SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO VIA EAST ORANGE, NEW JERSEY, MAKING IT WORK:CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FROM ACROSS AN OCEAN

Timothy R. Sara and Sharla C. AziziThe Louis Berger Group, Inc.

❐ ABSTRACTThis paper describes the principal findings of an urban archaeological investigation conducted in a culturalresource management (CRM) context in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico (Sara and Marín Rom n 1999). The inves-tigation was prompted by the United States General Services Administration’s need to rehabilitate the FederalCourthouse and Post Office Building in the Old City. A major component of the investigation was the recoveryand analysis of more than 16,000 Spanish colonial-period artifacts from urban fills beneath the building. The col-lection includes a total of 106 ceramic ware types, various small finds including gun flints, tobacco pipes, bonecombs, die, and buttons, dietary faunal remains, and fine examples of European decorated glass. Analysis of theseartifacts revealed that, despite strict trade laws imposed by the Spanish Crown, San Juan was well-integrated inthe world economy early in its history. As a result of careful planning and coordination by project archaeologistsand engineers, the remains of the Bastión de San Justo del Muelle, a massive seventeenth-century fortificationwork, was left in situ beneath the building during new construction. The successful outcome of the project wasowed to the close coordination by the Federal and local government agencies, historic preservation consultants,and local specialists in Puerto Rican history and historical archaeology.

ResumenEsta ponencia describir una programa de investigación arqueológica manejar en un contexto de Manejo deRecursos Culturales en el Viejo San de Puerto Rico (Sara y Marín Rom n 1999). La investigación originar de losplanes de la U.S. General Services Administration para la rehabilitacion del Palacio de Justicia Federal y elEdificio de Correos ubicados en el Viejo San Juan. Una grande parte de la investigación incluyo el recobro y ana-lysa de mas de 16,000 piezas arqueológicas que datan del periodo colonial Español. La colección consiste de untotal de 106 tipos de ceramica, artefactos militares, pipas de tabaco, dies, botones y peines estar hecho de hueso,restos alimenticios, y fragmentos de vidrio Eurpeo decorar finamente. An lisis de esta colección revelar que, a des-pecho de estrictos reglas imponer por la Corona Español, la ciudad de San Juan estar incorporado en la economíamundial temprano en história colonial. El resultado de planificacion y coordinación preciso entre los arqueológosy ingenieros, los restos del Bastión de San Justo del Muelle, una fortifiación datan del siglio XVII, fuera garda insitu durante la construcción nueva. El resultado afortunado del proyecto deber a la coordinación preciso entre lasagencias gubermentales Federal y local, los consultantes del preservación históricas, y las especialistas locales enla história y arqueología puertorriqueña.

RésuméCette communication décrit les résultats principaux d’un travail archéologique urbaine réalisé dans un contextede Gestion des Ressources Culturelles de San Juan de Puerto Rico (Sara et Marín Rom n1999). L’investigationfut nécessaire à cause des besoins de U.S. General Services Administration de reconstuire le Palais de Justice etPoste du Vieux San Juan. Une grande partie du travail inclut des fouilles sous l’immeuble qui recupèrent plusde 16,000 artefacts archéologique qui dérivent de l’âge colonial Espanol. La collection inclut plus de 106 diffé-rents types de ceramiques et d’autres artefacts archéologiques comprenant des silex d’armement, pipes à tabac,peignes, jeu de dés, et boutons en os, materiaux fauniques alimentaires, et des artefacts de verre européens fine-ment décorés. L’analyse de la collection a révélé que, malgré des stricts lois d’échange imposées par la CouronneEspagnole, la ville de San Juan fut bien intégrée dans l’économie mondiale au commencement de son histoire. Acause de la planification et coordination precises imposées par les archéologues et ingenieurs pendant le projet duBastion de San Justo del Muelle, un ouvrage de fortification massif datant du dix-septième siécle, fut préservé insitu sous l’immeuble. La réussite du projet est accordée à la coordination precise entre les agences gouvermen-tales Fédérales et locales, les consultants de préservation historique, et les spécialistes locaux d’ histoire et d'ar-chéologie portoricaine.

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❐ INTRODUCTION

In 1996 the Louis Berger Group, Inc. (Berger) was contracted by the U.S. General ServicesAdministration (GSA) to assess the potential environmental impacts that could result from rehabilita-tion of the Federal Courthouse and Post Office Building (Federal Building) in Old San Juan (Figure 1).The Federalist-Mediterranean-style building, which occupies a prominent location on the harborwaterfront, was completed in 1914 and the two towers added in 1940. Part of the environmental reviewincluded an assessment of what impacts the project could have on historical resources located at thebuilding site. Since part of the upgrade included installation of over 200 new mini piles throughout thebuilding foundation, it was critical to determine whether significant archaeological resources were pre-sent beneath the building. Indeed, the initial review of early building plans revealed that a largeSpanish colonial fortification work, known as the Bastión de San Justo del Muelle, as well as a Spanishcolonial customs house, once stood at the building site and may had been left undisturbed during pre-vious construction episodes.

The presence of in situ archaeological remains associated with the Old City was confirmedthrough soil borings excavated at the building site (Sara 1995). Previous archaeological investigationsin the site vicinity had identified deep deposits of landfill containing Spanish colonial artifacts(Meléndez Maíz 1994; Pantel and Marín Rom n 1990). Our soil borings not only revealed deep depo-sits of stratified landfill containing concentrations of Spanish colonial artifacts, but encountered thefoundation remains of the bastion and the customs house.

Early during the planning stages of the project, GSA had consulted with the Institute of PuertoRican Culture to establish overall architectural preservation goals. Once it was learned that potential-ly significant archaeological resources were present at the site, Berger began to work closely with theInstitute to design a historic preservation plan that would mitigate or avoid impacts to thesearchaeo-logical resources. The preservation goals included a plan to excavate, recover, and analyze thousandsof artifacts contained in the landfill at the site, modify the building rehabilitation design to avoidimpacts to the bastion, and record architectural features of the customs house as they were uncoveredduring construction. The overall objective of archaeological excavation was to ensure that historicdeposits would be scientifically documented, analyzed, and reported, and the data made available tofuture generations of researchers (Sara et al. 1994).

To provide GSA with the best possible cultural resource management plan, we assembled a multi-national and multi-disciplinary team that included Berger’s in-house specialists, as well as PuertoRico-based experts in Caribbean archaeology and military history, all of whom were recommended bythe Institute and formed the core of the research team. The Institute was instrumental in providing theteam with access to reports and documents from their libraries, and offered suggestions on thearchaeological research design, and provided the team with laboratory space for artifact processingand analysis (Sara 1997).

❐ HISTORIC MAP RESEARCH

Background research conducted early in the study found that this area of Old San Juan was stra-tegic to the city’s military defense and commercial development throughout its 500-year history(Berkowitz et al. 1991; Marin 1994). Immediately to the west of the bastion and customs house stoodLa Puerta de San Justo, the old commercial and ceremonial gate to the Old City constructed in theseventeenth century. Review of historic documents showed that the bastion was completed in 1639 aspart of the military fortification of the Old City, and partially removed at the end of the nineteenth cen-tury during efforts to open this part of the city to commercial development. Upon examining the fini-shed plans of the Federal Building, we discovered that the massive bastion had been encountereddu-ring construction in 1912, left in situ, and incorporated into the building foundation. A constructiondrawing prepared upon completion of building construction shows the bastion measuring approxi-mately 33.5 m in length and 3.05 m in width (Berryman 1913).

