Satellites & Sensors

Satellites & Sensors

T.S. VISWANADHAM [email protected]

1. Remote Sensing Platforms

2. Remote Sensing Sensors

3. Characteristics of Sensors

4. Some Existing Sensor Systems

The Road Ahead…

T.S. Viswanadham

Spectral Region Processes/ Mechanism Remote Sensing Applications

Gamma rays,

x-rays

Atomic processes Mapping of Radioactive materials

UV Electronic processes Presence of H and He atmosphere

Visible and NIR Electronic and vibration

molecular processes

Surface chemical composition, vegetation

cover and biological properties

MIR Vibration, vibrational-

rotational molecular

processes

Surface and atmospheric chemical

composition

Thermal IR Thermal emission,

vibrational and rotational

processes

Surface heat capacity, temperature,

atmospheric and surface constituents

Microwave Rotational process, thermal

emission, scattering and

conduction

Atmospheric constituents, surface

temperature, surface physical properties,

atmospheric precipitation

Radio

frequency

Scattering, conduction,

ionospheric effect

Surface physical properties, subsurface

sounding, ionospheric sounding

Wave - matter interaction mechanisms across the EM spectrum

T.S. Viswanadham

EMR and the

Atmosphere

The characteristics of the

atmosphere significantly

determine the effective

use of EM spectrum for

remote sensing.

T.S. Viswanadham

Absorption spectrum of earth's atmosphere (after Sabins, 1987)

T.S. Viswanadham

The process of

Remote Sensing

Energy Source

or Illumination

Radiation and the

Atmosphere

Interaction with

the Target

Recording of Energy

by the Sensor

Reception &

Processing

Interpretation,

Analysis &

Application

Transmission

T.S. Viswanadham

1. Remote Sensing Platforms

Typical platforms are aircraft and satellite.

The selection of platform depends on the

purpose and the altitude (which determines

the ground resolution).

Atmospheric condition is different depending

on the altitude. This factor must be considered

in the selection of platforms or sensors.

Remote Sensing Platforms

Aerial

Satellite

Crane Car

Handheld

Radiosonde

Platform Altitude Observation

Ground truth 0 – 30 m Ground truth

Crane car 5 – 50 m Close range surveys

Cable 10 – 40 m Archeological investigations

Balloon 100 m - 100 Km Various investigations (Radio-sonde)

Low flying aircraft 500 – 8000 m Aero surveys

High altitude plane 10 – 12 Km Reconnaissance

Space Shuttle 240 – 350 Km Space experiments

Low Earth Orbits

(Circular)

450 – 1000 Km Regular Earth observation

Geostationary orbits 36000 Km Fixed point observation

Remote Sensing Platforms

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

(UAV) is a remotely piloted

miniature aircraft that can carry

cameras, sensors, and/or

communication equipment.

EMERGING PLATFORM

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

So far UAVs are in use to

gather military intelligence

but recently they are in use

to collect high-resolution

spatial data.

UAV is known under various different names.

“Unmanned Aerial System” (UAS)

“Aerial Robot”

“Drone”

“Remotely-Piloted Aerial System” (RPAS)

Unmanned Aircraft

Components

Unmanned aircraft

Control Station

Communication

Payload

Mission planning

Sensor systems that can be used with UAVs

Govt. used drones for

• The Tiger Census

• Catch the poachers at the Panna Tiger Reserve,

• Uttarakhand (2013) & Jammu and Kashmir (2014) floods

• Hunting ops for Maoists in the Chhattisgarh forests

• Maintaining law and order during processions & riots

• Allahabad Kumbh Mela in 2013

Expected Civilian usage of drones for

• Local area mapping

• Pesticide and fertiliser spraying

• All kinds of surveillance

• Detailed visual media coverage

• Transporting human organs for transplantation

• Logistics (Home delivery of items to customer)

Drones in India have been banned since October 2014,

regardless of their use.

India is currently in the process of creating

extensive regulations covering the use of drones in

India.

General India Drone Laws

Until regulations are

created, civil operation of

drones will require approval

from DGCA, MoD, MoH

and other concerned

security agencies within

India.

