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An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens
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An Objective Book
of Plant Pathogens (SAUs Entrance, ICAR’s JRF/SRF/NET/ARS)
By
C Ashwini
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)
www.educreation.in
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Preface
The present book entitled AN OBJECTIVE BOOK OF PLANT PATHOGENS
combines a series of model papers which deals with brief introduction about plant
pathogens, basic concepts and terminology in Mycology, Bacteriology, Virology and it is
also includes recent fungal classification (Kirk et al. 2008). This book has been to cover
the various courses offered by Indian Universities and it is mainly helpful for graduate
and postgraduate students for various SAUs exams and other competitive examinations
like SRF, JRF, NET and ARS conducted by ICAR.
I feel immense pleasure in taking this opportunity of expressing my profound,
humble indebtedness and deepest sense of gratitude and thanks towards my Honorable
Chairman Dr. G. K. Giri, Associate Professor, Plant Pathology, PGI, Dr. P. D. K. V
Akola for his valuable guidance to prepare this book. It is my proud privilege to express
my deep sense of gratitude towards Dr. S.S. Mane, Dr. R. M. Gade and Dr. R.W. Ingle,
Department of Plant Pathology, Post graduate Institute, Dr. P. D. K. VAkola.
- (C. ASHWINI)
*****
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vi
About The Author
C. Ashwini did her B.Sc. (Agriculture) in 2010 and M.Sc. (Plant
Pathology) in 2012 from Dr. P.D.K.V, Akola (Maharashtra). She has
published four research papers and two short communications in peer
reviewed national and inter national journals. She worked as Teaching
Associate from 2012-2014 in the Department of Plant Pathology,
Agricultural College, Polasa, PJTSAU and later a Research Associate (2014) KVK,
Adilabad, PJTSAU. During 2016 she switched to Teaching Associate at Agriculture
Polytechnic College, Sardapur, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana. Presently she is
working as Teaching Associate at Horticulture Polytechnic College, Adilabad,
SKLTHSU, Hyderabad, Telangana.
*****
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vii
Content List
Sr. No. Title Page no.
1. Mycology 1
2. Bacteriology 32
3. Virology 50
4. Model paper –XI 56
5. Model paper –XII 74
6. ANNEXURE 1 – 10 80
7. Classification of Fungi (Ainsworth1973) 91
8. Classification of Bacteria 96
9. Classification of Viruses 100
10. Match the Pairs 109
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An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens
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Mycology ________________________________________________________________________
Model Paper I
I Multiple choice questions
1. Coenocytic hypha present in lower fungal class of
a) Oomycetes b) Zygomycetes
c) both a & b d) Ascomycetes
2. Finger like haustoria present in genera
a) Peranospora b) Albugo
c) Erysiphe d) Uncinula
3. Unicellular thallus comes under
a) Chytrids b) Synchytrium
c) Alternaria d) both a&b
4. Aplanospores are present in
a) Rhizopus b) Mucor
c) Pythium d) both a & b
5. The term mastigenemes/flimmers are associated with
a) Whiplash flagella b) Tinsel flagella
c) flagella d) both a&b
6. Amphygynous type of antheridium present in
a) Pythium b) Phytopthora
c) Synchytrium d) Spongospora
7. A group of conidiophores often united at the base and free at the top
a) Sporodochium b) Synnemata
c) Pycnidium d) Acervulus
8. Cell wall of Oomycetes is made up of
a) Chitin b) Cellulose
c) Chitin of cellulose d) Murein
9. A cell from which conidia are produced
a) Conidiphore b) Condiospore
c) Conidiogenous cell d) Conidiamata
10. Posteriorly uniflagellate motile cells are present in the class of
a) Plasmodiophromycetes b) Chytridiomycetes
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c) Oomycetes d) All of these
11. Asexual reproduction stage is also called as
a) Imperfect stage b) Anomorphic stage
c) Telomarph stage d) both a&b
12. Haustoria will be present in the
a) Inter cellular b) Intracellular
