Samples of the oldest rocks collected at Site 534 in the ... · Volume 65—January, 1983 Volume...

Samples of the oldest rocks collected at Site 534 in the Blake-Bahama Basin. A. Sample 534A-117-1, 35-55cm is limestone within the dark variegated Oxfordian claystone sequence. B. Sample 534A-125-4, 80-100cm is greenish black Callovian nannofossil claystone that shows low-angle cross-bedding. C. Sample 534A-125-5, 40-60 cm shows small intraclasts in the same Callovian nannofossil claystone. D. Sample 534A-129-2, 20—40 cm is basalt breccia with massive pillow basalt; clasts are overgrown with fibrous calcitecement of probably hydrothermal origin.

Initial Reportsof the

Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of theJOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

VOLUME LXXVIcovering Leg 76 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger

Norfolk, Virginia, to Fort Lauderdale, FloridaOctober-December, 1980

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS

Robert E. Sheridan, Felix M. Gradstein,Leo A. Barnard, Deborah M. Bliefnick, Daniel Habib, Peter D. Jenden,

Hideo Kagami, Everly Keenan, John Kostecki, Keith A. Kvenvolden, Michel Moullade, James Ogg,Alastair H. F. Robertson, Peter Roth,

and Thomas H. Shipley

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTSLEG 76 EXTENSION

Robert E. Sheridan, Felix M. Gradstein,Jay L. Bowdler, Pierre H. Cotillon, Robert B. Halley, Hajimu Kinoshita,

James W. Patton, Kenneth A. Pisciotto, Isabella Premoli Silva,Margaret M. Testarmata, and David K. Watkins

SHIPBOARD SCIENCE REPRESENTATIVE

Thomas H. Shipley

EDITOR

Susan Orlofsky

Prepared for theNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

National Ocean Sediment Coring ProgramUnder Contract C-482

By theUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

Scripps Institution of OceanographyPrime Contractor for the Project

This material is based upon research supported by the NationalScience Foundation under Contract No. C-482.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations ex-pressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

It is recommended that reference to the whole or to part of thisvolume be made in one of the following forms, as appropriate:

Sheridan, R. E., Gradstein, F. M., et al., 19 Init. Repts. DSDP,76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office).

Steiner, M. B., 19 Paleomagnetism of Middle Jurassic basalts,Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 76. In Sheridan, R. E., Gradstein,F. M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt.Printing Office), 705-712.

Effective Publication Dates of DSDP Initial Reports

According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the date ofpublication of a work and of a contained name or statement affecting nomenclatureis the date on which the publication was mailed to subscribers, placed on sale, orwhen the whole edition is distributed free of charge, mailed to institutions and in-dividuals to whom free copies are distributed. The mailing date, not the printeddate, is the correct one.

Mailing dates of the more recent Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Projectare as follows:

Volume 65—January, 1983Volume 66—March, 1982Volume 67—November, 1982Volume 68—October, 1982Volume 69—May, 1983Volume 70—April, 1983

November 1983

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74—603338

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402

Stock Number 038-000-005324iv

The world's first major oceanographic expe-dition took place between 1872 and 1876. Thisfour year expedition, aboard the H.M.S. Chal-lenger covering nearly 70,000 nautical milesand gathering oceanographic data from 362 sta-tions, expanded our basic knowledge of theworld's oceans and provided a solid foundationfor future studies in marine geology. A centu-ry later, another vessel also named Challengerhas continued to expand our knowledge of theworld's ocean and has helped revolutionize ourconcepts of how the seafloor and the continentsform and change. The Drilling Vessel GlomarChallenger is plying the same waters as its his-toric counterpart, seeking answers to new ques-tions concerning the history of our planet andthe life it supports. The continued advancementof knowledge about the fundamental processesand dynamics of the earth will lead to a greaterunderstanding of our planet and more intelli-gent use of its resources.

Since 1968, the Deep Sea Drilling Project hasbeen supported by the National Science Foun-dation, primarily through a contract with theUniversity of California which, in turn, sub-contracts to Global Marine Incorporated forthe services of the D/V Glomar Challenger.Scripps Institution of Oceanography is respon-sible for management of the University con-tract.

Through contracts with Joint OceanographicInstitutions, Inc. (JOI, Inc.), the National Sci-ence Foundation supports the scientific adviso-ry structure for the project and funds pre-drill-ing geophysical site surveys. Scientific planningis conducted under the auspices of the JointOceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sam-pling (JOIDES). The JOIDES advisory groupconsists of over 250 members who make up 24committees, panels and working groups. Themembers are distinguished scientists from aca-demic institutions, government agencies andprivate industry from all over the world.

In 1975, the International Phase of OceanDrilling (IPOD) began. Present IPOD membernations, Federal Republic of Germany, Japan,United Kingdom and France, provide partialsupport of the project. Each member nationtakes an active role in the scientific planning of

the project through membership in JOIDES.Scientists from these countries also participatein the field work aboard the D/V Glomar Chal-lenger and post-cruise scientific studies.

The first ocean coring operations for theDeep Sea Drilling Project began on August 11,1968. During the ensuing years of drilling op-erations in the Atlantic, Pacific and IndianOceans, the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea,Mediterranean Sea, and Antarctic waters, thescientific objectives that had been proposed weresuccessfully accomplished. Primarily, the ageof the ocean basins and their processes of devel-opment were determined. The validity of thehypothesis of sea floor spreading was firmlydemonstrated and its dynamics studied. Em-phasis was placed on broad reconnaissance andtesting the involvement of mid-oceanic ridgesystems in the development of the ocean basin.Later legs of the Challengers voyages concen-trated on the nature of the oceanic crust, thesedimentary history of the passive ocean mar-gins, sediment dynamics along active ocean mar-gins and other areas of interest. The accumu-lated results of this project have led to majornew interpretations of the pattern of sedimenta-tion and the physical and chemical characteris-tics of the ancient oceans.

Technological advances have provided newtools which in turn have opened new dimen-sions of scientific discovery. Since the introduc-tion of the Hydraulic Piston Corer in 1979 vir-tually undisturbed cores of soft sediment layerscan now be obtained. This technological ad-vance has greatly enhanced the ability of scien-tists to study ancient ocean environments, as re-corded by sediment characteristics and flora andfauna preserved in these sedimentary layers.

A second major advance is the use of thehole after it is drilled. The project continuallylogs holes and performs geophysical and geo-chemical studies before, during and after drill-ing. Long term downhole geophysical seismicmonitoring devices have been implanted suc-cessfully in DSDP holes. These new listeningdevices and geophysical studies have providedvaluable information as to the origin and na-ture of the dynamic processes involved withplate tectonics.

These reports contain the results of the ini-tial studies of the recovered core material andthe associated geophysical information. All peo-ple benefit either directly or indirectly from thisfundamental research. Knowledge about pastand present conditions and processes are thefoundations for future predictions and develop-ments. Both short and long term benefits areobtained by advances in drilling technology andinstrumentation. Information is being obtainedabout the origin and geographic distribution ofnatural resources. Just as the H.M.S. Challen-ger had a profound impact on scientific thoughtfor over a century, this second Challenger expe-dition has given and will continue to give agreater understanding of the oceans and theprocesses that form and shape the earth.

