Sample Paper Electronic “Online” Resource - Oviatt...

Updated: October 26, 2010 (7:41 p.m.) 1 of 77

Presented by: Eric Garcia, Reference Librarian

Source: MLA Handbook for Writers and Research Papers, 7th Edition, 2009 For Further Assistance Contact Your Instructor or Librarian

APA Style Guide | APA Style Guide – Quick & Easy | MLA Style Guide | MLA Style Guide – Quick & Easy

Sample Paper First Page (example) page 3 Work Cited Page (example) page 4 Title Page page 5 Margins page 5 Text Formatting page 5 Heading and Title page 5 Page Numbers page 5 Common Abbreviations page 6

Subscription Databases (article/s) Academic Search Elite page 7 ERIC page 8 EUREKA page 9 CHOICES page 10 General OneFile page 11 PsycINFO page 12 Literature Resource Center page 13 Project MUSE page 14 Sage page 15 ScienceDirect page 16 SpringerLink page 17 WilsonWeb page 18

Article/s [in print] One Author page 19 Two Authors page 20 More than Authors page 21 More than Six Authors page 22

Electronic “Online” Resource Annual Report page 23 Book chapter page 24 Electronic Book (E-Book) page 25 Multipage Document page 26 Online dictionary page 27 Google Book page 28 Online encyclopedia (ex. 2) page 29 Online handbook page 30 YouTube (Individual, ex. 1) page 31 YouTube (Video of JibJab, ex. 2) page 32 JibJab (Main Source) page 33 YouTube (Organization) page 34 YouTube (Business Name or Corporation Entity)

page 35

Webpage (ex. 1) page 36 Webpage (ex. 2) page 37 Webpage (ex. 3) page 38 Webpage (ex. 4) page 39 Wiki page 40

Book/s One Author page 41 Two Authors page 42 Three Authors page 43 More than Three Authors page 44 No Authors page 45 Translated Work page 46

http://library.csun.edu/egarcia/documents/apacitationguide.pdf

http://library.csun.edu/egarcia/documents/mlastyleguide.pdf

http://library.csun.edu/egarcia/documents/mlacitation_quickguide.pdf


Author/s and Editor/s With Author/s and Editor/s page 47

Edited Book/s One Editor page 48 Two Editors page 49 More than Three Editors page 50 Article or Chapter in an Edited Book page 51 No Editor/s page 52

Government Publication Print (Occupational Outlook Handbook) page 53 Online (Occupational Outlook Handbook)

page 54

Online (National Center for Education Statistics “NCES”)

page 55

Article/s [from the web]

Online Periodical (using i.e. Google, AltaVista, etc.)

page 56

Online Scholarly Journal (using i.e. Google, AltaVista, etc.)

page 57

Conference Paper and Proceedings

Conference Paper (ex. 1) page 58 Conference Paper (ex. 2) page 59 Conference Paper (ex. 3) page 60 Published Proceedings page 51

Dissertation/Thesis Unpublished Thesis page 62 Unpublished Dissertation page 63 Published Dissertation (online) page 64

Common Sources A Letter, a Memos, or an E-Mail Message page 65 Interviews page 66

Legal Citation A Legal Source page 66 The Bluebook page 66

Citing References In-Text

Authors Name in Reference page 67 Authors Name in Text page 68 Two to Three Authors page 69 Three or More Authors page 70 Multiple Authors in Reference page 71 Multiple Authors (exception) page 72 Corporate Authors page 73 No Identified Authors page 74 Two or More Works by the Same Author/s

page 75

Quote within a Quote page 76

General Information

Created and maintained by Eric P. Garcia

Questions or comments may be sent to:

[email protected]

For help with MLA Citation, contact your instructor or librarian

for assistance.

http://library.csun.edu/egarcia/

http://library.csun.edu/egarcia/


Sample Paper [MLA 7th: section 4.3] - Return to top -

Fir

st Page:


Sample Paper [MLA 7th: section 5.3.1 to 5.3.3] - Return to top -

Work Cited:

Example: Works Cited Page

• “MLA style provides a flexible, modular format for recording key features of works cited or

consulted in the preparation of your research paper” (MLA 129).

• “The list of works cited appears at the end of the paper. Begin the list on a new page and number

each page, continuing the page numbers of the text. For example, if the text of your research

paper ends on page 10, the works-cited list begins on page 11” (MLA 130).

• “Entries in a works-cited list are arranged in alphabetical order, which helps the reader to find

the entry corresponding to a citation in the text. In general, alphabetize entries in the list of works

cited by the order of names in determined by the letters before the commas that separate last

names and first names” (MLA 131).


Sample Paper [MLA 7th: section 4.1-4.4] - Return to top -

Title Page:

• “If your teacher [or instructor] requires a title page, format it according to the instructions you are given” (MLA 7th, sec. 4.3, page 117).

Margins:

• “Except for page numbers, leave margins of one inch at the top and bottom and on both sides of the text” (MLA 7th, sec. 4.1, page 116).

Text Formatting:

• “Always choose an easily readable typeface (e.g., Times New Roman)…and set it to a standard size (e.g., 12 points [font size])” (MLA 7th, sec. 4.2, page 116).

• “Indent the first word in of a paragraph one-half inch from the left margin” (MLA, sec. 4.2).

• The default setting of the “tab key” in Microsoft Word has been preset for a ½ inch indentation. To manually add an indentation, start flush left and tap the space bar 15 times, which should equal ½ inch.

Heading and Title:

• “A research paper does not need a title page. Instead, beginning one inch from the top of the first page and flush with the left margin, type your name, your instructor’s name, the course number, and the date on separate lines, double-spacing between the lines” (MLA 7th, sec. 4.3, page 116).

• “Do not italicize or underline your title, put in quotation marks or boldface, or type it in all

capital letters. Follow the rules for capitalization in 3.6.1, and italicize only the words that you would italicize in the text” (MLA 7th, sec. 4.3, page 117).

• “If your teacher requires a title page, format it according to the instructions you are given” (MLA

7th, sec. 4.3, page 117). “Do not italicize or underline your title” (MLA 7th, sec. 4.3, page 117).

• “Do not use a period after your title or after any heading in the paper (e.g., Work Cited)” (MLA 7th, sec. 4.3, page 117).

Page Numbers:

• “Number all pages consecutively throughout the research paper in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. Type your last name before the page number, as a precaution in case of misplaced pages” (MLA 7th, sec. 4.4, page 117).


MLA Formatting Rules [MLA 7th: section 7.1 and 7.2] - Return to top -

Common Abbreviations

Editor, edition, edited by ed. Months Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr.,

Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. No date of publication n.d. No publisher n.p. No place of publication n.p. Page numbering not available n.page Producer, produced by prod. Part pt. Quoted qtd. Report, reported by rept. Review, reviewed by, revision, revised by

rev.