A series of historic maps of the Old City begin in 1625 with a sketch by Vingboons (Sepúlveda1989) which depicts the bay with anchored ships, sandy beach, and buildings near the site. A 1678 map

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by Orsario (Sepúlveda 1989), who was commissioned by the Spanish Crown to record military fortifi-cations of the Americas, clearly shows the Bastión de San Justo del Muelle, the Puerta de San Justo, andthe sister Bastión de San Justo (Figure 2). A 1766 plan by Rueda (Sepúlveda 1989) shows a Plaza desArmas behind the Puerta de San Justo as well as a structure, possibly a customs house where goodswere stored and a pier. A 1792 map by Mestre (Sepúlveda 1989) shows the two bastions as fully terra-plained and defending the curtain through which the Puerta de San Justo opened (Figure 3). An 1835map by Sicardo (Sepúlveda 1989) shows enlargement of the bastion to mirror the neighboring bastionto the east, and an 1862 drawing by Madrid’s Army Geographical Service of beautification projects,clearly shows the Bastion, the city gate, and the sister bastion. Finally, a 1887 sketch by Passos andRiquero (Sepúlveda 1989) shows the site context about 10 years before demolition of the structures in1898.

❐ FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

The archaeological investigation consisted of the excavation of 4.9 x 4.9-m pit inside the basementof the building to expose the bastion and systematically recover artifacts and soil samples from strati-fied landfill. The excavation uncovered a 2.74-m-wide (9.0 ft), in situ section of the bastion, between1.22 m and 1.52 m below the building floor (Figure 4). The 1639 bastion was fortified in the late eigh-teenth century, and as indicated above, partially removed in 1898 to open thecity for commerce. Weconducted controlled hand-excavation on both sides of the bastion up to 4.57 m below the floor on bothits interior (landward) and exterior (seaward) sides. The exterior deposits possessed stratigraphic inte-grity and contained high concentrations of Spanish colonial artifacts, comprising mostly domestic kit-chen and dietary refuse. Two distinct concentrations were identified: one dating to the second half ofthe seventeenth century, following the period of construction of the city walls. This deposit containedsolely colonial-manufactured ceramic wares. The later deposit dated to the mid-eighteenth centuryand yielded a TPQ (terminus post quem) of 1762. It contained numerous northern European wares,which strongly supported the hypothesis of a flourishing contraband trade in Puerto Rico prior to theSpanish Crown’s relaxation of trade laws in 1785 and 1815 (Joseph and Byrne 1992).

Much of the collection consists of colonial-period ceramic sherds, including a variety of Majolicas,Iberian storage jars, coarse earthenware, Bizcocho ware, Rey ware, Hidroceramo, and El Morro ware.A large portion of the collection comprises faunal remains deposited outside of the city walls as partof efforts to reclaim land from former beachfront. Hundreds of glass sherds, architectural materials,small finds, and floral samples were recovered.

❐ ARTIFACT ANALYSIS

To organize the artifact analysis, Berger was invited to set up a processing laboratory at theInstitute, where local specialists analyzed artifacts from the field, and entered coded data into a rela-tional database using the Berger coding system (Azizi et al. 1996). One primary objective was toconduct all artifact analysis on location using the best available resources. By not having to ship thecollection across the ocean to a U.S.-based laboratory also allowed for overall project costreductions tothe funding agency. In San Juan, the analysts had ready access to local resources including, referencematerials, colleagues, researchers, and comparative type collections.

Hand-written coding sheets were used to record different characteristics of the major artifactclasses, which included Ceramics, Curved Glass, Small Finds/ Architectural artifacts, Tobacco Pipes,and Faunal Remains. The coded data were then entered into the database which used provenience datato enhance the artifact records. A second program added manufacturing dates (when applicable) andcode translations (see Azizi et al. 1996). Pattern codes, based on form and material type, were also assi-gned to each entry, as were Function codes, such as food storage, food preparation, tableware, teawa-re, and so on. During the analysis, a total of 106 individual ceramic ware types were identified, whichresulted in 15 new codes added to the system. However, new codes were only added after careful coor-dination and discussion between the local ceramic specialists and the Berger home laboratory.

