 1 601-650 6 5 651-700 11 7 701-750 19 9 751-800 25 14 801-850 24 8 851-900 10 8 901-950 13 8 951-1000 8 6
1001-1050 6 4 1051-1100 3 3 1101-1150 0 1
Total 130 75
Group Statistics
Rajkot Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 130 804.8769 118.48959 10.39222 Women
Empowerment Joint 75 822.1867 132.15784 15.26027
313
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
141.139 -17.30974 18.46278 -.938
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.98 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 804.8769 and the joint family respondent was 822.1867. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 118.48959 and joint family respondent was 132.15784. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 10.39222 and joint family respondent was 15.26027.The difference between mean was -17.30974 and it was in favour of joint family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 18.46278 and t value was -.938 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.98 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
-17.30974
18.46278
-0.938
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
314
Table: 4.99 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science , Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
251-300 0 0 0 301-350 0 0 0 351-400 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 451-500 0 0 1 501-550 1 0 1 551-600 2 2 0 601-650 4 5 2 651-700 6 7 5 701-750 4 13 11 751-800 21 9 9 801-850 13 9 10 851-900 10 3 5 901-950 17 2 2
951-1000 11 0 3 1001-1050 9 0 1 1051-1100 6 0 0 1101-1150 1 0 0
Total 105 50 50
Descriptives
Rajkot -Women empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 105 856.3048 129.59286 12.64697
Arts 50 747.7800 82.61622 11.68370
Commerce 50 779.9400 108.15794 15.29584
Total 205
315
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
463580.333 2 231790.166
Within Groups 2654263.648
202 13139.919
17.640
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 108.52476 19.69620 Home science
com 76.36476 19.69620
home -108.52476 19.69620 Arts
Com. -32.16000 22.92590
home -76.36476 19.69620 Commerce
arts 32.16000 22.92590 Table 4.99 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 856.3048, arts respondents was 747.7800 and commerce respondents was 779.9400. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 129.59286, arts respondents was 82.61622 and commerce respondents was 108.15794. The standard error of Home science respondents was 12.64697, arts respondents was 11.68370 and commerce respondents was 15.29584. The difference between mean of home science and arts was108.52476, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 76.36476 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -32.16000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 463580.333 and within groups was 2654263.648 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was 231790.166 within groups was 13139.919. And the ‘f ’- value is 17.640 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
316
Figure-99 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
856.3048
129.59286
12.64697
17.64
747.78
82.61622
11.6837
779.94
108.15794
15.29584
0 200 400 600 800 1000
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
Figure-4.100 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
71.6476
14.27005
1.39261
3.952
68.08
10.72065
1.51613
75.28
11.3516
1.60536
0 20 40 60 80
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
317
Table: 4.100 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
21-30 0 0 0 31-40 1 1 0 41-50 8 2 0 51-60 14 8 4 61-70 26 17 14 71-80 28 16 20 81-90 23 5 7 91-100 2 1 4 101-110 3 0 1
Total 105 50 50
Descriptives
Rajkot -Political Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 105 71.6476 14.27005 1.39261
Arts 50 68.0800 10.72065 1.51613
Commerce 50 75.2800 11.35160 1.60536
Total 205
ANOVA
Political Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
1296.054 2 648.027
Within Groups 33123.722 202 163.979
3.952
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
318
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 3.56762 2.20029 Home science
com -3.63238 2.20029
home -3.56762 2.20029 Arts
Com. -7.20000 2.56108
home 3.63238 2.20029 Commerce
arts 7.20000 2.56108
Table 4.100 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents was 71.6476, arts respondents was 68.0800 and commerce respondents was 75.2800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 14.27005, arts respondents was 10.72065 and commerce respondents was 11.35160. The standard error of home science respondents was 1.39261, arts respondents was 1.51613 and commerce respondents was 1.60536. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 3.56762, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was -3.63238 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -7.20000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
1296.054 and within groups was 33123.722 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was 648.027 within groups was 163.979. And the ‘f ’- value is 3.952 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
319
Table: 4.101 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
1-50 0 0 0 51-100 0 0 0 101-150 2 1 1 151-200 5 4 4 201-250 16 26 12 251-300 38 17 28 301-350 43 2 4 351-400 1 0 1
Total 105 50 50
Descriptives
Rajkot -Social Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 105 283.8190 48.80904 4.76327
Arts 50 241.9400 33.68062 4.76316
Commerce 50 256.3800 42.49364 6.00951
Total 205
ANOVA
Social Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
66740.258 2 33370.129
Within Groups 391826.162 202 1939.733
17.203
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
320
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 41.87905 7.56758 Home science
com 27.43905 7.56758
home -41.87905 7.56758 Arts
Com. -14.44000 8.80848
home -27.43905 7.56758 Commerce
arts 14.44000 8.80848 Table 4.101 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 283.8190, arts respondents was 241.9400 and commerce respondents was 256.3800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 48.80904, arts respondents was 33.68062 and commerce respondents was 42.49364. The standard error of home science respondents was 4.76327, arts respondents was 4.76316 and commerce respondents was 6.00951. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 41.87905, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 27.43905 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -14.44000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
66740.258 and within groups was 391826.162 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was 33370.129 within groups was 1939.733. And the ‘f ’- value is 17.203 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
321
Figure- 4.101 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
283.819
48.80904
4.76327
17.203
241.94
33.68062
4.76316
256.38
42.49364
6.00951
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
Figure- 4.102 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
261.0857
56.83463
5.54649
12.935
218.76
39.81927
5.63129
239.48
40.1056
5.67179
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
322
Table: 4.102 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
51-100 1 1 0 101-150 2 2 0 151-200 13 12 11 201-250 29 26 20 251-300 33 9 16 301-350 20 0 3 351-400 7 0 0
Total 105 50 50
Descriptives
Rajkot –Economic Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 105 261.0857 56.83463 5.54649
Arts 50 218.7600 39.81927 5.63129
Commerce 50 239.4800 40.10560 5.67179
Total 205
ANOVA
Economic Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
63069.410 2 31534.705
Within Groups 492445.829 202 2437.851
12.935
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
323
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 42.32571 8.48379 Home science
com 21.60571 8.48379
home -42.32571 8.48379 Arts
Com. -20.72000 9.87492
home -21.60571 8.48379 Commerce
arts 20.72000 9.87492 Table 4.102 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 261.0857, arts respondents was 218.7600 and commerce respondents was 239.4800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 56.83463, arts respondents was 39.81927 and commerce respondents was 40.10560. The standard error of home science respondents was 5.54649, arts respondents was 5.63129 and commerce respondents was 5.67179. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 42.32571, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 21.60571 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -20.72000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 63069.410 and within groups was 492445.829 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was 31534.705 within groups was 2437.851. And the ‘f ’- value is 12.935 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on economic empowerment of Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
324
Table: 4.103 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
1-25 0 0 0 26-50 2 1 3 51-75 16 4 11 76-100 54 37 32 101-125 33 8 4
Total 105 50 50
Descriptives
Rajkot –Cultural Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 105 91.3905 16.26020 1.58683
Arts 50 88.4800 14.24027 2.01388
Commerce 50 81.9400 15.78220 2.23194
Total 205
ANOVA
Cultural Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
3025.788 2 1512.894
Within Groups 49638.290 202 245.734
6.157
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
325
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 2.91048 2.69351 Home science
com 9.45048 2.69351
home -2.91048 2.69351 Arts
Com. 6.54000 3.13518
home -9.45048 2.69351 Commerce
arts -6.54000 3.13518 Table 4.103 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 91.3905, arts respondents was 88.4800 and commerce respondents was 81.9400. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 16.26020, arts respondents was 14.24027 and commerce respondents was 15.78220. The standard error of home science respondents was 1.58683, arts respondents was 2.01388 and commerce respondents was 2.23194. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 2.91048,the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 9.45048 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 6.54000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 3025.788 and within groups was 49638.290 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was 1512.894 within groups was 245.734. And the ‘f ’- value is 6.157 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
326
Figure- 4.103 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
91.3905
16.2602
1.58683
6.157
88.48
14.24027
2.01388
81.94
15.7822
2.23194
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
Figure- 4.104 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment.
