1. MayflowerCompact

This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declaredthat the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of allmembers of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

2. WilliamBradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helpedcolonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

3. Pilgrims andPuritanscontrasted

The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups wereillegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists whowished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay areafrom the King of England.

4. MassachusettsBay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colonyestablished political freedom and a representative government.

5. CambridgeAgreement

1629 - The Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company agreed to emigrate to New England on thecondition that they would have control of the government of the colony.

6. Puritanmigration

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of theMassachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

7. Church ofEngland

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henrydivorce his wife

8. JohnWinthrop

John Winthrop immigrated from the Mass. Bay Colony in the 1630's to become the first governor and to led a religiousexperiment. He once said, "we shall be a city on a hill."

9. Separatists Pilgrims that started out in Holland in the 1620's who traveled over the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower. These werethe purest, most extreme Pilgrims existing, claiming that they were too strong to be discouraged by minor problems asothers were.

10. CongregationalChurch

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It wasbased on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

11. ContrastPuritancolonies withothers

Puritan colonies were self-governed, with each town having its own government which led the people in strictaccordance with Puritan beliefs. Only those members of the congregation who had achieved grace and were fullchurch members (called the "elect," or "saints") could vote and hold public office. Other colonies had different styles ofgovernment and were more open to different beliefs.

12. AnneHutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She wasforced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in1639.

13. RogerWilliams

A dissenter, Roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state.After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island,which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

14. Half-waycovenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yetconverted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regularmembers; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

15. ThomasHooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that thegovernor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits ongovernment.

16. FundamentalOrders ofConnecticut

This document was the first written constitution in the American colonies. It was prepared as the covenant for the newPuritan community in Connecticut, established in the 1630s. This document described a system of government for thenew community.

17. SaybrookPlatform

organized town churches into county associations that sent delegates to annual assembly which governed the colonyof Connecticut

18. Leif Ericsson late 900's early 1000's son of Eric the Red; sailed to North America in about 1000 and explored what is today know asNewfoundland

19. BartholomewDias

Dias was an early Portuguese explorer who traveled down the coast of Africa in search of a water route to Asia. Hemanaged to round the southern tip of Africa in 1488, now the Cape of Good Hope.

sat us historyStudy online at quizlet.com/_vsqo

20. AmerigoVespucci

italian cartographer that sailed under the Spanish flag repeated Columbus' initial attemp to sail west to Asia; heexplored the coast of Africa thinking that it was Asia; he made his next voyage commissioned by Portugal and sailedalong the coast of S America concluding that it could not be Asia; his discoveries were published and the new continentwas named after him

21. Ponce de Leon Spanish explorer who led the first expedition to Florida.22. Vasco Nunez

de BalboaSpanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

23. HernandoCortez

A brash and determined Spanish adventurer, Hernando Cortez crossed the Hispaniola to mainland Mexico with sixhundred men, seventeen horses and ten canons. Within three years, Cortez had taken captive the Aztec emperorMontezuma, conquered the rich Aztec empire and found Mexico City as the capital of New Spain. (p.508-510)

24. FerdinandMagellan

Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V becameempreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completingthe first circumnavigation of the globe.

25. FranciscoPizzaro

He was from Portugal he went to Peru in 1532; he crushed Incas; took lot of money

26. Hernando deSoto

1539-1542 Explored Gulf coast from Florida to Mississippi River.

27. Giovanni deVerrazano

1524 Explored coast from Carolina to Nova Scotia, entered New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay.

28. FranciscoVasquez deCoronado

1540-1542 Discovered the Grand Canyon of Arizona, the Panhandle areas Texas and Kansas

29. JacquesCarter

1534 Explored the St. Lawrence Gulf and River to Montreal

30. Samuel deChamplain

up St. Lawrence, discovered Indians, established fur trade with the Indians.

31. PereMarquette &Louis Joliet

France 1673 Explored Mackinac Strait, Lake Michigan, Green Bay, Wisconsin River, and Mississippi River to theAransas River

32. Robert, Sieurde LaSalle

France 1682 Went from Great lakes to the Miss. River and down to its mouth.

33. John Cabot England 1497, 1498 Sailed along the coast from Newfound to Maine, sailed from Newfoundland to Cheseapeake34. Sebastian

CabotEngland 1498 Explored NE Coast

35. Sir FrancisDrake

England 1509 Second circumnavigation of the worlds

36. HenryHudson

Netherlands 1609-1611 Explored the Hudson River and the Hudson bay

37. New EnglandConfederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes betweencolonies.

38. King Philip'sWar

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known asKing Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the localIndians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands forexpansion.

39. Dominion ofNew England

1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, andConnecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted anddrove out Governor Andros

40. Sir EdmundAndros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to returnto England

41. Joint StockCompany

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receivessome share of the company's profits and debts.

42. Virginiacolony

This colony got a charter, or right to organize a settlement in 1606. Jamestown was the first town in this new colony.

