SAN ANDREAS FAULT

Review: California Faults

Review: California Earthquakes

• 8 major earthquakes since 1800

• Richter scale ranges from 6.6 to 7.9

• Highest magnitude = 7.9

Fort Tejon, 1857

San Francisco, 1906

• Most Expensive ($ Damage)

Northridge, 1999—$15 billion

• Most deaths

San Francisco, 1906—3000

• Most recent earthquake in 1999

Information from USGS

0

2

4

6

8

10

Fort T

ejon,

1/9

/185

7

San F

ranc

isco,

4/1

8/19

06

Lom

poc,

11/4

/192

7

El Cen

tro, 5

/18/

1940

San F

erna

ndo,

2/9

/197

1

Eurek

a, 1

1/8/

1980

North

ridge

, 1/1

7/19

94

Ludlo

w, 10/

16/1

999

Ma

gn

itu

de

[R

ich

ter

sc

ale

]

CA Earthquake Magnitude

Damage Cost [$ Millions]

$0 $524$0 $6

$50$1.75

$1500$0

How do we prepare?

What do you think engineers do?

Engineers work together to study the area of the building location to determine how safe the ground is to build on and if there are additional building requirements.

People involved• Civil engineers• Earthquake engineers• Geotechnical

engineers (dirt!)

Lesson GoalsGoal: Learn how certain Engineers 1. Design buildings to survive an earthquake2. Stay within a supply budget3. Build efficiently and creatively!

Today we will learn: • Building components• Building structure• Plan and Design• Earthquake Testing• Redesign and Stability

Building Components

BEAM (Toothpick)

JOINT (Dots or mini marshmallow)

STEP 1

Building StructureSTEP 1 STEP 2

BUILDING CUBE

1st cube = 8 Joints & 12 Beams

Plan and Design

Supply Inventory and Specs:1. Length of Beam (toothpick) [inches]2. Number of Beams3. Number of Joints (Dots &

marshmallows)

Hypothesis:Initial structure plan

Plan and Design

“FOUNDATION”

Recommend using Dots

Plan and Design

“FOUNDATION”

“BUILDING LAYOUT”

Recommend using Dots

Recommend using marshmallows

Plan and DesignLabel the following: • Length and Width of the

foundation• Height of the building• Label the number of

levels

Use engineering paper to plan your building

LENGTH

WID

TH

HE

IGH

T

Plan and Design“STABILITY”

The state or quality of being stable, especially: • Resistant to changing, breaking down, or moving. • Measurement of reliability and dependability.

“CROSS BEAM”Used to add stability to structure

Case of the 3 bears

1. If you add too few, your building will be weak and collapse

2. If you add too many, your building will be heavy and collapse

3. If you add just enough, your building will survive

Earthquake Testing

SHAKER

SURVIVAL!

[P earthquake waves]

Earthquake Testing

REDESIGN!

[P earthquake waves]

SHAKER

Building Restrictions• Must be at least 1 foot tall• Must fit inside green basket• No new supplies!!

Inside basket

1 fo

ot

GO Plan and Design!Label the following: • Length and Width of the

foundation• Height of the building• Label the number of

levels

Use engineering paper to plan your building

LENGTH

WID

TH

HE

IGH

T

“CROSS BEAM”Used to add stability to

structure

1. Too few, your building will be weak

2. Too many, your building will be heavy

3. Just enough, your building will survive

CLEAN-UP!

• CLEAN TOOTHPICKS IN THE BAG• DIRTY TOOTHPICKS IN THE

TRASH

• PUT THE BAG WITH TOOTHPICKS AND EMPTY MARSHMALLOW BAG BACK IN YOUR GREEN BASKET