Sandrine Bertaux Assistant Professor of Humanities...funeral Oration 411 Thucydides ends his History...
Transcript of Sandrine Bertaux Assistant Professor of Humanities...funeral Oration 411 Thucydides ends his History...
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Thucydides,HistoryofthePeloponnesianwar
SandrineBertauxAssistantProfessorofHumanities
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ThePeloponnesianWar431-404
430
Pericles’funeralOration
411
ThucydidesendshisHistoryoftheP.WarLysistrataisfirstperformedinAthens
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OutlineoftheLecture1-TheRiseofthePolis,GreekColonization,andAthenianDemocracy2-GreekHistoriography:Twowars,twohistorians,one“fatherofhistory”?3-ADemocracyatWar:Pericles’FuneralOration
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u ArchaicPeriod(750-500BCE)Homer,Hesiod,SapphoRiseofthecity-state(polis)u ClassicalPeriod(500-336BCE)5thcenturyBCE:GoldenAgeofAthens
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Greekcolonization
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TheRiseofthePolis
• Thepolisvs.empire• Acropolis,agora• Polis:common;• Citizenship:ruleoflaw,politicalparticipation,citizenship;
• Slavery;
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Sparta
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Sparta
• Helots:GreekslavesfromneighboringterritoriesinthePeloponnese;
• Spartaneducation.
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AthenianDemocracy
Equalprotectionunderthelawforallcitizensregardlessofwealth;directandwidespreadparticipation,majorityrule;randomselectionandrotationofjurors;punitiverulesagainstcorruption.Competence:tengenerals:militaryandfinancialaffairs:notbylotterybutbyelection(oneyearterm);ostracism;
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DelianLeagueandPericles’Leadership(461-445)
• 478/77:DelianLeagueasopposedtothePeloponnesianleagueledbySpartaturnsAthensintoanempire;
• AssemblyandtreasurylocatedontheislandofDelos;
• 454:PericlesmovesDelianleaguetreasurytoAthens:usedtobuildtheParthenonontheacropolis
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TheParthenontoday
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Athens’Empire
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GoldenAgeofAthens
5thcenturyBCEGoldenAgeofAthensü PoliticalandculturalhegemonyofAthens• ConsolidationofdemocraticruleunderPericles• Birthofnewformsofknowledgeandnewformsofculturalexpression:
History:HerodotusandThucydidesPoliticalphilosophy:SocratesTheatre:Euripides(tragedy),Aristophanes(comedy)
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WarsandBirthofHistory
499-479PersianWarsGreekcity-statesversusPersianEmpireRecountedbyHerodotusinhisHistories431-404PeloponnesianWarAthensandtheDelianLeagueversusSpartaandthePeloponnesianLeagueRecountedbyThucydidesinhisHistoryofthePeloponnesianWartill411.
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BeforeHistory
• thewordhistor,theancestorofhistorian,isfoundinTheIliad.Thehistorwasakindofjudgeorrefereeindisputesbetweentwocontendingpartiesandhewaspaidforhiswork.Unrelatedtonarrationofthepast.
• Mythicalpast:ex.Hesiod,fiveracesofmen,asthewillofgods.
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Herodotus,Histories=Inquiries
• Historymeansinquiry:newformofknowledgeandanewliteraryprosegenre.
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2wars,2historians,1“fatherofhistory”?499-479PersianWarsHerodotus,Histories
432-404PeloponnesianWarThucydides,HistoryofthePelop.War
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HerodotusandThucydides
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HerodotusandThucydides• Herodotus(485-425?)-:borninHalicarnassus(modern-dayBodrum):Greekfamily,underPersianrule,travels.
• Notadirectwitnessofthewar;collectedtestimonies
• GreekversusBarbarians• mythologyanddreams• remembrance
• Thucydides(465-399?)AnAthenian,actorinthewar:ageneralinthePeloponnesianwar• FightamongGreekpowers
• nogods,nomyths:directwitness
• The“greatestwar”:remembrance
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Thucydidesvs.Herodotus“Exposition”(Herodotus)vs.“writing”(Thucydides)“Itisbetterevidencethanthatofthepoets,whoexaggeratetheimportanceoftheirthemes,orofthoseoftheprosechroniclers.”(22)Writing:breakwiththerulesgoverningoral
composition:“Myworkisnotapieceofwritingdesignedtomeetthetasteofanimmediatepublic,butwasdonetolastforever.”(22)Notpleasant,no“romanticelement”,butitwilllastforeverbecauseofitstimelesstruth.
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Useful;didactic
• “…judgedusefulbythosewhowanttounderstandclearlytheeventswhichhappenedinthepastandwhich(humannaturebeingwhatitis)will,atsometimeorotherandinmuchthesameways,berepeatedinthefuture.”(22)
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Thucydides:Ishistoryaboutthepast?
“Imadeitaprinciplenottowritedownthefirststorythatcamemyway,andnoteventobeguidedbymyowngeneralimpressions;eitherIwaspresentmyselfattheeventswhichIhavedescribedorelseIheardofthemfromeye-witnesseswhosereportsIhavecheckedwithasmuchthoroughnessaspossible.”(22)
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ADemocracyatWar:PericlesandAthenianDemocracy
• Democracy:thepowerofthepeople(Dêmoskratos).
“Letmesaythatoursystemofgovernmentdoesnotcopytheinstitutionsofourneighbours.Itismorethecaseofourbeingamodeltoothers,thanofourimitatinganyoneelse.”(37)“Ourconstitutioniscalledademocracybecausepowerisinthehandsnotoftheminoritybutthewholepeople”(37)
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Participativeandexclusive
• Participative(citizens):“Noone,solongashehasitinhimtobeofservicetothestate,iskeptinpoliticalobscurity.”“Wedonotsaythatamanwhotakesnointerestinpoliticsisamanwhomindshisownbusiness;wesayhehasnobusinessatall.”(40)• andexclusive:women,foreigners,slaves.
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“Fallinlove”(43)withAthens:• Autochthony:“Inthislandofourstherehavealwaysbeenthesamepeoplelivingfromgenerationtogenerationuptillnow,andthey…havehandeditontous,afreecountry.”(36)• …andempire:“Ourfathers…addedalltheempirewehavenow.”(36)
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Athensvs.Sparta
• Opentoforeigners(asopposedtoSparta):“Wholeassembly,citizensandforeigners…”(36)“Ourcityisopentotheworld,andwehavenoperiodicaldeportationinordertopreventpeopleobservingorfindingoursecrets…”(39)• AthenianeducationvsSpartaneducation(39)
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Pericles,Aspasiaandthe“dutiesofwomen”(46)
• “Thegreatestgloryofawomanistobeleasttalkedaboutbymen,whethertheyarepraisingyouorcriticizingyou.”(46)
• Pericles’reformofcitizenship(451)• PericlesandAspasiaofMiletus.• “manliness”(35)andPericles’militarypolicy.
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Questions
• Whatarethereasons,accordingtoPericles,oneshouldgotowarandbereadytodie?HowdoesitcompareandcontrastwithHomer’sIliad?
• HowdoesPericlescontrastAthensandSparta?
• Whydowomenneedtoremaininvisibleandsilent?