UAVs are much more flexible/cheaper than satellites and

airborne Systems

The major focus are local applications

Because they are operated remotely, they may prove to be

extremely beneficial in disaster management support

applications.

• Save lives

• Support law enforcement

• Safe infrastructure maintenance and management

• Streamline agriculture management

• Media access to hard-to-reach places

Advantages

In spaceborne remote sensing, sensors are mounted on-board a

spacecraft (space shuttle or satellite) orbiting the earth.

Spaceborne remote sensing provides the following advantages:

• Large area coverage

• Frequent and repetitive coverage of an area of interest

• Quantitative measurement of ground features using

radiometrically calibrated sensors

• Semiautomated computerised processing and analysis

• Relatively lower cost per unit area of coverage

Satellite imagery has generally a lower resolution compared to aerial

photography. However, very high resolution imagery (up to 0.5 m

resolution) is now commercially available to civilian users.

Geosynchronous orbit

The orbit with the same earth rotation rate (23 hours

56 minutes 4 seconds = the sidereal day) is called an

earth synchronous orbit or “Geosynchronous” orbit.

The Geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of i = 0

is called a “Geostationary” orbit because the

satellite looks stationary over the equator from a

ground surface view.

A geostationary satellite is useful for covering wide

areas. Many meteorological and communication

satellites are geosynchronous types.

A typical case of the geosynchronous but polar

orbiting satellite is of the “Molyneux/Molnia” orbit.

During the long segment around apogee the satellite

is visible for a very long period of time can be taken

advantage of for communication purposes.

Polar Sun synchronous orbit

Most earth observation satellites, such as IRS,

Landsat, etc., revolve in near-polar orbits with

lower altitudes. These satellite orbits are “Sun-

synchronous” such that they cover each area

of the world at a constant local time of day

At any given latitude, the position of the sun in

the sky as the satellite passes overhead will be

the same within the same season. This ensures

consistent illumination conditions when acquiring

images. This is an important factor for monitoring

changes between images or for mosaicking

adjacent images together, as they do not have to

be corrected for different illumination conditions.

The sun synchronous orbit can be defined as the

orbit in which the orbital plane rotates in a year in

unison with the one revolution / year apparent

motion of the sun.

The advantage of the sun synchronous orbit is

that the observation conditions can be kept with

a constant solar incident angle.

Non-Sun Synchronous Sun Synchronous

Ground Station Communication

Satellite

Communication

Satellite Geostationary

Orbit (GEO)

Remote Sensing

Satellite

Polar Axis

Polar / Leo

Orbit

Satellites as Relay System

Acquisition Planning

When you plan projects where you have some

freedom regarding the project area...

you can use the Nominal Coverages to

optimize the number of required scenes.

For monitoring projects...

you can use the Path Calendars to check

when acquisitions of your areas are

theoretically possible.

IRS 1D Pan Orbital Calendar for 2000

(Shaded areas represent tilt +2.1)

Indian Earth Station Coverage

O

C

E

A

N

S

A

T

-1

(P4)

P7 P12

R11

R16

IRS 1C &1D International Ground Stations Coverage

2. Remote Sensing Sensors

What is a Sensor ?

A device that responds to a physical stimulus (heat,

light, sound, pressure, motion, flow, and so on), and

produces a corresponding electrical signal.

Spectral ranges for detectors

T.S. Viswanadham

Spatial

Information

Intensity

Information

Spectral

Information

Spectro-Radiometers

Imagers

Altimeters

Sounders

Polarimeters

Scatterometers

Radiometers Spectrometers

Sensor Technology

Sensor Classification

Active system Passive system

Hi! I am an example for

active sensor

I use acoustic waves to detect

obstacles in my path

Different imaging systems for Remote Sensing

• Frame by frame

• Pixel by pixel

• Line by line

Photographic camera

Television camera (E.g., RBV)

Whisk broom

Push broom

Whisk broom scanning Push broom scanning

3. Characteristics of Sensors

There are four types of resolutions for a

given sensor system

(a) Spatial resolution

(b) Spectral resolution

(c) Radiometric resolution

(d) Temporal resolution

Sensor Resolution

4. Some Existing Sensor Systems

Indian Remote Sensing Satellites

IRS-P4

(Oceansat-1)

