Santrock: Chapter 4 Feldman: Modules 4-1 & 4-2 Injury and Illness through the Lifespan.
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Transcript of Santrock: Chapter 4 Feldman: Modules 4-1 & 4-2 Injury and Illness through the Lifespan.
Santrock: Chapter 4Feldman: Modules 4-1 & 4-2
• Injury and Illness through the Lifespan
Children
Influences on Physical Growth & Health – Infectious Diseases
• 70% of deaths in children under age 5 are due to infectious diseases
• 99% are in developing countries and are related to malnutrition
• Most death due to diarrhea can be prevented by oral rehydration therapy (ORH)
Children’s Health - Prevention
• Immunization– Meningitis, measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox,
polio
• Accidents– Poisonings, falls, drowning, choking
• Poverty– Good medical care, nutrition, living conditions
Influences on Physical Growth & Health - Immunization
• Immunization has caused a dramatic decline in childhood diseases in the industrialized world
• 24% of American preschoolers lack essential immunizations (40% in poverty)– Availability of care– Misconceptions (MMR & autism)
Influences on Physical Growth & Health – Otitis media
• 70+% of American children have had at least one bout by age 3
• Xylitol may be a preventative• Tubes remain controversial• Child-care settings should control infection• May cause problems in language
development due to hearing problems
Health - Middle to Late Childhood
• This is generally a healthy time• The most common vision problem (25%) is
myopia (nearsightedness), which progresses more rapidly during the school year.
• Otitis media becomes less prevalent.
Asthma
• 19% of N.A. children have chronic diseases and conditions
• Asthma accounts for 1/3 of chronic illness and is the most common reason fro school absence
• Incidence has increased dramatically, 8% of U.S. children—boys, low SES, parents smoke, born underweight most at risk
Injuries in Early Childhood
• Leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized countries.
• Motor vehicle collisions are the most frequent source of injury at all ages & the leading cause of death among children over 1 year old
• Auto accidents, drownings and burns are the most common accidents of early childhood
Injuries in Middles to Late Childhood
• The rate of injury fatalities increases into adolescence with rates for boys rising considerably above those for girls.
• MV accidents are still the leading cause of death, with bicycle accidents next.
• Parents often overestimate children’s safety knowledge and behavior
A Problem for All Ages
Obesity: U. S. & Western Nations
There has been a marked rise in obesity in the U.S. and other Western nations. Percentage doubled since 1980;
quadrupled since 1965
U.S. may have 2nd highest rate15% of U.S. children 6-11 overweight
Less common in African American than white children; trend reverses in adolescence
Causes of Obesity
• Genetics• SES (diet); high fat, low-cost
foods• Family stress (comfort food)• Pastimes (TV, videogames) and
lack of exercise• Fast-food and busy schedules• Learned food preferences (school
cafeterias)
Middle Adulthood: Illness & Disability
• Cancer & cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death. Cancer alone among women.
• Motor vehicle collisions decline, falls resulting in fractures & death nearly double.
• Personality traits that magnify stress, especially hostility and anger, are serious threats to health.
Cardiovascular Disease• First detected factors may be high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, and atherosclerosis (a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries).
• Heart attack: blockage of blood supply to an area of the heart (50% die before reaching the hospital, 15% during treatment)
• Other conditions include arrhythmias and angina pectoris
Cancer – Middle Adulthood• The death rate multiplies tenfold from early to
middle adulthood.• Lung cancer has dropped in men (fewer smoke) and
increased in women.• Cancer occurs when a cell‘s genetic program is
disrupted, leading to uncontrolled growth.• Damage to the p53 gene is involved in 60% of
cancers. This gene stops defective DNA from multiplying.
• Having the BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor-suppressing gene is protection against breast cancer.
Cancer
• 40% of people with cancer are cured.• Breast cancer is most prevalent for women,
prostate cancer for men.• Lung cancer is next, followed by colon/rectal
cancer.
Adult-Onset Diabetes• Causes abnormally high levels of blood
glucose• Incidence doubles from middle to late
adulthood• Effects 10% of the elderly• Inactivity and abdominal fat deposits greatly
increase risks• Treated with controlled diet, exercise, and
weight loss
Arthritis• Osteoarthritis: most common and involves
deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints
• Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune response leading to inflammation of connective tissue, especially the membranes that line the joints
• Effects 45% of American men and 52% of women over 65. Rises to 70% in women at age 85.
Nutrition – Obesity in Adulthood
• Adult obesity correlated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, & cardiovascular disease
• May be a genetic propensity for obesity. It tends to run in families. (May also be learned eating patterns.)
Health & Disease in Older Adulthood
• Generally a continuation and intensification of problems that began in middle adulthood.
Physical Disabilities• Cardiovascular illness and cancer increase
dramatically and remain the leading causes of death
• Respiratory diseases also rise sharply– Emphysema, mostly from smoking– Pneumonia, 50 types
• Stroke is the 4th most common killer– Hemmorage or blockage of blood flow in the brain
Chronic Conditions of Older Adulthood
ArthritisHypertensionHearing impairmentHeart diseaseDiabetesAsthmaOsteoporosis
Osteoporosis• Major age-related bone loss• 12 to 20 % of patients die within a year of a
major break such as a hip• Patients are advised to:– Take calcium and vitamin D– Engage in weight-bearing exercise– Take HRT/ERT– Take bone-strengthening medications
Unintentional Injury• At age 65 and older, the death rate from
unintentional injuries is at an all-time high• Due to MV accidents and falls• Older adults have higher rates of traffic violations,
accidents, and fatalities per mile driven than any other age group
• 30% of people over 65 and 40% of those over 80 have experienced a fall in the last year
• Declines in vision, hearing and mobility make it harder to avoid hazards and keep one‘s balance