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An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens


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iii

An Objective Book

of Plant Pathogens (SAUs Entrance, ICAR’s JRF/SRF/NET/ARS)

By

C Ashwini

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


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Preface

The present book entitled AN OBJECTIVE BOOK OF PLANT PATHOGENS

combines a series of model papers which deals with brief introduction about plant

pathogens, basic concepts and terminology in Mycology, Bacteriology, Virology and it is

also includes recent fungal classification (Kirk et al. 2008). This book has been to cover

the various courses offered by Indian Universities and it is mainly helpful for graduate

and postgraduate students for various SAUs exams and other competitive examinations

like SRF, JRF, NET and ARS conducted by ICAR.

I feel immense pleasure in taking this opportunity of expressing my profound,

humble indebtedness and deepest sense of gratitude and thanks towards my Honorable

Chairman Dr. G. K. Giri, Associate Professor, Plant Pathology, PGI, Dr. P. D. K. V

Akola for his valuable guidance to prepare this book. It is my proud privilege to express

my deep sense of gratitude towards Dr. S.S. Mane, Dr. R. M. Gade and Dr. R.W. Ingle,

Department of Plant Pathology, Post graduate Institute, Dr. P. D. K. VAkola.

- (C. ASHWINI)

*****


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About The Author

C. Ashwini did her B.Sc. (Agriculture) in 2010 and M.Sc. (Plant

Pathology) in 2012 from Dr. P.D.K.V, Akola (Maharashtra). She has

published four research papers and two short communications in peer

reviewed national and inter national journals. She worked as Teaching

Associate from 2012-2014 in the Department of Plant Pathology,

Agricultural College, Polasa, PJTSAU and later a Research Associate (2014) KVK,

Adilabad, PJTSAU. During 2016 she switched to Teaching Associate at Agriculture

Polytechnic College, Sardapur, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana. Presently she is

working as Teaching Associate at Horticulture Polytechnic College, Adilabad,

SKLTHSU, Hyderabad, Telangana.

*****


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Content List

Sr. No. Title Page no.

1. Mycology 1

2. Bacteriology 32

3. Virology 50

4. Model paper –XI 56

5. Model paper –XII 74

6. ANNEXURE 1 – 10 80

7. Classification of Fungi (Ainsworth1973) 91

8. Classification of Bacteria 96

9. Classification of Viruses 100

10. Match the Pairs 109


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Mycology ________________________________________________________________________

Model Paper I

I Multiple choice questions

1. Coenocytic hypha present in lower fungal class of

a) Oomycetes b) Zygomycetes

c) both a & b d) Ascomycetes

2. Finger like haustoria present in genera

a) Peranospora b) Albugo

c) Erysiphe d) Uncinula

3. Unicellular thallus comes under

a) Chytrids b) Synchytrium

c) Alternaria d) both a&b

4. Aplanospores are present in

a) Rhizopus b) Mucor

c) Pythium d) both a & b

5. The term mastigenemes/flimmers are associated with

a) Whiplash flagella b) Tinsel flagella

c) flagella d) both a&b

6. Amphygynous type of antheridium present in

a) Pythium b) Phytopthora

c) Synchytrium d) Spongospora

7. A group of conidiophores often united at the base and free at the top

a) Sporodochium b) Synnemata

c) Pycnidium d) Acervulus

8. Cell wall of Oomycetes is made up of

a) Chitin b) Cellulose

c) Chitin of cellulose d) Murein

9. A cell from which conidia are produced

a) Conidiphore b) Condiospore

c) Conidiogenous cell d) Conidiamata

10. Posteriorly uniflagellate motile cells are present in the class of

a) Plasmodiophromycetes b) Chytridiomycetes


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c) Oomycetes d) All of these