Reprint, reprinted by rpt. Translator, translation, translated by trans. University U University Press UP Press P Volume vol. Writer, written by writ.


Subscription Databases [MLA 7th: section 5.6.4] - Return to top -

Academic Search Elite:

Author/s: Robert Bauman Date of Publication: January 2007

Article Title: The Black power and Chicano movements in the poverty wars in Los Angeles

Journal Title: Journal of Urban History Volume: 33

Issue and/or Number (if paginated):

2

Page/s: 277-295 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: Academic Search Elite

MLA Example:

Bauman, Robert. “The Black Power and Chicano Movements in the Poverty Wars in Los Angeles.”

Journal of Urban History 33.2 (2007): 277-295. Academic Search Elite. Web. 15 Jan. 2010.



ERIC (EBSCO):

Author/s: Diane M. Browder and Karena Cooper-Duffy Date of Publication: October 2003

Article Title: Evidence-Based Practices for Students with Severe Disabilities and the Requirement for Accountability in “No Child Left Behind”

Journal Title: Journal of Special Education Volume: 37


3

Page/s: 157-163 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: ERIC

MLA Example:

Browder, Diane M., and Karena Cooper-Duffy. “Evidence-Based Practices for Students with Severe

Disabilities and the Requirement for Accountability in ‘No Child Left Behind.’” Journal of

Special Education 37.3 (2003): 157-163. ERIC. Web. 15 Jan. 2010.


Subscription Database [MLA 7th: section 5.6.4] - Return to top -

EUREKA:

Author/s or Host Organization:

EUREKA

Article Title: Child Care Workers Date of Publication: 2007-2008

Date Retrieved: February 12, 2008 Database: EUREKA

MLA Example (for academic community):

“Child Care Workers.” Career and Information Center. EUREKA, 2007-2008. Web. 12 Feb. 2008.

MLA Example (for non-academic community)*:

“Child Care Workers.” Career and Information Center. EUREKA, 2007-2008. Web. 12 Feb. 2008

<http://www.eureka.org/>

*Article found using an online database, provided by the CSUN Career Center. If the information retrieved is for the purpose of a non-academic community, provide the URL since EUREKA is a paid subscription database. If the information is intended for an academic audience within the CSUN community, providing the name of the database will be sufficient, i.e. EUREKA.



CHOICES:

Topic: Counseling Psychologist Section: Education, training and work experience

Date of Publication: 2009 Date Retrieved/Viewed: November 12, 2009

Database: CHOICES*

MLA Example (for academic community):

Education, Training and Work Experience.” Counseling Psychologist. Choices, 2009. Web. 12 Nov.

2009.

*CHOICES is an online database provided by the CSUN Career Center. If the information retrieved is for the purpose of a non-academic community, provide the URL. If the information is intended for an academic audience within the CSUN community, providing the name of the database will be sufficient, i.e. CHOICES.



General OneFile: Author/s: Andres Almazan, Sanjay Banerji and Adolfo De Motta

Date of Publication: June 2008 Article Title: Attracting attention: Cheap managerial talk and costly market monitoring

Journal Title: Journal of Finance Volume: 63


3

Page/s: 1399-1437 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: General OneFile

MLA Example:

Almazan, Aandres, Sanjay Banerji, and Adolfo De Motta. “Attracting Attention: Cheap Managerial Talk

and Costly Market Monitoring.” Journal of Finance 63.3 (2008): 1399-1437. General OneFile.

Web. 15 Jan. 2010.



PsycINFO: Author/s: Thomas W. Allen

Date of Publication: August 1970 Article Title: The evaluation of a program of special classes for ‘disruptive children’ in an

urban school system

Journal Title: Community Mental Health Journal Volume: 6


4

Page/s: 276-284 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: PsycINFO

MLA Example:

Allen, Thomas W. “The Evaluation of a Program of Special Classes for ‘Disruptive Children’ in an

Urban School System.” Community Mental Health Journal 6.4 (1970): 276-284. PsycINFO.

Web. 15 Jan. 2010.



Literature Resource Center:

Author/s or Critic/s: Fraser Bell Title of Reference

Entry: This side of the barricades

Source: Queen’s Quarterly Volume: 109


4

Date of Publication: Winter 2002 Page/s: 519 (also written as: 519-530)

Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: Literature Resource Center

MLA Example:

Bell, Fraser. “Prediction of ADHD in Boys and Girls Using the D-KEFS.” Archives of Clinical

Neuropsychology 23.3 (2002): 283-293. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 Jan. 2010.


Subscription Database [MLA 7th: section 5.6.4] - Return to top –

Project MUSE: Author/s: Gareth Davies

Date of Publication: 2007 Article Title: Richard Nixon and the Desegregation of Southern Schools

Journal Title: Journal of Policy History Volume: 19


4

Page/s: 367-394 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: Project MUSE

MLA Example:

Davies, Gareth. “Richard Nixon and the Desegregation of Southern Schools.” Journal of Policy History

19.4 (2007): 367-394. Project MUSE. Web. 15 Jan. 2010.



SAGE: Author/s: Laurel R. Davis-Delano

Date of Publication: Nov. 2007 Article Title: Eliminating Native American mascots: Ingredients for success.

Journal Title: Journal of Sports and Social Issues Volume: 31


4

Page/s: 340-373 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: Sage

MLA Example:

Davis-Delano, Laurel R. “Eliminating Native American Mascots: Ingredients for Success.” Journal of

Sports and Social Issues 31.4 (2007): 340-373. Sage. Web. 15 Jan. 2010.



ScienceDirect:

Author/s: Elizabeth Johnston Taylor, Martha Highfield, and Madalon Amenta Date of Publication: Feb. 1999

Article Title: Predictors of oncology and hospice nurses’ spiritual care perspective and practices.

Journal Title: Applied Nursing Research Volume: 12


1

Page/s: 30-37 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: ScienceDirect

MLA Example:

Taylor, Elizabeth Johnston, Martha Highfield, and Madalon Amenta. “Predictors of Oncology and

Hospice Nurses’ Spiritual Care Perspective and Practices.” Applied Nursing Research 121

(1999): 30-37. ScienceDirect. Web. 15 Jan. 2010.


Subscription Database [MLA 7th: section 5.6.4] - Return to top-

SpringerLink:

Author/s: Lisa M. Lewis Date of Publication: April 2007

Article Title: Spiritual Assessment in African-Americans: A Review of Measures of Spirituality Used in Health Research.

Journal Title: Journal of Religion and Health Volume: 47


4

Page/s: 458-475 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: SpringerLink

MLA Example:

Lewis, Lisa M. “Spiritual Assessment in African-Americans: A Review of Measures of Spirituality

Used in Health Research.” Journal of Religion and Health 47.4 (2007): 458-475. SpringerLink.