148.3619
25.90223
2.5278
17.029
130.52
22.72663
3.21403
126.86
22.34425
3.15995
0 50 100 150 200
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
327
Table: 4.104 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
26-50 1 1 0 51-75 0 0 1 76-100 5 1 3 101-125 12 18 21 126-150 29 21 16 151-175 54 9 9 176-200 4 0 0
Total 105 50 50
Descriptives
Rajkot –Psychological Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 105 148.3619 25.90223 2.52780
Arts 50 130.5200 22.72663 3.21403
Commerce 50 126.8600 22.34425 3.15995
Total 205
ANOVA
Psychological Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
20156.013 2 10078.007
Within Groups 119548.748 202 591.825
17.029
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
328
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 17.84190 4.18006 Home science
com 21.50190 4.18006
home -17.84190 4.18006 Arts
Com. 3.66000 4.86549
home -21.50190 4.18006 Commerce
arts -3.66000 4.86549 Table 4.104 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 148.3619, arts respondents was 130.5200 and commerce respondents was 126.8600. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 25.90223, arts respondents was 22.72663 and commerce respondents was 22.34425. The standard error of home science respondents was 2.52780, arts respondents was 3.21403 and commerce respondents was 3.15995. The difference between mean of home science and arts was 17.84190, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was 21.50190 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 3.66000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
20156.013 and within groups was 119548.748 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was 10078.007 within groups was 591.825. And the ‘f ’- value is 17.029 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on psychological empowerment
of Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
329
Table: 4.105 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
21-30 0 0 31-40 2 0 41-50 8 2 51-60 15 11 61-70 36 21 71-80 48 16 81-90 26 9 91-100 7 0 101-110 4 0
Total 146 59
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 146 72.9658 13.75721 1.13855 Political
Empowerment rural 59 68.4407 10.26926 1.33694
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
142.627 4.52508 1.75605 2.577
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
330
Table 4.105 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 72.9658 and the rural respondents was 68.4407.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 13.75721 and rural respondent was 10.26926. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.13855 and rural respondent was 1.33694. The difference between mean was 4.52508 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 1.75605 and t value was 2.577 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of Rajkot city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.105 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
4.52508
1.75605
2.577
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
331
Table: 4.106 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
1-50 0 0 51-100 0 0 101-150 3 1 151-200 12 1 201-250 26 28 251-300 60 23 301-350 44 5 351-400 1 1
Total 146 59
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 146 272.9178 49.27215 4.07779 Social Empowerment
rural 59 252.0508 39.00638 5.07820
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
134.538 20.86696 6.51279 3.204
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.106 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 272.9178 and the rural respondents was 252.0508. The standard deviation of
332
urban respondent was 49.27215 and rural respondent was 39.00638. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 4.07779 and rural respondent was 5.07820. The difference between mean was 20.86696 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.51279 and t value was 3.204 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
Rajkot city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.106 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
20.867
6.51279
3.204
0
5
10
15
20
25
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
333
Table: 4.107 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
51-100 2 0 101-150 3 1 151-200 23 13 201-250 41 34 251-300 48 10 301-350 23 0 351-400 6 1
Total 146 59
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 146 252.4726 56.11493 4.64410 Economic Empowerment
rural 59 228.2203 35.77037 4.65691
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
165.323 24.25226 6.57681 3.688
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.107 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 252.4726 and the rural respondents was 228.2203.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 56.11493 and rural respondent was 35.77037.
334
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 4.64410 and rural respondent was 4.65691. The difference between mean was 24.25226 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.57681 and t value was 3.688 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
Rajkot city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.107 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
24.2523
6.57681
3.688
0
5
10
15
20
25
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
335
Table: 4.108 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
1-25 1 0 26-50 3 2 51-75 22 8 76-100 83 42 101-125 37 7
Total 146 59
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 146 89.1918 16.48837 1.36459 Cultural Empowerment
rural 59 86.3559 14.91674 1.94199
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
117.916 2.83585 2.37349 1.195
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.108 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 89.1918 and the rural respondents was 86.3559.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 16.48837 and rural respondent was 14.91674. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.36459 and rural respondent was 1.94199. The difference between mean was 2.83585 and it
336
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.37349 and t value was 1.195 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
Rajkot city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.108 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
2.83585
2.37349
1.195
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
337
Table: 4.109 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
26-50 0 2 51-75 1 0 76-100 4 5 101-125 31 20 126-150 46 20 151-175 60 12 176-200 4 0
Total 146 59
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 146 143.0479 24.62948 2.03835 Psychological Empowerment
rural 59 128.1695 27.05177 3.52184
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
98.926 14.87845 4.06918 3.656
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.109 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 143.0479 and the rural respondents was 128.1695.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 24.62948 and rural respondent was 27.05177.
338
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.03835 and rural respondent was 3.52184. The difference between mean was 14.87845 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 4.06918 and t value was 3.656 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological empowerment of Rajkot city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure-4.109 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
14.8785
4.06918 3.656
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
339
Table: 4.110 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
21-30 0 0 31-40 1 1 41-50 7 3 51-60 11 15 61-70 39 18 71-80 45 19 81-90 22 13 91-100 3 4 101-110 2 2
Total 130 75
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 130 71.7538 12.10168 1.06139 Political Empowerment
Joint 75 71.5067 14.48426 1.67250
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
133.212 .24718 1.98086 .125
t-value is not Significant at any level
340
Table 4.110 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 71.7538 and the joint family respondent was 71.5067. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 12.10168 and joint family respondent was 14.48426. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 1.06139 and joint family respondent was 1.67250 .The difference between mean was .24718 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 1.98086 and t value was .125 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.110 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
0.24718
1.98086
0.125
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
341
Table: 4.111 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
1-50 0 0 51-100 0 0 101-150 3 1 151-200 11 2 201-250 31 23 251-300 52 31 301-350 32 17 351-400 1 1
Total 130 75
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 130 263.9923 49.14233 4.31007 Social Empowerment
Joint
75 271.9733 44.11379 5.09382
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
168.381 -7.98103 6.67261 -1.196
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.111 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 263.9923 and the joint family respondent was 271.9733. The standard
342
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 49.14233 and joint family respondent was 44.11379. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 4.31007 and joint family respondent was 5.09382.The difference between mean was -7.98103 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.67261 and t value was -1.196 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.111 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
-7.98103
6.67261
-1.196
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
343
Table: 4.112 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
51-100 0 2 101-150 3 1 151-200 23 13 201-250 51 24 251-300 39 19 301-350 11 12 351-400 3 4
Total 130 75
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 130 244.0615 47.39407 4.15673 Economic Empowerment
Joint 75 247.9733 59.84529 6.91034
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
127.652 -3.91179 8.06419 -.485
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.112 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 244.0615 and the joint family respondent was 247.9733. The standard
344
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 47.39407 and joint family respondent was 59.84529. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 4.15673 and joint family respondent was 6.91034.The difference between mean was -3.91179 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 8.06419 and t value was -.485 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.112 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
-3.91179
8.06419
-0.485
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
345
Table: 4.113 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
1-25 0 1 26-50 4 1 51-75 22 8 76-100 79 46 101-125 25 19
Total 130 75
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 130 87.1769 15.75366 1.38169 Cultural Empowerment
Joint 75 90.4533 16.49676 1.90488
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
148.732 -3.27641 2.35322 -1.392
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.113 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 87.1769 and the joint family respondent was 90.4533. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 15.75366 and joint family respondent was 16.49676. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 1.38169 and joint family respondent was 1.90488.The
346
difference between mean was -3.27641 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.35322 and t value was -1.392 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same. Figure: 4.113 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
-3.27641
2.35322
-1.392
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
347
Table: 4.114 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
26-50 1 1 51-75 1 0 76-100 5 4 101-125 34 17 126-150 42 24 151-175 46 26 176-200 1 3
Total 130 75
Group Statistics City of Rajkot
Rajkot Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 130 137.8923 25.36134 2.22434 Psychological Empowerment
Joint 75 140.2800 27.62224 3.18954
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
143.951 .540 3.88855 -.614
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.114 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 137.8923 and the joint family respondent was 140.2800. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 25.36134 and joint family
348
respondent was 27.62224. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 2.22434 and joint family respondent was 3.18954.The difference between mean was .540 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.88855 and t value was -.614 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.114 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
0.54
3.88855
-0.614-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
349
4.12 OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SURENDRANAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family
respondents as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of
Jamnagar city has been given in table no. 4.115 to 4.132.