43. Headrightsystem

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indenturedservants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

44. John Smith Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through thedifficult first winter.

45. John Rolfe He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully growtobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

46. House ofBurgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representativecolony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

47. Bacon'sRebellion

an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies inwhich discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was aprotest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.

48. Culperer'sRebellion

Led by Culperer, the Alpemark colony rebelled against its English governor, Thomas Miller. The rebellion was crushed,but Culperer was acquitted.

49. Georgia Founded in 1733 at Savannah by James Ogelithorpe for human rehabilitation, initially proprietary.50. James

OglethorpeFounder of Georgia

51. Carolinas 1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representativegovernment to attract colonists. The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while thepoorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colonybeing split into North and South Carolina.

52. John Locke English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from theconsent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life,liberty and property.

53. Charleston 1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population wereHuguenot (French Protestant) refugees.

54. Staple cropsin the South

Tobacco was grown in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. Rice was grown in South Carolina and Georgia. Indigowas grown in South Carolina.

55. Pennsylvania in 1681, Charles II awarded the land of PA to William Penn, in order to pay off a debt to his father. He establishedPennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers

56. Liberal landlaws inPennsylvania

William Penn allowed anyone to emigrate to Pennsylvania, in order to provide a haven for persecuted religions.

57. Holyexperiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom forall.

58. New York Founded in 1624 at Albany and New Amsterdam by the Dutch, taken by Duke of York.59. Peter

StuyvesantThe governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the Englishon Sept. 8, 1664.

60. Crops inMiddleColonies

The middle colonies produced staple crops, primarily grain and corn.

61. New YorkandPhiladelphiaas urbancenters

New York became an important urban center due to its harbor and rivers, which made it an important center for trade.Piladelphia was a center for trade and crafts, and attracted a large number of immigrants, so that by 1720 it had apopulation of 10,000. It was the capital of Pennsylvania from 1683-1799. As urban centers, both cities played a majorrole in American Independence.

62. JohnBartram

an early American botanist and horticulturalist. Carolus Linnaeus said he was the "greatest natural botanist in theworld."

63. GreatAwakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churcheswere established.

64. JonathanEdwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

65. GeorgeWhitefield

succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England andAmerica, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening

66. WilliamTennant

A strong Presbyterian minister and leader during the Great Awakening. Founded a college for the training ofPresbyterian ministers in 1726.

67. GilbertTennant

An American Presbyterian minister who delivered a sermon in 1740, "The Dangers of Unconverted Ministry", in whichhe criticized conservative ministers who opposed the fervor of the Great Awakening. This resulted in a schism in thePresbyterian church in 1741, between the "Old Lights, and the "New Lights" (Led by Tennant).

68. LordBaltimore

1634- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted RomanCatholics.

69. Maryland Actof Toleration

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's largeProtestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

70. Mercantilism an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of goldand silver and by selling more goods than they bought

71. NavigationActs

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusivelyto England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

72. AdmiraltyCourts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which theBritish government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard byjudges without a jury.

73. TriangularTrade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe,and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

74. Molasses Act A British law passed in 1733 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported intocolonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing andsmuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

75. Woolens Act Law allowed no finished fur products to be made in America. (bad)76. Currency Act restricted colonists from printing their own currency and instead using "hard" currency (gold and silver)77. Poor

Richard'sAlmanac

1732-1758 containing many sayings called from thinkers of the ages emphasizing such home spun virtues as thriftindustry morality and common sense Frankin wrote it

78. PhillisWheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

79. AnnBradstreet

A Puritan and the first colonial poet to be published. The main subjects of her poetry were family, home, and religion.

80. Petition ofRight

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divineright of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

81. HabeausCorpus Act

: Latin meaning: "to have a body" gave every prisoner the right to obtain and writ or document ordering that the prisonerbe brought before a judge to specify the changes against the prisoner.

82. Board ofTrade

commissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials,and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England

83. RobertWalpole

Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.

84. SalutaryNeglect

british colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs byroyal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

85. Townmeetings

A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government inNew England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and passlaws.

86. Zenger trial This 1735 trial of a New York newspaper editor for criticising a British-appointed governor. It resulted in a not guiltyverdict, since the articles were based on fact, not slander. This acquittal was the first important victory for freedom of thepress in the colonies. Andrew Hamilton, a well-known Philadelphia lawyer, represented the defendant at no charge.

87. DifferencebetweenFrench andBritishcolonization

The British settled mainly along the coast, where they started farms, towns, and governments. As a general rule, wholefamilies emigrated. The British colonies had little interaction with the local Indians (aside from occasional fighting).The French colonized the interior, where they controlled the fur trade. Most of the French immigrants were single men,and there were few towns and only loose governmental authority. The French lived closely with the Indians, trading withthem for furs and sometimes taking Indian wives.

88. QueenAnne's War

The second of the four wars known generally as the French and Indian Wars, it arose out of issues left unresolved byKing Williams' War (1689-1697) and was part of a larger European conflict known as the War of the SpanishSuccession. Britain, allied with the Netherlands, defeated France and Spain to gain territory in Canada, even though theBritish had suffered defeats in most of their military operations in North America.