Web. 15 Jan. 2010.



WilsonWeb (H.W. Wilson):

Author/s: Warner R. Winborne Date of Publication: 2008

Article Title: Modernization and modernity: Thomas Hobbes, Adam Smith, and political development

Journal Title: Perspectives on Political Science Volume: 37


1

Page/s: 41-49 Date of Access: January 15, 2010 Database Name: WilsonWeb

MLA Example: Winborne, Warner R. “Modernization and Modernity: Thomas Hobbes, Adam Smith, and Political

Development.” Perspectives on Political Science 37.1 (2008): 41-49. WilsonWeb. Web. 15 Jan.

2010.


Article [Print] [MLA 7th: section 5.4.2] - Return to top -

One Author:

Author/s: Helen Robinshaw Date of Publication: August 2007†

Article Title: Acquisition of hearing, listening and speech skills by and during key stage 1 Journal Title: Early Child Development and Care

Volume: 117 Issue and/or Number

(if paginated): 6-7

Page/s: 661-678

MLA Example:

Robinshaw, Helen. “Acquisition of Hearing, Listening and Speech Skills by and During Key Stage 1.”

Early Child Development and Care 117.6-7 (2007): 661-678. Print.

† For the date of publication, if the item is a scholarly journal, include the year. For periodicals that are not scholarly journals; include the day, month, and year, as available.”


Article/s [Print] [MLA 7th: section 5.4.2] - Return to top -

Two Authors:

Author/s: Bernstein, Anita and Svarc, Joyce Date of Publication: January 1983

Article Title: Toys and games as rewards in listening and speech lessons

Journal Title: Volta Review Volume: 85


1

Page/s: 36-40

MLA Example:

Bernstein, Anita, and Joyce Svarc. “Toys and Games as Rewards in Listening and Speech Lessons.”

Volta Review 85.1 (1983): 36-40. Print.



Three Authors:

Author/s: Karin Duran, Eric P. Garcia, and Mara Houdyshell Date of Publication: April 2009

Article Title:

From the Inside Out and the Outside In: The Academic Library Interview Process in a Tight Economy

Journal Title: College & Research Libraries News Volume: 71


4

Page/s: 216-219

MLA Example:

Duran, Karin, Eric P. Garcia, and Mara Houdyshell. “From the Inside Out and the Outside In: The

Academic Library Interview Process in a Tight Economy.” College & Research Libraries News

31.4 (2009): 216-219. Print.



More Than Three Authors:

Author/s: Sharlene A. Wolchik, Stephen G. West, Irwin N. Sandler, Jenn-Yun Tein, Douglas Coatsworth, Liliana Lengua, Lillie Weiss, Edward R. Anderson, Shannon M. Greene, and William A. Griffin†

Date of Publication: October 2000 Article Title: An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child

programs for children of divorce

Journal Title: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Volume: 68


5

Page/s: 834-856

BMLA Example: Wolchik, Sharlene A., Stephen G. West, Irwin N. Sandler, Jenn-Yun Tein, Douglas Coatsworth, Liliana

Lengua, Lillie Weiss, Edward R. Anderson, Shannon M. Greene, and William A. Griffin. “An

Experimental Evaluation of Theory-Based Mother and Mother-Child Programs for Children of

Divorce.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68.5 (2000): 834-856. Print

-OR- Wolchik, Sharlene A., et al. “An Experimental Evaluation of Theory-Based Mother and Mother-Child

Programs for Children of Divorce.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68.5 (2000):

834-856. Print

† “If there are more than three editors, you man name only the first and add et al. (“and others”), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page.”


Electronic Resource [MLA 7th: section 5.6.2(b)] - Return to top -

Annual Report:

Title: General Motors Corporation Date created (if

applicable): 2007

Main Webpage Title: GM 2007 Annual Report URL†: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/1830916/GM-2007-Annual-Report

Date retrieved: January 15, 2010

MLA Example:

General Motors Corporation. GM 2007 Annual Report. 2007. Web. 15 Jan. 2010.

<http://www.docstoc.com/docs/1830916/GM-2007-Annual-Report>.

† Include the URL “only when the reader probably cannot locate the source without it or when your instructor requires it.”


Electronic Resource [MLA 7th: section 5.5.6 and 5.5.14] - Return to top -

Book chapter:

Chapter author: Rosenfield, Paul

Chapter title: Forgetting our duties to the users of financial reports: the lesson of Enron Published: 2007

Book author(s)/editor(s):

D. R. Carmichael, Ray Whittington and Lynford Graham

Book title: Accountants’ handbook: Financial accounting and general topics Volume and pages Vol. 1, pp 7.1-7.4

Database: Safari Books Online

MLA Example:

Rosenfield, Paul. “Forgetting Our Duties to the Users of Financial Reports: The Lesson of Enron.”

Accountant’s Handbook: Financial Accounting and General Topics. Eds. Douglas. R.

Carmichael, Ray Whittington, and Lynford Graham. Vol. 1. (2007): 7.1-7.4. Safari Books

Online. Web. 24 Jan. 2010.


Electronic Resource [MLA 7th: section 5.6.2] - Return to top -

Electronic Book*:

Author: Ajayi, J. F. Ade Date of Publication: 2008

Title: Christian missions in Nigeria, 1841-1891: the making of the new elite Date viewed: January 25, 2010

Title of overall Web site: ACLS Humanities E-Book URL: http://www.humanitiesebook.org/

MLA Example:

Ajayi, J[acob] F[estus] A[de]. Christian Missions in Nigeria, 1841-1891: The Making of the New Elite.

Humanitiesebook.org. ACLS Humanities E-Book, 2008. Web. 25 Jan. 2010.

*Article found online using a search engine.



Multipage Document:

Author/s or Host Organization:

National Education Association

Date of Publication: December 10, 2007 Title: Teacher salary lags behind inflation

Date Viewed: January 26, 2010 URL: http://www.nea.org

MLA Example:

“Teacher Salary Lags Behind Inflation.” NEA.org. National Education Association, 10 Dec. 2007. Web.

26 Jan. 2010.



Online Dictionary:

Entry: Menorah Encyclopedia Title: Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

Published: 2009 Date Retrieved: April 1, 2009†

URL: http://www.merriam-webster.com/

MLA Example:

“Menorah.” Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster’s, 2009. Web. 1 April 2009



Google Book:

Author: Mark Galeotti Title: Gorbachev and his revolution

City of Publication: New York Copyright Year: 1997

Platform: Google Book Search Date Retrieved: February 8, 2010†

MLA Example:

Galeotti, Mark. Gorbachev and His Revolution. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1997. Google Book Search.

Web. 8 Feb 2010.

Google allows you to search for and view books. In MLA citation, this would be called: Google Book Search.



