SAMPLING: A sample is “a smaller collection of units

from a population used to determine truths about that population”

Method of sampling: Random sampling – a method of sampling that uses of random selection so that all units/ cases in the population have an equal probability of being chosen. Non- Random sampling – does not involve random selection and methods are not based on the rationale of probability theory.

Random sampling method:• Simple random sampling• Systematic random sampling• Stratified random sampling• Multistage sampling

Non-random Sampling method:• Convenience sampling• Judgment sampling• Quota sampling• Snowball sampling

Random sampling method:

Simple random sampling: A sampling procedure in which every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected as a subject (e.g., drawing names out of a hat). Example:

Stratified sampling:

Population is divided on the basis of characteristic of interest in the population e.g. male and female may have different consumption patterns.

Example:

Systematic sampling:

If a sample size of n is desired from a population containing N elements, we might sample one element for every n/N element in the population. Example:

Multi-stage sampling:

The Multistage Sampling is the probability sampling technique wherein the sampling is carried

out in several stages such that the sample size gets reduced at each stage.Example:

Non-random Sampling method:

Judgment sampling:Judgmental sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects units to be sampled based on their knowledge and professional judgment.Example:

Quota sampling:A quota sample is a type of non-probability sample in which the researcher selects people according to some fixed standard. That is, units are selected into a sample on the basis of pre-specified characteristics so that the total sample has the same distribution of characteristics assumed to exist in the population being studied.Example:

Convenience sampling: A convenience sample is one of the main types of non-probability sampling methods. A convenience sample is made up of people who are easy to reach.

Example:

Snowball sampling: Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that is used by researchers to identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are hard to locate.Example: