Satellite remote sensing measurement of a geophysical parameter is always based on measurement of...

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Satellite remote sensing measurement of a geophysical parameter is always based on measurement of e.m. radiation. Apart from almost direct measurements of radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere, in the best of the cases the geophysical variable is estimated by analysing some property of the measured e.m. that would interact with variable itself. In some case the measurement is based on some relationship between the variable of interest and some other variable that would interact with the e.m. radiation (for example wind from roughness)

Transcript of Satellite remote sensing measurement of a geophysical parameter is always based on measurement of...

Page 1: Satellite remote sensing measurement of a geophysical parameter is always based on measurement of e.m. radiation. Apart from almost direct measurements.

Satellite remote sensing measurement of a geophysical parameter is always based on measurement of e.m. radiation.

Apart from almost direct measurements of radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere, in the best of the cases the geophysical variable is estimated by analysing some property of the measured e.m. that would interact with variable itself. In some case the measurement is based on some relationship between the variable of interest and some other variable that would interact with the e.m. radiation

(for example wind from roughness)

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Retrieval methods-Algoritmi d’inversione

Misura e.m. →Variabile geofisica

– Functional regression– Neural network– Analytical solution– LUT, Bayesian Approach– Variational assimilation– Iterative techniques (first-guess)

Source of calibration/training datasetEmpiricalRTM based

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Properties of the e.m. radiation

Amplitude

Frequency, Wavelength,Energy

Phase, Polarization

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________________________________________________

QUANTITA’ SIMBOLO UNITA’______________________________________________________________________

Energia Q J

Potenza dQ/dt W=J/s

Flusso dQ/dt/dA W/m2

Irradianza monocromatica dQ/dt/dA/dλ W/m2/μm

Radianza dQ/dt/dA/dλ/dΩ W/m2/μm/sr

DEFINIZIONI UTILI DI RADIAZIONE DA ENERGIA A RADIANZA

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Frequenza/energia

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I parametri di StokesDato il campo elettrico della radiazione e.m.:

I parametri di Stokes sono:

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Ottengo i parametri di Stokes dalle seguenti “misure”:

Esprimendo l’intensità:

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Useful range for earth atmosphere remote sensing

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• Measuring and intepreting the effect of a radiation-matter interaction assumes that:

- you know the e.m. radiation properties before and after the interaction.

- You know the physical nature of the interaction and how it is linked to variable you would like to estimate.

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Radiometri, interferometri, Polarimetri.

Radar, Lidar, Altimetro, Scatterometro, SAR.

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Sorgenti naturali di radiazioneIL SOLE

EMISSIONE

TERMICA

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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/image_galleries/our_ir_world_gallery.html

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METEOSAT 2° Generation18/4/2008 06:00 UTC

INFRAROSSO

www.eumetsat.int

VISIBILE

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Any volume of matter at absolute temperature > 0 K emits radiation as a function of:

-its temperature and wavelength (Planck Law in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium conditions)

- its composition (dielectric properties -> emissivity) (Kirchoff Law)

Thermal Emission

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Proprieta’ fisiche delle singole molecole e Aerosols (composizione)

(p,T)Proprieta’ ottiche delle singole molecole e Aerosols (λ,Ω)

Proprieta’ ottiche del volume (λ,Ω)

Equazione del trasporto radiativo (λ,Ω)Proprieta’ ottiche della superficie/boundaries (λ,Ω)

Soluzione (∫ ∫ …dλdΩ)

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GRANDEZZE OTTICHE MACROSCOPICHE DELLO STRATO:

• RIFLETTANZA

• ASSORBANZA• EMISSIVITA'

• TRANSMITTANZA

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Proprieta’ fisiche delle singole molecole e Aerosols (composizione)

Proprieta’ ottiche delle singole molecole e Aerosols (λ,Ω)

Proprieta’ ottiche del volume (λ,Ω)

Equazione del trasporto radiativo (λ,Ω)

Soluzione (∫ ∫ …dλdΩ)