11. Asexual reproduction stage is also called as

a) Imperfect stage b) Anomorphic stage

c) Telomarph stage d) both a&b

12. Haustoria will be present in the

a) Inter cellular b) Intracellular

c) both a & b d) Vascular bundle

13. Long rachis with lateral hair like projection present in

a) Whiplash flagella b) Tinsel flagella

c) both a & b d) none the above

14. The protecting covering of sterile hypae around an ascocarp is termed as

a) Peridium b) Peritecium

c) Apothecium d) none

15. If both gamets are motile but dissimilar is known as

a) Anisogamy b) Heterogamy

c) Gametogamy d) both a & b

16. Paragynous type of antheridium present in


c) Synchytrium d) Spongospora

17. Parasexual life cycle

a) Plasmogamy > Karyogamy > Haploidisation

b) Karyogamy > Plasmogamy > Haploidisation

c) Plasmogamy > Karyogamy > Meiosis

d) Plasmogamy > Meiosis > Karyogamy

18. A structure acting as pressing organ in fungi is known as

a) Rhizoids b) Appressorium

c) Haustorium d) Rhizomarph

19. Special absorbing organ produced on certain hyphae by parasitic fungi

a) Haustorium b) Rhizomarph

c) Rhizoids d) Appresorium

20. Type of sexual reproduction in Mastigomycotina

a) Gamatangial contact b) Gamatangial copulation

c) Planogametic copulation d) Somatogamy

21. Motile spores are absent in Sub division

a) Ascomycotina b) Zygomycotina

c) Basidiomycotina d) all of these

22. Dolipore septum present in

a) simple septa b) complex septa

c) primary septa d) adventitious septa

23. Cruciform division observed in

a) Spongospora b) Plasmodiophora



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c) Synchitrium d) Both a & b

24. Isogamous Planogametic copulation seen in

a) Spongospora b) Plasmodiophora

c) Synchitrium d) Both a & b

25. The disease Promimnent in hilly regions like dargeeling

a) Wart of potato b) Late blight of potato

c) Early blight of potato d) all of these

26. An example of meiospore

a) Zoospore b) Blastospore

c) Arthrospore d) Basidiospore

27. Para sexual cycle first time observed in the genera

a) Aspergillus nidulans b) Aspergillus niger

c) Aspergillus flavus d) Aspergillus awamori

28. Isokont zoospore present in


c) both a & b d) Synchytrium

29. Which of the following modification of fungal mycelium

a) Rhizomorph b) Sclerotium

c) Appresorium d) all of these

30. What type of genera gametangial contact can be seen

a) Phytopthora b) Pythium

c) Rhizopus d) a & b

31. Mycelium becomes organized into loosely or compactly woven tissue

a) Plectenchyma b) Prosenchyma

c) Pseudoparenchyma d) Parenchyma

32. Uniflagellate whiplash type of zoospore present in


c) Plasmodiophora d) Synchytrium

33. If gametes are dissimilar one motile another is non motile is known as

a) Heterogamy b) Anisogamy

c) Isogamy d) none the above

34. Organisms which are usually parasites but have ability to become saprophytes

a) Facultative parasite b) Obligate saprophytes

c) Facultative saprophytes d) Obligate parasites

35. Heterokont zoospore present in



36. Fungal tissues are also called as

a) Plectenchyma b) Prosenchyma

c) Pseudoparenchyma d) Parenchyma


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37. Nuclear cap is seen in the class of

a) Plectomycetes b) Chytridiomycetes

c) Oomycetes d) Zygomycetes

38. Plasmodiophoromycetes are also called as

a) obligate endoparasites b) endoparasitic slime mold

c) both a and b d) ectoparasitic slime mold

39.

Promycelium produced by

a) Teliospores b) Aeciospores

c) Basidiospores d) Uredospore

40. Type of sexual reproduction in Basidiomycotina

a) Somatogamy b) spermatization


41. Plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis occurs at regular intervals in Sub division

a) Mastigomycotina b) Zygomycotina

c) Ascomycotina d) both a & b

42. Which division derive benefits from Parasexual life cycle

a) Deuteromycotina b) Basidiomycotina

c) Ascomycotina d) Mastigomycotina

43. In Oomycetes which type of male gametangium present

a) Oogonium b) Antheridium

c) Ascogonium d) Antherozoids

44. Septa that are formed in direct association of nuclear division is called as

a) Adventious septa b) Complete septa

c) Primary septa d) Solid septa

45. Planospores are seen in the class of

a) Oomycetes b) Teliomycetes

c) Pyrenomycetes d) Zygomycetes

46. Cup shaped apophysis with four sterigmata bearing sporangia present in

a) Peranospora b) Slcerospora

c) Bremia d) Plasmopara

47. In Oomycetes during sexual reproduction meiosis takes place in

a) Zoospore b) Sporangium

c) Zygote d) Gametangium

48. In which of the following genera sporangia germinate by germ tube

a) Peranospora b) Slcerospora

c) Bremia d) Plasmopara

49. Parenthosome present in

a) Simple septa b) Complex septa

c) Primary septa d) Adventitious septa



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50. Motile cells are anteriorly biflagellate in the class of