Online encyclopedia:

Author: Abraham Ben-Yaacob

Title: Mardin Encyclopedia Title: Encyclopaedia Judaica

Editor(s): Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik Published: 2007

Date Viewed: January 26, 2010 Medium of Publication: Web

MLA Example:

Ben-Yaacob, Abraham. “Mardin.” Encyclopaedia Judaica. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik.

Vol. 13. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 518. Web. 26 Jan. 2010.



Online handbook:

Chapter/Section Entry: Administration of adult education programs Handbook Title: Adult Education Handbook for California

Source: California Department of Education Published: 2005

Date Viewed: January 26, 2010 URL†: http://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/ae/ir/documents/aehandbook2005.pdf

MLA Example:

California. Dept. of Education. “Administration of Adult Education Programs.”Adult Education

Handbook for California. Sacramento: CDE P, 2005. Web. 26 Jan. 2010.

† Include the URL “only when the reader probably cannot locate the source without it or when your

instructor requires it.”


Electronic Resource [MLA 7th: section 5.6.2d] - Return to top -

YouTube (Individual, ex.1):

Source*: The Cobalt Agent Title: Ronald Reagan’s remarks on the Challenger Shuttle explosion

Date of published: September 14, 2007 Date Viewed: April 1, 2009

URL†: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JKIZ7j20EA

MLA Example:

The Cobalt Agent. “Ronald Reagan’s Remarks on the Challenger Shuttle Explosion.” YouTube.com.

YouTube, 14 Sept. 2007. Web. 7 April 2009.

-OR-

The Cobalt Agent. “Ronald Reagan’s Remarks on the Challenger Shuttle Explosion.” YouTube.com.

YouTube, 14 Sept. 2007. Web. 7 April 2009.

<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JKIZ7j20EA>

*Source: name of the author, compiler, director, editor, narrator, performer, or translator of the work. † Include the URL “only when the reader probably cannot locate the source without it or when your instructor requires it.”



YouTube (JibJab):

Source*: JibJab Title: JibJab.com – Good to be in DC!

Source of Item: YouTube.com Date of published: October 22, 2007

Date Viewed: January 19, 2010 URL†: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0OXJneDQ1s&feature=channel

MLA Example:

JibJab. “JibJab.com – Good to be in DC!” JibJab.com. JibJab Media, 15 Jan. 2008.

Web. 19 Jan. 2010.

*Source: name of the author, compiler, director, editor, narrator, performer, or translator of the work. † Include the URL “only when the reader probably cannot locate the source without it or when your




JibJab (Main Source):

Source*: JibJab Media Title: JibJab.com – Good to be in DC!

Source of Item: JibJab.com Date of published: October 22, 2007

Date Viewed: January 19, 2010 URL†: http://sendables.jibjab.com/originals/time_for_some_campaignin

MLA Example:

JibJab. “Time for Some Campaignin’” JibJab.com. JibJab Media, 15 Jan. 2008.

Web. 19 Jan. 2010.



JibJab and Sendables are registered trademarks of Jibjab Media Inc.



YouTube (organization):

Source*: Southern Women’s Show Title: If you believe – Jim Brickman

Date of publication: April 22, 2008 Source of Item: YouTube.com

Date Viewed: April 8, 2009† URL†: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFtsW_4gh3U

MLA Example:

Southern Women’s Show. “If You Believe – Jim Brickman.” YouTube.com. YouTube, 22 April 2008.

Web. 8 April 2009.





YouTube (Business Name or Corporate Entity):

Source*: California State University, Northridge Title: Valley Performing Arts Center at California State University

Northridge – “A Dream Realized” Date of publication: March 23, 2009

Source of Item: YouTube.com Date Viewed: April 8, 2009†

URL†: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZzcaKhi3Ko

MLA Example:

California State University, Northridge. “Valley Performing Arts Center at California State University

Northridge – “A Dream Realized.” YouTube.com. YouTube, 23 March 2009. Web. 8 April 2009.

*Source: name of the author, compiler, director, editor, narrator, performer, or translator of the work. If anonymous see

section 5.5.9. † Include the URL “only when the reader probably cannot locate the source without it or when your instructor requires it.”



Webpage (ex. 1):

Title: CLC Purpose, Mission, and Values Date created (if

applicable): 2010

Main title: Child Life Council URL: http://www.childlife.org/†


MLA Example:

Child Life Council. “CLC Purpose, Mission, & Values.” Childlife.org. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2010.




Webpage (ex. 2):

Title: America’s Career InfoNet Date created (if

applicable): 2009

Main title: Wages by Occupation and Local Area URL: http://www.acinet.org/†

Date retrieved: April 20, 2009‡

MLA Example:

“Wages by Occupation and Local Area.” Acinet.org. America’s Career InfoNet, 2009. Web. 20 April

2009.




Webpage (ex. 3):

Title of material: Martin Luther King, Jr. Remembered With Day of Service Date created (if

applicable): January 18, 2010

Source title: PBS URL: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2010/01/obama-remembers-

martin-luther-king-jr-with-day-of-service.html#more Date retrieved: April 20, 2009

MLA Example:

Winerman, Lea. “Martin Luther King, Jr. Remembered with Day of Service.” PBS.org. Public

Broadcasting Service, 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 18 Jan. 2010.



Webpage (ex. 4):

Title: Bill Clinton to visit Haiti Date created (if

applicable): January 17, 2010

Main title: CNN Politics URL: http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/01/17/clinton.bush.haiti/index.html


MLA Example:

“Bill Clinton to Visit Haiti.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 17 Jan. 2010. Web. 18 Jan. 2010.



Wiki:

Title: Sonia Sotomayor Date created (if

applicable): 2010

Source: Wikipedia URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor

Date Viewed: January 18, 2010‡

MLA Example:

“Sonia Sotomayor.” En.wikipedia.org. Wikipedia, 13 Jan. 2010. Web. 18 Jan. 2010.


Book [MLA 7th: section 5.5.2] - Return to top -

One Author:

Author: Carlos Mora† Date of Publication: 2007

Book Title: Latinos in the west: The student movement and academic labor in Los Angeles

Publication Information: Lanham,* Maryland**: Rowman & Littlefield

MLA Example:

Mora, Carlos. Latinos in the West: The Student Movement and Academic Labor in Los Angeles.

Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. Print.

* “If several cities are listed in the book, list only the first” (151). ** “It is not necessary to identify a state, province, or country after the city name” (151). † “Reverse the author’s name for alphabetizing, adding a comma after the last name” (149).