Processi radiativi d’interazione

Calcolo delle proprieta’ ottiche di volume:Spessore ottico, albedo di singolo scattering, proprieta’ angolari dello scattering (per es: g o matrice di diffusione) o T,R,A

Risoluzione numerica dell’eq. Del trasporto radiativo

Risoluzione numerica di eventuali integrazioni angolari e spettrali

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e.m. Interaction processes• Absorption (Molecular + associated with

scattering and reflection)

• Thermal emission

• Scattering*

• Reflection*

• Others (Stimulated emissions, fluorescence, Raman scattering)

* Polarizing processes

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Molecular absorption

It depends from:

• The characteristics of the molecules (i.e. composition of the atmosphere)

• The wavelength

• Temperature and pressure of the gas.

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Molecular absorption

To be computed needs for each molecule (including isotopologues):

• Position (wavelength) and intensity of the absorption line (line atlas> HITRAN, GHEISA)

• Functional form of the shape of the absorption line (Gaussian, Lorentz, Voigt)

• Functional form for the continuum• Temperature, pressure and concentration for each

molecule considered.The radiative transfer representation of the process is

through an extinction coefficient (cross section).

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Atmospheric absorption

H2O, O2, O3

O2

H2O, N2

( ) ( ) continuum termsi oi

k N S F AbsorptionCoefficientCenter frequency

FrequencyLine Shape

Gas strength factorabundance

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Emolecola=Eele+Evib+Erot+Etran

Eele > Evib > Erot > Etran

UV-VIS IR MW

Emolecola= Energia totale della molecola

Eele = Energia elettronica

Evib = Energia associata al moto vibrazionale della molecola

Erot = Energia associata al moto rotazionale della molecola

Etran = Energia associata al moto di traslazione del centro di massa della molecola

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CH4

CH4

N2O

N2O

N2O

CO2

CH4

O3

H2O

N2

O2

CO

78%

21%

E-E

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Energy levels of a molecule

Electronic energy levels; Hydrogen atom

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Line broadening

1) Natural broadening Depends on the lifetime of the excited energy level

2) Doppler broadeningDepends on the velocity of the molecule, in thermal equilibrium condition, the velocity distribution depends on the temperature.

3) Pressure broadeningDepends on the collisions with other molecules, in equilibrium conditions on the pressure.

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The continuum

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Ab

sorb

an

ce

Wavelength

Gaussian lineshape Lorentzian lineshape

The so-called continuum absorption is caused by the far wings of strong absorption lines, e.g. H2O lines.

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Scale di frequenza• Variabilita’ della funzione di Planck:

Calcolo dei flussi, cooling heating rates (500 cm-1)

• Contorno delle bande (50 cm-1)• Spaziatura tra linee rotazionali (1-5 cm-1)• Caratteristiche della linea. Radiazione

mocromatica (validita’ Legge di Beer). ~1/5 line width. 2x10-2 (bassa atmosfera) a 2x10-4 (Doppler width, alta atmosfera)

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Soluzioni numeriche per il calcolo dell’assorbimento

molecolare

• Line-by-line• Band models• Emissivity models

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Band models

I modelli di banda sono utilizzati per rappresentare la complessita’ degli spettri dati dalle singoli linee

•Random models•Correlated k-band models• etc..(see Goody & Yung 1989)

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Correlated k-band model

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http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/HITRAN/

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http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/HITRAN/

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Schematic of Fundamental Spectroscopic Parameters of a Line Transition in

HITRAN.

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Scattering/Diffusione (Reflectance).

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Scattering/Diffusione (Reflectance).Si manifesta come variazione della direzione di propagazione (e della polarizzazione) rispetto a quella dell’onda e.m. incidente.

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Scattering/Diffusione (Reflectance).Si manifesta come variazione della direzione di propagazione (e della polarizzazione) rispetto a quella dell’onda e.m. incidente. Puo’ anche essere associato ad assorbimento della radiazione.

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Scattering/Diffusione (Reflectance).E’ dovuto al passaggio di un onda e.m. da un mezzo ad un altro con differenti proprietà di propagazione (indice di rifrazione complesso*).