89. Peace ofUtrecht

Ended Queen Anne's War. Undermined France's power in North America by giving Britain the Hudson Bay,Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.

90. War ofJenkin's Ear

It began because of Spanish atrocities to British merchants in the West Indies

91. KingGeorge'sWar

1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg onCape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.

92. French andIndian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeatedFrench in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually changeattitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

93. Albany Planof Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes;the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

94. GeneralBraddock

British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed in the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

95. FortDuquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack onFrench troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

96. Wolfe British Commander General ________and his soldiers won the deciding battle of the french and indian war by scalingthe cliffs that surrounded Quebec, Canada.

97. Montcalm Military officer at Quebec City.98. Treaty of

Paris, 1763Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west ofMississippi to Spain

99. Pontiac'sRebellion

a 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

100. Writs ofAssistance

It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason.Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.

101. James Otis A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued againstthe writs of assistance and the Stamp Act.

102. Paxton Boys They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. Theymade an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians.Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

103. Grenville Britich treasurer, wanted to inforce Navigation Laws, said if the laws were ignored the colonist's trial would be inEngland without their peirs (ignored rights of Englishmen)

104. Sugar Act Law passed in 1764 that modified the 1733 Molasses Act thus reducing the amount of taxes collected on molasses andsugar, but increasing the measures to enforce the Act

105. Non-importation

the act of not importing or using certain goods

106. Stamp Act March 22, 1765 - British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures which required thatall legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special,stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent tothe colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British importscaused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

107. VirginiaResolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several stronglyworded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, theseresolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

108. Stamp ActCongress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act Itadopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs ofcolonial unity and organized resistance.

109. Patrick Henry a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies(1736-1799)

110. Sons of Liberty A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act.They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of theStamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promoteopposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

111. Internal taxes Taxes which arose out of activities that occurred "internally" within the colonies. The Stamp Act was considered aninternal tax, because it taxed the colonists on legal transactions they undertook locally. Many colonists andEnglishmen felt that Parliament did not have the authority to levy internal taxes on the colonies.

112. External taxes Taxes arose out of activities that originated outside of the colonies, such as cusotms duties. The Sugar Act wasconsidered an external tax, because it only operated on goods imported into the colonies from overseas. Manycolonists who objected to Parliament's "internal" taxes on the colonies felt that Parliament had the authority to levyexternal taxes on imported goods.

113. DeclaratoryAct

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for thecolonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament,however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.

114. QuarteringAct

March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

115. TownshendActs

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

116. JohnDickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer inPennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards thecolonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to signthe Declaration of Independence.

117. MassachusettsCircular Letter

A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not toimport goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It wasfollowed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did notrescind the circular letters dissolved.

118. TheAssociation

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. Thisincluded non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a writtenconstitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those whoviolated The Association in America were tarred and feathered

119. BostonMassacre

a riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered inthe city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons.

120. CrispusAttucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

121. CarolinaRegulators

Western frontiersmen who in 1768 rebelled in protest against the high taxes imposed by the Eastern colonialgovernment of North Carolina, and whose organization was crushed by military force by Governor Tryon in 1771. InSouth Carolina, groups of vigilantes who organized to fignt outlaw bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769,and who disbanded when regular courts were established in those areas.

122. Battle of theAlamance

May 1771 - An army recruited by the North Carolina government put down the rebellion of the Carolina Regulators atAlamance Creek. The leaders of the Regulators were executed.

123. Gaspee incident A schooner was beached in Providence, RI, This upset Americans because it was one of the last of the customsracketeering ships. It was burned down by local inhabitants. It greatly angered the British and showed how militantthe colonials were becoming.

124. GovernorThomasHutchinson

Governor of Massachusets; hates and is afraid of The Sons of Liberty; allows the militarty to maintain a strongpresence in Boston

125. Committees ofCorrespondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in NewEngland and throughout the colonies

126. Lord North Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went alongwith King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong.He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

127. Tea Act Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies -undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

128. Boston TeaParty

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harborand dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

129. Coercive Acts This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closeddown the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to sheltersoilders in their own homes.

130. Quebec Act designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America; Colonists feared a precedent hadbeen established in the nonrepresentative government in Quebec; they resented the expansion of Quebec's territory,which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763; they were offended by the Crown's recognition ofCatholicism, since most Americans were Protestants

131. FirstContinentalCongress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congressendorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III,conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation andunfair judicial system.

132. Suffolk Resolves declared colonial resistance to Coercive acts and announced preparations for a military defense against Britishtyranny. Most famous of many meetings vigorously protesting the Intolerable Acts enacted by the British Parliamentthe same year. Decided they would boycott British goods, ignore punitive measures, support colonial government,and urge colonies to raise militias.

