Satellite View of China China’s Provinces China—Asia’s Superpower.
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Transcript of Satellite View of China China’s Provinces China—Asia’s Superpower.
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Satellite View of ChinaSatellite View of ChinaSatellite View of ChinaSatellite View of China
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China’s ProvincesChina’s ProvincesChina’s ProvincesChina’s Provinces
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China—Asia’s SuperpowerChina—Asia’s SuperpowerChina—Asia’s SuperpowerChina—Asia’s Superpower
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China vs. the U. S. in SizeChina vs. the U. S. in SizeChina vs. the U. S. in SizeChina vs. the U. S. in Size
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000250Miles
China
United States
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Comparing China & Comparing China & the U. S.the U. S.
Comparing China & Comparing China & the U. S.the U. S.ChinaChina United United
StatesStates
SizeSize 3.7 million 3.7 million square milessquare miles
3.6 million 3.6 million square milessquare miles
Main physical Main physical barrierbarrier
HimalayasHimalayas RockiesRockies
Main RiverMain River Yangtze / Yangtze / East - WestEast - West
Mississippi / Mississippi / North – SouthNorth – South
PopulationPopulation East CoastEast Coast East CoastEast Coast
Connectivity Connectivity problemsproblems
North - SouthNorth - South East - WestEast - West
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Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”Pacific “Rim of Fire”
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Bodies of WaterBodies of WaterBodies of WaterBodies of Water
Huang-He
River
Yellow Sea
Yangtze River
Pacific Ocean
Amur River
Xi River
SouthChinaSea
Sea of
Japan
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China’s Climate ZonesChina’s Climate ZonesChina’s Climate ZonesChina’s Climate Zones
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Precipitation in ChinaPrecipitation in ChinaPrecipitation in ChinaPrecipitation in China
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Arable LandArable LandArable LandArable Land
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““Brown” China vs. “Green” Brown” China vs. “Green” ChinaChina
““Brown” China vs. “Green” Brown” China vs. “Green” ChinaChina
Rice DominantW
heat
Dom
inan
t
Pasture and Oasis
Double-crop rice
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China as % of World China as % of World PopulationPopulation
China as % of World China as % of World PopulationPopulation
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The Population of The Population of ChinaChina
The Population of The Population of ChinaChina
105 755 10831210
1381 15621650 1753
18121851
18871911
19491953
1970
1981
1995
2000
2050
2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 500 1000 1500 2000
thousands
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The Polluted Yellow River!The Polluted Yellow River!The Polluted Yellow River!The Polluted Yellow River!
VOCABULARY
Loess
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The Yellow River
Huang He 2,920 Miles: Tibet to the Yellow Sea Deposits (loess) fertile, light colored soil
– No need for metal tools for generous harvests
Periodic flooding: “China’s sorrow”
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Prehistoric Society: Yangshao
5000-3000 BCE Middle region of the Yellow River valley Banpo Village
– Found in 1952 Painted pottery Bone tools Population increase necessitated
organized authority
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The Earliest Dynasties Xia
– C. 2200 BCE– Legend -> Founded by Yu– Organized through village
network– Hereditary monarchy– Flood control– Rise of cities,
bureaucracy, & bronze weapons
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Bronze Age EmpiresBronze Age EmpiresBronze Age EmpiresBronze Age Empires
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Shang Dynasty - 1766-1122 BCE Bronze metallurgy
– State monopoly of copper & tin ores. Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles Large armies – 3,000 – 13,000 strong Demand of agricultural tribute Political organization: network of fortified cities, loyal to
center– 1000 cities
– Capital moved six times• Impressive architecture at Ao (33 x 66 wall), Yin
Other regional kingdoms coexist: Sanxingdui
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Shang Dynasty Burial Practices Hierarchical social structure Live burials alongside deceased
member of ruling class– Sacrificial victims, mostly slaves– Wives, servants, friends, hunting
companions– Later replaced by statuary, often
monumental
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Shang Religion Animism – The belief that spirits inhabit
everything. Ancestor Worship Shang Di – A god who controlled the
forces of nature Oracle Bones
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Oracle BonesOracle BonesOracle BonesOracle Bones
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Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing Used for communicating with spirit world,
determining future– Question written on animal bones, turtle shells – Then heated over fire, cracks examined for
omens Early archaeological evidence of Chinese
writing Evolution of Chinese script
– Pictograph to ideograph
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Oracle Bone from Shang Dynasty
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The Evolution of Chinese The Evolution of Chinese Writing DuringWriting During
The Evolution of Chinese The Evolution of Chinese Writing DuringWriting During
PictograpPictographshs
Semantic-Semantic-PhoneticsPhonetics
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Zhou Literature The reflections of Confucius Book of Changes
– Manual for divination Book of History (Zhou propaganda) Book of Etiquette (Book of Rites) Book of Songs (…of Poetry or …of Odes) Little survived
– Often written on perishable bamboo strips
– Many destroyed by Emperor of Qin dynasty in 221 BCE
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Axe Scepter – Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE1100 BCE - Jade - JadeAxe Scepter – Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE1100 BCE - Jade - Jade
Ceremonial Dagger – Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE1028 BCECeremonial Dagger – Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE1028 BCE
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ShangShangUrnUrn
ShangShangUrnUrn
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Shang BronzesShang BronzesShang BronzesShang Bronzes
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Ritual Wine Ritual Wine Vessel – Bronze, Vessel – Bronze,
13c BCE13c BCE
Ritual Wine Ritual Wine Vessel – Bronze, Vessel – Bronze,
13c BCE13c BCE
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Western Zhou:Western Zhou:1027-771 BCE1027-771 BCEWestern Zhou:Western Zhou:1027-771 BCE1027-771 BCE
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Zhou Dynasty, 1122-256 BCE No law codes: rule by decree
– “Mandate of Heaven” Aggregation of villages opposed to Shang
leadership– Decentralization of authority– Lacked organization efficiency
Development of cheap iron weaponry ends Shang monopoly on Bronze
Early money economy
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Zhou Coins - BronzeZhou Coins - BronzeZhou Coins - BronzeZhou Coins - Bronze
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““T’ian Ming”T’ian Ming”““T’ian Ming”T’ian Ming”The Mandate of HeavenThe Mandate of HeavenThe Mandate of HeavenThe Mandate of Heaven
1.1.The leader must lead by ability The leader must lead by ability and and virtue. virtue.
