SAUL AXELROD TEMPLE UNIVERSITY EMERITUS. MAJORING IN MATH AT TEMPLE UNIVERSITY. BEING A COMPUTER...
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Transcript of SAUL AXELROD TEMPLE UNIVERSITY EMERITUS. MAJORING IN MATH AT TEMPLE UNIVERSITY. BEING A COMPUTER...
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SAUL AXELRODTEMPLE UNIVERSITY
EMERITUS
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MAJORING IN MATH AT TEMPLE UNIVERSITY.
BEING A COMPUTER PROGRAMMER AT GENERAL ELECTRIC FOR FOUR YEARS – THE DARK YEARS.
STUDYING PSYCHOLOGY AND SPECIAL EDUCATION AT FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY.
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A WORD ABOUT BEING IN SPECIAL EDUCATION….
SPECIAL EDUCATION BELIEVES IN USING AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND THAT INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS INSTRUCTION.
THIS MAY NOT BE TRUE FOR REGULAR EDUCATION.
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ABA AND THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS IN 1970. THE PIONEERS OF ABA.
THE UNIQUENESS OF VANCE HALL AS AN ABA- HIS BACKGROUND AND HIS WORK.THERE WAS SOMETHING DIFFERENT ABOUT VANCE’S WORK AND HIS PERSONALITY.
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DOING A POST- DOCTORATE AT THE JUNIPER
GARDENS CHILDREN’S PROJECT AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS IN 1970 WITH VANCE
HALL - THE LIGHT YEAR.
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GOALS I SET FOR MY CAREER
AS AN ACADEMICIAN…
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1. MAKE COMPLEX MATERIAL AS EASY TO UNDERSTAND AS POSSIBLE.
2. DISSEMINATE INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE POWERFUL AND EASY TO APPLY.
3. HELP MAKE ABA INTO A MAINSTREAMED REGULAR – EDUCATION METHODOLOGY.
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4. HAVE ABA BE A PART OF EVERY FUTURE TEACHER’S PROGRAM AT TEMPLE.
My preference for teaching introductory and undergraduate classes.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT 1970- 1972.
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FORTY HAPPY YEARS AT TEMPLE UNIVERSITY FROM 1972- 2011.
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A WORD ABOUT THE IMPACT OF STUDYINGMATH ON MY CAREER IN ABA…
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IT IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIOR THAT B. F. SKINNER EXPLICATED IN 1938 AND 1953.• Remarkably, these principles are largely
unchanged ( Hineline, 2012)….
• That doesn’t mean the principles are easy to apply in a systematic and enduring manner….
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• Harnessing the principles can be very difficult…. This is basically what ABA’s do.
• The problem is often temporal discounting ….
The tendency of behavior to be more under the control of short- term contingencies rather than long - term contingencies.
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• Meanwhile, if Skinner got it right, this is a
major challenge to many other scholars of many fields...
• Skinner had a lot of chutzpah!
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IT SOMETIMES USES A SINGLE – SUBJECT OR A SMALL NUMBER (N) OF SUBJECTS IN ITS RESEARCH.. ..
• A better descriptor than single subject or small N research designs might be within - subject replication designs.
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MY RECOMMENDATION ON CHOOSING A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN….
WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS HOW WELL THE STUDY IS DESIGNED AND WHAT THE
TREATMENT EFFECT IS.
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IT USES DIRECT AND CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES.◦One of the benefits of this is that we can
quickly change our procedures if they prove to be ineffective. This benefits the people we serve.
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IT IS SELF CORRECTING. ◦Continuous measurement helps to create
a self – correcting feedback loop. We may make mistakes, but eventually get things right.
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TWO ASIDES ON SINGLE- SUBJECT DESIGNS AND CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT….
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IT LARGELY IGNORES INFERENTIAL STATISTICS. • The question asked in inferential statistics is whether
the difference in scores is due to instability in the data or to the effects of the treatment?
• We ask whether the problem has been solved, or has the quality of life improved? This requires human judgment….
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IT ACHIEVES EXTERNAL VALIDITY ONE SUBJECT AT TIME, OVER MANY STUDIES, NOT THROUGH ONE STUDY.