Edward A. Knapp,Director

Washington, D.C.July 1983

VI

Recognizing the need in the oceanographiccommunity for scientific planning of a programto obtain deep sedimentary cores from theocean bottoms, four of the major oceanograph-ic institutions that had strong interests and pro-grams in the fields of marine geology and geo-physics formed, in May 1964, the Joint Ocean-ographic Institututions for Deep Earth Sam-pling (JOIDES). This group—Lamont-DohertyGeological Observatory; Rosenstiel School ofMarine and Atmospheric Science, University ofMiami; the Scripps Institution of Oceanogra-

-p> •Ptjk r> áz% Pky' University of California at San Diego; and- L A v 3 I c L O v 3 the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution—

expressed an interest in undertaking scientificplanning and guidance of the sedimentary drill-ing program. It was the purpose of this groupto foster programs to investigate the sedimentsand rocks beneath the deep oceans by drillingand coring. The membership of the originalgroup was later enlarged, in 1968, when theUniversity of Washington became a memberand again in 1975 when University of HawaiiInstitute of Geophysics, the Oregon State Uni-versity School of Oceanography, the Universityof Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanog-raphy, and Texas A&M University Departmentof Oceanography became members. In accord-ance with international agreements, institutionsof participating nations became members ofJOIDES. Thus, during 1974 to 1976, the Bund-esanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffeof the Federal Republic of Germany, the CentreNational pour 1'Exploitation des Oceans ofFrance, the National Environmental ResearchCouncil of the United Kingdom, the Universityof Tokyo of Japan, and the Academy of Sci-ences of the USSR became JOIDES members.

Through discussions sponsored by theJOIDES organization, with support from theNational Science Foundation, Columbia Uni-versity^ Lamont-Doherty Geological Obser-vatory operated a drilling program in the sum-mer of 1965 on the Blake Plateau region offJacksonville, Florida.

vπ

With this success in hand, planning beganfor a more extensive deep sea effort. Thisresulted in the award of a contract by theNational Science Foundation to the Scripps In-stitution of Oceanography, University of Cali-fornia at San Diego for an eighteen-monthdrilling program in the Atlantic and Pacificoceans, termed the Deep Sea Drilling Project(DSDP). Operations at sea began in August1968, using the now-famous drilling vessel, theGlomar Challenger.

The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Projectis to gather scientific information that will helpdetermine the age and processes of develop-ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategyis to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, rely-ing largely on technology developed by thepetroleum industry.

Through the efforts of the principal or-ganizations and of the panel members, whowere drawn from a large cross section of lead-ing earth scientists and associates, a scientificprogram was developed.

Cores recovered from deep beneath theocean floor provide reference material for amultitude of studies in fields such as biostratig-raphy, physical stratigraphy, and paleomag-netism that afford a new scope for investigatingthe physical and chemical aspects of sedimentprovenance, transportation, deposition, anddiagenesis. In-hole measurements, as feasible,provide petrophysical data to permit inferenceof lithology of intervals from which no coreswere recovered.

A report, describing the core materials andinformation obtained both at sea and in lab-oratories onshore, is published after the com-pletion of each cruise. These reports are acooperative effort of shipboard and shore-based scientists and are intended primarily to bea compilation of results which, it is hoped, willbe the starting point for many future new andexciting research programs. Preliminary inter-pretations of the data and observations taken atsea are also included.

Core materials and data collected on eachcruise will be made available to qualified scien-tists through the Curator of the Deep Sea Drill-

ing Project, following a Sample DistributionPolicy (p.xix) approved by the National Sci-ence Foundation.

The advent of Glomar Challenger, with itsdeep-water drilling capability, is exceedinglytimely. It has come when geophysical investiga-tion of the oceans has matured through 20 to 30years of vigorous growth to the point where wehave some knowledge about much of the for-merly unknown oceanic areas of our planet.About one million miles of traverses have beenmade which tell us much about the global pat-tern of gravity, magnetic and thermal anoma-lies, and about the composition, thickness, andstratigraphy of the sedimentary cover of thedeep sea and continental margin. The coveragewith such data has enabled the site selectionpanels to pick choice locations for drilling. Theknowledge gained from each hole can be ex-tended into the surrounding area. Detailed geo-physical surveys were made for most of theselected locations prior to drilling.

The earth sciences have recently maturedfrom an empirical status to one in which sub-stantial theories and hypotheses about majortectonic processes are flourishing. Theoriesabout the origin of magnetic fields and mag-netic reversals, about ocean floor spreading andcontinental drift, and about the thermal historyof our planet have led to specific predictionsthat could be tested best by an enlightened pro-gram of sampling of deep sea and continentalmargin sediments and underlying rocks.

In October 1975, the International Phaseof Ocean Drilling (IPOD) began. This in-ternational interest, and the true participationof both the scientists and governments of anumber of nations, are eloquent testimony tothe importance of the work being done by theDeep Sea Drilling Project.

The members of JOIDES and DSDP andthe scientists from all interested organizationsand nations who have served on the various ad-visory panels are proud to have been of serviceand believe that the information and core ma-terials that have been obtained will be of valueto students of earth sciences and to all human-ity for many years to come.

vπi

Deep SeaDrilling Project

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINTOCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FORDEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES): 1

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe,Federal Republic of Germany

University of California at San Diego,Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Centre National pour 1'Exploitation des Oceans, Paris

Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory

University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics

University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine andAtmospheric Science

Natural Environment Research Council, London

Oregon State University, School of Oceanography

University of Rhode Island, Graduate School ofOceanography

Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography

University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute

University of Washington, Department ofOceanography

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences2

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Includes member organizations during time of cruise.This institution and its committees and panel members are noncontributing members ofJOIDES.

OPERATING INSTITUTION:

Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CaliforniaW. A. Nierenberg, Director

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT

Dr. M. N. A. PetersonPrincipal InvestigatorProject Manager

Mr. Robert S. BowerAssistant Project Manager forAdministration and Contracts Officer

Dr. Yves LancelotChief Scientist

Dr. Matthew H. SalisburyAssociate Chief Scientist forScience Operations

Dr. Russell B. MerrillAssociate Chief Scientist forScience Services

Dr. William R. RiedelCurator

Mr. Stanley T. SerockiProject Development Engineer

Mr. Paul PorterOperations Manager

Mr. William T. SoderstromFinance Administrator

Mr. Robert OlivasLogistics Officer

Ms. Sue StrainPersonnel Officer

IX

Participants aboardGLOMAR CHALLENGER for Leg Seventy-six

Dr. Robert E. SheridanCo-Chief Scientist

Department of GeologyUniversity of DelawareNewark, Delaware 19711

Dr. Felix M. GradsteinCo-Chief Scientist

Bedford Institute of OceanographyGeological Survey of CanadaDartmouth, Nova ScotiaCanada B2Y4A2

Mr. Leo A. BarnardOrganic Geochemist

Department of OceanographyTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas 77843

Dr. Deborah M. BliefnickSedimentologist

Earth Sciences BoardUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Cruz, California 95064

Mr. Jay L. Bowdler (Leg 76 Extension)Paleontologist (nannofossils)

Union Oil Company900 Executive Plaza WestHouston, Texas 77084

Dr. Pierre H. Cotillon (Leg 76 Extension)Sedimentologist

Département de GeologieUniversité Claude Barnard69622 Villeurbanne CedexFrance

Dr. Daniel HabibPaleontologist (dinoflagellates)

Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesQueens College of the City of New YorkFlushing, New York 11367

Dr. Robert B. Halley (Leg 76 Extension)Branch of Oil and Gas Resources

U.S. Geological SurveyDenver Federal CenterDenver, Colorado 80225

Mr. Peter D. JendenInorganic Geochemist

Institute of Geophysics and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaLos Angeles, California 90024

Dr. Hideo KagamiSedimentologist

Ocean Research InstituteUniversity of TokyoNakano-ku, Tokyo 164Japan

Ms. Everly KeenanOrganic Geochemist

Department of GeologyUniversity of DelawareNewark, Delaware 19711

Dr. Hajimu Kinoshita (Leg 76 Extension)Physical Properties Specialist

Department of GeophysicsFaculty of ScienceChiba UniversityChiba 260Japan

Dr. John A. KosteckiSedimentologist

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisades, New York 10964

Dr. Keith A. KvenvoldenOrganic Geochemist

Pacific-Arctic Branch of Marine GeologyU.S. Geological SurveyMenlo Park, California 94025

Dr. Michel MoulladePaleontologist (foraminifers)

Centre de Recherches Micropaléontologiques"Jean Cuvillier"Université de NicePare Valrose06034 Nice CedexFrance

Dr. James OggPaleomagnetist

Department of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming 82070

Dr. James W. Patton (Leg 76 Extension)Organic Geochemist

Marathon Oil CompanyP.O. Box 269Littleton, Colorado 80160

XI

Dr. Kenneth A. Pisciotto (Leg 76 Extension)Sedimentologist and Shipboard Science Representative

Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Dr. Isabella Premoli Silva (Leg 76 Extension)Paleontologist (foraminifers)

Istituto di PaleontologiaUniversità di Milano20133 MilanoItaly

Dr. Alastair H. F. RobertsonSedimentologist

Department of GeologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh EH9 3JWUnited Kingdom

Dr. Peter RothPaleontologist (nannofossils)

Department of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City, Utah 84112

Dr. Thomas H. ShipleyPhysical Properties Specialist andShipboard Science Representative


Ms. Margaret M. Testarmata (Leg 76 Extension)Paleomagnetist

Marine Science InstituteUniversity of Texas700 The StrandGalveston, Texas 77550

Mr. Richard V. Tyson (Leg 76 Extension)Sedimentologist

Department of Earth SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesBuckinghamshireUnited Kingdom

Dr. David K. Watkins (Leg 76 Extension)Paleontologist (nannofossils)

Department of GeologyFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32306

Mr. Glen FossCruise Operations Manager


Mr. Robert Knapp (Leg 76 Extension)Cruise Operations Manager


Mr. Melvin FieldsWeatherman

National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration—National Weather ServiceDeep Sea Drilling Project, A-031Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Robert Connolly (Leg 76 Extension)Weatherman

National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration—National Weather ServiceDeep Sea Drilling Project, A-031Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Captain Joseph ClarkeMaster of the Drilling Vessel

Global Marine, Inc.8369 Vickers StreetSan Diego, California 92111

Mr. James RuddellDrilling Superintendent

Global Marine, Inc.8369 Vickers StreetSan Diego, California 92111

Mr. Ted GustafsonLaboratory Officer


Mr. Michael Lehman (Leg 76 Extension)Laboratory Officer


Mr. Steve AsquithCuratorial Representative

Deep Sea Drilling Project—East Coast RepositoryLamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisades, New York 10964

Mr. David RipleyChemist


xii

Mr. Don Marsee (Leg 76 Extension)Chemist


Mr. Larry WellsLog Analyst

Scientific Software Corporation633 Seventeenth StreetDenver, Colorado 80202

Mr. Bruce CloydLogging Engineer

Open-Hole DivisionGearhart-Owen Wire LineFort Worth, Texas 76101

Mr. Larry Axline (Leg 76 Extension)Logging Engineer

Open Hole DivisionGearhart-Owen Wire LineFort Worth, Texas 76101

Mr. Mark AunchmanElectronics Technician


Mr. Randy CurrentElectronics Technician


Mr. Paul Laughlin (Leg 76 Extension)Electronics Technician


Mr. Don CameronSpecial Tools Technican


Mr. Craig DootsonMarine Technician


Mr. Richard MyersMarine Technician


Mr. James Pine (Leg 76 Extension)Marine Technician


Mr. Kevin Reid (Leg 76 Extension)Marine Technician


Mr. John Shay (Leg 76 Extension)Marine Technician


Mr. Victor S. SoteloMarine Technician


Mr. Tom Witte (Leg 76 Extension)Marine Technician


Mr. Burnette HamlinPhotographer


Mr. Dennis Graham (Leg 76 Extension)Photographer


Ms. Jackie RossYeoperson


Ms. Louise Henry (Leg 76 Extension)Yeoperson


xin

Deep Sea Drilling Project Publications Staff

Principal Editor Production Manager Art-Photo SupervisorJan H. Blakeslee Raymond F. Silk Virginia L. Roman (this volume)

Editors Production Assistants IllustratorsRosemary Amidei Elaine Bruer Myrtali AnagnostopoulosMarian G. Bailey Madeleine A. Mahnken Vicki CypherdSusan Orlofsky Tommy F. HilliardElizabeth Whalen Production Coordinators Elizabeth Peters

Mary A. Young A l i c e N Thompson (this volume)Nancy DurhamJoanne Collins

xiv

JOIDES AdvisoryGroups *

Executive CommitteeDr. William A. Nierenberg

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. James D. Baker, Jr.

University of WashingtonProfessor Dr. F. Bender

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. G. Ross Heath

Oregon State UniversityDr. Charles E. Helsley

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsSir Peter Kent, F.R.S.

Natural Environment Research CouncilDr. John A. Knauss

University of Rhode IslandDr. Noriyuki Nasu

University of TokyoDr. Worth D. Nowlin, Jr.

Texas A&M UniversityDr. M. N. A. Peterson (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyMonsieur Gerard Piketty

Centre National pour VExploitation des OceansDr. A. V. Sidorenko

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Dr. John Steele

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Manik Talwani

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryProfessor T. K. Treadwell, Jr.

Texas A&M UniversityDr. Warren Wisby

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencePlanning CommitteeDr. E. L. Winterer

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Helmut Beiersdorf

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. William R. Bryant

Texas A&M UniversityDr. Joe R. Cann

University of NewcastleDr. Joe S. Creager

University of WashingtonDr. J. Dymond

Oregon State University* Membership at time of cruise.

Mr. John EwingWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Dennis E. HayesLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Kazuo KobayashiUniversity of Tokyo

Dr. Yves Lancelot (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Xavier LePichonUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie

Dr. Ralph MoberlyHawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. T. C. Moore, Jr.University of Rhode Island

Dr. L. NikitinAcademy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.

Dr. William Riedel (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Wolfgang SchlagerUniversity of Miami

Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Petrologyand Physical Properties

Dr. A. RichardsLehigh University

Dr. Michael A. ArthurUS. Geological Survey

Dr. R. BennettNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Dr. J. ConollyERA North America Inc.