IRS-P6

(Resourcesat-1)

Cartosat-1

Cartosat-2

Cartosat-2B

Resourcesat-2

Satellite Sensor(s) Spatial

(m)

Spectral

(μm)

Radiometric

(bits)

Revisit

(days)

Swath

(km)

Resourcesat - 2

(Apr 20, 2011)

200 GB

AWiFS

LISS III

LISS IV (Steerable)

56m nadir

23.5 m

5.8 m

B 2345

B 2345

B 234

12

10

10

5

24

5

737 (2x370)

141

70

Cartosat - 2B (July 12, 2010)

60Gbit

Steerable Pan 26 along &

across

< 1 0.5 - 0.75

10 4

9.6

Oceansat - 2 (Sept 23, 2009)

OCM (20 Al)

ROSA

SCAT (Ku)

236x360

50x50km

8 Bands

L1 & L2

13.515 GHz

12 2 (Repetivity) 1420

Cartosat - 2A (Apr 28, 2008) 64GB

Steerable Pan 45 al & ac

< 1 m 0.5 – 0.85 10 4 9.6

IMS - 1 (TWS) (Apr 28, 2008) 16Gb

Mx

HySI

37 m

505.6 m

B 123

64 B(8nm)

10

11

24 (Repetivity)

,,

151

130

Cartosat - 2 (Jan 10, 2007)

Steerable Pan 45 along

26 across

< 1 m 0.5 - 0.85 10 4 / 5 9.6

Cartosat - 1 (May 5, 2005)

Pan Fore +26

Pan Apt -5

2.54 m GSD Al

0.5 - 0.85 10 5 29.42

26.24

Resourcesat - 1 (Oct 17, 2003)

AWiFS

LISS III

LISS IV (Steerable)

56m nadir

23.5 m

5.8 m

B 2345

B 2345

B 234

10

7

7 of 10

5

24

5

737 (2x370)

141

23.5/ mono 70

Existing Indian Optical Sensor Systems

Satellite Sensor(s) Spatial

(m)

Spectral

(μm)

Radiometric

(bits)

Revisit

(days)

Swath

(Km)

Cartosat - 2D

(Feb 15, 2017)

64 Gbit SSR

PAN (45 ac)

MX

7 µm pixel

0.65

2.0

0.50-0.85

B1, B2, B3,

B4

11

1

10

Cartosat - 2C

(June 22, 2016)

2X300 GB SSR

Cartosat 2 Series

(C2S-1)

PAN

HR MX

10° aft & 26°

fore Field of Regard of

400 Km cross

track

0.65

< 2.0

0.50-0.85

B1

B2

B3

B4

11 10.2

Continuous strip

Spot scene

Paint brush

Band EM Spectrum Wavelength (μm)

1 Blue 0.45 - 0.52

2 Green 0.52 - 0.59

3 Red 0.62 - 0.68

4 IR 0.77 - 0.86

5 SWIR 1.55 - 1.70

ISRO Standard Optical Bands

Not applicable to Oceansat & HySI

Existing Indian Microwave Sensor Systems

Radar Imaging Satellite-1

(RISAT-1) is a state of the art

Microwave Remote Sensing

Satellite (April 26, 2012)

carrying a Synthetic Aperture

Radar (SAR) Payload

operating in C-band (5.35

GHz), which enables imaging

of the surface features during

both day and night under all

weather conditions.

Lift-off Mass 1858 kg

Orbit Circular Polar Sun Synchronous

Orbit Altitude 536 km

Orbit Inclination 97.552o

Orbit Period 95.49 min

Number of Orbits

per day 14

Local Time of

Equator Crossing 6:00 am / 6:00 pm

Power Solar Array generating 2200 W and

one 70 AH Ni-H2 battery

Repetivity 25 days

Attitude and Orbit

Control

3-axis body stabilised using Reaction

Wheels, Magnetic Torquers and

Hydrazine Thrusters

Nominal Mission

Life 5 years

Launch date April 26, 2012

Launch site SDSC SHAR Centre, Sriharikota, India

Launch vehicle PSLV- C19


Radar Imaging Satellite-1

(RISAT-1)