a) Plasmodiophromycetes b) Chytridiomycetes

c) Oomycetes d) both a and c

51. Motile haploid spores are also called as

a) Zoospores b) Aplanospores

c) Zygospores d) conidia

52. Determinate growth of the Sporangipores are produced by

a) Albuginaceae b) Pythiaceae

c) Peranosporaceae d) All of the above

53. The term Heterokaryosis is used in the case of

a) Phytopthora infestans b) Rhizoctonia solani

c) Rhizopus stolanifer d) Botrytis cinerea

54. The genus forming VA mycorrhiza is

a) Glomus b) Acaulospora

c) Gigaspora d) All of the above

55. Newly added Downeymildew genera is

a) Blumeria b) Bremiella

c) Basidiophora d) Bremia

56. Which of the following genus not cause downey mildew diseases

a) Blumeria b) Bremiella

c) Basidiophora d) Bremia

57. Predominatly, fungi are

a) Unicellular b) Multicellular

c) Acellular d) None of the above

58. A sclerotium refer to a modified mycelium

a) A hard resting body b) food storing organ

c) formed in mattres cushion d) none the above

59. Branching of sporangiophoresof Plasmopara at main axis

a) Left angle b) Right angle

c) Acute angle d) none of the above

60. Which of the following is diploid

a) Zoospores b) Spores

c) Oospores d) Conidia


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Fill In The Blank

1. The vegetative body of fungi is called as _________________

2. Sporangium which is cylindrical in shape is called as _______________

3. Small sporangium with or without columella containing a few or single spore is

called as ___________________

4. Sporangium with columella is called as ________________ sporangium.

5. Thallus is entirely converted into one or more reproductive structures is known

as ______________

6. Hypha grows in between cells is called as _________________

7. Inter cellular hyphae produced special organ is called as _______________

8. The spores formed through budding is called as ________________

9. Asexual spore are formed after mitosis is called as ___________________

10. Terminal or inter callary cells of hypha round off and surrounded by thick wall

formed as __________________

11. Process of production of spore is called as ___________________

12. Heterokont zoospores present in___________________

13. The fungi which transmit plant viruses belong to class _________________

14. All Oomycetes conspicuous periplasm except in family ___________

inconspicuous

15. The individual branches of the mycelium are called __________________

16. Zoospores never produced in the downy mildew genus_____________________

17. Organisms which are usually saprophytic but have ability to become as parasites

is called as _________________________

18. Fungal tissue is referred as ________________

19. The taxon used in classification of fungi which ends with –ales

is_____________

20. The group of disease incited by the members of family Peranosporaceae is called

as __________________

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Answers

I.Multiple choice questions:

1. c 2.b 3.d 4.d 5.b 6.b 7.b 8.b 9.c 10.b

11.d 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.a 16.a 17.a 18.b 19.a 20.a