Dr. John W. HandinTexas A&M University

Dr. George deVries KleinUniversity of Illinois

Dr. I. N. McCaveUniversity of East Anglia

Dr. Frederic MélièresUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie

Dr. Ralph Moberly (ex-officio)Hawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. O. H. PilkeyDuke University

Dr. Peter RotheGeographisches Institut der Universitat Mannheim

Dr. Matthew H. Salisbury (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. P. P. TimofeevAcademy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.

xv

Advisory Panel on Organic GeochemistryDr. Keith Kvenvolden

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Earl W. Baker

Florida Atlantic UniversityDr. Geoffrey Eglinton (ex-officio)

University of BristolDr. J. Gordon Erdman

Phillips Petroleum CompanyDr. Eric M. Galimov

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Dr. John M. Hunt

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Philip A. Meyers

University of MichiganDr. Kenneth A. Pisciotto (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Bernd R. T. Simoneit

University of California, Los AngelesDr. B. Tissot

Institut Francais du PétroleDr. Dietrich Welte

Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Geochemie, und Lagerstattendes Erdöls und der Kohle

Dr. E. L. Winterer (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Advisory Panel on Information HandlingDr. D. W. Appleman

Smithsonian InstitutionDr. H. Glashoff

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. John C. Hathaway

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. A. Loeblich, Jr.

University of California, Los AngelesDr. M. S. Loughridge

National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationDr. Marthe Melguen

Centre Oceanologique de BretagneDr. T. C. Moore, Jr. (ex-officio)

University of Rhode IslandMr. Peter Woodbury (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. V. V. Zdorovenin

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Industrial Liaison PanelMr. W. A. Roberts

Phillips Petroleum CompanyMr. R. L. Adams

Conoco IncorporatedDr. N. P. Budnikov

Ministry of Geology of the U.S.S.R.Mr. Melvin J. Hill

Gulf Oil Exploration and Production Company

Dr. Ing. Guenter PetersonDeutsche Schachtbau und Tiefbohrergesellschqft mbH

Monsieur Gilbert RutmanSociéte Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine

Mr. G. WilliamsUnited Kingdom Offshore Operators Association, Ltd.

Advisory Panel on Ocean CrustDr. Paul J. Fox

Centre Oceanologique de BretagneDr. N. A. Bogdanov

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Dr. Henri Bougault

Centre Oceanologique de BretagneDr. Robert G. Coleman

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. J. Dymond (ex-officio)

Oregon State UniversityDr. Rolf Emmermann

Universitàt KarlsruheDr. Jean Francheteau

Centre National pour I'Exploitation des OceansDr. Jose Honnorez

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceDr. H. P. Johnson

University of WashingtonDr. Roger L. Larson

University of Rhode IslandDr. Ralph Moberly (ex-officio)

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsDr. James H. Natland (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. M. Ozima

University of TokyoDr. Ralph Stephan

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. John Tarney

University of BirminghamAdvisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Active)Dr. Roland von Huene

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Michael Audley-Charles

Queen Mary CollegeDr. Peter F. Barker

University of BirminghamDr. Jean-Paul Cadet

Université d'OrleansDr. William T. Coulbourn (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Joe S. Creager (ex-officio)

University of WashingtonDr. W. R. Dickinson

University of ArizonaDr. Y. I. Dmitriev

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.xv i

Dr. D. M. HussongHawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. Daniel KarigCornell University

Dr. Keith Kvenvolden (ex-officio)U.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Xavier LePichon (ex-officio)Université Pierre et Marie Curie

Dr. Kazuaki NakamuraUniversity of Tokyo

Dr. H. W. WaltherBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Dr. Joel S. WatkinsGulf Science and Development Company

Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Passive)Dr. Robert E. Sheridan

University of DelawareDr. Helmut Beiersdorf (ex-officio)

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. Arnold H. Bouma

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. William R. Bryant (ex-officio)

Texas A&M UniversityMr. John A. Grow

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. K. Hinz

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. John M. Hunt (ex-officio)

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. H. Kagami

University of TokyoDr. Yves Lancelot (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. L. Montadert

Institut Francais du PétroleProfessor V. Nalivkin

Liteynyi Prospect, LeningradDr. D. G. Roberts

Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, SurreyProfessor Dr. E. Seibold

Universitat KielDr. S. Snelson

Shell Development CompanyDr. J. Thiede

Universitetet i OsloDr. P. R. Vail

Exxon Production Research CompanyDr. Jan Van Hinte

Vrije UniversiteitAdvisory Panel on Pollution Prevention and SafetyDr. Louis E. Garrison

U.S. Geological Survey

Dr. N. I. BeliyMinistry of Gas Industry, U.S.S.R.

Dr. George ClaypoolU.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Brian E. DaviesSohio Petroleum Company

Dr. R. G. Douglas (ex-officio)University of Southern California

Mr. John Ewing (ex-officio)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Paul J. Fox (ex-officio)Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne

Dr. H. Grant GoodellUniversity of Virginia

Dr. Arthur E. GreenExxon Production Research Company

Professor A. J. HornAtherton, California

Dr. Ernst HotzDeminex, Essen, Federal Republic of Germany

Mr. J. LaherrèreCompagnie Francais des Pétroles

Dr. Yves Lancelot (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. A. E. Maxwell (ex-officio)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Robert E. Sheridan (ex-officio)University of Delaware

Dr. G. D. TaylorBritish Petroleum Company, Ltd.

Dr. Roland von Huene (ex-officio)U.S. Geological Survey

Advisory Panel on Inorganic GeochemistryDr. Joris M. Gieskes

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. J. Dymond (ex-officio)

Oregon State UniversityDr. Henry Elderfield

University of LeedsDr. Margaret Leinen

University of Rhode IslandDr. Frank T. Manheim

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Kenneth A. Pisciotto (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. I. D. Ryabchikov

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Dr. Samuel M. Savin

Case Western Reserve UniversityDr. Y. Tardy

Laboratoire de Pédologie et Géochemie, ToulouseDr. K. H. Wedepohl

Geochemisches Institut der Universitat, Göttingen

xvπ

Stratigraphic Correlations PanelDr. Richard Z. Poore

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. V. A. Basov

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Dr. Lloyd Burckle

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. P. Cepek

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. Joe S. Creager (ex-officio)

University of WashingtonDr. D. Graham Jenkins

Open University, BuckinghamshireDr. Catherine Nigrini

La Habra Heights, CaliforniaDr. J. B. Saunders

Naturhistorisches Museum, BaselDr. J. L. Usher (ex-officio) (deceased)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDownhole Measurements PanelDr. R. Hyndman

Pacific Geoscience Centre, Sidney, BCDr. Heinz Beckmann

Technische Universitàt ClausthalMr. R. E. Boyce (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. William R. Bryant (ex-officio)

Texas A&M UniversityDr. N. Christensen

University of WashingtonMr. A. H. Jageler

Amoco Production Research CompanyDr. Hajimu Kinoshita

Chiba UniversityDr. D. H. Matthews

University of CambridgeDr. Yuri Neprochnov

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Dr. Vince Renard

Centre National pour I'Exploitation des OceansDr. A. Richards (ex-officio)

Lehigh UniversityMr. J. R. Severns

McCulloh Oil CorporationAdvisory Panel on Ocean PaleoenvironmentDr. Robert G. Douglas

University of Southern CaliforniaDr. Charles Adelseck, Jr. (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Wolfgang Berger

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Herve Chamley

Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille

Dr. G. Eglinton (ex-officio)University of Bristol

Dr. Dieter FuttererUniversitàt Kiel

Dr. James D. HaysLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Hugh C. JenkynsUniversity of Oxford

Dr. James P. KennettUniversity of Rhode Island

Dr. T. C. Moore, Jr. (ex-officio)University of Rhode Island

Dr. William RuddimanLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Seymour O. SchlagerHawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. W. V. SliterU.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Y. TakayanagiTohoku University

Dr. P. P. TimofeevAcademy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.