133. Galloway Plan 1774 proposed the formation of a colonial union under a royally appointed president-general and popularly electedcouncil. this colonial union would be able to pass laws subject to the approval of the the president-general andparliament. this plan was rejected by the continental congress

134. Lexington andConcord

first "battles"; meant to get suppies from militia, but shots exchanged between minutemen and the british as thebritish continued to concord; Americans ambushed british, killing 300

135. Valley Forge Washington retreated to this place in Pennsylvania for the winter after the Battle of Trenton136. Second

ContinentalCongress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead thearmy, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

137. Battle of BunkerHill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were alsonot easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and BunkerHill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

138. OliveBranchPetition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if itaddressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It wasrejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade withthe colonies.

139. CommonSense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need tobreak away from Britain

140. SecondTreatise onGovernment

a work written by John Locke before the Glorious Revolution that was read as justification for it. Locke described therelationship of a king and his people as a bilateral contract. If the king broke the contract, the people, by whom Lockemeant the privileged and the powerful, had the right to depose him. The Glorious Revolution established a framework ofgovernment by and for the governemed that seemed to bear ou the arguments of this book

141. RichardHenry Lee

Member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration ofIndependence.

142. EdmundBurke

A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on TheRevolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inheritedpriveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament andpredicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.

143. GeorgeRogersClark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured theNorthwest Territory for America

144. BenedictArnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in theContinental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumentalin General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he wentheavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to theBritish in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

145. RobertMorris

A financer of the revolution. First Treasurer of the U.S. Signed the Constitution and the Dec. of Indep.

146. John PaulJones

Patriot naval leader who commanded the American ship Bonhomme Richard, which defeated the British ship Serapis in1779.

147. FrenchAlliance of1778

France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. AlthoughFrance could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. didn't do anything to help. The U.S. didn'tfulfill their part of the agreement until World War I.

148. Battle atSaratoga

battle that colonist won that proved to the French that they were ready for their alliance, morale boost

149. Yorktown,Cornwallis

Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the nothern colonies, in early 1780 the British switchedtheir strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equallyunsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching fromVirginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. Histroops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After aseries of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting inthe Revolutionary War.

150. Treaty ofParis, 1783

1783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France;John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repayits debt to England

151. VirginiaStatute ofReligiousFreedom

When: January 16, 1786 Where: Virginia Significance: Written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia GeneralAssembly. It was a principle of the separation of church and state, and an example of the first amendment, freedom ofreligion.

152. NewburghConspiracy

The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to addressCongress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. Theyalso considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when GeorgeWashington refused to support the plan.

153. 202. Articles ofConfederation:powers,weaknesses,successes

The Articles of Confederation delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) tothe individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. The Articles'weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn't keep the country united. TheArticles' only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articleswere abandoned for the Constitution.

154. Preamble ofConstitution

"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestictranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty toourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

155. Logrolling Mutual aid and vote trading among legislators156. Riders amendments to bills, often in the form of appropriations, that sometimes have nothing to do with the intent of the bill

itself and many times are considered to be pork barrel legislation157. Quorum The minimum number of members who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action158. Amendment

processAn amendment to the Constitution may be proposed if 2/3 of the members of Congress or 2/3 of state legislatures votefor it. The amendment may then be added to the Constitution by a 3/4 vote of state legislatures, or special stateconventions elected for that purpose.

159. SupremacyClause

Article VI of the Constitution, which declares the Constitution, all federal laws passed pursuant to its provisions, andall federal treaties, to be the "supreme law of the land," which override any state laws or state constitutionalprovisions to the contrary.

160. Ratification 9 out of 13161. checks and

balancesEach of the three branches of government "checks" (ie, blocks) the power of the other two, so no one branch canbecome too powerful. The president (executive) can veto laws passed by Congress (legislative), and also chooses thejudges in the Supreme Court (judiciary). Congress can overturn a presidential veto if 2/3 of the members vote to do so.The Supreme Court can declare laws passed by Congress and the president unconstitutional, and hence invalid.

162. LandOrdinance of1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belongingto the U.S.

163. NorthwestOrdinance of1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions forself-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

164. Jay-GardoquiTreaty

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain would have given the U.S. special privileges at Spanish ports in exchange forgiving Spain exclusive rights to the Mississippi River. The U.S. needed access to the Mississippi more than theyneeded privileged trade with Spain, so this treaty was never signed.

165. Shay'sRebellion

a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, againstBoston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite andcontributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

166. AnnapolisConvention

Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis inSeptember 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation

167. ConstitutionalConvention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It insteaddesigned a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

168. The Spirit ofLaws

is a treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in 1748;He felt that seperation of powers was best

169. ThomasHobbes

Leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace andrule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

170. GreatCompromise

the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-twosenators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).

171. Virginia Plan Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congressbased on their population

172. New JerseyPlan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created aconflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states,who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

173. ConnecticutPlan

The Connecticut Plan called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied, and isalso known as the Compromise Plan.

174. North-SouthCompromise

The North was given full federal protection of trade and commerce. The South was given permanent relief from exporttaxes and a guarantee that the importation of slaves would not be halted for at least 20 years, plus the national capitolwas placed in the South. Slaves were also deemed to be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the statepopulation, thus giving the Southern states a greater number of representatives in the House.