Two Authors:

Author: Robert Bogdan and Sari Knopp Biklen Date of Publication: 2007

Book Title: Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods

Publication Information:

Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon

MLA Example:

Bogdan, Robert, and Sari Knopp Biklen. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory

and Methods. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2007. Print



Three Authors:

Author: Mary Louise Holly, Joanne M. Arhar, and Wendy C. Kasten Date of Publication: 2009

Book Title: Action research for teachers: Traveling the yellow brick road Publication Information: Boston: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson

MLA Example:

Holly, Mary Louise, Joanne M. Arhar, and Wendy C. Kasten. Action Research for Teachers: Traveling

the Yellow Brick Road. Boston: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson, 2009. Print.



More Than Three Authors:

Author: Kathleen Sellers, Katherine Weeks, William R. Alsop, Stephen R. Clough, Marilyn Hoyt, Barbara Pugh and Joseph Robb†

Date of Publication: 2007 Book Title: Perchlorate: Environmental problems and solutions

Publication Information: Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis

MLA Example:

Sellers, Kathleen, Katherine Weeks, William R. Alsop, Stephen R. Clough, Marilyn Hoyt, Barbara

Pugh, and Joseph Robb Weeks. Perchlorate: Environmental Problems and Solutions. Boca

Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2007. Print.

-OR-

Sellers, Kathleen, et al. Perchlorate: Environmental Problems and Solutions. Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor

& Francis, 2007. Print.

† “If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first and add et al. (“and others”), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page” (155).



No Author/s:

Author: n/a† Date of Publication: 2007

Book Title: PE4life: Developing and promoting quality physical education Publication Information: Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics

MLA Example:

PE4life: Developing and Promoting Quality Physical Education. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2007.

Print.

† “If a book has no author’s or editor’s name on the title page, begin the entry with the title. Do not use Anonymous or Anon” (162).



Translated Work:

Author: Sigmund Freud† Date of Publication: 1936

Book Title: The Problem of Anxiety Translated by: Henry Alden Bunker

Publication Information: New York: Psychoanalytic Quarterly P & W.W. Norton

MLA Example:

Freud, Sigmund. The Problem of Anxiety. Trans. Henry Alden Bunker. Trans. New York:

Psychoanalytic Quarterly P & W.W. Norton, 1936. Print.

† “To cite a translation, state the author’s name first if you refer primarily to the work itself; give the translator’s name, preceded by Trans. (“Translated by”), after the title” (MLA 164).


Author/s and Editor/s [MLA 7th: section 5.5.10] - Return to top -

With Author/s and Editor/s:

Author/s: John Travers Editor/s: Emanuel Rubin

Date of Publication: 2005 Book Title: Eighteen canzonets for two and three voices

Publication Information: Middleton, Wisconsin: A-R Editions

MLA Example:

Travers, John. Eighteen Canzonets for Two and Three Voices. Ed. Emanuel Rubin. Middleton: A-R

Editions, 2005. Print. Thesis


Edited Book [MLA 7th: section 5.5.3] - Return to top -

One Editor:

Editor: Joyce Lishman Date of Publication: 2007

Book Title: Handbook for practice learning in social work and social care: Knowledge and theory

Publication Information: London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers

MLA Example:

Lishman, Joyce, ed. Handbook for Practice Learning in Social Work and Social Care: Knowledge and

Theory. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2007. Print.


Edited Book [MLA 7th: section 5.5.3 & 5.5.14] - Return to top -

Two Editors:

Editors: Tony Townsend and Richard Bates Date of Publication: 2007

Book Title: Handbook of teacher education: Globalization, standards and professionalism in times of change

Publication Information: Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer

MLA Example:

Townsend, Tony, and Richard Bates, eds. Handbook of Teacher Education: Globalization, Standards

and Professionalism in Times of Change. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007. Print.


Edited Book [MLA 7th: section 5.5.3 & 5.5.14] - Return to top -

More Than Three Editors:

Editors: Frederick T. L. Leong, Angela Ebreo, Lisa Kinoshita, Arpana G. Inman, Lawrence Hsin Yang and Michi Fu†

Date of Publication: 2007 Book Title: Handbook of Asian American psychology

Publication Information: Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications

MLA Example:

Leong, Frederick T. L., Angela Ebreo, Lisa Kinoshita, Arpana G. Inman, Lawrence Hsin Yang, and

Michi Fu, eds. Handbook of Asian American Psychology. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications,

2007. Print.

-OR-

Leong, Frederick T. L., et al., eds. Handbook of Asian American Psychology. Thousand Oaks: Sage

Publications, 2007. Print.

† “If there are more than three editors, you man name only the first and add et al. (“and others”), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page” (155).



Article or Chapter in an Edited Book:

Book Editor/s: Susan H. Frost Chapter Author/s: Susan H. Frost and Theresa W. Gillespie

Date of Publication: 1998 Book Title: Using teams in higher education: Cultural foundations for productive

change Article or Chapter Title: Organizations, culture, and teams: Links toward genuine change Publication Information: San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass Publisher

MLA Example:

Frost, Susan H., and Theresa W. Gillespie. “Organizations, Culture, and Teams: Links Toward Genuine

Change.” Using Teams in Higher Education: Cultural Foundations for Productive Change. Ed.

Susan H. Frost. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publisher, 1998. 5-15. Print.



No Editors:

Editor/s: n/a† Date of Publication: 2007

Book Title: PE4life: Developing and promoting quality physical education Publication Information: Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics

MLA Example:

PE4life: Developing and Promoting Quality Physical Education. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2007.

Print.

† “If a book has no author’s or editor’s name on the title page, begin the entry with the title. Do not use Anonymous or Anon” (162).


Government Publications [MLA 7th: section 5.5.20 and 5.5.21] - Return to top -

Print:

U.S. Government Issuing Agency:

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Cabinet Department: U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) Publication Title: Occupational Outlook Handbook Copyright Year: January 2008

Publication Information: U.S. Government Printing Office Publication Location: Washington, DC

Pages: 282-287 Report Title: Teachers – preschool, kindergarten, elementary, middle, and secondary

MLA Example:

United States. Dept. of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Teachers – Preschool, Kindergarten,

Elementary, Middle, and Secondary.” Occupational Outlook Handbook. Washington: GPO,

2008. 282-287. Print.



Online:

Cabinet Department: U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Government Agency:

Bureau of Labor Statistics Government Publication

Title: Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition

Last Modified Date: 2009, December 18 Title: Psychologists

Retrieved Date: January 14, 2010 URL: http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm

MLA Example:

United States. Dept. of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Psychologist.” Occupational Outlook

Handbook, 2010-11Edition. 18 Dec. 2009. Web. 14 Jan. 2010.

<http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm>



Online:

Cabinet Department: U.S. Department of Education U.S. Government

Agency: National Center for Education Statistics

Government Publication Title:

Digest of Education Statistics

Last Modified State: August 2006 Title : Total fall enrollment in degree-granting institutions, by level, sex, age,

and attendance status of student: 2005 Retrieved Date: March 26, 2008

URL: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d07/tables/dt07_182.asp

MLA Example:

United States. Dept. of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. “Total Fall Enrollment in

Degree-Granting Institutions, by Level, Sex, Age, and Attendance Status of Student: 2005.”