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❐ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Ceramics constitute the largest proportion of non-faunal artifact types and include Iberian-madecoarse earthenwares and many examples of Olive Jars, including Type A with a Type 4 style rim, whichdates to the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century (Marken 1994). Olive jars were used to shipgoods of all kinds and were mass-produced, reusable, and made fairly cheaply (Goggin 1960). One jar,probably from the seventeenth century, has incised initials on the rim, probably those of the merchantwho shipped the goods (Figure 5).

Iberian-made refined earthenwares include a variety of Majolicas. In addition to bacín and lebrillotypes of household wares, forms used for food preparation and storage include platos, includingSeville blue-on-blue, as well as fine tablewares, including various polychrome Majolicas, Puebla poly-chromes and Triana polychromes (Deagan 1987; Goggin 1968, Lister and Lister 1976, 1982). Shown onFigure 6 are various polychrome Majolicas, including orange, yellow, blue, and purple on white withbuff bodies of possible Triana or Mexican manufacture.

Tablewares are the most elaborately decorated ceramics and many were made in Seville, althoughothers were made in parts of the Spanish Empire, especially in Mexico (Deagan 1987). Several of theSeville-made Majolicas of the time (especially the Triana type) seem to have imitated English decorati-ve motifs. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, England dominated the internationalceramics market and Spanish potters may have been trying to keep up with popular styles. El Morrowares were also found throughout the deposits, but it remains uncertain where they were made - theyprobably had more than one place of manufacture, including Spain (Medina Carillo 1996).

Other European wares include creamware and pearlware and several sherds of northern Italianslipware and Rhenish stoneware. In theory, the northern European wares in the collection werebrought to San Juan after 1785, following relaxation in the Crown-imposed trade laws; however, asindicated above, they occur in mid-eighteenth century deposits, evidencing black market trade duringthis time.

The entire glass collection is very fragmentary and few vessels could be reconstructed. For themost part, glass sherds are within the wine and liquor bottle category, including cylindrical and casebottles. Several liquor bottle finishes recovered from late eighteenth-century deposits are typicallyEnglish, and other bottle sherds represent vials and French vessels common to that period. Table glasssherds include tumblers that were blown, colorless, and nonleaded. There are undecorated forms aswell as forms showing decorative air bubble inclusions, molded panels, flutes, and engraved designsprobably of German or Bohemian origin. Other glass sherds represent forms possibly associated withthe Spanish porrón, cantír and almorraxta, datable from the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries(Deagan 1987). Such forms, which have also been recovered from El Morro, were used for servingcondiments, oil, or vinegar (Figure 7).

The collection also contains various small finds, including personal and military items such asgunflints and a boatswain’s whistle (Figure 8), and a cannonball, which is being conserved at theInstitute’s Underwater Archaeology Laboratory. One smoking pipe is probably from the seventeenth-century – a time when tobacco was a rare and precious commodity and only consumed in small quan-tities (Dallal 1996).

The faunal assemblage is quite large and similar to what was recovered in other deep excavationsin Old San Juan (Panamerican 1994; Solís Magaña 1988). One finding was that Bos taurus had adaptedquite well in the eighteenth century and was used as an important part of the meat diet of the city’spopulation. The diet was augmented by other mammals, including pig along with some sheep andgoat, as well as by fish and several varieties of shellfish, including West Indian top shell, conch, andoyster. The abundance of mammals in contrast to birds, fish, and shellfish in later deposits suggestedthat there was an early period in San Juan’s colonial history when cattle had not yet become fully adap-ted and there was a greater reliance on fish and shellfish.