175. TheFederalist#10

This essay from the Federalist Papers proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy(anarchy, rise of factions which disregard public good).

176. Judiciary Act1789

Created the federal court system, allowed president to create federal courts and to appoint judges

177. Tariff of 1789 designed to protect domestic manufacturing, discouraged competition from abroad, compelled foreign competitors toraise prices. provided gov with revenue

178. Excise taxes Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program179. Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause, Implied Clause), the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws

"necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers180. Whiskey

RebellionIn 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers werekilled in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led byWashington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could reactswiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles ofConfederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

181. Washington'sFarewellAddress

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form politicalparties and to avoid sectionalism.

182. Federalists believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution183. Democratic

Republicansbelieved in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution

184. Alien andSedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: theNaturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; theAlien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowedfor the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal topublish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to theXYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act wasan attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" offederal laws were written in response to the Acts.

185. Virginia andKentuckyResolutions

These documents drafted by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violatedthe U.S. Constitution. These resolutions affirmed the principle of states' rights

186. 12thamendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the sameparty ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president andsecond-place becoming vice-president.

187. Gilbert Stuart United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)188. Charles

Wilson PealeHe was one of the outstanding painters of the early American republic, and he painted more than a thousand portraits,mostly of American Revolution leaders. He founded the nation's first museum and first art school. His 1772 portrait ofGeorge Washington is recognized as the first authentic likeness of Washington. He continued to add paintings ofnational leaders like John Adams (1791-1794), Alexander Hamilton (1791), and James Madison (1792). His likenesseswere realistic, accurate in detail, and sensitive to the sitter's personality.

189. Genet french ambassador to recruit americans for the war; kicked out by Washington which angered the French

190. XYZ Affair An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, butinstead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

191. Rule of 1756 A British proclamation that said that neutral countries could not trade with both of two warring nations; they had tochose sides and only trade with one of the nations. This justified Britain's seizure of neutral American ships duringthe war between Britain and France in the early 1800s.

192. Jay's Treaty Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said thatAmericans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove theirtroops from the Ohio Valley

193. Pickney'sTreaty

granted us right to navigate the mississippi and deposite goods at new orleans

194. JamesWilkinson

Wilkinson had been an officer in the Continental Army, and later held several positions relating to the Army, such assecretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receivethe Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres.Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial,even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot.

195. AnthonyWayne

A General, nicknamed "Mad Anthony". Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794.Left British made arms on the fields of battle. After that the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding theirclaims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.

196. Treaty ofGreenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of FallenTimbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and addedsize and very fertile land to America.

197. Barbary Wars - The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States inNorth Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels inthe Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passagefrom their rulers.

198. Rutgers v.Washington

In 1783, the New York State Legislature passed the Trespass Act, which allowed land owners whose property hadbeen occupied by the British during the Revolution to sue for damages. Rutgers sued in the Mayor's Court over theseizure of her brewery, and the Mayor, James Duane, declared the Act void because it conflicted with a provision of theTreaty of Paris. It was the first time a U.S. court had declared a law unconstitutional, and was an important precedentfor the later U.S. Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison.

199. Trevett v.Weaden

1786-87 . Acts passed by the Rhode Island Legislature imposed heavy fines on those who refused to accept the state'sdepreciated currency at face value. Weeden was acquitted on the grounds that the acts were unconstitutional.

200. Treaty ofGhent

1814 - armistice, acknowledge a draw in war of 1812.

201. Americansystem

program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among thegeographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.

202. changes inland prices inearly 1800s

The Land Acts of 1800 and 1820, and the Preemptive Acts of the 1830s and 1840s lowered the price of land and madeit easier for prospective settlers to acquire it. This encouraged people to move west.

203. Changes andimprovementsintransportationand its effect

These included canals in the Great Lakes region, toll roads, steamboats, and clipper ships. The result was faster tradeand easier access to the western frontier. It aided the growth of the nation.

204. Gallatin Albert Gallatin was a Swiss immigrant who was a financial genius and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from1801 - 1814 under Presidents Jefferson and Madison. He advocated free trade and opposed the Federalists' economicpolicies. Gallatin was a member of the U.S. delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, and later served asAmbassador to France and to Britain.

205. Justice SamuelChase

A Federalist judge appointed by Washington to the Supreme Court. Chase had been a Revolutionary War hero, andwas a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson disagreed with his rulings and had him impeached forpublicly criticizing the Jefferson administration to the Maryland grand jury. Chase was acquited by the Senate, andthe impeachment failed. (This is the only attempt in history to impeach a U.S. Supreme Court Justice.)

206. Barbary War Jefferson response to pirate attacks on USA trading ships on north african coast, after failing to achieve most militaryobjectives administration sighned 1805 treaty ending war

207. Treaty ofSamIldefonso

1800 - In this treaty, Spain gave the Louisiana territory back to France (France had lost it to Spain in the Seven YearsWar).

208. LouisianaPurchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million.Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (bothwere valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money forhis European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New Worldcolonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used looseconstruction to justify the purchase.

209. ToussaintL'Overture

1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions.The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouragedhim to sell Louisiana to the U.S.