Dr. E. L. Winterer (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Advisory Panel on Site SurveyingDr. E. J. W. Jones

University of LondonDr. LeRoy M. Dorman

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Robert G. Douglas (ex-officio)

University of Southern CaliforniaDr. Paul J. Fox (ex-officio)

Centre Oceanologique de BretagneDr. Dennis E. Hayes (ex-officio)

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Shozaburo Nagumo

University of TokyoDr. Philip D. Rabinowitz (ex-officio)

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Wolfgang Schlager (ex-officio)

University of MiamiDr. Roland Schlich

Institut Physique du GlobeDr. A. A. Schreider

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.Dr. Robert E. Sheridan (ex-officio)

University of DelawareDr. Thomas H. Shipley (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Roland von Huene (ex-officio)

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Wilfried Weigel

Universitàt HamburgXVlll

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectSAMPLE DISTRIBUTION POLICY*

Distribution of Deep Sea Drilling samples for investi-gation will be undertaken in order to (1) provide sup-plementary data to support GLOMAR CHAL-LENGER scientists in achieving the scientific objec-tives of their particular cruise, and in addition toserve as a mechanism for contributions to the InitialReports; (2) provide individual investigators withmaterials that are stored with samples for referenceand comparison purposes.

The National Science Foundation has established aSample Distribution Panel to advise on the distribu-tion of core materials. This panel is chosen in accord-ance with usual Foundation practices, in a mannerthat will assure advice in the various disciplines lead-ing to a complete and adequate study of the cores andtheir contents. Funding for the proposed researchmust be secured separately by the investigator. Itcannot be provided through the Deep Sea DrillingProject.

The Deep Sea Drilling Projects Curator is respon-sible for distributing the samples and controllingtheir quality, as well as preserving and conservingcore material. He also is responsible for maintaininga record of all samples that have been distributed,shipboard and subsequent, indicating the recipientand the nature of the proposed investigation. This in-formation is made available to all investigators ofDSDP materials as well as to other interested re-searchers on request.

The distribution of samples is made directly from oneof the two existing repositories, Lamont-DohertyGeological Observatory and Scripps Institution ofOceanography, by the Curator or his designatedrepresentative.

1. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading toContributions to Initial Reports

Any investigator who wishes to contribute a paper toa given volume of the Initial Reports may write to theChief Scientist, Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031),Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University ofCalifornia at Saa Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,U.S.A., requesting samples from a forthcomingcruise. Requests for a specific cruise should be re-ceived by the Chief Scientist two months in advanceof the departure of the cruise in order to allow timefor the review and consideration of all requests andto establish a suitable shipboard sampling program.The request should include a statement of the nature

of the study proposed, size and approximate numberof samples required to complete the study, and anyparticular sampling technique or equipment thatmight be required. The requests will be reviewed bythe Chief Scientist of the Project and the cruiseco-chief scientists; approval will be given in accord-ance with the scientific requirements of the cruise asdetermined by the appropriate JOIDES advisorypanel(s). If approved, the requested samples will betaken, either by the shipboard party if the workloadpermits or by the curatorial staff shortly followingthe return of the cores to the repository. Proposalsmust be of a scope to ensure that samples can beprocessed and a contribution completed in time forpublication in the Initial Reports. Except for rare,specific instances involving ephemeral properties,sampling will not exceed one-quarter of the volumeof core recovered, with no interval being depletedand one-half of all core being retained as an archive.Shipboard sampling shall not exceed approximately100 igneous samples per investigator; in all casesco-chief scientists are requested to keep sampling toa minimum.

The co-chief scientists may elect to have specialstudies of selected core samples made by other inves-tigators. In this event the names of these investigatorsand complete listings of all materials loaned or dis-tributed must be forwarded, if possible prior to thecruise or as soon as possible following the cruise, tothe Chief Scientist through the DSDP Staff ScienceRepresentative for that particular cruise. In suchcases, all requirements of the Sample DistributionPolicy shall also apply.If a dispute arises or if a decision cannot be reachedin the manner prescribed, the NSF Sample Distribu-tion Panel will conduct the final arbitration.Any publication of results other than in the InitialReports within twelve (12) months of the completionof the cruise must be approved and authored by thewhole shipboard party and, where appropriate,shore-based investigators. After twelve months, in-dividual investigators may submit related papers foropen publication provided they have submitted theircontributions to the Initial Reports. A paper too latefor inclusion in the Initial Reports for a specificcruise may not be published elsewhere until publica-tion of that Initial Reports for which it was intended.Notice of submission to other journals and a copy ofthe article should be sent to the DSDP Staff ScienceRepresentative for that leg.

*Revised October 1976

XIX

2. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading toPublication Other Than in Initial Reports

A. Researchers intending to request samples forstudies beyond the scope of the Initial Reportsshould first obtain sample request forms fromthe Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project(A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanography,University of California at San Diego, LaJolla, California 92093, U.S.A. On the formsthe researcher is requested to specify the quan-tities and intervals of the core required, makea clear statement of the proposed research,state time required to complete and submitresults for publication, and specify the statusof funding and the availability of equipmentand space foreseen for the research.

In order to ensure that all requests for highlydesirable but limited samples can be con-sidered, approval of requests and distributionof samples will not be made prior to 2 monthsafter publication of the Initial Core Descrip-tions (ICD). ICD's are required to be pub-lished within 10 months following each cruise.The only exceptions to this policy will be forspecific instances involving ephemeral proper-ties. Requests for samples can be based on theInitial Core Descriptions, copies of which areon file at various institutions throughout theworld. Copies of original core logs and dataare kept on open file at DSDP and at the Re-pository at Lamont-Doherty Geological Ob-servatory, Palisades, New York. Requests forsamples from researchers in industrial labora-tories will be handled in the same manner asthose from academic organizations, with thesame obligation to publish results promptly.

B. (1) The DSDP Curator is authorized to dis-tribute samples to 50 ml per meter of core. Re-quests for volumes of material in excess of thisamount will be referred to the NSF SampleDistribution Panel for review and approval.Experience has shown that most investigationscan be accomplished with samples 10 ml orsmaller. All investigators are encouraged to beas judicious as possible with regard to samplesize and, especially, frequency within anygiven core interval. The Curator will not auto-matically distribute any parts of the coreswhich appear to be in particularly high de-mand; requests for such parts will be referredto the Sample Distribution Panel for review.Requests for samples from thin layers or im-portant stratigraphic boundaries will also re-quire Panel review.

(2) If investigators wish to study certain prop-erties which may deteriorate prior to the nor-mal availability of the samples, they may re-quest that the normal waiting period not ap-ply. All such requests must be reviewed by theCurator and approved by the NSF SampleDistribution Panel.

C. Samples will not be provided prior to assur-ance that funding for sample studies eitherexists or is not needed. However, neitherformal approval of sample requests nor distri-bution of samples will be made until theappropriate time (Item A). If a sample requestis dependent, either wholly or in part, onproposed funding, the Curator is prepared toprovide to the organization to whom the fund-ing proposal has been submitted any informa-tion on the availability (or potential availabil-ity) of samples that it may request.