• We can say that what we learn about one subject will likely be true of many subjects.
• We can also say that there is an order to human behavior.
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IT VALIDATES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
• We do FBA’s; we do reinfocer assessments; we take data on the effects of different conditions; we do experiments within an individual..; we have intensive training programs often involving only one individual….
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We tell you how an intervention worked on each subject rather than giving data on the average person’s scores… similar to practicing medicine effectively.
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IT IS VERY OPTIMISTIC.
• Look at the problems were are willing to deal with…often remarkably effectively.
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WITH ALL OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN OUR APPROACH, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT SO MANY PROFESSIONALS REJECT OUR PRACTICES.
NOT MANY PEOPLE WANT TO HAVE THEIR CAREERS INVALIDATED.
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1. NEW GRADING SYSTEM FOR HOSPITALS.
2. INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT MANDATES THE USE OFFUNCTIONAL BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS and BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS
3.THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM. .
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4. MANY OTHER AREAS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION IN ADDITION TO AUTISM.
5. INDIA IS EXPERIMENTING WITH A PROGRAM THAT GIVES INCENTIVES FOR DRIVING DURING NON- PEAK HOURS.
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6. SOME EVENTS IN REGULAR EDUCATION – ◦ Classroom Management….
◦ Academic Instruction if the teaching materials are immersed in computerized technology, such as Headsprout.
7. SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAMS….◦ …. They often include functional behavioral assessments.
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8. DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENT, BUT….
9. WEIGHT CONTROL RESEARCH.
HERE IS WHAT IS INTERESTING ABOUT 6-9….
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10. THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS….
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REGULAR EDUCATION
ABA is mostly about the teaching process, so what’s the problem?
It is largely philosophical….
Philadelphia schools of poverty…
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My review of 3 years of two of the most prestigious regular - education journals – Teachers’ College Record and American Educational Research Journal.
I looked at three measures-• whether the studies used ABA techniques; • whether the studies used any instructional
procedure, at all;• if not, did the studies examine the effects
of any independent variable?
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• The outcomes….
• This doesn’t mean that regular education teachers are not using ABA procedures. They often are, especially in the area of classroom management.
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• Regular – education teachers often use high rates of praise and have prizes for appropriate behavior.
• My students experiences in observing in classrooms…. A question my students would ask me…
• The problem we have is not so much with regular- education teachers, but with regular – education academicians.
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GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY …• The notable absence of ABA programs in
Psychology programs at the most elite universities. When BA is mentioned….
• The APA website on classroom management…. By avoiding the principle of positive reinforcement, Psychology is rejecting itself.
• This is interesting, given certain facts about Skinner….
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POSITIVE BEHAVIOR SUPPORTS.• It is now in more than 18,000 US schools,
including the general education - classes my grandchildren attend….
• It is now in the Temple teacher education curriculum.
• It is in IDEA and in many state policy documents for educating individuals with disabilities.
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PBS ( continued)
• My own conflicted view ….
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AUTISM AND ABA
• This is our best work, and it should continue…
• But it does create an conundrum…. We need to be more involved in other areas, particularly regular education…
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THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIES. THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR….
• If there is a principle that unites physical science and behavioral science, it is:
• EVERYTHING COMES FROM SOMETHING ELSE. NOTHING COMES FROM NOTHING.
• Behavior Analysis is consistent with that principle. Other approaches are not…
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AS WE APPROACH THE 60 th ANNIVERSARY OF JEAB AND THE 50 th ANNIVERSARY OF JABA, WHERE DO WE STAND?
• We are a small group, but a tenacious group…. We are willing to put up with a lot. There will always be a core of us….
• We will stick around. We might even prevail, if we keep chipping away.
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BE A BETTER PERSON THROUGH
APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS…
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LIFE CONSISTS OF A LONG CHAIN OF
BEHAVIORS, AND IF YOU ARE LUCKY, THIS IS
THE POSITIVE REINFORCER AT THE END OF
THE CHAIN.
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THANK YOU!