Table: 4.115 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
251-300 0 0 301-350 0 0 351-400 0 0 401-450 0 0 451-500 0 0 501-550 4 0 551-600 4 2 601-650 9 4 651-700 19 6 701-750 19 6 751-800 10 6 801-850 18 0 851-900 5 0 901-950 1 1 951-1000 2 0
1001-1050 1 1 1051-1100 0 0 1101-1150 0 0
Total 92 26
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 92 734.0000 100.63425 10.49185 Women
Empowerment rural 26 716.1154 104.39323 20.47320
350
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
39.114 17.88462 23.00501 .777
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.115 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 734.0000and the rural respondents was 716.1154.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 100.63425 and rural respondent was 104.39323. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 10.49185 and rural respondent was 20.47320. The difference between mean was 17.88462 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 23.00501 and t value was .777 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.115 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
17.885
23.005
0.777
0
5
10
15
20
25
MeanDif ference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
351
Table: 4.116 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
251-300 0 0 301-350 0 0 351-400 0 0 401-450 0 0 451-500 0 0 501-550 4 0 551-600 4 2 601-650 6 7 651-700 5 20 701-750 7 18 751-800 6 10 801-850 10 8 851-900 2 3 901-950 0 2
951-1000 0 2 1001-1050 1 1 1051-1100 0 0 1101-1150 0 0
Total 45 73
Group Statistics
Surendranagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 45 718.1556 112.81057 16.81681 Women
Empowerment Joint 73 737.3973 93.56010 10.95038
352
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
80.391 -19.24170 20.06778 -.959
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.116 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 718.1556and the joint family respondent was 737.3973. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 112.81057and joint family respondent was 93.56010.Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 16.81681 and joint family respondent was 10.95038. The difference between mean was -19.24170 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 20.06778and t value was -.959 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.116 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
-19.242
20.068
-0.959
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
353
Table: 4.117 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
251-300 0 0 0 301-350 0 0 0 351-400 0 0 0 401-450 0 0 0 451-500 0 0 0 501-550 3 1 0 551-600 3 1 2 601-650 5 6 3 651-700 5 10 9 701-750 4 10 11 751-800 5 9 2 801-850 3 7 7 851-900 2 3 1 901-950 0 2 0
951-1000 1 1 0 1001-1050 2 0 0 1051-1100 0 0 0 1101-1150 0 0 0
Total 33 50 35
Descriptives
Surendranagar -Women empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 722.0606 133.06271 23.16324
Arts 50 740.6200 95.24381 13.46951
Commerce 35 722.5143 72.71070 12.29035
Total 118
354
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
9680.183 2 4840.092
Within Groups 1190832.402
115 10355.064
.467
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts -18.55939 22.82304 Home science
com -.45368 24.69107
home 18.55939 22.82304 Arts
Com. 18.10571 22.42678
home .45368 24.69107 Commerce
arts -18.10571 22.42678 Table 4.117 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 722.0606, arts respondents was 740.6200and commerce respondents was 722.5143. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 133.06271, arts respondents was 95.24381and commerce respondents was 72.71070. The standard error of home science respondents was 23.16324, arts respondents was 13.46951and commerce respondents was 12.29035. The difference between mean of home science and arts was-18.55939, the difference between home science and commerce -.45368 the difference between mean of arts and commerce was18.10571. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 9680.183and within groups was 1190832.402 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was 4840.092within groups was 10355.064. And the ‘f ’- value is .467 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on women empowerment of surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
355
Figure-117 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
722.0606
133.06271
23.16324
0.467
740.62
95.24381
13.46951
722.5143
72.7107
12.29035
0 200 400 600 800
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
Figure-4.118 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
72.3333
12.58885
2.19144
4.258
67.6
10.75326
1.52074
64.5143
10.12095
1.71075
0 20 40 60 80meanS
td.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
356
Table: 4.118 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowermen t.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
21-30 0 0 0 31-40 0 0 0 41-50 2 2 5 51-60 4 15 6 61-70 6 13 14 71-80 12 13 8 81-90 8 6 2 91-100 0 1 0 101-110 1 0 0
Total 33 50 35
Descriptives
Surendranagar -Political Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 72.3333 12.58885 2.19144
Arts 50 67.6000 10.75326 1.52074
Commerce 35 64.5143 10.12095 1.71075
Total 118
ANOVA
Women Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
1052.915 2 526.458
Within Groups 14220.076 115 123.653
4.258
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
357
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 4.73333 2.49402 Home science
com 7.81905 2.69815
home -4.73333 2.49402 Arts
Com. 3.08571 2.45071
home -7.81905 2.69815 Commerce
arts -3.08571 2.45071 Table 4.118 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 72.3333, arts respondents was 67.6000 and commerce respondents was 64.5143. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 12.58885, arts respondents was 10.75326 and commerce respondents was 10.12095. The standard error of home science respondents was 2.19144, arts respondents was 1.52074 and commerce respondents was 1.71075. The difference between mean of home science and arts was4.73333, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was7.81905 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was3.08571. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 1052.915and within groups was 14220.076and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was 526.458within groups was 123.653. And the ‘f ’- value is 4.258 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
358
Table: 4.119 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
1-50 0 0 0 51-100 0 0 0 101-150 6 0 1 151-200 9 3 2 201-250 5 27 16 251-300 10 15 15 301-350 3 4 1 351-400 0 1 0
Total 33 50 35
Descriptives
Surendranagar -Social Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 214.5758 67.90620 11.82095
Arts 50 249.8400 39.97620 5.65349
Commerce 35 243.9714 36.45584 6.16216
Total 118
ANOVA
Social Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
26357.604 2 13178.802
Within Groups 271053.752 115 2356.989
5.591
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
359
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts -35.26424 10.88870 Home science
com -29.39567 11.77992
home 35.26424 10.88870 Arts
Com. 5.86857 10.69964
home 29.39567 11.77992 Commerce
arts -5.86857 10.69964 Table 4.119 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 214.5758, arts respondents was 249.8400 and commerce respondents was 243.9714. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 67.90620, arts respondents was 39.97620and commerce respondents was 36.45584. The standard error of home science respondents was 11.82095, arts respondents was 5.65349 and commerce respondents was 6.16216. The difference between mean of home science and arts was-35.26424,the difference between mean of home science and commerce was-29.39567 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was5.86857. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 26357.604and within groups was 271053.752 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 115 The mean square of between groups was 13178.802within groups was 2356.989. And the ‘f ’- value is 5.591 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on social empowerment of surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
360
Figure- 4.119 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
214.5758
67.9062
11.82095
5.591
249.84
39.9762
5.65349
243.9714
36.45584
6.16216
0 100 200 300
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
Figure- 4.120 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
245.697
31.24948
5.43984
11.851
207.9
41.52563
5.87261
222.9143
25.46782
4.30485
0 50 100 150 200 250 300meanS
td.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
361
Table: 4.120 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment .
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
51-100 0 1 0 101-150 0 2 0 151-200 2 22 6 201-250 16 18 22 251-300 13 7 7 301-350 2 0 0 351-400 0 0 0
Total 33 50 35
Descriptives
Surendranagar –Economic Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 245.6970 31.24948 5.43984
Arts 50 207.9000 41.52563 5.87261
Commerce 35 222.9143 25.46782 4.30485
Total 118
ANOVA
Economic Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
28400.101 2 14200.051
Within Groups 137796.213 115 1198.228
Total 166196.314 117
11.851
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
362
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts 37.79697 7.76367 Home science
com 22.78268 8.39911
home -37.79697 7.76367 Arts
Com. -15.01429 7.62887
home -22.78268 8.39911 Commerce
arts 15.01429 7.62887 Table 4.120 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 245.6970, arts respondents was 207.9000 and commerce respondents was 222.9143. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 31.24948, arts respondents was 41.52563 and commerce respondents was 25.46782. The standard error of Home science respondents was 5.43984, arts respondents was 5.87261and commerce respondents was 4.30485. The difference between mean of home science and arts was37.79697,the difference between mean of home science and commerce was22.78268 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was-15.01429. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 28400.101and within groups was 137796.213and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was 14200.051 within groups was 1198.228. And the ‘f ’- value is 11.851 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on economic empowerment of surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
363
Table: 4.121 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
1-25 0 0 0 26-50 4 0 0 51-75 13 9 18 76-100 13 30 17 101-125 3 11 0
Total 33 50 35
Descriptives
Surendranagar –Cultural Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 72.0000 19.17192 3.33740
Arts 50 87.5800 14.33718 2.02758
Commerce 35 75.4286 9.73558 1.64561
Total 118
ANOVA
Cultural Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
5699.088 2 2849.544
Within Groups 25056.751 115 217.885
Total 30755.839 117
13.078
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
364
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts -15.58000 3.31063 Home science
com -3.42857 3.58160
home 15.58000 3.31063 Arts
Com. 12.15143 3.25315
home 3.42857 3.58160 Commerce
arts -12.15143 3.25315 Table 4.121 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 72.0000, arts respondents was 87.5800 and commerce respondents was 75.4286. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 19.17192, arts respondents was 14.33718 and commerce respondents was 9.73558. The standard error of home science respondents was 3.33740, arts respondents was 2.02758 and commerce respondents was 1.64561. The difference between mean of home science and arts was -15.58000, the difference between mean of home science and commerce was -3.42857 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was12.15143.The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 5699.088 and within groups was 25056.751 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was 2849.544 within groups was 217.885. And the ‘f ’- value is 13.078 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
365
Figure- 4.121 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment .
72
19.17192
3.3374
13.078
87.58
14.33718
2.02758
75.4286
9.73558
1.64561
0 20 40 60 80 100
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
Figure- 4.122 Showing Scores Obtained by Home scien ce, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment.
117.4545
36.14475
6.29199
2.94
127.7
20.30306
2.87129
115.6857
16.42052
2.77558
0 50 100 150
mean
Std.Devition
Std.Error
f-value
HomeScience Arts Commerce
366
Table: 4.122 Showing Scores Obtained By Home scienc e, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowe rment.
Frequency Class
Home Science Arts Commerce
26-50 0 0 0 51-75 8 0 1 76-100 3 5 3 101-125 2 21 23 126-150 16 15 7 151-175 4 9 1 176-200 0 0 0
Total 33 50 35
Descriptives
Surendranagar –Psychological Empowerment
Faculty N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Home science 33 117.4545 36.14475 6.29199
Arts 50 127.7000 20.30306 2.87129
Commerce 35 115.6857 16.42052 2.77558
Total 118
ANOVA
Psychologica Empowerment Table value
S.S. df M S F-value
0.05 level
0,01 level
Between Groups
3639.097 2 1819.549
Within Groups 71172.225 115 618.889
2.940
19.49 99.49
F-value is not Significant at any level
367
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
(I) Stream (J) Stream Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error
arts -10.24545 5.57960 Home science
com 1.76883 6.03629
home 10.24545 5.57960 Arts
Com. 12.01429 5.48273
home -1.76883 6.03629 Commerce
arts -12.01429 5.48273 Table 4.122 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 117.4545, arts respondents was 127.7000 and commerce respondents was 115.6857. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was 36.14475, arts respondents was 20.30306 and commerce respondents was 16.42052. The standard error of Home science respondents was 6.29199, arts respondents was 2.87129 and commerce respondents was 2.77558. The difference between mean of home science and arts was-10.24545,the difference between mean of home science and commerce was1.76883 and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was12.01429. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 3639.097 and within groups was 71172.225 and df of between groups was 2 and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was 1819.549within groups was 618.889. And the ‘f ’- value is 2.940 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on psychological empowerment of surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
368
Table: 4.123 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
21-30 0 0 31-40 0 0 41-50 6 3 51-60 16 8 61-70 28 6 71-80 26 7 81-90 14 2 91-100 1 0 101-110 1 0
Total 92 26
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 92 69.0217 11.40559 1.18911 Political
Empowerment
rural 26 64.4231 10.96603 2.15062
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
41.556 4.59866 2.45747 1.871
t-value is not Significant at any level
369
Table 4.123 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 69.0217 and the rural respondents was 64.4231.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 11.40559 and rural respondent was 10.96603. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.18911 and rural respondent was 2.15062. The difference between mean was 4.59866 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.45747 and t value was 1.871 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.123 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
4.5987
2.4575
1.871
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
370
Table- 4.124 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
1-50 0 0 51-100 0 0 101-150 5 2 151-200 10 4 201-250 35 13 251-300 36 4 301-350 5 3 351-400 1 0
Total 92 26
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 92 240.2826 50.71084 5.28697 Social Empowerment
rural 26 231.0000 49.65884 9.73890
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
40.930 9.28261 11.08144 .838
t-value is not Significant at any level
371
Table 4.124 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 240.2826 and the rural respondents was 231.0000.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 50.71084 and rural respondent was 49.65884. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 5.28697 and rural respondent was 9.73890. The difference between mean was 9.28261and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 11.08144and t value was .838which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of surendranagar city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.124 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
9.2826
11.081
0.838
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
372
Table: 4.125 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
51-100 1 0 101-150 0 2 151-200 20 10 201-250 46 10 251-300 24 3 301-350 1 1 351-400 0 0
Total 92 26
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 92 226.4022 34.85513 3.63390 Economic Empowerment
rural 26 210.6154 44.98451 8.82219
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment
df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
33.935 15.78679 9.54129 1.655
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.125 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 226.4022 and the rural respondents was 210.6154.The standard deviation of
373
urban respondent was 34.85513 and rural respondent was 44.98451. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 3.63390and rural respondent was 8.82219. The difference between mean was 15.78679 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 9.54129and t value was 1.655 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment of urban and rural respondent was all most same.
Figure- 4.125 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
15.787
9.5413
1.655
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
374
Table: 4.126 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
1-25 0 0 26-50 4 0 51-75 34 6 76-100 44 16 101-125 10 4
Total 92 26
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 92 78.4348 16.28949 1.69830 Cultural Empowerment
rural 26 83.8077 15.52294 3.04430
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
41.868 -5.37291 3.48597 -1.541
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.126 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 78.4348and the rural respondents was 83.8077.The standard deviation of urban respondent was 16.28949 and rural respondent was 15.52294. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.69830 and rural respondent was 3.04430. The difference between mean was -5.37291 and it
375
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.48597 and t value was -1.541 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
surendranagar city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.126 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
-5.3729
3.486
-1.541
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
376
Table: 4.127 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and R ural
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Urban Rural
26-50 0 0 51-75 9 0 76-100 7 4 101-125 38 8 126-150 28 10 151-175 10 4 176-200 0 0
Total 92 26
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Area N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban 92 119.8587 25.71423 2.68089 Psychological Empowerment
rural 26 126.2692 23.50074 4.60887
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
43.414 -6.41054 5.33188 -1.202
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.127 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was 119.8587and the rural respondents was 126.2692.The standard deviation of
377
urban respondent was 25.71423 and rural respondent was 23.50074. Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.68089 and rural respondent was 4.60887. The difference between mean was -6.41054 and it was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 5.33188 and t value was -1.202 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.127 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
-6.4105
5.3319
-1.202
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
378
Table: 4.128 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
21-30 0 0 31-40 0 0 41-50 5 4 51-60 7 17 61-70 8 26 71-80 16 17 81-90 7 9 91-100 1 0 101-110 1 0
Total 45 73
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 45 69.8889 13.01960 1.94085 Political Empowerment
Joint 73 66.8493 10.24515 1.19910
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
77.133 3.03957 2.28139 1.332
t-value is not Significant at any level
379
Table 4.128 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondents was 69.8889and the joint family respondents was 66.8493.The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 13.01960 and joint family respondent was 10.24515. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 1.94085 and joint family respondent was 1.19910. The difference between mean was 3.03957 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.28139 and t value was 1.332 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city nuclear and joint family respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.128 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
3.0396
2.2814
1.332
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
380
Table: 4.129 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
1-50 0 0 51-100 0 0 101-150 6 1 151-200 9 5 201-250 12 36 251-300 17 23 301-350 1 7 351-400 0 1
Total 45 73
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 45 220.8222 56.83480 8.47243 Social Empowerment
Joint 73 248.9726 43.01517 5.03454
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Social
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
74.856 -28.15038 9.85539 -2.856
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.129 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondents was 220.8222 and the joint family respondents was 248.9726.The standard
381
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 56.83480 and joint family respondent was 43.01517. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 8.47243 and joint family respondent was 5.03454. The difference between mean was -28.15038 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 9.85539 and t value was -2.856 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
joint family respondent was higher than the nuclear family respondents.