Mode Look Resolution Swath Polarisation

Coarse Resolution mode 2-4 50 240 Single or Dual

Meduim Resolution mode (MRS) 1-2 25 120 Single or Dual

Fine Resolution Striping Single mode

(FRS-2)

9-12 9 25 Quad

Fine Resolution Strip map (FRS-1) Single 3-6 25 Single or Dual

High Resolution Spot light Mode (HRS) Single 1-2 10x10 Single or Dual


Radar Imaging Satellite-1 (RISAT-1)

Single Polarisation VV / HH / HV / VH

Dual Polarisation HH & VV / VV & VH

Polarimetric HH & VV & HV & VH

(April 20, 2011)

Resourcesat-2 (by PSLV-C16)

Orbital parameters

Orbit Circular Polar Sun synchronous

Altitude 822 Km

Inclination 98.731

Local Time 10:30 AM

Repetivity 24 days

Orbits / day 14 (341 Orbs in 24 Days)

Period 101.35 minutes

Sensors LISS-III, LISS-IV & AWiFS (A & B)

Solid State Recorder 200 GB

Life

5 years

Carries an additional

payload known as

Automatic Identification

System (AIS) as an

experimental payload for

ship surveillance in VHF

band to derive position,

speed and other info about

ships

Landmapper-HD

Landmapper-BC

Landmapper-HD is a

constellation of 20 satellites

imaging all agricultural

land, globally every 3-4

days.

(https://astrodigital.com/satellites/)

Landmapper-BC is a constellation of 10 broad

coverage satellites that complement the HD

sensor. Imaging all agricultural land daily

creates deep stacks of pixels for trend detection

and identifying change.

Foreign Remote Sensing Satellites

OrbView-5

WorldView-4

WorldView-3

SkySat-13

Landsat-8

OptiSAR

Foreign Remote Sensing Satellites

Spot-5

EROS – A/B

Envisat-2

JERS-1 (JP)

ERS-1 / 2 Kompsat-2

(KR)

Kompsat-1

Radarsat-2

Formosat-2

(TW)

Overview of Landsat series

Landsat 1: Launched July 23, 1972; originally named ERTS-A (Earth Resources Technology

Satellite); renamed to Landsat 1

Landsat 2: Launched January 22, 1975; originally named ERTS-B (Earth Resources Technology

Satellite); renamed to Landsat 2

Landsat 3: Launched March 5, 1978; also known as Landsat-C

Landsat 4: Launched July 16, 1982; also known as Landsat-D

Landsat 5: Launched March 1, 1984; exceeded its three-year design life, collecting imagery for

over 27 years and decommissioned in 2013

Landsat 6: Launched October 5, 1993; did not achieve orbit

Landsat 7: Launched April 15, 1999; first panchromatic band on a Landsat satellite

Landsat 8: Launched February 11, 2013; improved sensors and technology

Satellite Satellite Launch

(End of Service)

Sensor

Complement

Data

Resolution

Data

Communica-

tions

Orbital

Altitude

(km)

Sattelite

Operator(s)

Revisit

Time

(days)

Data

Rate

Mbit/s

LS-1

(ERTS)

Jul 23, 1972

(Jan 6, 78)

RBV

MSS, DCS

80

80

DD (Direct

Downlink)

2 WBVTR

907 NASA 18 15

LS-2 Jan 22, 1975

Feb 25, 82)

RBV

MSS, DCS

80

80

DD with

2 WBVTR

908 NASA 18 15

LS-3 Mar 5, 1978

(Mar 31,83)

RBV

MSS,DCS

30

80

DD with

2 WBVTR

915 NASA 18 15

LS-4 Jul 16, 1982 (standby Dec 93,

decommissioned in

June 2001)

MSS

TM, GPS

80

30

DD

TDRSS

705 NOAA ('83)

Eosat (`85)

16 85

LS-5 Mar 1, 1984 MSS

TM, GPS

80

30

DD

TDRSS

705 NOAA ('84)

Eosat (`85)

16 85

LS-6 Oct 5, 1993 ETM 15 (PAN)

30 (MS)