210. Burrexpedition,treason trial

After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. TheU.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S.believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was triedfor treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr's punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr.

211. Lewis andClark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific.They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

212. Zebulon Pike Explored the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River and parts of present day Colorado and New Mexico from1805-1807. In Nov. 1806, Pike viewed a mountain peak rising above the Colorado plains. Continuing southward, Pileentered into Spanish territory and Spanish troops soon arrested pike and his men. When he was let go, he managed tohid a map in the barrel of his gun.

213. Major Long Major Long explored the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado) and concluded that itwas a worthless "Great American Desert."

214. Orders incouncil

beginning in 1806, edicts placed by the London government that closed the European ports under French control toforeign shipping, including America, unless the vessels first stopped at a British port

215. Impressment British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels inorder to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and notBritish.

216. Chesapeake-Leopardaffair

1807 - British tried to look for deserters in Chesapeake, then fired on it. U.S. respond by expelling all British ships fromits ports until an apology.

217. Embargo of1807

Laws meant to punish British for the attacks and impressionism of American soldiers and to ensure punishment forthose who atempted to defy the embargo. Was eventually repealed as it hurt the economy by severely damagingAmerican exportation of goods -an alternative to war; prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreignport in hopes o fstopping Britain from violating rights; backfired and brought economic harship to U.S.; repealed in1809

218. Non-intercourseact

passed in 1809, allowed Americans to trade with all nations except britian and France

219. Erskineagreement

1809 - The U.S. offered to cease all trade with France and resume trade with Britain if the British would stop theimpressment of American sailors. The British did not agree to this, so this proposal never went into effect.

220. Macon's BillNo.2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutraltrading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade withFrance, but not Britain.

221. Tecumseh A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unitethe Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrisonat the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle ofthe Thames in 1813.

222. War Hawks Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to aquire Britain's northwest posts (and alsoFlorida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attackthe Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

223. War of 1812events

Oliver Perry led a 1813 naval victory against the British on Lake Erie. Washington D.C. was captured and burned bythe British in 1814. The Battle of New Orleans was a great victory for the U.S. in January, 1815, but it took place twoweeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war

224. HartfordConvention

December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction,and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states tonullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. TheHartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

225. Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in thewar was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

226. Tariff of 1816 This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were oftencheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

227. Convention of1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory betweenLake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon countryfor ten years.

228. Panic of 1819 Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along withmismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

229. Adams OnisTreaty

Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

230. MonroeDoctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States orin the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

231. Chief JusticeJohn Marshall

Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and establishedjudiciary as a branch of government equal to legislative and executive; established judicial review, which allowsSupreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional

232. TallmadgeAmendment

In 1819, Representative Tallmadge proposed an amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission to the Union, whichthe House passed but the Senate blocked. The amendment would have prohibited the further introduction of slavesinto Missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' offspring born after the state was admitted. In1821, Congress reached a compromise for Missouri's admission known as the Missouri Compromise.

233. ThomasAmendment

bill that would have admitted Missouri as a slave state but forbid slavery north of the 3630" latitude in the LouisianaPurchase region; never activated

234. Samuel Slater He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cottonspinning machine.

235. Robert Fulton American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

236. Eli Whitney United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)237. Interchangeable

parts1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identicaland thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if asingle piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get areplacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S.government.

238. Lowell revolutionized textile industry, made successful factory in MA239. Daniel Webster Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of

the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push fora strong union.

240. National Road First national road building project funded by Congress.241. Erie Canal A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the

modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northernmanufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

242. Election of1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, andClay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and hisfollowers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

243. PanamaConference

Summoned by the Venezuelan revolutionary leader, Simon Bolivar, in 1826 to discuss commercial treaties, adopt a codeof international law, and arrive at a common Latin American policy toward Spain. Two delegates were sent by theU.S., but were delayed so long that when they got there the meeting was over. They were uncomfortable about blackand whites mixing at the meeting. Showed the good relations between U.S. and South America.

244. Tariff ofAbominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North butharmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violatedstate's rights.

245. Age of theCommon man

Jackson's presidency was the called the Age of the Common Man. He felt that government should be run by commonpeople - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. Allwhite men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.

246. JacksonianDemocracy

this term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voterrestrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led byJackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government,governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.

247. Worchester v.Georgia

supreme court ruled that georgia law could not be enforced in the cherokee nation

248. CherokeeNation v.Georgia

1831 - The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which couldbe regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by thefederal government.

249. Whigs conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the NationalRepublican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that hadopposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs,and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

250. Election of1832

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who thenominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.

251. Jackson'sremoval ofdeposits,Roger B.Taney, petbank, Loco-Focos

Angry because Biddle used bank funds to support anti-Jacksonian candidates, Jackson removed federal deposits fromthe bank in 1833, firing the secretaries of treasury who wouldn't comply, and was charged with abuse of power. RogerB. Taney was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and helped Jackson crush the Bank of the U.S. Pet banks were statebanks into which Jackson deposited federal funds in 1833, after he vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S.,so called because people thought they were chosen on political grounds. Loco Focos (1835) were Democrats whowanted reform and opposed tariffs, banks, monopolies, and other places of special privilege.