Digest of Education Statistics. Aug. 2006. Web. 26 Mar. 2008.

<http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm>


Article [from the web] [MLA 7th: section 5.6.1] - Return to top -

Online Periodical*:

Author/s: Jean Mendoza and Debbie Reese Date of Publication: 2001

Article Title: Examining multicultural picture books for the early childhood classroom: Possibilities and pitfalls

Journal Title: Early Childhood Research & Practice (ECRP) Volume: 3


2

Page/s: No pagination given (n. pag.) Retrieval Date: December 6, 2007

URL: http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v3n2/mendoza.html†

MLA Example:

Mendoza, Jean, and Debbie Reese. “Examining Multicultural Picture Books for Early Childhood

Classroom: Possibilities and Pitfalls.” Early Childhood Research & Practice 3.2 (2001): n. pag.

Web. 6 December 2007. <http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v3n2/mendoza.html>

*Article found using a search engine, i.e. Google, AltaVista, etc., via the World Wide Web. †If a URL is provided, enter the URL immediately following the access date.


Article [from the web] [MLA 7th: section 5.6.1] - Return to top -

Online Scholarly Journal*:

Author/s: Nancy J. Cunningham and Michael Whitten Date of Publication: February 9, 2007

Article Title: The role of the middle school counselor in preventing bullying Journal Title: Journal of School Counseling (JSC)

Volume: 5 Issue and/or Number

(if paginated): 1

Page/s: No pagination given (n. pag.) Retrieval Date: December 6, 2007†

URL: http://www.jsc.montana.edu/articles/v5n1.pdf

MLA Example:

Cunningham, Nancy J., and Michael Whitten. “The Role of the Middle School Counselor in Preventing

Bullying.” Journal of School Counseling 5.1 (2007): n.pag. Web. 6 December 2007.

<http://www.jsc.montana.edu/articles/v5n1.pdf>

*Article found using a search engine, i.e. Google, AltaVista, etc., via the World Wide Web. †If a URL is provided, enter the URL immediately following the access date.


Conference Paper & Proceedings [MLA 7th: section 5.5.21] - Return to top -

Conference Paper (example 1)*:

Author/s: Tamara Afifi, Andrea Joseph, and Desire Aldeis Date of Publication: 2008

Title of Paper: Why Can’t We Just Talk About It?: An Observational Study of Parents’ and Adolescents’ Conversations About Sex.

Paper Presented At (name of conference):

International Communication Association – 2008 Annual Meeting

Conference item format:

Conference Paper

City: n/a State (two-letter postal

abbreviation): n/a

Date Retrieved: April 2, 2009‡ Database: Communication & Mass Media Complete

MLA Example:

Afifi, T., Joseph, A., and Desire Aldeis. “Why Can’t We Just Talk About It?: An Observational Study of

Parents’ and Adolescents’ Conversations About Sex.” International Communication Association

- 2008 Annual Meeting. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 2 April 2009.

* “Treat the published proceedings of a conference like a book, but add pertinent information about the

conference (unless the book title includes such information.” (Sec. 5.5.21)




Author/s: Roger Aden, Paul Pearson & Leah Sell Date when presented: 2007

Title of Paper: Townies: How College Students Define Social Space Through Socially Constructed Representations of Others




Conference Paper


abbreviation): n/a

Date Viewed: April 2, 2009 Database: Communication & Mass Media Complete

MLA Example:

Aden, Roger, Paul Pearson, and Leah Sell. “Townies: How College Students Define Social Space

Through Socially Constructed Representations of Others.” International Communication

Association – 2007 Annual Meeting. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 2 April

2009.

* “Treat the published proceedings of a conference like a book, but add pertinent information about the conference (unless the book title includes such information.” (Sec. 5.5.21)




Author/s: Blake Abbott Date when presented: 2007

Title of Paper: From Extreme to Mainstream, or How to Win an Election Without Taking a Position




Conference Paper


abbreviation): n/a

Date Viewed: April 2, 2009 Database: Communication & Mass Media Complete

MLA Example:

Abbott, Blake. “From Extreme to Mainstream, or How to Win an Election Without Taking a Position.”

International Communication Association – 2007 Annual Meeting. (2007): n.p. Communication

& Mass Media Complete. Web. 2 April 2009.

* “Treat the published proceedings of a conference like a book, but add pertinent information about the conference (unless the book title includes such information.” (Sec. 5.5.21)



Published proceedings:

Author/s: Mark A. Schulman Date when presented: Fall 2000

Title of Paper: Proceedings of the Fifty-Fifth Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research


American Association for Public Opinion Research – 55th Annual Conference


Proceedings

Journal Title: Public Opinion Quarterly Volume: 64


3

Page/s: 365-369 Date Retrieved: April 2, 2009‡

Database: Communication & Mass Media Complete

MLA Example:

Schulman, Mark A. “Proceedings of the Fifty-Fifth Annual Conference of the American Association for

Public Opinion Research.” Public Opinion Quarterly. (2000): 365-369. Communication & Mass

Media Complete Web. 2 April 2009.

‡“Treat the published proceedings of a conference like a book, but add pertinent information about the

conference (unless the book title includes such information.” (Sec. 5.5.21)


Dissertation/Thesis [MLA 7th: section 5.5.25 and 5.7.12] - Return to top -

Unpublished Thesis:

Author: Canchola, Susan L. Date of Publication: 2007

Title: Socioeconomic status and inpatient drug and alcohol rehabilitation Publication Status: Unpublished master’s thesis†

Publication Information:

California State University Northridge

MLA Example:

Canchola, Susan L. “Socioeconomic Status and Inpatient Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation.” MA thesis.

California State U Northridge, 2007. Print.

Note: “Enclosed the title of an unpublished dissertation in quotation marks; do not italicize it. Then

write the descriptive label Diss., and add the name of the degree-granting university, followed by a comma and the year. Conclude with the work’s medium.”

Note: “To cite a master’s thesis, substitute the appropriate label (e.g., MA thesis, MS thesis) for Diss. On documenting other unpublished writing, see 5.7.12.”

†An “unpublished master’s thesis” or “unpublished dissertation” can be bound by a book bindery

company. This does not constitute the item as being published. Items that can be called published are items that have been published by a publishing company (i.e. HarperCollins Publishers, Random House, McGraw-Hill) or by ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.


Dissertation/Thesis [MLA 7th: section 5.5.25 and 5.7.12] - Return to top -

Unpublished Dissertation:

Author: Dollins, Cynthia Anne Date of Publication: 2001

Title: The connection between reading and writing for early readers Publication Status: Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Publication Information: Pepperdine University, California

MLA Example:

Dollins, Cynthia Anne. “The Connection Between Reading and Writing for Early Readers.” Diss.