DD with

recorders

Launch failure

(contact lost after launch)

85

LS-7 Apr 15, 1999 ETM+ 15 (PAN)

30 (MS)

DD with

recorders

705 NOAA 16 150

LS-8 Feb 11, 2013 OLI

TIRS

30 (P 15)

100 (30)

705 USGS 16 -

Overview of Landsat series

RBV - Return Beam Vidicon MSS - Multi-Spectral Scanner DCS - Data Collection System

WBVTR - Wide-Band Video Tape Recorder capable of storing up to 30 min of data ERTS- Earth Resources Technology Satellite

TM Bands Wavelength Range (µm) Application

Band 1 0.45 - 0.52 (blue) Soil/vegetation discrimination;

bathymetry/coastal mapping; cultural/urban

feature identification

Band 2 0.52 - 0.60 (green) Green vegetation mapping; cultural/urban

feature identification

Band 3 0.63 - 0.69 (red) Vegetated vs. non-vegetated and plant species

discrimination (plant chlorophyll absorption);

cultural/urban feature identification

Band 4 0.76 - 0.90 (near IR) Identification of plant/vegetation types, health,

and biomass content; water body delineation;

soil moisture

Band 5 1.55 - 1.75 (short wave IR) Sensitive to moisture in soil and vegetation;

discriminating snow and cloud-covered areas

Band 6 10.4 - 12.5 (thermal IR) Vegetation stress and soil moisture

discrimination related to thermal radiation;

thermal mapping (urban, water)

Band 7 2.08 - 2.35 (short wave IR)

Discrimination of mineral and rock types;

sensitive to vegetation moisture content

Spectral bands and applications

Landsat 8 carries two push-broom instruments:

Operational Land Imager (OLI)

Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)

The spectral bands of the OLI sensor, while similar to Landsat 7’s ETM+

sensor, provides enhancement from prior Landsat instruments, with the

addition of two new spectral bands: a deep blue visible channel (band 1)

specifically designed for water resources and coastal zone investigation,

and a new infrared channel (band 9) for the detection of cirrus clouds. A

new Quality Assurance band is also included with each data product. This

provides information on the presence of features such as clouds, water, and

snow.

The TIRS instrument collects two spectral bands for the wavelength

covered by a single band on the previous TM and ETM+ sensors.

Bands Wavelength

(micrometers)

Resolution (meters)

Band 1 - Coastal aerosol 0.43 - 0.45 30

Band 2 - Blue 0.45 - 0.51 30

Band 3 - Green 0.53 - 0.59 30

Band 4 - Red 0.64 - 0.67 30

Band 5 - Near Infrared (NIR) 0.85 - 0.88 30

Band 6 - SWIR 1 1.57 - 1.65 30

Band 7 - SWIR 2 2.11 - 2.29 30

Band 8 - Panchromatic 0.50 - 0.68 15

Band 9 - Cirrus 1.36 - 1.38 30

Band 10 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 1

10.60 - 11.19 100 *

(resampled to 30)

Band 11 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 2

11.50 - 12.51 100 * (30)

LS 8 SPECTRAL BANDS

Operational Land Imager (OLI) Bands Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) Bands

Source: http://landsat.usgs.gov/L8_band_combos.php

Skysat-1(planned

constellation of 24

satellites), a 83 Kg

microsatellite built to

collect submeter resolution

imagery and high-

definition video, launched

Nov. 21, 2013 from Yasny,

Russia, aboard a Dnepr

rocket.

Skysat-2 was launched on

8 Jul 2014 from Baikonur

Cosmodrome in

Kazakhstan aboard a

Russian Soyuz-2/Fregat

rocket.

Parameters of the SkySat-1 and SkySat-2 spacecraft parameters

Spacecraft mass 83 Kg (microsatellite)

Spacecraft size (stowed

configuration)

60 x 60 x 80 cm

Spacecraft power

120 W OAP (Orbit Average Power), use

of body mounted solar panels

Attitude control accuracy ±0.1º

RF communications X-band downlink of payload data: 470

Mbit/s

S-band uplink: 16 kbit/s

Onboard data storage capacity: 768 GB

Design life 4 years

The SkySat-3 (SkySat-C1) microsatellite was launched as a secondary payload on June 22, 2016 aboard a PSLV vehicle of ISRO (PSLV-C34 ) from SDSC SHAR. SkySat-4 through SkySat-7 were launched on September 16, 2016 on a Vega vehicle of Arianespace from Kourou. SkySat-8 through SkySat-13 were launched on October 31, 2017 on Minotaur-C-XL-3210 from Vandenberg AFB, California, USA.

