Sample Gateway Genetics
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Transcript of Sample Gateway Genetics
![Page 1: Sample Gateway Genetics](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070602/5878e51a1a28abfa038b5559/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Genetics
DNAMitosis and Meiosis
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What is DNA?
DNA RNA Proteins• DNA: stored in nucleus; holds
information on making everything• Does not leave nucleus!
• RNA: carries information from DNA in nucleus to other areas
• Proteins: Help with cell processes (making energy, breaking down waste) gives traits to organism (hair color, skin texture, etc.)
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DNA RNA• Transcription: makes mRNA from DNA• Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
• Why? DNA can’t leave nucleus!• mRNA is complementary to the DNA
Thymine(Uracil) = AdenineCytosine = Guanine
DNA: TAC GAT TAC CGG GTA ACT ATA TCAmRNA: AUG CUA AUG GCC CAU UGA UAU AGU
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RNA Proteins• Translation: Makes proteins from mRNA• Ribosomes read instructions on mRNA;
find correct amino acids to build proteinmRNA: AUG CUAAA: Methionine Leucine
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How is DNA organized?• DNA is coiled into chromosomes before
mitosis and meiosis• A normal human has 23 pairs or 46 total
chromosomes• Each chromosome contains different
genes with information on how to create every protein needed to make a human
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What is Mitosis?• Mitosis: Cell Division to create identical
copies of cells• Occurs to replace dead cells or grow
existing tissues• Result: Two identical cells• Four main phases: Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase• Remember: PMAT
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• FIRST: DNA Replicates• Prophase: Prepare by
condensing chromosomes, breaking down nucleus
• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
• Anaphase: Chromosomes move apart
• Telophase: Two identical cells form
What is Mitosis?
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What is Meiosis?• Meiosis: Creates gametes used for
reproduction (eggs/sperm)• Cells have half the number of
chromosomes as beginning cell• Result: Four gamete cells• Same phases as mitosis but they occur
twice
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What is Meiosis?• First: DNA Replicates• PMAT I phases• DNA replication
does not occur again• PMAT II phases• Result: Four
different gametes with half normal number of chromosomes
• Why is this necessary?
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Practice• Fill in the chart with the necessary
information.Mitosis Meiosis
Definition
Resulting Number
Genetically
Number of phases
List Phases
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How are traits inherited?• Traits in DNA are passed from parent to
offspring• The offspring has a combination of traits
from both parents• Offspring traits can be predicted using
parent traits in a punnett square
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What information do you need?• Each person’s genotype is written with
two letters• Uppercase = dominant
• if there is a dominant trait, it will always show!
• Lowercase = recessive • if there is a recessive trait, it will only show if
there is no dominant!• AA = Dominant aa = recessive• Aa = Dominant
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How do you complete a punnett square?1. Add each parents genotype2. Carry letters across3. Carry letters down
AA
a
a
A A
a a
A
A
a
a
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What does the punnett square tell you?• The boxes represent potential genotypes
of offspring if the two parents have offspring
• Can find ratios/percentages of the chance an offspring will have the dominant or recessive trait
Percent dominant trait?75%Ratio of dominant:recessive?3:1
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Practice• Brown eyes are dominant to blue. The
father’s genotype is Bb. The mother has blue eyes.
1. Create a punnett square for the two parents.
2. What is the percent chance they will have a child with blue eyes?
3. What is the ratio of children with brown eyes versus blue eyes?