* Si introduce l’indice di rifrazione complesso:

m=n+i n’

per poter tener conto dell’assorbimento utilizzando la formula per la propagazione dell’onda:

e i(ωt-mkz)

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SCATTERING:

Principio di Huygens

Quante lunghezze d’onda l’onda ‘spende’ all’interno del mezzo con differenti caratteristiche ottiche di propagazione?

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Scattering: a geometric optics representation

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Scattering/Diffusione (Reflectance).

Dipende da:- composizione (indice di rifrazione complesso) del mezzo.- cammino ottico relativo* (rispetto alla lunghezza d’onda della radiazione incidente) all’interno della discontinuità (forma, dimensioni ed orientamento della discontinuità)

* Per es per le sfere di raggio r ed indice di rifrazione reale m:

Size Parameter x=2πr/λ oppure

ρ=2 x (m-1)

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Scattering/Diffusione (Reflectance).L’effetto della singola particella scatterante per una data lunghezza d’onda può essere rappresentato da 3 proprieta’:

- efficienza nello scatterare.- efficienza nell’assorbire.- efficienza, in funzione della geometria nel ridistribuire angolarmente la radiazione in funzione dello stato di polarizzazione.

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Scattering: numerical representation Proprietà ottiche di singolo scattering (Single

Scattering Optical Properties SSOP) - Cross Sections C (Efficiencies Q nel caso di

sfere) - Single scattering albedo: ω- Phase function: Scattering Matrix,Tavola

P(γ), Coefficienti dei Polinomi di Legendre, Asymmetry factor (g), Approximations (e.g.: HG)

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Diffraction limit

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Yang et al., “Single-scattering properties of complex ice crystals in terrestrial Atmosphere”, Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71, 223-248, 1998.

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Scattering: Polarization

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http://www.astro.uva.nl/scatter/

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Metodi numerici per il calcolo delle proprieta’ ottiche di singola particella

• Rayleigh scattering (particelle relativamente piccole)

• Mie scattering (particelle sferiche di dimensioni comparabili con la lunghezza d’onda)

• Metodi numerici per particelle non sferiche (particelle non-sferiche di dimensioni comparabili con la lunghezza d’onda)

• Ottica geometrica (particelle di forma qualsiasi di dimensioni relativamente grandi)

Casi particolari: pr es: coated spherical particles

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Metodi di calcolo per le proprietà ottiche di singolo scattering

Mie scattering & Geometric Optics: Depends from scattering particleamount, shape, dimension & relative orientation particle-wave

Rayleigh scattering: Depends from scattering particleamount

Negligible Scattering: independent from an particle property

&

non spheric

al partic

les methods

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LID

AR

CLO

UD

RA

DA

R

PR

EC

. R

AD

AR

SU

RF

. R

AD

AR

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Page 59: Satellite remote sensing measurement of a geophysical parameter is always based on measurement of e.m. radiation. Apart from almost direct measurements.

Esempi programma di simulazione per scattering Mie http://omlc.ogi.edu/calc/mie_calc.html

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Ottica Geometrica

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Discrete Dipole Approximation

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Scattering: da parametri di singola particella a parametri di polidispersione

Definizione di polidispersioneVariabili di polidispersione -> effective radiusEsempi di forme funzionali di distribuzione

dimensionale:- Junge (power law) (aerosols)- Log-normal (aerosols) - Gamma distribution (clouds)- Marshall & Palmer (precipitation)

Page 63: Satellite remote sensing measurement of a geophysical parameter is always based on measurement of e.m. radiation. Apart from almost direct measurements.

Una distribuzione dimensionale è definita da:

Distribuzione dimensionale

Esempi di distribuzione dimensionale descritta dalla funzione in basso con 2 valori di a e 3 di b

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Calcolo delle proprieta’ di singolo scattering per una polidispersione

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Calcolo dei coefficienti di scattering per 2 specie: A, M.