In addition to traditional RGB and NIR imaging, Planet's SkySat constellation also offers unique collection options. Video: Capture hi res video in detail to see cars on highways

and activity at airports Night imaging: See Earth at night in hi res — street lights,

pattern of life changes, and more Off-nadir imaging: Capture imagery at the angles you need

with flexible tasking Stereo imaging: Extract 3D vector and geographic features and create digital terrain models

(Founded in 2010 by a team of ex-NASA scientists) Planet acquired Terra Bella from

Google in 2017, which acquired from Skybox Imaging in 2014.

QuickBird - 2

Imaging Mode Panchromatic Multispectral

Spatial Resolution 60 cm 2.4 m

Spectral Range 450 - 900 nm 450 - 520 nm (Blue)

520 - 600 nm (Green)

625 - 695 nm (Red)

760 - 900 nm (NIR)

Swath Width 16.5 km

Off-Nadir Imaging 30

Dynamic Range 11 bits per pixel

Revisit Time 3-7 days depending on lat. at 60 cm resolution

Orbit Sun synchronous at 98 inclination

Orbital Altitude 450 km

Mission Life 7 years

QuickBird-2 (October 18, 2001,Vandenberg AFB, California)

Agile spacecraft with in-track and cross-track

pointing

Metric Accuracy

23 m circular error

17 m linear error

(without ground control)

Onboard Storage

128 Gbits capacity

The OptiSARTM Constellation

The World’s first fully integrated constellation of Optical and SAR satellites

16 Satellites in two orbit planes

Satellites are arranged in 8 pairs: SAR (X+L bands) + Optical (50 cm)

This arrangement allows for:

• Very high assured (day/night, cloudy or not) revisit worldwide

• Imaging of the same location with SAR and Optical

• Optimized multispectral imaging through cloud avoidance

OptiSAR

The OptiSAR TM Constellation:

Main Characteristics

OptiSAR - SAR:

• Mass: 1400 kg

• Simultaneous X and L band imaging

• X - band: 1 m resolution (single - pole)

• L - band: 5 m resolution (quad - pole)

• MetCam for cloud monitoring

OptiSAR - Optical:

• Mass: 700 kg

• Dual imaging: Pushbroom + Video

• Pushbroom : 50 cm GSD, multispectral

• Video: 4K full - color video at 50 cm/pixel, 30 fps

• Inter - satellite link with SAR satellite to avoid clouds

Multi - frequency: Digital SAR with

X-band and L-band, simultaneously

Multi-aperture: Four independent

apertures

Digital beam forming: Gives

tremendous SAR-mode flexibility, 2-

axis electronic steering

Quad polarization:Full quad-pole in

L-band (including dual & cross pole)

WorldView - 3

August 13, 2014 (617 Km)

Spatial Resolution

Panchromatic Nadir: 0.31 m

20° Off-Nadir: 0.34 m

Multispectral Nadir: 1.24 m


SWIR Nadir: 3.70 m


CAVIS Nadir: 30.00 m

Radiometry

11-bits per pixel Pan and MS

14-bits per pixel SWIR

Temporal Resolution

1 m GSD: <1.0 day

4.5 days at 20° off-nadir or less

Swath: 13.1 Km

WorldView - 3

November 11, 2016

Spatial Resolution





SWIR Nadir: 3.70 m


CAVIS Nadir: 30.00 m

Radiometry

11-bits per pixel Pan and MS

14-bits per pixel SWIR

Temporal Resolution

1 m GSD: <1.0 day

4.5 days at 20° off-nadir or less

Swath: 13.1 Km

Panchromatic: 450 - 800 nm

Multispectral:

Red: 655 - 690 nm

Green: 510 - 580 nm

Blue: 450 - 510 nm

Near-IR: 780 - 920 nm




65° (earth limb): 3.51 m




65° (earth limb): 14.00 m

Source: http://content.satimagingcorp.com/static/images/worldview-3%20spectral%20bands.jpg

Spectral Bands of worldview-3

WorldView - 2

WorldView-2 (October 8, 2009,Vandenberg AFB, California)

World’s commercially available high-

resolution imagery of Earth.