Figure: 4.129 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
-28.15
9.8554
-2.856
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
382
Table: 4.130 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
51-100 1 0 101-150 0 2 151-200 5 25 201-250 23 33 251-300 15 12 301-350 1 1 351-400 0 0
Total 45 73
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 45 234.0667 36.86116 5.49494 Economic Empowerment
Joint
73 216.0548 36.77631 4.30434
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Economic
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
93.134 18.01187 6.98009 2.580
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.130 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondents was 234.0667 and the joint family respondents was 216.0548. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 36.86116 and joint family
383
respondent was 36.77631. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 5.49494 and joint family respondent was 4.30434. The difference between mean was 18.01187 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.98009and t value was 2.580 which was significant at 0.05 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city nuclear family respondent was higher than the joint family respondents. Figure: 4.130 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
18.012
6.9801
2.58
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
384
Table: 4.131 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
1-25 0 0 26-50 4 0 51-75 17 23 76-100 20 40 101-125 4 10
Total 45 73
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 45 75.5778 18.33959 2.73390 Cultural Empowerment
Joint
73 82.1096 14.32225 1.67629
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
76.680 -6.53181 3.20690 -2.037
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.131 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 75.5778and the joint family respondent was 82.1096. The standard deviation of nuclear family respondent was 18.33959 and joint family respondent was 14.32225. Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 2.73390 and joint family respondent was 1.67629. The
385
difference between mean was -6.53181 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.20690and t value was -2.037 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
surendranagar city nuclear family respondent was higher than the joint family respondents.
.
Figure: 4.131 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
-6.5318
3.2069
-2.037
-7-6
-5-4
-3-2-1
01
234
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
386
Table: 4.132 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency Class
Nuclear Joint
26-50 0 0 51-75 7 2 76-100 5 6 101-125 8 38 126-150 22 16 151-175 3 11 176-200 0 0
Total 45 73
Group Statistics City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear 45 117.8000 29.95117 4.46486 Psychological Empowerment
Joint
73 123.4110 21.87835 2.56067
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment df Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t-value
Equal variances not
Assumed
72.886 -5.61096 5.14703 -1.090
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.132 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was 117.8000 and the joint family respondent was 123.4110. The standard
387
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 29.95117 and joint family respondent was 21.87835.Standard error of mean of nuclear family respondents was 4.46486 and joint family respondent was 2.56067. The difference between mean was -5.61096 and it was in favour of nuclear family respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 5.14703 and t value was -1.090 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of surendranagar city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same. Figure: 4.132 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear an d Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
-5.611
5.147
-1.09
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
MeanDifference
Std.ErrorDifference
t-value
CHAPTER: 5
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
5.1 SUMMARY 5.11 PROBLEM 5.12 POPULATION & SAMPLE: 5.13 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: 5.14 RESEARCH DESIGN 5.15 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: 5.2 DISCUSSION 5.3 CONCLUSION 5.4 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
388
Chapter-5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 SUMMARY 5.11 Problem: In this research a comparative study of undergraduate students on role of education on women empowerment was studied with different variables. 5.12 Population & sample: The students studying in undergraduate colleges of Jamnagar, Morbi Rajkot, and Surendranagar in the year 2009-10 were population for the study. From Smt. S. C. U. Shah Home Science and C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College Home science, Arts & Commerce students randomly selected as sample from Home science 33, Arts 50 and from Commerce 35. From Smt.J.A.Patel Mahila Arts, Commerce and Home Science College Morbi Home science, Arts & Commerce students randomly selected as sample from Home science 33, Arts 53 and from Commerce 30. From Om Vindya Vasini Advance Computer and Commerce College Morbi 6 Commerce students was randomly selected as sample. From Shri P.G.Patel Commerce College, Morbi 14 Commerce students were randomly selected as sample. From Sadgurudev Ranchhoddasji Bapu Mahila Home Science & Late M. J. K. Mahila Commerce College Rajkot Home science & Commerce students randomly selected as sample from Home science 34 and from Commerce 18. From M.V.M. Science & Home Science College, Rajkot 71 Home science students were randomly selected as sample. From Smt. R. R. Patel Mahila Arts & Commerce College, Rajkot Arts & Commerce students randomly selected as sample from Arts 50 and from Commerce 32. From Shri A.K.Doshi Mahila Arts, Commerce & Home Science College Jamnagar Home science, Arts & Commerce students randomly selected as sample from Home science 29, Arts 47 and from Commerce 9. From Shri G. H. Gosrani Commerce & D.D. Nagda B. B. A. College Jamnagar 41 Commerce students randomly selected as sample. All colleges total Students were 585. 5.13 Objective of the study: Following were the objectives of the studies. 1) To know the role of education on overall women empowerment 2) To compare the level of empowerment of joint and nuclear family
respondents. 3) To compare the level of empowerment of urban & rural respondents 4) To compare the level of empowerment of Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents
389
5) To compare the level of empowerment of girl students from Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar & Surendranagar.
5.14 Research Design: Keeping in mind 132 null hypothesis were formed according to objectives. For data gathering self made statements were used. 5.15 Statistical analysis: From collected information frequency distribution was prepared with following variable. 1) Overall scores of role of education on women empowerment. 2) Scores of Role of Education on Political Empowerment 3) Scores of Role of Education on Social Empowerment 4) Scores of Role of Education on Economic Empowerment 5) Scores of Role of Education on Cultural Empowerment 6) Scores of Role of Education on Psychological Empowerment 7) Scores of Role of Education on Jamnagar city respondents 8) Scores of Role of Education on Morbi city respondents. 9) Scores of Role of Education on Rajkot city respondents. 10) Scores of Role of Education on Surendranagar city respondents After preparing frequency distribution mean, standard deviation, standard error, t-test & f-test were performed. Correlation of coefficient was calculated.
The significance was checked at both levels. 5.2 DISCUSSION
1. The difference between urban and rural respondents was significant which was 2.679 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis no.1“There will be no significant difference between urban and rural respondents regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
2. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.2 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondent regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
3. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was 34.948 and was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No. 3 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
4. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 9.880 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.4 “There will be no significant difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
390
5. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.5 “There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
6. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.6 “There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
7. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was significant which was 15.475 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.15 “There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
8. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.8 “There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
9. The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.9 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
10. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 10.613 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.10 “There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
11. The difference between urban and rural respondent was significant
which was 2.792 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis No.11 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents regarding political empowerment” was rejected.
12. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.12 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
391
13. The difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents was significant which was not significant so the hypothesis No.13 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
14. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.14 “There will be no significant difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
15. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.15 “There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
16. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 9.024 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.16 “There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was rejected.
17. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.17 “There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
18. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.18 “There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
19. The difference between nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.19 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
20. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.20 “There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
392
21. The difference between urban and rural respondent was not significant so the hypothesis No.21 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
22. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.22 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
23. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was 21.017 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.23 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding social empowerment” was rejected.
24. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 18.569 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.24 “There will be no significant difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was rejected.
25. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.24 "There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social empowerment" was accepted.
26. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.26 “There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
27. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was significant which was 11.563 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.27 “There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was rejected.
28. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.28 “There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
29. The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 10.132
393
& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.29 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social empowerment was rejected.
30. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.30 “There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
31. The difference between urban and rural respondent was significant
which was 3.253 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis No.31 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents regarding Economic empowerment” was rejected.
32. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was
significant which was 2.006 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.32 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding Economic empowerment” was rejected.
33. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was 47.493 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.33 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding Economic empowerment” was rejected.
34. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.34 “There will be no significant difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was accepted.
35. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.35 “There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was accepted.
36. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.36 “There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was accepted.
37. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was significant which was 11.107 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.37 “There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
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Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was rejected.
38. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.38 “There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was accepted.
39. The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.39 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was accepted.
40. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 9.043 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.40 “There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was rejected.
41. The difference between urban and rural respondents which was not
significant so the hypothesis No.41 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
42. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.42 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
43. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was not significant so the hypothesis No.43 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
44. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 13.350 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.44 “There will be no significant difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural empowerment” was rejected.
45. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.45 “There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
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46. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.46 “There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
47. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.47 “There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
48. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.48 “There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
49. The difference between nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.49 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
50. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.50 “There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
51. The difference between urban and rural respondents was not
significant so the hypothesis No.51 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
52. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.52 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
53. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was 41.550 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.53 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding Psychological empowerment” was rejected.
54. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 12.107& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.54 “There
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will be no significant difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment” was rejected.
55. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.55 “There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
56. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.56 “There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
57. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was significant which was 17.662 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.57 “There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment” was rejected.
58. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.58 “There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
59. The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.59 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
60. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 8.862 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.60 “There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment” was rejected.
61. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.61 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
62. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was significant which was 2.120 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.52 “There will be no significant difference
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between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
63. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.63 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment was” was accepted.
64. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.64 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
65. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.65 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar, regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
66. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.66 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar, regarding economic empowerment” was accepted.
67. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.67 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar, regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
68. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.68 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar, regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
69. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.69 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
70. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.70 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
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71. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.71 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding economical empowerment” was accepted.
72. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.72 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
73. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.73 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
74. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.74 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
75. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.75 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
76. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was significant which was 2.028 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.76 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding economical empowerment” was rejected.
77. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.77 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
78. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was significant which was 2.157 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.78 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment” was rejected.
79. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.79 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
80. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.80 “There will be no significant
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difference between nuclear and joint family respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
81. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.81 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
82. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.82 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
83. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.83 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi, regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
84. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.84 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi, regarding economic empowerment” was accepted.
85. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.85 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi, regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
86. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.86 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi, regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
87. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was
significant which was 2.197& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.88 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment” was rejected.
88. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.88 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
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89. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.89 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding economical empowerment” was accepted.
90. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.90 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
91. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.91 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
92. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.92 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
93. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.93 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
94. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.94 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi regarding economical empowerment” was accepted.
95. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.95 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
96. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.96 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
97. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 4.281 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis No.97 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
98. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.98 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
401
99. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was significant was not significant so the hypothesis No.99 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
100. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.100 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
101. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.101 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot, regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
102. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.102 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot, regarding economic empowerment” was accepted.
103. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.103 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot, regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
104. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.104 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot, regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
105. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 2.577 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.105 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment” was rejected.
106. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 3.204 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis No.106 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment” was rejected.
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107. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was significant which was 3.688 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis No.106 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding economical empowerment” was rejected.
108. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
not significant so the hypothesis No.108 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
109. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 3.656 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis No.106 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment” was rejected.
110. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.110 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
111. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.111 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
112. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.112 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding economical empowerment” was accepted.
113. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.113 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
114. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.114 There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
115. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar which was not significant so the hypothesis No.115 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
116. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.116 “There will
403
be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
117. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.117 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
118. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.118 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
119. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.119 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar, regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
120. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.120 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar, regarding economic empowerment” was accepted.
121. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.121 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar, regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
122. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.122 “There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar, regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
123. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.123 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
124. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.124 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
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125. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.125 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Surendranagar regarding economical empowerment” was accepted.
126. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.126 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
127. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.127 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
128. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.128 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
129. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was significant which was -2.856 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis No.129 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was rejected.
130. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was significant which was -2.580& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.130 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding economical empowerment” was rejected.
131. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was significant which was -2.037 & was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis No.131 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment” was rejected.
132. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.132 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
5.3 CONCLUSION
1. The role of education on women empowerment of joint & nuclear family respondents were almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
405
Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. Urban respondents scored more than rural respondents. Home science respondents scored more than arts & commerce respondents. Commerce respondents scored more than arts respondents. Home science respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents. Home science respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Morbi, and Surendranagar respondents. Home science respondents of Morbi scored more than Surendranagar respondents. Urban respondents of Rajkot city scored more than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. Urban respondents of Morbi city scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And urban respondents of Jamnagar city scored more than the Surendranagar city. Nuclear family respondents of Rajkot city scored more than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. Nuclear family respondents of Morbi city scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And Nuclear family respondents of Surendranagar city scored more than the Jamnagar city.
2. The role of education on political empowerment of joint & nuclear
family respondents were almost same. The role of education on political empowerment of arts, commerce and home science respondents were almost same. The role of education on political empowerment of arts and home science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. The role of education on political empowerment of urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. The role of education on political empowerment of rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. The role of education on political empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. The role of education on political empowerment of joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. Urban respondents scored more than rural respondents regarding political empowerment. Commerce respondents of Morbi scored more than Rajkot, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding political empowerment. Commerce respondents of Rajkot scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding political empowerment. Commerce respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
3. The role of education on social empowerment of urban & rural
respondents was almost same. The role of education on social empowerment of joint & nuclear family respondents were almost same. The role of education on social empowerment of arts & commerce respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on social empowerment of rural
406
respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on social empowerment of joint family respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. Home science respondents scored more than arts & commerce respondents regarding social empowerment. Commerce respondents scored more than arts respondents regarding social empowerment. Home science respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social empowerment. Home science respondents of Morbi scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social empowerment. Home science respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Surendranagar regarding social empowerment. Urban respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social empowerment. Urban respondents of Morbi scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social empowerment. Urban respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Surendranagar regarding social empowerment. Nuclear family respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social empowerment. Nuclear family respondents of Morbi scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social empowerment. Nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
4. The role of education on economical empowerment of Home science,
arts & commerce respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on economical empowerment of rural respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on economical empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. Urban respondents scored more than rural respondents regarding economical empowerment. Nuclear family respondents scored more than joint family respondents regarding economical empowerment. Home science respondents scored more than arts & commerce respondents regarding economical empowerment. Commerce respondents scored more than arts respondents regarding economical empowerment. Joint family respondents of Rajkot city scored more than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city regarding economical empowerment. Joint family respondents of Morbi city scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city regarding economical empowerment. And Joint family respondents of Surendranagar city scored more than the Jamnagar city regarding economical empowerment. Urban respondents of Rajkot city scored more than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city regarding economical empowerment. Urban respondents of Morbi city scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city regarding economical empowerment. And urban respondents of Surendranagar city scored more than the Jamnagar city regarding economical empowerment.
407
5. The role of education on cultural empowerment of urban & rural respondents was almost same. The role of education on cultural empowerment of joint & nuclear family respondents were almost same. The role of education on cultural empowerment of home science, arts & commerce respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on cultural empowerment of urban respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on cultural empowerment of rural respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on cultural empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on cultural empowerment of joint family respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. Home science respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar respondents regarding cultural empowerment. Home science respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi and Surendranagar respondents regarding cultural empowerment. Home science respondents of Morbi scored more than Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
6. The role of education on psychological empowerment of urban & rural
respondents was almost same. The role of education on psychological empowerment of joint & nuclear family respondents were almost same. The role of education on psychological empowerment of arts & commerce respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on psychological empowerment of rural respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on psychological empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. Home science respondents scored more than arts & commerce respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Arts respondents scored more than Commerce respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Home science respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Home science respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi and Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Home science respondents of Morbi scored more than Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment. Urban respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Urban respondents of Morbi scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Urban respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment. Joint family respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Joint family respondents of Morbi scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Joint family
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respondents of Surendranagar scored more than Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
7. The role of education on women empowerment of urban & rural
respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same. Nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar city scored more than joint family respondents. The role of education on political, social, and cultural empowerment of nuclear and joint family respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same. Nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar city scored higher than the joint family respondents regarding psychological and economical empowerment.
8. The role of education on women empowerment of urban & rural
respondents of Morbi city was almost same. The role of education on social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of urban & rural respondents of Morbi city was almost same. Urban respondents of Morbi city scored higher than the rural respondents regarding political empowerment. The role of education on women empowerment of Nuclear family respondents and joint family respondents of Morbi city was almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of Nuclear family respondents and joint family respondents of Morbi city was almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi city was almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of home science, arts & commerce respondents of Morbi city was almost same.
9. Urban respondents of Rajkot city scored more than rural respondents.
The role of education on cultural empowerment of urban & rural respondents of Rajkot city was almost same. Urban respondents of Rajkot city scored higher than the rural respondents regarding political social, economical and psychological empowerment. The role of education on women empowerment of Nuclear family respondents and joint family respondents of Rajkot city was almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of Nuclear family respondents and joint family respondents of Rajkot city was almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot city was almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of home science, arts & commerce respondents of Rajkot city was almost same.
409
10. The role of education on women empowerment of urban & rural
respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of urban & rural respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of home science, arts & commerce respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of Nuclear family & joint family respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. The role of education on psychological and political empowerment of nuclear and joint family respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. Joint family respondents of Surendranagar city scored higher than the Nuclear family respondents regarding social empowerment. Nuclear family respondents of Surendranagar city scored higher than the joint family respondents regarding cultural and economical empowerment.