Pepperdine U, 2001. Print.

Note: “Enclosed the title of an unpublished dissertation in quotation marks; do not italicize it. Then

write the descriptive label Diss., and add the name of the degree-granting university, followed by a comma and the year. Conclude with the work’s medium.”

Note: “To cite a master’s thesis, substitute the appropriate label (e.g., MA thesis, MS thesis) for Diss. On documenting other unpublished writing, see 5.7.12.”

†An “unpublished master’s thesis” or “unpublished dissertation” can be bound by a book bindery

company. This does not constitute the item as being published. Items that can be called published are items that have been published by a publishing company (i.e. HarperCollins Publishers, Random House, McGraw-Hill) or by ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.


Dissertation/Thesis [MLA 7th: section 5.4.8, 5.6.4, 5.5.26, and 5.6.2c] - Return to top -

Published Dissertation (online):

Author: Blaine, Parrish E. Date of Publication: 2008

Title: Organizational structure and nonprofit minority HIV organizations: A qualitative study of the effects funder-mandated organizational requirements on minority community-based organizations (MCBOs)

Source: DAI-B 68/11 Date Viewed: January 19, 2010

Publication/ Order Number:

UMI No. AAT 3289499

MLA Example:

Blaine, Parrish E. “Organizational Structure and Nonprofit Minority HIV Organizations: A Qualitative

Study of the Effects Funder-Mandated Organizational Requirements on Minority Community-

Based Organizations (MCBOs).” Diss. Capella U, 2008. DAI-B 68.11 (2008): item AAT

3289499. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Web. 19 Jan. 2010.


Common Sources [MLA 6th: section 5.7.12 and 5.7.13] - Return to top -

Communication Information:

Letters: They fall into three general categories: • Published • Unpublished • Letters Received by Researcher

Memos: All memos should be treated similarly: • Name of Writer • Description • Date • Medium of Delivery

E-Mail Message: General information if available: • Name of Writer • Title of Message (if any) • Description of the Message • Date of Message • Medium of Delivery

MLA Example (Letter, Unpublished):

Curzon, Curzon. Letter to President Jolene Koester. 5 Jan. 2010. TS.

MLA Example (Memo):

Curzon, Dr. Susan C. Memo to Reference dept. fac., Oviatt Library, Northridge. 19 Jan. 2010. TS.

MLA Example (E-mail):

Choice Reviews Online. “Choice Reviews Monthly Newsletter: January ’10.” Message to Eric Garcia.

18 Dec. 2009. E-mail.

-OR- Fernandez, Captain Alfredo. “Re: G4 Lot Closure.” Message to Eric Garcia. 15 Dec. 2009 E-mail. Note: View section 5.7.13 for further information regarding Letters, Memos, and E-Mail messages.


Common Sources [MLA 6th: section 5.7.7] - Return to top -

Interviews:

Basic Structure: Begin with name of the interviewed person, followed by: • Title of interview

Use quotation marks if it is a publication, recording, or program.

Italicize the title if the title was published independently.

• Untitled Interview Use the label “Interview” in the citation

• Date of Interview Provide as much information as possible

MLA Example (Published/Broadcast):

White, Betty. “, Curzon. Letter to President Jolene Koester. 5 Jan. 2010. TS.

MLA Example (Conducted by a Researcher):

White, Betty. Interview by James Lipton. Inside the Actor’s Studio. Brovotv. NBC Universal Curzon, Dr. Susan C. Memo to Reference dept. fac., Oviatt Library, Northridge. 19 Jan. 2010. TS.

MLA Example (Personal):

Choice Reviews Online. “Choice Reviews Monthly Newsletter: January ’10.” Message to Eric Garcia.

18 Dec. 2009. E-mail.


Legal Citation - Return to top -

A Legal Source

According to section 5.7.14 of the MLA Handbook: “The citation of legal documents and law cases may be complicated. If your paper requires many such references, consult the most recent edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (Cambridge: Harvard Law Rev. Ass.; print), an indispensable guide in this field. The Bluebook used footnotes instead of parenthetical references keyed to a list of work cited, however, so its recommendations must be adapted to MLA style” (MLA 205).

The Bluebook

• An introduction or basic legal citation guide can be found at (Web Page under construction).


Citing References In-Text [MLA 7th: section 6.1 to 6.3] - Return to top -

Author’s Name in Reference

In order to assess the damage from war and looting of Iraq's National Archive, and National

Library and Museum, UNESCO sent teams of librarians there in both May and June of 2003. A

French librarian, Jean-Marie Arnoult, who was part of the second team, stated that protecting the

buildings was clearly not a priority for the American-led forces (UNESCO 23-24). Responding to

reports describing the cataclysmic devastation of Iraq's cultural heritage, the United Nations (UN)

stepped forward to create a program that would implement a world wide strategy for Iraq's

Explanation:

• “You must indicate to your readers not only what works you used in writing the paper but also

what you derived from each source and where in the work you found the materials” (MLA 214).

rehabilitation (Bouchenaki 7).

• Borrowed material from page 7 from Bouchenaki was used.

Citation:

Bouchenaki, Mounir. “UNESCO’s Action to Protect the Iraqi Cultural Heritage.”

International.incomos.org. Heritage at Risk 2004/2005, 2004. Web. 4 Jan. 2010.


Citing References In-Text Citing References In-Text [MLA 7th: section 6.1 to 6.3] - Return to top[MLA 7th: section 6.1 to 6.3] - Return to top -

Author’s Name in Text

...times of military engagement. This is precisely why Chris Hedges entitled his popular book War Is

a Force That Gives Us Meaning. He wanted to make clear the powerful emotional bonds that can

draw together groups at time of war (2002).

-OR-

But how well does our educational system currently prepare Millennials to dissent

productivity, according to Shiffrin, it falls seriously short (1999). Rather, an overwhelming…

Explanation:

• “There is a direct relation between what you integrate into your text and what you place in

parentheses. If…you include an author’s name in a sentence, you need not repeat the name in the

parenthetical page citation that follows” (MLA 216).

• Provide the reference “to the work of the author you mention” (MLA 216).



Two to Three Authors

...they are also becoming the world’s first generation to grow up thinking of itself as global”

(Howe and Strauss 16). The portrait drawn in recent study by the Pew Research Center (2007) is

of a generation whose coming of age...

-OR-

...Reicher and his colleagues have identified three factors that are critical to coconstructing

Explanation:

• “If two or three names begin the entry, give the last name of each person listed” (MLA 215).

• After a quotation, directly after the quote, insert a parenthetical reference with the location from

where the information was found (MLA 216-217).

Citation:

Howe, Neil, and William Strauss. Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation. New York: Vintage

Books, 2000. Print.