From the floral assemblage, an assortment of native and exotic taxa were identified. All together,13 types of seed were identified, along with 17 wood taxa. These include several native tropical woodsand three exotic types, namely two types of pine and an oak which represent the earliest documentedintroductions of these woods in Puerto Rico, if not the Caribbean (Newsom 1996).The seed taxa resent

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primarily weed plants, among which are verbena, trianthema, Mexican poppy, nightshade, and purs-lane, all of which occur in environments characteristic of human settlements. Of great interest is thepresence of Vitis vinifera, or the European wine grape, represented by a single, nearly complete speci-men. It is the only definitive introduced taxon among the identified seed and is the earliest occurren-ce documented for the European grape from any Caribbean site, likely dating to the latter part of theseventeenth century, or some time in the early eighteenth century (Newsom 1996). The presence ofimported plant taxa, including the European grape, white oak, and two types of pine, is a reflection ofthe cosmopolitan nature of the Old City. Traditional Old World foods, including grapes and olives,were incorporated at an early date into New World cuisines throughout the colonial and later historicperiods.

❐ CONCLUSION

The recent rehabilitation of the Federal Building in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico resulted in the iden-tification of the Bastión de San Justo del Muelle - a massive fortification work built at the outset of theSpanish colonial period in San Juan. The bastion comprises a portion of the defensive works associa-ted with San Juan National Historic Site, which is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Prior torehabilitation of the building, archaeological excavation exposed a large section of the bastion andrecovered more than 16, 000 artifacts dating to the early Spanish colonial period. Analysis of these arti-facts revealed that, despite strict trade laws imposed by the Spanish Crown, San Juan was well-inte-grated in the world economy early in its history. The bastion was left undisturbed and in situ duringthe rehabilitation of the building.

We hope that the excavation and analysis of the Federal Building deposits will provide a valuablecontribution to the study of Old San Juan’s Spanish colonial history. Without the close cooperation ofnumerous individuals and agencies, including GSA, the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, ands engi-neers responsible for project design, our research would have been much more limited. Permanentcuration of the collection at the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture will ensure that these resources areforever preserved as an important part of Puerto Rico’s cultural heritage and made available to futureresearchers of Caribbean history and archaeology.

❐ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to acknowledge Juan Jose Ortiz Aguilú and Pedro Alvarado Ayez, both formerDirectors of the Division of Archaeology, Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, for their insight and gene-rosity. From the U.S. General Services Administration, we would like to thank Peter Sneed, PortfolioManagement, and Kyle Brooks, Project Manager, for contractual and administrative support. Theresearch team included Consulting Military Historian, Hector Marín Rom n, who conducted archivalstudies on the bastion and customs house and prepared numerous project reports; ConsultingArchaeologist Andrés Príncipe Jacome, and his associate Archaeologist Jaqueline Lopéz Melendez,both specialists in Spanish colonial-period ceramics, who also conducted small finds analysis.Duringthe fieldwork stage, Marilyn Figueroa and Francisco Buso, hired Anthropology students fromthe University of Puerto Rico, worked alongside Berger field archaeologists and participated in labo-ratory analysis. Dr. Lee Newsom, an expert on Caribbean paleobotany, conducted the analysis of flo-ral remains. In order to assure that things ran smoothly, several Berger lab personnel traveled to SanJuan at the project outset to familiarize the local specialists with Berger’s processing procedures andartifact coding system. These included Berger Laboratory Director, Sharla Azizi; Senior MaterialSpecialist, Dr. Meta Janowitz; and Alexander Ortiz, Systems Analyst. Finally, we acknowledge Dr. JohnHotopp, Director of Culture Resource Services, The Louis Berger Group, Inc., for his guidance over thecourse of the investigation. The French and Spanish translations of the abstract were conducted by thesenior author.

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❐ REFERENCES CITED

Azizi, S. C., D. Dallal, M. A. Gordon, M. F. Janowitz, N. S. Maczaj, and M. L. Pipes1996 Analytical Coding System for Historic Period Artifacts. The Cultural Resource Group,Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., East Orange, New Jersey.