D. Investigators receiving samples are respon-sible for:

(1) publishing significant results; contribu-tions shall not be submitted for publicationprior to 12 months following the terminationof the appropriate leg;

(2) acknowledging, in publications, that sam-ples were supplied through the assistance ofthe U.S. National Science Foundation andothers as appropriate;

(3) submitting five (5) copies (for distributionto the Curator's file, the DSDP repositories,the GLOMAR CHALLENGERI library, andthe National Science Foundation) of all re-prints of published results to the Curator,Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031), Scripps In-stitution of Oceanography, University of Cali-fornia at San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, U.S.A.;

(4) returning, in good condition, the remain-ders of samples after termination of research,if requested by the Curator.

E. Cores are made available at repositories forinvestigators to examine and to specify exactsamples in such instances as may be necessaryfor the scientific purposes of the sampling,subject to the limitations of B (1 and 2) and D,above, with specific permission of the Curatoror his delegate.

F. Shipboard-produced smear slides of sedi-ments and thin sections of indurated sedi-ments, igneous, and metamorphic rocks willbe returned to the appropriate repository atthe end of each cruise or at the publication of

xx

the Initial Reports for that cruise. Thesesmear slides and thin sections will form areference collection of the cores stored at eachrepository and may be viewed at the respectiverepositories as an aid in the selection of coresamples.

3. Reference Centers

As a separate and special category, samples will bedistributed for the purpose of establishing up to fivereference centers where paleontologic materials willbe available for reference and comparison purposes.The first of these reference centers has been approvedat Basel, Switzerland.

Data Distribution Policy

Data gathered on board D/V Glomar Challengerand in DSDP shore laboratories are available to allresearchers 12 months after the completion of eachcruise. The files are part of a coordinated computerdatabase, fully searchable and coordinated to otherfiles. Data sets representing a variety of geologic en-vironments can be arranged for researchers who maywish to manipulate the database directly.

Most data requests are filled free of charge, exceptif they are unusually large or complex and directcosts exceed $50.

When data are used for publication, the NationalScience Foundation must be acknowledged andDSDP provided with five reprints for inclusion in theDSDP index of publications and investigations. Re-quests for data should be submitted to:

Data Manager, Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of Oceanography (A-031)University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California 92093

Telephone: (714) 452-3526Cable Address: SIOCEAN

I. The database includes files generally availableboth in digital form on magnetic tape and asmicrofilm copies of the original observationforms.

A. Geophysical data include underway bathym-etry, magnetics, and sub-bottom profiles;bathymetry data exist both as 12-kHz and3.5-kHz records. Underway data are pro-cessed by DSDP and the Geological DataCenter at Scripps Institution of Oceanography(SIO). Seismic records are available inmicrofilm and photographic prints.

B. Physical property data obtained on boardGlomar Challenger include:

Analytical water content, porosity, anddensity

Density and porosity by Gamma Ray At-tenuation Porosity Evaluator (GRAPE)

Acoustic velocity by Hamilton FrameMethod

Thermal conductivityHeat flow (in situ)Natural gamma radiation (discontinued

after Leg 19)Well logs

C. Sediment data obtained on board ship andfrom core samples in DSDP shore labora-tories include:

Core photographsVisual core descriptionsSmear slide descriptionsX-ray diffractionX-ray fluorescenceTotal carbon, organic carbon, and carbon-

ate determinationsGrain-size determinations (sand, silt, clay)Interstitial water chemistryGas chromatography

D. Igneous rock data include:Core photographsVisual core descriptionsRock chemistryPaleomagneticsThin-section descriptions

E. Paleontologic data include fossil names,abundance, preservation, and age of sampleand are available, for selected sites, for Ter-tiary and Mesozoic taxa. Range charts can begenerated from the database, using the lineprinter. A glossary of fossil names is availableon microfiche or magnetic tape.

F. Ancillary files include:Site positionsSub-bottom depths of coresMaster Guide File (a searchable core data

summary file)

II. Additional publications, aids to research, areperiodically updated and distributed to libraries.Single copies, at no charge, are distributed onmicrofiche at 48X magnification, except for theData Datas (C, opposite), which are at 24X. Theyinclude:

A. Guides to DSDP Core Materials, a series ofprinted summaries containing maxima, min-ima, and typical values for selected observa-tions. Guides are available for each of the

xxi

major ocean basins and for Phases I, II, andIII of the drilling program. The source datasummary file is also available.

B. Index to Initial Reports and SubsequentPublications and Investigations is a compre-hensive key word index to chapters of the Ini-tial Reports and to papers and investigationsin progress which cite DSDP samples or data.The Index and its annotated bibliographyserve to inform researchers of other inves-tigators working on similar projects. Eachpaper is assigned key words for field of study,material, geographic area, and geologic age.A complete citation, including the assignedkey words, is printed in the bibliography. Keywords are permuted to form a comprehensivecross-index to the author reference list.

C. Data Data, a series of informal memorandaproviding a quick reference to accessible data,is available on microfiche. Also available is asite position map to assist researchers in large-area studies. (Site positions are plotted on abathymetry map compiled by the SIOGeologic Data Center.)

D. Data Retrieval and Application ComputerPrograms to perform data management andretrieval functions and a set of programsdesigned to provide special graphic displaysof data are available; they may be of limiteduse because of differences in computer hard-ware. All current programs are written inALGOL for a Burroughs 7800 computer sys-tem. Software inquiries may be addressed tothe Data Manager.

xxn

CONTENTS

Chapter Page Chapter Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 10. CONCENTRATIONS AND CARBON ISO-TOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF CH4 ANDCO2 IN GAS FROM SEDIMENTS OF THE

PART I: SITE REPORTS AND UNDERWAY DATA BLAKE OUTER RIDGE, DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT LEG 76 403

1. INTRODUCTION 5 E. M. Galimov and K. A. KvenvoldenF. M. Gradstein and R. E. Sheridan

2. EXPLANATORY NOTES 19 PART III: ORGANIC AND INORGANICShipboard Scientific Party GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY-

BLAKE OUTER RIDGE AND BLAKE-BAHA-3. SITE 533: BLAKE OUTER RIDGE 35 MA BASIN

Shipboard Scientific Party11. MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF

4. SITE 534: BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN 141 CARBONATE DIAGENESIS OF THEShipboard Scientific Party PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE HEMI-

PELAGIC MUD ON THE BLAKE OUTER5. MAGNETIC, BATHYMETRIC, SEISMIC RIDGE, SITE 533, LEG 76 411

REFLECTION, AND POSITIONING DATA R. MatsumotoCOLLECTED UNDERWAY ON GLOMARCHALLENGER, LEG 76 341 12. GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OFR. E. Sheridan SELECTED CARBONACEOUS CLAY-

STONES IN THE LOWER CRETACEOUSFROM THE BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN,

PART II: GAS HYDRATES-BLAKE NORTH ATLANTIC 429OUTER RIDGE H. Kagami, T. Ishizuka, and S. Aoki

6. GAS HYDRATES OF THE BLAKE OUTER 13. CLAY MINERALOGICAL AND INOR-RIDGE, SITE 533, DEEP SEA DRILLING GANIC GEOCHEMICAL STRATIGRA-PROJECT LEG 76 353 PHY OF BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN SINCEK. A. Kvenvolden and L. A. Barnard THE CALLOVIAN, SITE 534, DEEP SEA