Reicher, Stephen, S. Alexander Haslam, and Nick Hopkins. “Social Identity and the Dynamics of

Leadership: Leaders and Followers as Collaborative Agents in the Transformation of Social

Reality.” The Leadership Quarterly. 16.4 (2005): 547-568. Print.

identities and realities (Reicher, Haslam, and Hopkins 552-553). The first factor is the leader’s...



Three or More Authors

These contrasting examples demonstrate the way in which the ability to lead depends upon

the ability to represent a group consensus which in turn is a product of shared identity (Haslam,

Turner, Oakes, McGarty, and Reynolds 203-05). Where there…

-OR-

These contrasting examples demonstrate the way in which the ability to lead depends upon

the ability to represent a group consensus which in turn is a product of shared identity (Haslam et

Explanation:

• “If the work as more than three authors, follow the form in the bibliographic entry: either give

the first author’s last name followed by et al., without any intervening punctuations…or give all

the last names” (MLA 215).

al. 203-05). Where there…

Citation:

Haslam, S. Alexander, John C. Turner, Penelope J. Oakes, Craig McGarty, and Katherine J. Reynolds.

“The Group as a Basis for Emergent Stereotype Consensus.” European Review of Social

Psychology. 8 (1998): 203-239. Print.



Multiple Authors

…ever. According to Sigmund Freud and Ernest Becker, our deepest anxieties surround the

unknown timing and circumstances of our inevitable death (Becker 82; Freud 111-24). Because

these anxieties are so unsettling, even immobilizing…

Explanation:

• “If you with to include two or more works in a single parenthetical reference, cite each work as

you normally would in a reference, and use semicolons to separate the citations” (MLA 229).

Citation:

Becker, Ernest. The Denial of Death. New York: Basic Books, 1973. Print.

Freud, Sigmund. The Problem of Anxiety. Trans. Henry Alden Bunker. Trans. New York:

Psychoanalytic Quarterly P & W.W. Norton, 1936. Print.



Multiple Authors (exception)

…significant contributions. For example, the positive consequence of the Millennials’

Explanation:

• You may separate a major citation from other citation within parentheses by inserting a phrase,

see also, before the first of the remaining citations. The alphabetical process is restarted for the

remaining citations.

commitment to community (Howe and Strauss 210-11; Beale and Abdalla 5-7; Zemke et al. 14-

18). They predict the nonprofit sector will be a beneficiary of the Millennials’ attention as this

generation takes the lead in shaping communities with a for-profit model of efficiency and

productivity.

Citation:

Beale, Scott, and Abeer Abdalla. Millennial Manifesto: An Activist Handbook By, For, and About the

Millennial Generation. Collierville: Millennial Politics, 2003. Print.

Howe, Neal, and William Strauss. Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation. New York: Vintage

Books, 2000. Print.

Zemke, Ron, Claire Raines, and Bob Filipczak. Generations at Work: Managing the Class of Veterans,

Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in Your Workplace. New York: AMACOM, 2000. Print.



Corporate Authors

Explanation:

• If information from a source is used, place both the name of the corporate author and the page or

section in parentheses.

In order to assess the damage from war and looting of Iraq's National Archive, and National

Library and Museum, UNESCO sent teams of librarians there in both May and June of 2003. A

French librarian, Jean-Marie Arnoult, who was part of the second team, stated that protecting the

buildings was clearly not a priority for the American-led forces (UNESCO, par. 2). Responding to

reports describing the cataclysmic devastation of Iraq's cultural heritage, the United Nations (UN)

stepped forward to create a program that would implement a world wide strategy for Iraq's

rehabilitation (Bouchenaki, 2004).

• Par. or Pars. are “relevant number of numbers preceded by the abbreviation” (MLA 221).

• UNESCO is an acronym for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

The acronym is used in keeping the citation short and brief.



No Identified Authors

Explanation:

• When a work has no identifying author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry

(usually the title) and the year.

• “When citing a volume number as well as a page reference for a multivolume work, separate the

two by a colon and a space: “(Wellek 2: 1-10).” Use neither the words volume and page nor their

abbreviations” (MLA 222). The arrangements of the numbers in the citation are understood.

• “To refer parenthetically to an entire volume of a multivolume work, there is no need to cite

pages. Place a comma after the author’s name and include the abbreviation vol.” (MLA 222).

…center of analysis. An incipient move in this direction already is underway; however, such

theory and analyses still are self-labeled as coming ‘from the margins’ (Holtzhausen and Voto 9;

Journal of Public Relations Research, vol. 1).



Two or More Works by the Same Author/s

...recent research finds that hierarchy and heterarchy are not only ubiquitous in most natural

systems but that they are generally functional in higher mammalian groups (Ciulla, Ethics 84;

Ethics of Leadership 201). These groups…

-OR-

...recent research, Ciulla finds that hierarchy and heterarchy are not only ubiquitous in most

natural systems but that they are generally functional in higher mammalian groups (Ethics 84;

Ethics of Leadership 201). These groups…

-OR-

...recent research, described in her work “Ethics” and “Ethics of Leadership,” Joanne Ciulla finds

that hierarchy and heterarchy are not only ubiquitous in most natural systems but that they are

generally functional in higher mammalian groups (84; 201).

Explanation:

• “In a parenthetical reference to one of two or more works by the same author, put a comma after

the author’s last name and add the title of the work (if brief) or a shortened version and the

relevant page reference” (MLA 225).

• “If you state the author’s name in the text, give only the title and the page reference in

parentheses” (MLA 225).

• “If you include the author’s name and the title in the text, indicate only the pertinent page

number or numbers in parentheses” (MLA 225).


Citing References In-Text [MLA 7th: section 6.4.6] - Return to top -

Quote within a Quote

Explanation:

• “Whenever you can, take material from the original source, not a secondhand one. Sometimes,

however, only an indirect source is available…If what you quote or paraphrase is itself a

quotation, put the abbreviation qtd. in (“quoted in”) before the indirect source you cite in your

parenthetical reference” (MLA 226).

The Tallmadge Amendment was submitted by James Tallmadge, Jr. in the U.S. House of

Representatives. The debate, John Quincy Adams observed, over the amendment revealed that

only absolutes can exist on the issue of slavery. For the North, unanimity was all but certain in

the quest in stopping the spread of slavery (Sellers 131). Adams expressed in his diary, the

concerns that the amendment was “terrible to the whole Union, But portentously terrible to the

South-threatening in its progress the emancipation of all their slaves, threatening in its immediate

effect that Southern domination which has swayed the Union for the last twenty years and

threatening the political ascendancy of Virginia, upon which clay and Crawford both had fastened

their principal hopes of personal aggrandizement” (qtd. in Sellers 131).

With the Pandora’s box in the bill having been opened…

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