252. WebsterHayne debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea ofnullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Libertyand Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

253. Peggy EatonAffair

Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, andthere were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet memberssnubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve thecabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and hadother problems with Jackson.

254. Nullificationcrisis

Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggestedcompromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

255. Compromisetariff of 1833

It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.

256. Force Bill 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina wouldnot collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as theCompromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

257. Specie Circular issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing papermoney without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for inspecie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837followed.

258. Panic of 1837 When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from theBank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands.Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state bankscollapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses wentbankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

259. Transcendentalism A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has directcommunication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas thatmind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is partof a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from socialconstraints, and emphasized emotions.

260. Ralph WaldoEmerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement,self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

261. Henry DavidThoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs inWalden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support himMexican War.

262. Brigham Young The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sectand its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.

263. Brook Farm A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister GeorgeRipley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, inoperation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the beliefthat there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

264. Oneida The Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York. People lived in a commune and shared everything, evenmarriages. Today, the town is known for manufacturing silverware.

265. New Harmony This was a society that focused on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failedbecause everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q

266. Shakers A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and couldonly increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.

267. Lyceum movement Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearlyevery state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement wasdirectly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning.

268. Dorothea Dix Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums269. National Trade

UnionUnions formed by groups of skilled craftsmen.

270. Commonwealth v.Hunt

court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike againstcompanies

271. Oberlin College already considered crazy for educating blacks, this school in Ohio began educating women in 1837; (see thesection on Finney for more info)

272. Horace Mann Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, andset the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

273. Irish, GermanImmigration

Irish: arriving in immense waves in the 1800's, they were extremely poor peasants who later became themanpower for canal and railroad construction. German: also came because of economic distress, Germanimmigration had a large impact on America, shaping many of its morals. Both groups of immigrants were heavydrinkers and supplied the labor force for the early industrial era.

274. Elizabeth CadyStanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked otherfeminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848.Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

275. Seneca Falls The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men andwomen attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.

276. Cult of truewomanhood

While many women were in favor of the women's movement, some were not. Some of these believed in preserving thevalues of "______________": piety, domesticity, purity and submissiveness. These opponents of the women'smovement referred to their ideas as the "____________________________."

277. Marbury v.Madison

established concept of judicial review, first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional'

278. Fletcher v.Peck

1810 - A state had tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Court ruledthat a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant wass a legal contract, it couldnot be repealed, even if corruption was involved.

279. DartmouthCollege v.Woodward

This 1819 Marshall Court U.S. Supreme Court decisions to interpret the contracts clause in Article I, Section 10 of theConstitution. The case arose from a dispute in New Hampshire over the state's attempt to take over Dartmouth College.By construing the Contract Clause as a means of protecting corporate charters from state interventions, Marshall deriveda significant constitutional limitation on state authority.

280. McCullochv. Maryland

Congress has implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, and state action may not impede validconstitutional exercises of power by the Federal government

281. Cohens v.Virginia

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall assertedright of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

282. Gibbons v.Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. JudgeMarshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone thecontrol of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

283. HoraceGreeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's mostinfluential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery anda host of reforms.

284. StephenAustin

Austin, Texas was named after him; he was the man the brought the first Americans into Texas because he was grantedpermission by the Mexicans

285. Battle ofAlamo

200 texans trapped at Alamo in san Antonio by Santa ana's army. Santa ana wipes all of the Texans out after a 13 daysiege

286. Battle of SanJacinto

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

287. SamHouston

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a partof the United States (1793-1863)

288. Rio Grande,NuecesRiver,disputedterritory

Texas claimed its southern border was the Rio Grande; Mexico wanted the border drawn at the Nueces River, about 100miles noth of the Rio Gannde. U.S. and Mexico agreed not to send troops into the disputed territory between the tworivers, but President Polk later reneged on the agreement.

289. GeneralZacharyTaylor

Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into thedisputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grnade Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River.When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor's forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to theMexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.

290. MexicanWar

War declared in 1846 after Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande into Texas. Was ended with the Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo which gave the U.S. Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million to Mexico

291. GeneralWinfieldScott

United States Army lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. He was responsible for defeating SantaAnna. He also conceived the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan.

292. MexicanCession

Some of Mexico's territory was added to the U.S. after the Mexican War: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada& Colorado. (Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago)

293. Webster-AshburtonTreaty

1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.

294. John JacobAstor

Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders andtrappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him.

295. OregonFever

1842 - Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving upthe Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.

296. OregonTerritory

territory of Oregon, Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada; land claimed by both U.S. andBritain and held jointly under the Convention of 1818

297. WilmotProviso

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory.A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico wouldbe free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it becameknown as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S.