DRILLING PROJECT LEG 76 4377. PRESSURE CORE BARREL: APPLICA- H. Chamley, P. Debrabant, A.-M. Candillier,

TION TO THE STUDY OF GAS and J. FoulonHYDRATES, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT SITE 533, LEG 76 367 14. CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSI-K. A. Kvenvolden, L. A. Barnard, and TION OF INTERSTITIAL WATER FROMD. H. Cameron DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITES

533 AND 534 4538. MOLECULAR AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSI- P. D. Jenden and J. M. Gieskes

TIONS OF HYDROCARBONS AT SITE533, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 15. ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERLEG 76 377 OF SOME DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJ-J. M. Brooks, L. A. Barnard, ECT CORES FROM LEGS 76 AND 44 463D. A. Weisenburg, M. C. Kennicutt II, B. J. Katzand K. A. Kvenvolden

16. ORGANIC FACIES OF CRETACEOUS9. ANOXIC DIAGENESIS AND METHANE AND JURASSIC SEDIMENTS FROM

GENERATION IN SEDIMENTS OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE 534BLAKE OUTER RIDGE, DEEP SEA IN THE BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN, WEST-DRILLING PROJECT SITE 533, LEG 76 391 ERN NORTH ATLANTIC 469G. E. Claypool and C. N. Threlkeld C. P. Summerhayes and T. C. Masran

xxii


17. ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY IN THE ME-SOZOIC AND CENOZOIC FORMATIONSOF SITE 534, LEG 76, BLAKE-BAHAMABASIN, AND COMPARISON WITH SITE391, LEG 44J. P. Herbin, G. Deroo, and J. Roucaché

PART IV: BIOSTRATIGRAPHY-BLAKEOUTER RIDGE AND BLAKE-BAHAMABASIN

.481

24.

25.

18.

19.

20.

21,

22.

23.

BENTHIC FORAMINIFERS OF SITE 533,LEG 76 OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT-FAUNAL VARIATIONS DUR-ING THE PLIOCENE AND PLEISTO-CENE ON THE BLAKE OUTER RIDGE(WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC) 497L. Blanc-Vernet

UPPER NEOGENE AND QUATERNARYPLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERS FROMTHE BLAKE OUTER RIDGE ANDBLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN (WESTERNNORTH ATLANTIC), DEEP SEA DRILL-ING PROJECT LEG 76, SITES 533 AND534 511M. Moullade

PALEOECOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHYOF JURASSIC ABYSSAL FORAMINIF-ERA IN THE BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN,DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE 534 . . .537F. M. Gradstein

CALPIONELLIDS AND THE JURASSIC/CRETACEOUS BOUNDARY AT DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT SITE 534, WEST-ERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 561J. Remane

26.

27.

28.

JURASSIC OSTRACODES OF DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT LEG 76, HOLE534A, BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN .581H. J. Oertli

JURASSIC AND LOWER CRETACEOUSCALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS IN THEWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC (SITE534): BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, PRESERVA-TION, AND SOME OBSERVATIONS ONBIOGEOGRAPHY AND PALEOCEAN-OGRAPHY 587P. H. Roth

DINOFLAGELLATE AGE OF MIDDLEJURASSIC-EARLY CRETACEOUS SEDI-MENTS IN THE BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN .. .623D. Habib and W. S. Drugg

EARLY CRETACEOUS CEPHALOPODAFROM THE BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN(DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT LEG 76,HOLE 534A) AND THEIR CORRELATIONIN THE ATLANTIC AND SOUTHWEST-ERN TETHYS 639O. Renz

REDEPOSITED AND/OR REWORKEDLARGER BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAFROM MIOCENE DEBRIS FLOWS,BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN (WESTERNNORTH ATLANTIC), DEEP SEA DRILL-ING PROJECT LEGS 44 (SITE 391) AND76 (SITE 534) 645J. Butterlin and M. Moullade

PART V: GEOPHYSICS AND IGNEOUSPETROLOGY-BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN

SUMMARY OF MIDDLE JURASSIC-EARLY CRETACEOUS RADIOLARIANBIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF SITE 534(BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN) AND CORRE-LATION TO TETHYAN SECTIONSP. O. Baumgartner

JURASSIC CALCAREOUS NANNOFOS-SIL ZONATION, AN OVERVIEW WITHNEW EVIDENCE FROM DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT SITE 534P. H. Roth, A. W. Medd, and D. K. Watkins

29. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHETICSEISMOGRAMS, AND SEISMICREFLECTIONS: CORRELATIONS ATDEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE

.569 534, BLAKE-BAHAMA BASINT. H. Shipley

30. SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY IN THEBLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN AND THEORIGIN OF HORIZON D

.573 R. E. Sheridan, L. G. Bates, T. H. Shipley,and J. T. Crosby

.653

.667

XXiV


31. MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY OF UPPERJURASSIC AND LOWEST CRETACEOUSSEDIMENTS, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT SITE 534, WESTERN NORTHATLANTIC 685J. G. Ogg

32. THE SUSCEPTIBILITY ANDTIME-DEPENDENT MAGNETIZATIONOF BASALTS FROM DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT HOLE 534A,BLAKE PLATEAU 699M. M. Testarmata and W. A. Gose

33. PALEOMAGNETISM OF MIDDLEJURASSIC BASALTS, DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT LEG 76 705M. B. Steiner

39.

40.

41.

34. PETROGRAPHY, MINERALOGY, ANDGEOCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS FROMHOLE 534A, LEG 76J. Logothetis

35. AN ESTIMATE OF THE HEAT FLOW INTHE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC ATDEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE 534J. Henderson and E. Davis

PART VI: REGIONAL STUDIES ANDGEOLOGICAL MODELS

36. DEPOSITION AND PROVENANCE OFMIOCENE INTRACLASTIC CHALKS,BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN, WESTERNNORTH ATLANTICD. M. Bliefnick, A. H. F. Robertson, andR. E. Sheridan

37. SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY AND GEO-LOGIC DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPEN-OCEAN CARBONATE SLOPE: THENORTHERN MARGIN OF LITTLE BA-HAMA BANKH. M. Van Buren and H. T. Mullins

38. LATEST CRETACEOUS AND EOCENEPALEOENVIRONMENTS IN THE BLAKE-BAHAMA BASIN, WESTERN NORTHATLANTICA. H. F. Robertson

.713

.719

43.