Imaging Mode Panchromatic

Spatial Resolution Pan

MX

46 cm GSD at Nadir (52 cm @ 20)

1.84 m GSD at Nadir (2.08 m @ 20)

Spectral Bands Panchromatic: 450 - 900 nm

4 standard colors: red, blue, green, NIR

4 new colors: red edge, coastal, yellow, NIR2

Swath Width 17.5 km at nadir

Dynamic Range 11 bits per pixel

Revisit Time 1.1day at 1m GSD or less

3.7 days at 20 off-Nadir (52 cm GSD)

Orbit Sun synchronous at 98 inclination

Orbital Altitude 770 km (Period: 100 minutes)

Mission Life 7.25 years (Onboard storage: 2199 GB)

Band Wavelength

(nm)

Remarks

Blue 450-510

Green 510-580

Red 630-690

NIR 770-895

Coastal 400-450 This band supports vegetation identification and analysis, and

supports bathymetric studies based upon its chlorophyll and

water penetration characteristics. Also, this band is subject to

atmospheric scattering and will be used to investigate

atmospheric correction techniques.

Yellow 585-625 Used to identify "yellow-ness" characteristics of targets,

important for vegetation applications. Also, this band assists in

the development of "true-color" hue correction for human

vision representation.

Red Edge 705-745 Aids in the analysis of vegetative condition. Directly related to

plant health revealed through chlorophyll production.

NIR 2 860-1040 This band overlaps the NIR 1 band but is less affected by

atmospheric influence. It supports vegetation analysis and

biomass studies.

http://worldview2.digitalglobe.com/docs/spectralResponseOverview.pdf

Source: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions

Satellite Pupose Remarks

SENTINEL-1 Land and Ocean

monitoring

Two polar-orbiting satellites operating day and night, and will perform Radar

imaging. The first SENTINEL-1 satellite was launched in April 2014.

SENTINEL-2 Land monitoring Two polar-orbiting satellites providing high-resolution optical imagery.

Vegetation, soil and coastal areas are among the monitoring objectives. The first

SENTINEL-2 satellite was launched in June 2015.

SENTINEL-3 Marine observation Study sea-surface topography, sea and land surface temperature, ocean and land

colour. Composed of three satellites, the mission's primary instrument is a radar

altimeter, but the polar-orbiting satellites will carry multiple instruments,

including optical imagers. 3A – 16 February 2016

SENTINEL-4 Air Quality

monitoring

UVN instrument is a spectrometer carried aboard Meteosat Third Generation

satellites, operated by EUMETSAT. Provide continuous monitoring of the

composition of the Earth's atmosphere at high temporal and spatial resolution

and the data will be used to support monitoring and forecasting over Europe.

SENTINEL-5 Air Quality

monitoring

UVNS instrument is a spectrometer carried aboard the MetOp Second

Generation satellites. Provide continuous monitoring of the composition of the

Earth's atmosphere. It provides wide-swath, global coverage data to monitor air

quality around the world.

SENTINEL-5P A precursor

satellite mission

Aims to fill in the data gap and provide data continuity between the

retirement of the Envisat satellite and NASA's Aura mission and the

launch of SENTINEL-5. The mission will perform atmospheric

monitoring.

SENTINEL - next-generation Earth observation missions by ESA

Channel # Spectral Region (m) Primary Utility

1 0.58 - 0.68 Day Time Cloud, Snow, Ice, Surface Mapping

2 0.725 - 1.0 Surface water delineation, Vegetation/ Agriculture

Assessment, Location of water bodies

3A 1.58 - 1.64 Night Time, Sea surface temperature, Cloud

mapping, Land mark extraction, Forest fire

monitoring, Volcanic activity.