298. GasdenPurchase

land is the southern part of New Mexico and Arizona (south of Gilla River) $10,000,000 was cost. Named forambassador to Mexico who made the deal. Bought for a future railroad location (flat land) that would go west toCalifornia

299. FactoryGirls

Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house for the girls who worked in his factory. He hired girls because they could dothe job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), and he didn't have to pay them as much. He hired only unmarriedwomen because they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties.

300. Elias Howe United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against othermanufacturers (including Isaac M. Singer) (1819-1867)

301. Clipperships

Second quarter of 1800s. Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. Unequalled in speed andwere used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like China and between theeastern and western United States.

302. Cyrus Field American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a messageto be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.

303. Samuel F.B.Morse

Invented a faster way to communicate, a telegraph which sent message from one machine to another along a wire.

304. WalkerTariff

The 1846 Walker tariff was a Democratic bill that reversed the high rates of tariffs imposed by the Whig-backed "BlackTariff" of 1842 under the tenth president, John Tyler. It was one of the lowest tariffs in American history and primarilysupported by Southern Democrats who had little industry in their districts. The act is named after Robert J. Walker, aMississippi politician who served as Secretary of the Treasury under president James K. Polk. The tariff's reductions(35% to 25%) coincided with Britain's repeal of the Corn Laws earlier that year, leading to a decline in protection in bothand an increase in trade.

305. IndependentTreasurySystem

The act removed the federal government from involvement with the nation's banking system by establishing federaldepositories for public funds instead of keeping the money in national, state, or private banks. This was the system thegovernment adopted until the federal reserve act of 1910.

306. AmericanColonizationSociety

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of thesesuch colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

307. WilliamLloydGarrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper"The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

308. Nat Turner Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was thelargest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no onecould question slavery (gag rule)

309. TredegarIron Works

the most important single manufacturing enterprise in the old south. it used mostly slave labor to produce cannon, shot,and shell, axes, saws, bridge materials, boilers, and steam engines, including locomotives

310. MountainWhites inthe South

Rednecks. Usually poor, aspired to be successful enough to own slaves. Hated Blacks and rich Whites. Made up much ofthe Confederate Army, fighting primarily for sectionalism and states' rights.

311. King Cotton Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of theSouthern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, JamesHammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!".

312. Free soilparty

Ardent antislavery men in the North, distrusting both Cass and Taylor, organized the Free soil party. they came outfoursquare for the wilmot proviso and against slavery in the territories. Going beyond other antislavery groups, theybroadened their appeal by advocating federal aid for internal improvements.

313. John Sutter A German immigrant who was instrumental in the early settlement of Califonria by Americans, he had originallyobtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating tobuild a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush.

314. Compromiseof 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a freestate, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

315. Fugitive SlaveLaw

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The Northwas lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed ateliminating the underground railroad.

316. Thirty sixthirty line

According to the Missouri Compromise (1820), slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the 3630' Nlatitude. This was nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

317. BleedingKansas

: was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" elements that took place inKansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1858attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state.

318. PottawatomieMassacre

When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies toscare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas.

319. New EnglandEmigrant AidCompany

Antislavery organization in the North that sent out thousands of pioneers to the Kansas-Nebraska territory to thwartthe Southerners and abolitionize the West.

320. Summer-Brooks affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansasand singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with hiscane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.

321. LecomptonConstitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas,making Kansas an eventual free state.

322. Dred Scottdecision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territorymade free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't suein federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

323. Chief JusticeRoger B.Taney

supported states' rights against powers of the national government

324. FreeportDoctrine

During the 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debates for a senate seat in Freeport Illinois. Douglas said that slavery could beprevented by any territory by the passing of laws against slavery.

325. Panic of 1857 A notable sudden collapse in the economy caused by over speculation in railroads and lands, false banking practices,and a break in the flow of European capital to American investments as a result of the Crimean War. Since it did noteffect the South as bad as the North, they gained a sense of superiority.

326. Theimpendingcrisis of theSouth

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slaveowning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the Northto find a publisher that would publish his book.

327. CrittendenCompromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery inthe territories south of the 3630' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to theowners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

328. Southadvantage inCivil War

Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting adefensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders,and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.

329. Northadvantage inCivil War

Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves tocreate munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage.

330. Fort Sumter Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union,and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Andersonconcentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only twoforts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, onApril 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12,1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared waron the Confederacy the next day.

331. Monitor andMerrimac

During McClellan's Peninsular Campaign, the North's blockade strategy was placed in jeopardy by the Confederateironclad ship the Merrimac (a former Union ship, rebuilt and named the Virginia) that could attack and ship theUnion's wooden ships almost at will; the Union got an ironclad of its own, the Monitor, which fought a five-hour duelwith the southern ironclad near Hampton Roads, Va; Monitor stopped the Merrimac from seriously challenging thenaval blockade

332. Uniongenerals

Grant, McClellan, Sherman, Meade

333. EmancipationProclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

334. Trent affair In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. AUnion ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln orderedtheir release

335. 10 percentplan

It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters inthe presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide byemancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)

336. Wade DavisManifesto

1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt toweaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator byvetoing.

337. Black codes Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves338. Andrew

JohnsonA Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicanswho passed Recon