Berkowitz, J., E. Blaine Cliver, R. Crisson, B. Garret, J. Jacob, F. Matero, and B. Yocum1991 The Fortifications of San Juan National Historic Site, Historic Structure Report, vols. I, II,and III. Prepared by the Building Conservation Branch, Cultural Resources Center, NorthAtlantic Region, National Park Service and the Center for Preservation Research. Copies avai-lable from National Park Service, San Juan National Historic Site.

Berryman (Superintendent of Construction)1913 U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, San Juan, Puerto Rico, No. S-1000: Alterations inFoundations as Actually Installed, February 15, 1913. On file, U.S. General ServicesAdministration, Region 2, New York.

Dallal, D. 1996 Personal communication. Director, South Street Seaport Museum, New York.

Deagan, K.1987 Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500-1800. Vol 1:Ceramics, Glassware, and Beads. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Goggin, J.1960 The Spanish Olive Jar: An Introductory Study. Yale University Publications inAnthropology No. 62. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.1968 Spanish Majolica in the New World. Yale University Publications in Anthropology No.72. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.

Joseph, J. W., and S. C. Byrne1992 Socio-economics and Trade in Viejo San Juan, Puerto Rico: Observations from the BallajaArchaeological Project. Historical Archaeology 26(1):45-58.

Lister, F. C., and R. H. Lister1976 A Descriptive Dictionary for 500 Years of Spanish-Tradition Ceramics (ThirteenthThrough Eighteenth Centuries). Special Publication No. 1. Society for Historical Archaeology. 1982 Sixteenth Century Majolica Pottery in the Valley of Mexico. Anthropological Papers ofthe University of Arizona No. 3. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Marín Rom n, H. R.1994 Historic Background Research: Bastión de San Justo del Muelle, Section 106Consultation. In Repair and Alteration of the U.S. Post Office and Federal Building, Old SanJuan, Puerto Rico: Research Design for Proposed Archaeological Data Recovery Program.Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., East Orange, New Jersey. Prepared for the U.S. GeneralServices Administration, Region 2, New York. Copies available from State HistoricPreservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and National Park Service, San Juan NationalHistoric Site.

Marín Rom n, H. R. and T. R. Sara1995 Repair and Alteration of the U.S. Post Office and Federal Building, Old San Juan, PuertoRico: Historical Research on Spanish Customs House Building. Louis Berger & Associates,Inc., East Orange, New Jersey. Prepared for the U.S. General Services Administration, Region2, New York. Copies available from State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico,and National Park Service, San Juan National Historic Site..

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Spatial relationships and communication networkMarken, M. W.

1994 Pottery from Spanish Shipwrecks, 1500-1800. The University Press of Florida,Gainesville.

Medina Carillo, N. 1996 Personal communication. Director, Archaeological Laboratory, Institute of Puerto RicanCulture, San Juan.

Meléndez Maíz, M. J.1994 Supervisión arqueológica de la demolición de la verja, acera y piso de cemento y eva-luación arqueológica Fase II, Bastión de San Justo, Calle Recinto Sur, Viejo San Juan, PuertoRico. Report prepared for Area de Planificación y Desarrollo, Compañía de Turismo de PuertoRico, San Juan. Copies available from State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Newsom, L. A.1996 Early Historic Plant Remains from Archaeological Deposits Associated with the Bastionde San Justo del Muelle, San Juan, Puerto Rico. In Repair and Alteration of the U.S. Post Officeand Federal Building, Old San Juan, Puerto Rico: Historical Research on Spanish CustomsHouse Building (1999). Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., East Orange, New Jersey. Prepared forthe U.S. General Services Administration, Region 2, New York.Copies available from StateHistoric Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico and National Park Service, San JuanNational Historic Site.

Panamerican Consultants, Inc.1994 Excavations at Castillo de San Felipe del Morro, Puerto Rico. Panamerican Consultants,Inc., Tuscaloosa. Alabama. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, JacksonvilleDistrict, Florida. Copies available from State Historic Preservation Office Service, San Juan,Puerto Rico and National Park Service, San Juan National Historic Site.

