Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and...

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Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Transcript of Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and...

Page 1: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Sanitation and Health:The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works

Lisa Cameron and 

Susan Olivia

Monash University

Page 2: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Sanitation and Health:The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works

Lisa Cameron and 

Susan Olivia

Monash University

Page 3: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

The Past, the Future and Working out What Works

1. The state of sanitation in Indonesia today and recent gains.

2. What we know about the relationship between sanitation and health.

3. Policy: What has and is currently being tried.

4. How we can learn more about what works.

Page 4: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Consequences of Poor Sanitation

• Of the four most common causes of under‐5 mortality in Indonesia, two are faecal borne illnesses (diarrhoea and typhoid).

• About 11% of Indonesian children have diarrhoea in any two week period.

• 33,000 children die each year in Indonesia from diarrhoea; 11,000 from typhoid. 

• Losses also accrue from time spent collecting safe drinking water and/or money spent purchasing it.

Page 5: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Sanitation in Indonesia Today

• 23% of households do not have a toilet.• 7% in urban areas; 32% in rural areas.

Large Variations Across Provinces• Worst SanitationMaluku & Papua:  41%; NTB: 39%.

• Best SanitationJakarta 2.5%; Yogya 5%; Kalimantan Timur 9.2%.

Page 6: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Large improvements in last 15 years

• Overall:  49% with no access in 1993 → 23% in 2009

• Rural :  61%  → 32%

• Urban:  21% → 7%.

Page 7: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University
Page 8: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University
Page 9: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

What do we know?• Having a toilet decreases the probability of having diarrhoea by 

14%;

• Having a flush toilet decreases it by a further 11%;

• Using a shared or public toilet increases the probability by 11% (c.f. no toilet).

• Having the water source within 10m of where people defecate increases the probability of having diarrhoea by 12%.

• If 32% of your community defecate in the open, you are 5.3% more likely to have diarrhoea. 

Page 10: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Change in No Toilet (By Province)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1 2

Sumatra Utara

DKI Jakarta

Jawa Barat

DI Yogyakarta

Nusa TenggaraBaratMaluku

Papua

1993 2009

Page 11: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Previous Policy1. Inpres Sarana Air Minum dan Jamban Keluarga (1974‐1990)• Government supplied toilets to communities and households.• Top down approach. Unsuccessful.

2. Water Supply and Sanitation for Low Income Communities (WSLIC)• Block grant to villages (approx Rp 200 million, A$25,000). • Community‐driven development.• Some co‐funding from village and district government.

3. Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM)• Community‐led• Aims to generate demand for sanitation by facilitating frank 

discussions of defecation practices in the community and their negative health consequences.

• Offers little financial assistance.

Page 12: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

TSSM Video

Page 13: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

What do we know about what works?

• Not all that much. • Governments locate sanitation programs in particular areas (e.g. 

WSLIC ‐ where sanitation is poor; high diarrhoea prevalence;)• Hence comparing health in villages that got the program with those 

that didn’t can be misleading.• Also changes over time are not necessarily associated with the 

program.• Randomised evaluations can overcome these difficulties.• Communities are randomly chosen to be in or out of the program.• A comparison of health in randomly chosen “treatment” villages 

with randomly chosen “control” villages provides an estimate of the impact of the program on health.

Page 14: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

In Summary

• Poor sanitation leads to poor health.

• Top down approaches to providing sanitation have failed. 

• Community‐driven demand side programs seem to be having some success.

• Randomised evaluations are a tool that allow an unbiased assessment of the impact of these programs.

Page 15: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

The End

Page 16: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Sanitation facilities by household per capita expenditure quintile

0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00

1 (poorest) 2 3 4 5 (richest)

Share of hou

seho

lds w

ith ... 

Quintile

Private ToiletShared ToiletPublic ToiletNo Toilet

Page 17: Sanitation and Health: Out What Works€¦ · Sanitation and Health: The Past, the Future and Working Out What Works Lisa Cameron and Susan Olivia Monash University

Sanitation Type by household per capita expenditure quintile

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1 (poorest) 2 3 4 5 (richest)

% of H

Hs with

 ... 

Quintile

Water seal flush toilet

Pit latrine with slab

Pit latrine without slab