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Specific heat capacity also known as heat transfer is

facilitated by mean of molecular agitation. Heat

capacity (usually denoted by a capital C, often with

subscripts) is the measurable physical quantity that

characterizes the amount of heat required to change a

body's temperature by a given amount. In the International

System of Units, heat capacity is expressed in units

of joules per kelvin.

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The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the

temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and

temperature change is usually expressed in the form shown below where

c is the specific heat. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is

encountered, because the heat added or removed during a phase change

does not change the temperature.

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The theory of specific heat capacity seeks to predict the heattransfer that may take place between different material . This heattransfer can be explained by The Einstein-Debye phonon modelproduced agreement with the low-temperature cubic dependenceof specific heat upon temperature. Explaining the drastic departurefrom the Law of Dulang and Petit, was a major contribution of the

Einstein and Debye models. The final step in explaining the lowtemperature specific heats of metals was the inclusion of theelectron contribution to specific heat. When these were combined,they produced the expression. Note that the vibrational part is onlythe low temperature limit of the more general Debye specific heat.The data below show that the Debye phonon model with its cubicdependence on temperature matches the silicon data to very lowtemperatures. The copper shows a departure from the cubicdependence, showing evidence of electron specific heat. Thevibrational term here is only the low temperature limit of theDebye specific heat expression. It produces good agreement withthe transition to the Dulong and Petit limit at high temperatures.Bose-Einstein statistics is used to describe the contribution from

lattice vibrations (phonons) and Fermi-Dirac statistics.

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There are variety ofmaterials in our earth.However, in many metalindustries andmanufacturer, a problemhas been raised which is on

the selecting the materialwhich having the highspecific heat capacityespecially in the making ofthe coil in water heater. Inthis project, an experimentis to be carried out todetermine which is the bestmaterial which can be usedas the coil in water heater.

The main objective is to

determine the specific

heat capacity of each

material. In this

experiment, it is how thevarious types of materials

with different specific

heat capacity which can

affect the temperature

rise of water in 40

seconds.

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Model setup is used to represent thewater heat used in kitchen. Thesematerials was used in (copper, brass,aluminium and iron) making heating coilin water heater. As to function a waterheater, electricity as the source supply isneeded in order for the heater to work,the Bunsen burner used in theexperiment is taken to represent thesource supply which is the heat supply toenable the heat is transferred. Thethermometer was used to observe thetemperature change. Each beakercontains small amount of water.Stopwatch was used to record thetemperature change in each 10 secondsuntil 40 seconds.

A beaker with 500 ml of water was heated until it

reaches 100 C using a Bunsen burner. Thelength of iron coil is 20cm and diameter of theiron coil is 0.5mm. The 20cm of iron coil was tied

with pensil. The pensil which is tied with the

iron material coil will be tied to retort stand. The

retort stand will be placed near the beaker which

is placed on Bunsen burner. The iron coil which is

tied to retort stand will be left in the 100 C of500 ml beaker for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes,the iron coil was transfered immediately to the

polystyrene cup with 100 ml of water. The

thermometer was placed in the polystyrene cup

with 100 ml of water. The temperature change

was measured using thermometer. The

temperature change was measured until 40

seconds. The temperature change for each 10

minutes was recorded until 40 seconds. Thetemperature change of different materials for 40

minutes is taken and recorded. The processes

are repeated again by replacing the iron coil with

copper coil , aluminium coil and brass coil. The

experiment is repeated again for all coils. All the

data collected are recorded in the table below.

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It is observed that Aluminum havehigher change in temperature of

water compared to other materialused such as copper, iron and brass.

The temperature change of water

for each material is observed and

recorded in the tables below.

Temperature change of water,C (1C)

Time, s (

0.1 )

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

Aluminium 24 30 35 40 45

Iron 24 29 32 38 42

Copper 24 27 30 35 39

Brass 24 25 29 33 35

Temperature change of different materials in 40 seconds

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Metals of different materials havedifferent specific heat capacity. Aluminium offersa substantial amount of heat to the water which

can increase the temperature of water gradually.Furthermore, metals or coil made of aluminiumcost cheaper therefore making it affordable andusable in manufacturing of water heater coil.Aluminium coil have higher specific heatcapacity which can supply more heat to the waterin the water heater.

Car Radiator. Water is pumped throughchannels in the engine block to absorb heat. Water

is used as cooling agent due to its high specificheat capacity. The hot water flows to the radiatorand is cooled by the air flows through the fins ofthe radiator. The cool water flows back to engineagain to capture more heat and this cycle repeatedcontinuously.

In short, from this project, it is found thataluminium is the best heat conductor among themetals as it takes the shortest time to heat up the

coil. Thus, it is suitable to be chosen as theheating coil in the water heater.

0

5

10

15

20

25

10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds 40 seconds

Aluminium

Iron

Copper

Brass

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