5.4 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 1) Role of education on personality development can be studied. 2) Role of education on women empowerment of undergraduate students
of Saurashtra University or Gujarat University with compare to different faculty can be studied.
3) The education & vocational ability can be studied. 4) The education & value inculcation can be studied. 5) The curriculum development can be done based on these types of
studied.
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Related Websites:
A Working Definition of Empowerment - NEC Article - www.power2u.org
Definition: Women Empowerment - www.selfgrowth.com
Economic Empowerment for Sustainable Development - www.nasarawastate.org
Economic & Cultural Empowerment - www.volunteerindia.org
Economic Empowerment of Women in India - www.easternbookcorporation.com
Education as a means of empowerment - www.slyoz.net
Empowerment: Definition from Answer.com - www.answers.com
Empowerment Women - www.nabuur.com
Empowering Women in India - www.AADITYA.org/Women_Empowerment
Govt. committed to women's empowerment - timesofindia.indiatimes.com
India: Women's empowerment - www.ifad.org
INDIA: Women's Political Empowerment - ipsnews.net
Political Empowerment Of Women - www.countercurrents.org
Political Empowerment of Women in Rural India - www.devactivism.org
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN IN INDIA - www.essays.se/.../political+empowerment+of+women+in +india/
Towards the empowerment of Indian women - www.ambedkar.org
UNDP - Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment - Gender ...- www.undp.org
United Nation's Definition of Women Empowerment - www.fanpop.com
United Nation’s Definition of Women Empowerment - www.fanpop.com
Women’s Economic Empowerment - advancingeconomics.blogspot.com
Women's Education in India - www.indiaedu.com
Women Empowerment — India - www.indg.in
Women Empowerment - www.thp.org
Women Empowerment - angul.nic.in
Women's Empowerment - www.care.org
Women And Empowerment - www.unitedprosperity.org
Women And Empowerment - www.WomensCollective.net
Women Empowerment — India Development Gateway - www.indg.in/.../women-empowerment/women-empowerment
Women Empowerment In India - www.thinkchangeindia.org
Woman Empowerment In India,Economic Empowerment - www.azadindia.org
Women's empowerment in rural India - www.istr.org
Women in India - india.mapsofindia.com
Women in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India
APPENDIX
1. Questionnaire for English version
2. Photographs.
3. Permission letter.
1.Questionnaire for English version
“QUESTIONNAIRE ’’
“A comparative study of under graduate students on role of education on women empowerment.”
* Guide * *Researcher* Dr, Daxaben Mehta Hemangi D.Mehta (M.Sc. Ph.D.) (M.Sc.Gen.HomeSci.) Principal, Smt.S.C.U.Shah Home Science, And C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce, Mahila College. Wadhwan city.
Dear students,
My self – Miss Hemangi Mehta, I am studying Ph.D in “Smt.
Sadguna C.U.Shah Home Science & C.U.Shah Arts & Com merce
women’s college, Vadhavan” of Saurashtra University for this concern. I
need some specific information’s regarding “study o f impact of
education for women empowerment.” Whose format is a s under. I
assure you that the information’s provided from you will definitely used
for this study only. I strongly hope that you will help me by giving
answer of under given questions perfectly.
Thanks……
*Personal Information*
Name : _________________________________________
Address : _________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Age : _________________________________________
Religion : _________________________________________
Cast : _________________________________________
Region : ___________ Rural __________ Urban _________
Family : Joint ___________ Nuclear ______________
Education : Home Science ____ Arts _____ Commerce _______
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TYPES OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
1. Political Empowerment *Tick out [ √] whichever is Appropriate.
Sr.
No.
Statement Totally
Agreed
Partly
Agreed
Neutral Partly
Disagreed
Totally
Disagreed
1 I am aware of the government’s
scheme for women.
2 I am aware of the laws for
women and children.
3 I have the knowledge regarding
census.
4 I have the understanding of the
rights and duties.
5 I am well informed about the
human rights of children and
women.
6 I have information regarding
adulteration of edible goods.
7 I have information about the
disposal of urban waste.
8 I have information about the
rights enjoyed by the consumers.
9 I can get profitable activities done
towards the development of our
nation.
10 I can solve the problems of the
consumers.
11 I can information of the steps to
le taken to solve problems like
population explosion and
unemployment.
12 I am trying to create awareness
amongst the people by taking
active interest in removing the
problems like illiteracy.
13 I have information regarding the
prevailing politics and every
political off air in the present.
14 I have information of all the
services within the country like
banking, aviation, brokerage,
transport and communication.
15 I have the information regarding
the government’s policy of bank
rates, how it is decided and what
effect it has on the economy.
16 I am aware of the sales of
various surety bonds by the
government in the open market.
17 I know under what conditions the
government increase does or
decrease the value of a rupee.
18 I am aware of the export policies
framed by the government for
foreign role of exchange.
19 I am aware of the statistics of the
income and the expenditure
related to the import and export
in the country.
20 I am aware of trading and import
export policy and its deficit of
country.
21 I know at which situation,
government decides to print new
notes for deficit-completion.
22 I have information of the loans
and the instalments taken by the
government from the foreign
banks.
23 I have information regarding the
freight, customs duty and
carriage levied on the coming
and going of goods.
2. Social Empowerment 24 I am aware of the clothing
according to the occasion.
25 I am aware of the clothing to suit
the age.
26 I am aware of consumer
protection.
27 I am aware of the problems,
solution and responsibilities of
the Indian consumers regarding
textile goods.
28 I have information regarding the
various devices for tailoring.
29 I know to draw sketches.
30 I know the relation between
needle and thread and the
stitches.
31 I know to make different kinds of
toys.
32 I am aware of the art of
conversation.
33 I know the difference between
guaranty and warranty.
34 I am aware of I.C.D.S.
35 I have visited pre-school and
primary school.
36 I can run a play-house of
I.C.D.S.
37 I know to frame the syllabus.
38 I am aware of the methods of
teaching.
39 I am aware of all the devices
used in cooking.
40 I know to prepare lake,
condiments, ice-cream, jam, jelly,
marmalade, drink, pickles,
papad, and soup.
41 I am aware of the cooking
method and materials.
42 I can do diet counselling.
43 I know to organise the diet
according to the income, labour,
and community.
44 I am aware of health, food and
balanced diet.
45 I know how to store edible goods.
46 I know how to set the table.
47 I know to give dietary guidelines
for different diseases.
48 I am aware of the energy in-put
and out-put.
49 I am aware of nutrition and water
balance.
50 I am aware of the various
methods of contacting people.
51 I am aware of the necessary
devices of education.
52 I know the various ways of
communication through the
devices used in tele-
communication.
53 I am aware of audio- visual aids.
54 I am aware of different types of
media.
55 I have information regarding a
microscope.
56 I have information regarding
fuse, earthlings and electrical
devices
57 I have seen the slides of various
algal and drugs.
58 I am aware of the use of
cosmetics and jewellery and its
effect on the body.
59 I am aware of the use of
thermometer.
60 I know to count R.B.C and
W.B.C.
61 I am aware of the effects of
alcohol, cigarette smoking, and
drugs on health.
62 I have information about fire
extinguisher.
63 I have good personality.
64 I know the principles of primary
treatment.
65 I am aware of the illnesses like
T.B., jaundice, stone, cancer,
high blood pressure, thal.
66 I can luring out my strengths
through education.
67 I can reach to the topmost
position of my career through
education.
68 The inspiration of self-
development has taken Birth in
me.
69 I have information about new
inventions in science and
technology.
70 I have the capacity to solve the
problems.
71 I am aware of the modern
technology of recent times.
72 I have basic knowledge of
computer education.
73 I can easily understand prose
and poem.
74 I have expertise in ‘pranayama’,
exercise and various sports.
75 Virtues like sympathy, respect
and courtesy have been
inculcated in me through
education.
76 I have information about the lives
of great leaders of country.
77 I am aware of the behaviour with
towards the society.
78 I can explain the concept,
“cleanliness is godliness” to other
people.
79 I can give inspiring guidance to
the people.
80 I am working towards irradiation
of epidemics spreading in the
society.
81 I can help in bringing about a
change in the customs, rules and
conventional thinking of the
society.
82 I have gained an insight to have
an holistic view of life by learning
arts.
83 I have the knowledge of the art of
living with excellence.