.727

SEDIMENTATION-RATE-DEPENDENTDISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC MATTERIN THE NORTH ATLANTIC JURASSIC-CRETACEOUS 781D. Habib

SEDIMENTOLOGY AND ORIGIN OFLOWER CRETACEOUS PELAGIC CAR-BONATES AND REDEPOSITED CLAS-TICS, BLAKE-BAHAMA FORMATION,DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE534, WESTERN EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC . . .795A. H. F. Robertson and D. M. Bliefnick

JURASSIC SEDIMENTATION HISTORYOF SITE 534 (WESTERN NORTH ATLAN-TIC) AND OF THE ATLANTIC-TETHYSSEAWAY 829J. G. Ogg, A. H. F. Robertson, andL. F. Jansa

42. RIFTING AND EARLY DRIFTING: ME-SOZOIC CENTRAL ATLANTIC AND LI-GURIAN TETHYS 885M. Lemoine

PHENOMENA OF PULSATION TECTON-ICS RELATED TO THE BREAKUP OFTHE EASTERN NORTH AMERICANCONTINENTAL MARGIN 897R. E. Sheridan

PART VII: SYNTHESIS

44. ON THE JURASSIC ATLANTIC OCEAN.749 AND A SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS OF

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT LEG 76 . . . .913F. M. Gradstein and R. E. Sheridan

APPENDIX I: CARBON AND CARBONATE.763 ANALYSIS, LEG 76 945

The Deep Sea Drilling Project

xxv

BACK-POCKET FOLDOUTS

CHAPTER 4: FIGURE 5. MULTIPLE STRATIGRA-PHY OF THE JURASSIC-EARLY CRETACEOUSSTRATA IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTICOCEAN AND MARGIN AND PREDICTIONS ONTHE JURASSIC BIO-, MAGNETO-, AND SEISMO-STRATIGRAPHY AND REGIONAL GEOLOGICEVENTS IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC.

Shipboard Scientific Party

CHAPTER 4: FIGURE 13. STRATIGRAPHICSUMMARY OF SITE 534, BLAKE-BAHAMABASIN.

Shipboard Scientific Party

CHAPTER 5: FIGURE 4. SEISMIC REFLECTIONPROFILES RECORDED ON LEG 76.

R. E. Sheridan

CHAPTER 25: FIGURE 5. PRESERVATION, DISTRI-BUTION, AND SPECIES DIVERSITIES OF NANNO-FOSSILS FROM CRETACEOUS SAMPLES AT SITE 534.

P. H. Roth

CHAPTER 44: FIGURE 5. RELATIONSHIP BE-TWEEN DISTRIBUTIONS OF JURASSIC, CRETA-CEOUS, AND CENOZOIC MICROFOSSIL ASSEM-BLAGES OR EVENTS AND MAJOR GEOLOGIC,CLIMATIC, AND OCEANOGRAPHIC EVENTS INTHE NORTH AMERICAN BASIN, WESTERNNORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN.

F. M. Gradstein and R. E. Sheridan

xxvi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many years of planning, negotiation, and preparation were involved in bringing about the successfuldrilling on Leg 76 of Mesozoic ocean sediments and underlying oceanic basement in the Blake-Bahama Ba-sin and of gas hydrates on the Blake Outer Ridge. We owe much to those scientists and administrators whoplayed a role in these precruise efforts, as well as to our shipmates on Glomar Challenger who completedthe drilling.

As long ago as 1968 the merit of drilling in the Blake-Bahama Basin was identified by Robert Sheridanto the late Dr. Maurice Ewing of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, who forwarded the proposedsite at the base of the Blake Escarpment to Terry Edgar, then chief scientist at the Deep Sea Drilling Proj-ect (DSDP). Similar objectives to this early proposal were drilled on Legs 1 and 11 in the San Salvador re-gion, so the Blake-Bahama Basin was not drilled.

In early 1975 it became clear from new multichannel seismic reflection data in the Blake-Bahama Basinthat oceanic basement was shallow enough to be barely within reach of Glomar Challengeri drill. A pro-posal to drill there was formulated with data supplied by Lucien Montadert of the Institut Francais duPetrole (IFP) to John Ewing, then Chairman of the Atlantic Panel of JOIDES. As a result of that panel'sefforts, Leg 44 was launched with a prime objective to drill to basement in the Blake-Bahama Basin. Un-fortunately, the reentry cones failed and basement was not reached on that leg.

This failure, and other failures in attempts to drill into Jurassic sediments and basement with GlomarChallenger, created a stigma that future proposals to drill in the Blake-Bahama Basin would have to bear.Was it technologically too risky to try such deep drilling? In spite of this stigma the outstanding scientificmerits of the proposal won high priority rankings in the JOIDES Passive Margin Panel of 1978, under theleadership of Joseph Curray.

Next, site surveys on the Blake Outer Ridge and in the Blake-Bahama Basin were undertaken, whichwere approved by the JOIDES Site Survey Panel under the leadership of Brian Lewis and carried out byGeorge Bryan, Rudi Markl, and Robert Sheridan. (These site surveys greatly benefited from the data gainedduring Leg 44.) The drilling program in this area was approved by the JOIDES Passive Margin Panel in1979 and 1980, under the leadership of Robert Sheridan. Through the great efforts of this panel, Leg 76 inthe Blake-Bahama Basin was to be the beginning of a six-leg program on the North Atlantic and Gulf ofMexico margins, which was integrated to answer many significant questions on passive margins in generaland the history of the Atlantic in particular. Happily all of these legs were extraordinarily successful,thanks to the thoughtfulness of this panel.

The proposals of the Passive Margin Panel for Leg 76 were reviewed and eventually accepted by twogenerations of the JOIDES Planning Committee, first under the leadership of James Heirtzler and laterunder the leadership of Jerry Winterer. Great debates about the risk of such a deep-penetration, time-con-suming site were held, and some Planning Committee members gave the project only a 50% chance of suc-cess, because of the stigma of past failures. We thank the Planning Committees for their courage in accept-ing the proposal to drill in the Blake-Bahama Basin, and their commitment to possible extensions of timefor the project in light of the unusual technological demands.

The proposal to drill into the gas hydrates on the Blake Outer Ridge goes back to 1975 and Leg 44 whenJohn Ewing and John Hunt, and the then JOIDES Safety Panel Chairman, Hollis Hedberg, endorsed theproject. Refinement of the pressure core barrel by Don Cameron of DSDP and the geochemical experi-ments by Keith Kvenvolden, Chair of the JOIDES Organic Geochemistry Panel, contributed to the even-tual success of this project. We thank Lou Garrison, Chair, and the JOIDES Safety Panel for their clear-ance of the gas-hydrate experiment.

At sea the extraordinary success of Leg 76, because of the unusual technological demands, can only beattributed to the marine and drilling crews and technicians aboard Glomar Challenger. Thanks are given tocaptains Joseph Clarke and Loyd Dill, to operations managers Glen Foss and Bob Knapp, to drillingsuperintendents A. C. Wheeler and Bob Lee, and to drilling foremen Mac Stillwell and Howard Guillot.Extraordinary care was required for reentry of the deep hole at Site 534 across bridges that took more thanone hour to stab through. Great patience and effort were brought to this task by drillers David Billingtonand Dan Womack. The laboratory technicians were of tremendous help under the leadership of Ted Gus-tafson and Michael Lehman.

During Leg 76, we had the benefits of a seminar series on well logging provided by Larry Wells of Scien-tific Software Corporation. The logging engineer, Larry Axline, of Gearhart-Owen, was most helpful inrunning and calibrating the downhole logs.

We wish to thank the efforts of the Deep Sea Drilling Project staff, especially Chief Scientist Yves Lan-celot for his commitment to the success of Leg 76. His obvious awareness of the scientific merits of the legand his willingness to make creative logistical decisions were extremely important to us. The publicationsdepartment of the Project, especially editor Susan Orlofsky and production coordinator Nancy Durham,did outstanding work in the timely completion of this volume.

Samples of the oldest rocks collected at Site 534 in the ... · Volume 65—January, 1983 Volume...

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