Pantel, A. G., and H. R. Marín Rom n1990 Investigaciónes Arqueológicas del Paseo Portuario, Viejo San Juan de Puerto Rico. LaFundación Arqueológica, Antropológica e Histórica de Puerto Rico, Santurce, Puerto Rico.Prepared for Paseo Portuario Corporation Managing Partners, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Copiesavailable from State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Sara, T. R.1995 Repair and Alteration of the U.S. Post Office and Federal Building, Old San Juan, PuertoRico: Archaeological Soil Borings and Archaeological Monitoring of Geotechnical Soil Boringsand Geotechnical Test Pit. Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., East Orange, New Jersey. Preparedfor the U.S. General Services Administration, Region 2, New York. Copies available from StateHistoric Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and National Park Service, San JuanNational Historic Site.

1997 Recent Archaeological Excavations at U.S. Post Office and Federal Building, Old SanJuan, Puerto Rico. In Ocho Trabajos de Investigación Arqueólogica en Puerto Rico, SecundoEncuentro de Investigadores. Publicación Ocasional de la División de Arqueología, Institutade Cultura Puertorriqueña, San Juan.

Sara, T. R. and H. R. Marín Rom n1999 Repair and Alteration of the U.S. Post Office and Federal Building, Old San Juan, PuertoRico: Archaeological and Historical Studies, Volumes I and II. Louis Berger & Associates, Inc.,East Orange, New Jersey. Prepared for the U.S. General Services Administration, Region 2,New York. Copies available from State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico, andNational Park Service, San Juan National Historic Site.

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Sara, T. R., L. Santone, and H. R. Marín Rom n1994 Repair and Alteration of the U.S. Post Office and Federal Building, Old San Juan, PuertoRico: Research Design for Proposed Archaeological Data Recovery Program. Louis Berger &Associates, Inc., East Orange, New Jersey. Prepared for the U.S. General ServicesAdministration, Region 2, New York. Copies available from State Historic Preservation Office,San Juan, Puerto Rico, and National Park Service, San Juan National Historic Site.

Sepúlveda Rivera, A.1989 San Juan: História ilustrada de su desarrollo urbano, 1508-1898. Centro deInvestigaciones CARIMAR, Viejo San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Solís Magaña, C.1988 Colonial Archaeology of San Juan de Puerto Rico: Excavations at the Casa Rosa ScarpWall, San Juan National Historic Site, Puerto Rico. Prepared for Constructora Santiago, Inc.,San Juan, Puerto Rico. Copies available from State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan,Puerto Rico, and National Park Service, San Juan National Historic Site.

United States Geological Survey [USGS]1969 San Juan, Puerto Rico, Quadrangle and Bayamon, Puerto Rico, Quadrangle. 7.5-MinuteSeries. United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

❐ FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure 1. Modern topographic map showing project location.

Figure 2. 1678 map by Orsario showing project location.

Figure 3. 1792 map by Mestre showing project location.

Figure 4. In situ segment of bastion uncovered during excavation.

Figure 5. Mouth of seventeenth-century Iberian Olive Jar with incised rim.

Figure 6. Various polychrome Majolicas of Triana or Mexican manufacture.

Figure 7. Glass vessel spouts recovered from excavation.

Figure 8. Boatswain’s whistle and two gunflints recovered from excavation.

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Figure 1. Modern topographic map showing project location.

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Figure 2. 1678 map by Orsario showing project location.

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Figure 3. 1792 map by Mestre showing project location.

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Figure 4. In situ segment of bastion uncovered during excavation.

Figure 5. Mouth of seventeenth-century Iberian Olive Jar with incised rim.

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Figure 6. Various polychrome Majolicas of Triana or Mexican manufacture.

Figure 7. Glass vessel spouts recovered from excavation.

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Figure 8. Boatswain’s whistle and two gunflints recovered from excavation.