3B 3.55 - 3.93 Sea Surface Temperature, Day /Night cloud

mapping, Soil-moisture / ET, Volcanic Activity

4 10.3 - 11.3 Sea surface temperature, Day / Night cloud

mapping, Surface temperature

5 11.50 - 12.50 Sea surface temperature

Orbit type Sun synchronous, near polar

Altitude 833 / 870 km

Resolution at nadir 1.1km

Quantisation 10 bit

Swath width 2399 / 2700 km

Number of orbits per day 14

AVHRR (NOAA – KLM)

AVHRR Channels

Earth Imaging

AVHRR/3, a six-channel scanning radiometer

Atmospheric Sounding Instruments

High-Resolution Infrared Sounder/3 (HIRS/3)

Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) and

Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B)

Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer (SBUV)

Space Environment Monitor (SEM)

Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System

NOAA Payload

The instrument operates in three scanning modes:

1. Full frame mode (20º N-S x 20º E-W), in about

33 minutes covering the entire Earth disk

2. Normal frame mode (14º N-S x 20º E-W), in

about 23 minutes

3. Sector frame mode in which the sector can be

positioned anywhere in steps of 0.5º in the N-S

direction to cover 4.5º N-S x 20º E-W. This

mode is particularly suited for rapid, repetitive

coverage during severe weather conditions like

a cyclone.

Kalpana -1

Launched on 12 Sept 2002 by

PSLV-C4

Geostationary orbit with a

spacecraft position at 74º E

longitude

Weight : 1,050 Kg

Channels Spectral

Range

(m)

Resolution

VHRR/2

Visible 0.55 – 0.75 2 Km

Thermal 10.50 – 12.50 8 Km

Water Vapour 5.70 – 7.10 8 Km

Data Relay Transponder (DRT)

Payload and channel characteristics of

Kalpana-1 (MetSat-1)

Indian Meteorological Satellites

INSAT 3D is an advanced weather satellite of India configured with improved

imaging System and Atmospheric Sounder.

INSAT 3D IS A METEOROLOGICAL SPACECRAFT HAVING

an Imager (6 bands), a Sounder (19 channels), a DCS (DRT),

and SAS & R

Band Wavelength(m) Resolution in Km.

Visible 0.52-0.75 1.0

SWIR 1.55-1.70 1.0

MIR 3.80-4.00 4.0

WV 6.50-7.00 8.0

TIR-1 10.2-11.2 4.0

TIR-2 11.5-12.5 4.0

The Imager will generate images of the earth disk from geostationary altitude of 36,000 km every 26 minutes and provide

information on various parameters, namely, outgoing long-wave radiation, quantitative precipitation estimation, sea surface

temperature, snow cover, cloud motion winds, etc.

India

• Resourcesat – 3

• GenNext Cartosat

• GISAT

Other than India

Now a days every country is

planning to have their own

Remote Sensing/EO satellite.

For details of past / present /

future satellites of EO are

available from reference

websites.

Future Remote Sensing Satellites

Source: https://agfundernews.com/remote-sensing-market-map.html

Want free data? Check the following web site.

http://gisgeography.com/free-satellite-imagery-data-list/

https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions

http://space.skyrocket.de/index.html (Gunter’s Space Page)

http://isro.gov.in

http://nrsc.gov.in/Earth_Observation_Missions

http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/

http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing_satellite_and_data_overview

https://earthdata.nasa.gov/user-resources/remote-sensors

https://www.itc.nl/Pub/sensordb/AllSensors.aspx

https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/tags/remote-sensing

https://www.digitalglobe.com/ (WorldView)

https://www.planet.com/ (SkySat constellation)

https://www.urthecast.com/ (OptiSAR constellation)

https://astrodigital.com/ (Landmapper constellation & free DIP s/w)

http://www.deimos-imaging.com/ (Deimos – 1 & 2)

https://search.descarteslabs.com/?layer=landsat-8_v3_rgb_2013-

2017#lat=34.8097700&lng=5.6664300&skipTut=true&zoom=1.5 (GeoVisual

Search: Using Computer Vision to Explore the Earth)

References

Thank You

Satellites & Sensors

Documents

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