84 I can write gagals.
85 I know how to establish a new
company or a partnership form.
86 I an aware of the services of all
means of communication.
87 I can easily and speedily get
information in any field through
the use of internet.
88 I am always trying to luring
novelty.
89 As a businessman, I have the
knowledge of how to behave and
give satisfactory services to the
customer.
90 I am aware of a partnership firm.
91 I am also well informed about the
registration of role proprietorship.
92 I am aware of the rights of the
workers working in a company.
93 I have the information of how to
dissolve a company.
3.Economic Empowerment 94 I can work as an interior
decorator.
95 I know where and how to save
and invest money.
96 I know to prepare a budget.
97 I know gift-wrapping and sari-
packing.
98 I know to make different kinds of
cards.
99 I know to open a new account in
a bank.
100 I know to get a bank draft.
101 I know tax planning.
102 I have information regarding
savings and investments for the
future.
103 I have information of various
loans offered by bank and
different companies.
104 I have information about various
taxes.
105 I have information about how to
get loan for a four- wheeler.
106 I know how to get loan for a
house.
107 I know how a financial company
is helpful in purchasing T.V.,
refrigerator.
108 I know to draw plans of houses.
109 I have information about building
materials and their prices.
110 I am aware of various services
provided by banks.
111 I can work as a fashion designer.
112 I know computer, eight-headed
textile and apparel design.
113 I know how to wash , iron and
starch clothes depending upon
the type of cloth.
114 I can work as a teacher to teach
searing.
115 I know dying, batik, tie & dye.
116 I know to print clothes.
117 I, very well, understand the
importance of self- reliance.
118 I have information about
insurance plans.
119 I have primary information of
hotel management.
120 I can run a crèche.
121 I can run cottage industry.
122 I know how to do food packaging.
123 I am aware of meal services in
various states.
124 I am aware of the ‘ready-to-eat’
food available in the market.
125 I can plan the diet according to
different diseases.
126 I know to prepare a menu card.
127 I know to prepare a ready play
script.
128 I can find a blood group.
129 I know to measure haemoglobin.
130 I am well informed about things
made out of cement, glass,
ceramic.
131 I have the knowledge of the
instruments used in a laboratory.
132 I can teach science up to class
10th .
133 I know to tie various types of land
ages.
134 I know to measure B.P.(Blood
pressure)
135 I have the knowledge of how and
when to launch a product, what
price to be fixed, its marketing
and its advertisement.
136 I can explain to the people
regarding agricultural
development of the country and
how to bring about green
revolution in the country.
137 I can solve all kinds of financial
crises .
138 I have the knowledge about the
market of the country.
139 I have the knowledge of savings
and investments.
140 I can run cottage industries
related to embroidery and
sewing.
141 I have an understanding about
the economy of the country.
142 I can write journal entries of any
kinds of transactions.
143 I can how to conchoids remaining
cash from cash income and cash
expenditure
144 I can do ledger posting from any
kinds of journal entries or primary
note.
145 I know how to compare cash
book balance with bank’s
passbook’s remaining amount.
146 I can prepare accounts of income
and expenditure related to my
home and business.
147 I can prepare the annual
accounts of year ending from
ledger posting or trial balance
sheet.
148 I know in what proportion it is
necessary and beneficial to keep
properties and debts in business.
149 I know to prepare all types of
accounts of any company or a
150 I know how to audit the prepared
accounts.
151 I have the knowledge of the
proceedings of an insurance
company, its all types of policies
and the interest and bonus got
on them.
152 I have the knowledge regarding
the documents, finance,
properties and legal procedure
required in establishing a new
company.
153 I know , which type of capital
structure is required for the
company with proper proportions
of owners capital and borrowers
capital.
154 I know how to create perfect
capital structure with the proper
combination of equity shares,
preference shares and
debentures.
155 I have the idea of the attitude of
the investors investing in any
from or a company.
156 I have the knowledge regarding
investment and the interest got
through investment in institutions
and mutual funds.
157 I have the knowledge about the
present inflation in the economy
and the factors that can control it.
158 I can advice the people as to
where to invest and how much
interest will be got.
159 I have the knowledge of how to
avail money order related
services and courier services.
160 I have the knowledge of the
limitations of the reserve bank
over other banks.
161 I have the knowledge regarding
the payment of income tax.
162 I know to calculate the amount of
raw materials for production.
163 I know to calculate the income
tax of Indians and non-residential
Indians by deciding their
residential status.
164 I know to calculate the amount of
semi finished goods.
165 I have the knowledge about
marketing.
166 I am aware of the method of
sustaining the quality of the
commodities and gaining more
profit on them.
167 I know how to enlist the shares of
the company.
4.Cultural Empowerment 168 I can prepare different types of
rangolis.
169 I have information regarding
clothes in accordance with the
appearance of yoga.
170 I have knowledge regarding
fashion.
171 I know what material to be used
in clothing in various reasons.
172 I know the embroidery works of
different states.
173 I have the knowledge of how
cloth is manufactured.
174 I have the scientific
understanding of the marriage
system.
175 I know jingles and extempore
song and poems.
176 I have the knowledge of
ayurveda, yoga, meditation.
177 I can easily compose a drama.
178 I am aware of the wailings of the
great writers of India.
179 I am aware of the knowledge
imparted by different
philosophers.
180 I have greater understanding of
how to maintain relationships in
marriage and in a family.
181 I have information of the various
living styles of the people living in
a society.
182 I am aware of our magnanimous
past and the knowledge inherited
by us.
183 I can create poems.
184 I have the insight of considering
all religions as equal.
185 Values have been inculcated in
me through education.
186 I have information regarding
‘Vedas’ and ‘Purans’.
187 I have the knowledge about our
ancient temples and
188 I have the knowledge of the
grammar of English, Hindi and
Guajarati languages.
189 I have information about the
poets like Paramanand,
Dayanand and Narsinh Mehta.
190 I am aware of the novels of
Zaverchand Medhani.
5. Psychological Empowerment 191 I can make various types of pots.
192 I know how house hold work can
be done more efficiently by
making proper use of our
strength.
193 I know how arrange any kind of
party.
194 I know flowers decoration.
195 I know to make artificial flowers.
196 I have information regarding
interior decoration.
197 I know what is cloth-weaving.
198 I know how to test a thread.
199 I know about the basic stitches of
machine and hands.
200 I know the elements, principles
and inspirational aspects of
design.
201 I know AutoCAD and Coral draw.
202 I know to do all work
scientifically.
203 I have information regarding the
growth and development of
children.
204 I have the knowledge regarding
physical, behavioural,
intellectual, linguistic, personality
developments of children.
205 I know when children become
matured.
206 I know how heredity and
environment influence the
development of children.
207 I can teach children.
208 I know the problems faced by
handicapped, hearing and
speech impaired children.
209 I have visited an old age home.
210 I have the knowledge of the
physical changes taking place
during the various stages of life
and the nutritional requirements.
211 I have the knowledge about the
importance of a mother’s
nutrition.
212 I have the knowledge of the
difficulties faced by a woman
during pregnancy and after
pregnancy.
213 I have the knowledge of the
physical and hormonal changes
taking place during pregnancy.
214 I know about the exercises to be
done during pregnancy.
215 I know how to take care of a rick
person.
216 I have the knowledge of research
methodology.
217 I can be helpful in the
development of mentally retarded
children.
218 I know how to behave with the
mentally retarded children.
219 I can easily think logically on any
subject.
220 I can easily accomplish cordial
relations with other person.
221 I can adjust to the varied
interests and likings of
individuals.
222 I can understand the psychology
of children.
223 I can get done such activities
which help in the development of
children.
224 I can understand the personality
of individual.
225 I can easily get work done by
other people.
Best of luck
2.Photographs
3.Permission letter
HEMANGI D. MEHTA Smt.Sadguna C.U.Shah
HomeScience & C.U.Shah Arts & CommerceMahila College , Wadhwan city
Date: / / /
To, Principal,
Subject: Permission for filling the questionnaire from girls Students.
Respected Sir, I Miss Hemangi Mehta , doing my research in Smt.Sadguna C.U.Shah Home Science & C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College Wadhawan city Surendranagar , As per my educational requirements, I need to fill up questionnaire from girls students. So please give me permission for this. I assure you that this gathered information will only be used for educational purpose. With the expectation of your heartily support.
Yours faithfully
Hemangi Mehta.