2.2.The dynasty's leadership must The dynasty's leadership must be be justified by succeeding justified by succeeding generations.generations.
3.3.The mandate could be revoked The mandate could be revoked by by negligence and abuse; the will negligence and abuse; the will of of the people was important. the people was important.
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The Dynastic
Cycle
The Dynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power. “Son of Heaven”
A new dynasty
comes to power. “Son of Heaven”
Lives of common people improved;
taxes reduced;farming encouraged.
Lives of common people improved;
taxes reduced;farming encouraged.
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.
Farming neglected.
Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.
Farming neglected.
Govt. increasesspending; corruption.
Govt. increasesspending; corruption.
Droughts,floods,
famines occur.
Droughts,floods,
famines occur.
Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites them.Attack the emperor.
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites them.Attack the emperor.
Emperor isdefeated !!
Emperor isdefeated !!
The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more
efficient.
The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more
efficient.
Start here
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Heaven, unpitying, has sent down ruin on the Shang. The Shang has lost the Mandate, and we, the Zhou have received it. I dare not say
that our fortune would continue to prosper, even though I believe that heaven favors
those who are sincere in their intentions. I dare not say, either that it would end in certain
disaster…The Mandate of Heaven is not easy to gain. It
will be lost when men fail to live up to the reverent and illustrious virtues of our
forefathers. Duke of Shao, quoted in The Chinese Heritage
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Early Ideology
Yin and Yang Yin: female, dark, weak, wet, passive Yang: male, bright, strong, dry, active Balance of opposites
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Zhou Contributions
Aristocrats Feudalism
– Kings > Local Lords > Peasants• Feudal Lords Gain Power
Iron Age The First Bound Books Astronomers Study Planets & Eclipses
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Decline of the Zhou Dynasty Decentralized leadership style allows for
building of regional powers– Increasing local independence, refusal to pay
Zhou taxes Iron metallurgy allows for widespread
creation of weaponry Northern invaders weaken Zhou dynasty,
beginning 8th c BCE Internal dissention: the Period of the Warring
States (403-221 BCE)
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China during the Period of the Warring States, 403-221 BCE
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““Chung Kuo”Chung Kuo”(The “Middle Kingdom”)(The “Middle Kingdom”)
““Chung Kuo”Chung Kuo”(The “Middle Kingdom”)(The “Middle Kingdom”)
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Social Order Ruling classes great advantage
– Palatial compounds, luxurious lifestyle– Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenues– Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponry– Hereditary privilege
Support class of artisans, craftsmen Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant
class Large class of semi servile peasants Slave class (mostly POW’s)
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Family and Patriarchy
Devotion to family, ancestor veneration– Family responsible for socialization of
children and preservation of cultural traditions
Connection of spirit world to physical world– Ritual sacrifices
Father ritual head of family rites (rather than priests)
Earlier prominence of individual female leaders fades in later Shang, Zhou dynasties
Genealogy
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Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia Despite geographic boundaries, long distance
trade exists while limited in scope Steppe nomads
– Poor lands for cultivation, extensive herding activities
– Horses domesticated c. 4000 BCE, bronze metallurgy in 2900 BCE
– Organized under charismatic warrior chiefs Extensive trade with sedentary cultures in
China Tensions: frequent raiding Ethnocentrism/Xenophobia
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The Yangtze RiverThe Yangtze RiverThe Yangtze RiverThe Yangtze River
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Southern Expansion of Chinese Society
Yangzi Valley– Peaceful flooding– Yangzi river: Chang Jiang, “long river”– Excellent for rice cultivation– Irrigation system developed
The State of Chu– Autonomous, challenged Zhou dynasty– Culture heavily influenced by Chinese