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(p,T)

La radiazione scatterata da un generico volume dipende dalla intensita’ e distribuzione angolare della radiazione incidente sul volume che pero’ dipende, atraverso lo scattering dei volumi vicini a sua volta dalla radiazione scatterata

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Scattering Multiplo: Metodi Numerici

• Ordini di scattering successivi• Doubling or Adding• Invariant imbedding• Funzioni X e Y• Discrete – Ordinate• Armoniche sferiche• Sviluppo in eigenfuction• Montecarlo• Soluzioni analitiche• Pseudo-assorbimento

Accorgimenti numerici: δ-Eddington

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Doubling or adding method

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Si definisce per la trasmissione diffusa e per la riflessione:

Un prodotto R1R2 implica:

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RIFLESSIONE - leggi di ottica geometrica che regolano il

passaggio di radiazione tra mezzi con indice di rifrazione differente

- Formule di Fresnel per luce polarizzata- casi limite: riflettore speculare, riflettore - modellizzazione di superficie corrugate- applicazioni possibili: vento alla superficie, oil

spills, tipo di vegetazione- varie combinazioni flussi radianze del concetto di

riflettanza.

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Definizioni S: sorgenteO: osservatore

P: puntualeD: diffusa

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Surface reflectance - BRDF

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Tipi di riflessione

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Calcolo delle proprieta’ di riflettanza: BRDF

Geometria e composizione (indice di rifrazione complesso) degli elementi di superficie

Ottica geometrica

Θo=cost

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* *

1 2* *

1 2

*1 2

* 1 2

cos cos 2 ...

cos cos 2 ...1

sin sin 2 ...2 / 2Resin sin 2 ...

2 Im

v v h ho

v v h h o

v h

v h

E E E EI I II

E E E E Q Q QQ

U UU E EV UV

E E

L

Surface emissivity - Oceans

Directional wind roughened surface: Sea-water permittivity Fresnel equations (I, Q, U, V)Large-scale wavesGravity-capillary, capillary waves (>

2m/s)Whitecaps (> 7 m/s)Foam (> 10-12 m/s)

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EMISSIONE TERMICA

• CORPO GRIGIO

• LEGGE DI KIRCHOFF

• BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE

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Any volume of matter at absolute temperature > 0 K emits radiation as a function of:

-its temperature and wavelength (Planck Law in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium conditions)

- its composition (dielectric properties -> emissivity) (Kirchoff Law)

Thermal Emission

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http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/modis/EMIS/html/em.html

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Source Function (SF) in Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE)

• In generale la SF e’ una funzione della popolazione dei livelli coinvolti in ogni transizione

• In LTE la popolazione dei livelli dipende solo dalla temperatura e quindi la SF e’ la funzione di Planck

• In generale la popolazione dei livelli di una molecola dipende dal campo di radiazione in cui la molecola si trova

• In LTE le collisioni sono cosi’ frequenti da portare molto velocemente la popolazione di un livello alla distribuzione di Boltzmann corrispondente alla Temperatura cinetica del gas

• In Non-LTE le collisioni termiche sono meno importanti e quindi gli stati eccitati non si deattivano per urto ma per altri fenomeni. Cosi’ la popolazione dei livelli NON ha relazione con la Temperatura cinetica

• Il problema di trovare la SF in Non-LTE si trasferisce nel problema di trovare la popolazione dei livelli energetici coinvolti nell’interazione radiazione materia

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Sviluppo di algoritmi d’inversione

EmpiriciNeural network Modelli numerici di trasferimento radiativo

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Radiative transfer modeling•Model type/purpose: simulazione di strumenti, calcolo di flussi radiativi (per s all’interno di modelli di previsione numerica)•Spectral range/integration•Angular integration•Polarization•Physical Processes/level of parametrization•Geometry: plane parallel, spherical, 3D.•Input•Output•User friendly•Examples

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OBSERVATION GEOMETRY (S, V, )

SURFACE ( (S, V, , ) ,zo)

CLOUDS (SSOP( ,z)*,( ,z))

AEROSOLS (SSOP( ,z)*,( ,z))

INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS :

NOISE, FILTER RESPONSES, MULLER SIMULATED

INSTRUMENT

MODEL

RADIATIVE

TRANSFER

EQUATION SOLVER

ALTITUDE

INCLINATION

PERIOD

EQ. PASS. TIME

SCANNING

CHARACTERISTICS

ORBIT MODEL

SCANNING MODEL

EARTH SUBSATELLITE POSITION

INSTRUMENT SIMULATOR• GAS ABSORPTION FROM MAJOR AND MINOR GASES

• MULTIPLE SCATTERING

• POSSIBILITY TO INTRODUCE USER DEFINED DETAILED INPUT

• SPECTRAL RESOLUTION AND RANGE ADEGUATE

CLEAR SKY ATMOSPHERE THERMODYNAMIC PROFILE (T(z),p(z), gas(z))

INPUT UPWELLING

RADIANCES

SIMULATEDMEASURED

RADIANCES

(*) SSOP: Single Scattering Optical Properties

SSA

Legendre Polynomial coefficients

GAS EXTINCTION PROFILE (( ,z))

MOLECULAR SCATTERING PROFILE (SSOP( ,z),( ,z))

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LBLCLEAR SKY ATMOSPHERE THERMODYNAMIC PROFILE (T(z),p(z), gas(z)) GAS EXTINCTION PROFILE (( ,z))

HITRAN 2000

TAPE 1

LNFL

RANGE

GAS MOLECULES

TAPE 3

GEOGRAPHYCAL POSITION (LAT,LON) TOPOGRAPHY MODEL

z(LAT,LON))SURFACE COMPOSITION

BRDF MODELREFRACTIVE INDEX DB

m(λ,surface) SURFACE ( (S, V, , ) ,zo)

?

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SSOPM

MIEV0

CLEAR SKY ATMOSPHERE THERMODYNAMIC PROFILE (T(z),p(z), gas(z))

μPhysical model

AEROSOLS (SSOP( ,z)*,( ,z))

SD PROFILE (SD(z,aerosol))COMPOSITION PROFILE (SD(z,aerosol))

COMPOSITION

REFRACTIVE INDEX

REFRACTIVE INDEX DB

m(λ,aerosol)

REFRACTIVE INDEX

m(λ,z,aerosol)

MIXTURE TYPE

Ext,Int

SHAPE

S(SD,z,aerosol)

CLOUDS (SSOP( ,z)*,( ,z))

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SSOPM

MIEV0WATER CLOUDS (SSOP( ,z)*,( ,z))

SD PROFILE (SD(z,water))

REFRACTIVE INDEX

m(λ,z,water)

SHAPE

S(SD,z,water)

δ-M

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Comments on RTM

• Completeness of the represented processes. (e.g. type of absorption band model, numerical solution of the multiple scattering)

• Assumptions (e.g. Lambertian surface representation)

• Internal database (e.g. angular representation of single scattering properties)

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Alcuni siti d’interesse che permettono di fare simulazioni on-line

www.colorado.edu/physics/phet/simulations/blackbody/blackbody.swf

http://omlc.ogi.edu/calc/mie_calc.html

http://arm.mrcsb.com/sbdart/

http://irina.eas.gatech.edu/rad-codes.htm

http://6s.ltdri.org/

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ESEMPI DI MOTIVAZIONI PER LA POSIZIONE DEI CANALI PER

ALCUNI STRUMENTI(MODIS e SEVIRI)

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CLM: Cloud microphysical properties

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Dataset terminologyLEVEL 0: Raw data [binary counts] Space agencyLEVEL 1: Image data in sensor co-ordinates. Individual

calibrated channels.[Radiances] Algorithm developers.CalibrationLEVEL 2: Derived geophysical variables geolocated but

generally still in image coordinates UsersL1→L2 Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document: ATBDValidationLEVEL 3: Composite (time and space: e.g. monthly 1°x1°)

geophysical products resampled into standard map projection (single sensor can still contain gaps) Users

LEVEL 4: As level 3 with gaps filled. This can be done by merging level 3 from different sensors or filling the gaps with models (objective analysis, forecast model etc..) Users

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• http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov/

• www.eumetsat.int

• http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni

• http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/

• www.ssmi.com