21.d 22.b 23.d 24.d 25.a 26.d 27.a 28.c 29.d 30.d

31.a 32.d 33.a 34.c 35.c 36.a 37.b 38.c 39.a 40.c

41.d 42.a 43.b 44.a 45.a 46.c 47.d 48.a 49.b 50.d

51.a 52.b 53.d 54.d 55.c 56.a 57.b 58.a 59.b 60.c

II. Fill in the blank: 1. Mycelium 11. Sporulation

2. Merosporanium 12. Plasmodiophora

3. Sporangiolum 13. Plasmodiophoromycetes

4. Rhizopus stolonifer 14. Pythiaceae

5. Holocarpic 15. Hyphae

6. Intercellular 16. Peranospora

7. Haustoria 17. Facultative parasite

8. Blastospore 18. Plectenchyma

9. Mitospore 19. Order

10. Chlamydospore 20. Downey mildew

*****


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Model Paper II

I Multiple choice questions

1. The term ergotine related to

a) Erisyphe b) Claviceps

c) Elsinoe d) both a & b

2. In which of the following genera papillate sporangium present

a) Phytopthora b) Pythium


3. Appresorium formed in genera


c) Erysiphe d) both a & c

4. Fungus which lives with in the cells of host is called as

a) Endobiotic b) Epibiotic

c) Ectobiotic d) All of the above

5. Thick walled Zygospore is formed in

a) Claviceps b) Pythium

c) Rhizoctonia d) Rhizopus

6. Aerial hyphae produced by Rhizopus sp are

a) Rhizoids b) stolons

c) conidiphores d) Rhizomorphsis

7. Parasitisam of Rhizopus is

a) Saprophyte b) Obligate parasite

c) Facultative parasite d) Facultative saprophyte

8. Non motile spores are also called as

a) Planospore b) Aplanospore

c) Oospore d) Zoospore

9. The fungus in which conidium looks like a burning flame

a) Venturia b) Elsinoe

c) Mycospaerella d) Cochiobolus

10. Jack – in – a box mechanism present in

a) Protunicate ascus b) Unitunicate ascus

c) Bitunicate ascus d) All of these

11. Endophytic mycelium present in

a) Leveillula b) Phyllactinia

c) Erysiphe d) Microsphaera

12. Ectophytic mycelium present in

a) Uncinula b) Phyllactinia



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c) Podosphaera d) a and c

13. A restricted dikaryotic phase is observed in the Sub division of

a) Ascomycotina b) Basidiomycotina

c) Deuteromycotina d) Zygomycotina

14. In development of ascus binucleate middle cell is known as

a) Hook cell b) Crozier

c) Crook cell d) None the above

15. Honey dew stage present in

a) Erisyphe b) Claviceps

c) Elsinoe d) both a & b

16. Parasitism of Powdery mildew is

a) Obligate parasite b) Facultative saprophyte

c) Facultative parasite d) Obligate saprophyte

17. In Class Pyrenomycetes presence of fruiting body is

a) Pseudothecium b) Apothecium

c) Perithecium d) Cliestothecium

18. Conidia are barrel shaped with flat ends and are produced in chain

a) Oidium b) Oiodiopsis

c) Ovulariopsis d) all the above

19. In family Dothidiaceae presence of ascocarp is



20. The Unitunicate asci present in the class of

a) Plectomycetes b) Pyrenomycetes

c) Discomycetes d) All of these

21. Ascocarp absent in the class of

a) Plectomycetes b) Pyrenomycetes

c) Hemiascomycetes d) Discomycetes

22. Rhomboid shape of conidia present in

a) Oidium b) Oidiopsis

c) Ovulariopsis d) all the above

23. In Venturia which type of fruiting body present



24. Karyogamy takes place in Pyronema life cycle

a) Crook cell b) Ascus mother cell

c) Ascogonium d) Ascogenous hyphe

25. In Basidiocarp which type of mycelium present

a) Primary mycelium b) Secondary mycelium

c) Tertiary mycelium d) both a & b


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26. The members of Sub division Basdiomycotina are commonly called as

a) Gill fungi b) Club fungi

c) Bracket fungi d) all the above

27. Monomorphic zoospores present in

a) Pythiaceae b) Albuginaceae

c) Peranosporaceae d) All the above

28. Sporidia are fused to form H shaped structures in

a) Tilletia b) Neovossia

c) Urocystis d) Ustilago

29. Tertiary mycelium absent in

a) Rust b) Smut


30. Dolipore septum absent in

a) Rust b) both a & c

c) Smut d) none

31. An Example of Basidiocarp is

a) Puff balls b) Earth stars

c) Bracket fungi d) all of this

32. An example of Obligate Parasites

a) Rust b) Smut

c) Downy mildews d) a & c

33. Sporophores are formed through

a) Primary mycelium b) Secondary mycelium

c) Tertiary mycelium d) a & b

34. Spores are released violently and such spores are called as

a) Blastospores b) Ballistospore

c) Arthrospore d) none

35. Spore discharge first examined by

a) Buller b) Muller

c) Pontercervo d) Prevost

36. Basidiocarps are absent in

a) Rust b) Smut

c) both a & b d) Ganoderma

37. Sex organs are absent in

a) Rust b) smut


38. In Rust life cycle the haploid spore is

a) Aeciospore b) Urerdiospore

c) Teleutospore d) Pycniospore

39. Which of the following is a basidiomata

a) Bird nest fungi b) Stink horns



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