c) both a & b d) Vascular bundle
13. Long rachis with lateral hair like projection present in
a) Whiplash flagella b) Tinsel flagella
c) both a & b d) none the above
14. The protecting covering of sterile hypae around an ascocarp is termed as
a) Peridium b) Peritecium
c) Apothecium d) none
15. If both gamets are motile but dissimilar is known as
a) Anisogamy b) Heterogamy
c) Gametogamy d) both a & b
16. Paragynous type of antheridium present in
a) Pythium b) Phytopthora
c) Synchytrium d) Spongospora
17. Parasexual life cycle
a) Plasmogamy > Karyogamy > Haploidisation
b) Karyogamy > Plasmogamy > Haploidisation
c) Plasmogamy > Karyogamy > Meiosis
d) Plasmogamy > Meiosis > Karyogamy
18. A structure acting as pressing organ in fungi is known as
a) Rhizoids b) Appressorium
c) Haustorium d) Rhizomarph
19. Special absorbing organ produced on certain hyphae by parasitic fungi
a) Haustorium b) Rhizomarph
c) Rhizoids d) Appresorium
20. Type of sexual reproduction in Mastigomycotina
a) Gamatangial contact b) Gamatangial copulation
c) Planogametic copulation d) Somatogamy
21. Motile spores are absent in Sub division
a) Ascomycotina b) Zygomycotina
c) Basidiomycotina d) all of these
22. Dolipore septum present in
a) simple septa b) complex septa
c) primary septa d) adventitious septa
23. Cruciform division observed in
a) Spongospora b) Plasmodiophora
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c) Synchitrium d) Both a & b
24. Isogamous Planogametic copulation seen in
a) Spongospora b) Plasmodiophora
c) Synchitrium d) Both a & b
25. The disease Promimnent in hilly regions like dargeeling
a) Wart of potato b) Late blight of potato
c) Early blight of potato d) all of these
26. An example of meiospore
a) Zoospore b) Blastospore
c) Arthrospore d) Basidiospore
27. Para sexual cycle first time observed in the genera
a) Aspergillus nidulans b) Aspergillus niger
c) Aspergillus flavus d) Aspergillus awamori
28. Isokont zoospore present in
a) Pythium b) Phytopthora
c) both a & b d) Synchytrium
29. Which of the following modification of fungal mycelium
a) Rhizomorph b) Sclerotium
c) Appresorium d) all of these
30. What type of genera gametangial contact can be seen
a) Phytopthora b) Pythium
c) Rhizopus d) a & b
31. Mycelium becomes organized into loosely or compactly woven tissue
a) Plectenchyma b) Prosenchyma
c) Pseudoparenchyma d) Parenchyma
32. Uniflagellate whiplash type of zoospore present in
a) Pythium b) Phytopthora
c) Plasmodiophora d) Synchytrium
33. If gametes are dissimilar one motile another is non motile is known as
a) Heterogamy b) Anisogamy
c) Isogamy d) none the above
34. Organisms which are usually parasites but have ability to become saprophytes
a) Facultative parasite b) Obligate saprophytes
c) Facultative saprophytes d) Obligate parasites
35. Heterokont zoospore present in
a) Pythium b) Phytopthora
c) Plasmodiophora d) Synchytrium
36. Fungal tissues are also called as
a) Plectenchyma b) Prosenchyma
c) Pseudoparenchyma d) Parenchyma
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37. Nuclear cap is seen in the class of
a) Plectomycetes b) Chytridiomycetes
c) Oomycetes d) Zygomycetes
38. Plasmodiophoromycetes are also called as
a) obligate endoparasites b) endoparasitic slime mold
c) both a and b d) ectoparasitic slime mold
39.
Promycelium produced by
a) Teliospores b) Aeciospores
c) Basidiospores d) Uredospore
40. Type of sexual reproduction in Basidiomycotina
a) Somatogamy b) spermatization
c) both a & b d) none the above
41. Plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis occurs at regular intervals in Sub division
a) Mastigomycotina b) Zygomycotina
c) Ascomycotina d) both a & b
42. Which division derive benefits from Parasexual life cycle
a) Deuteromycotina b) Basidiomycotina
c) Ascomycotina d) Mastigomycotina
43. In Oomycetes which type of male gametangium present
a) Oogonium b) Antheridium
c) Ascogonium d) Antherozoids
44. Septa that are formed in direct association of nuclear division is called as
a) Adventious septa b) Complete septa
c) Primary septa d) Solid septa
45. Planospores are seen in the class of
a) Oomycetes b) Teliomycetes
c) Pyrenomycetes d) Zygomycetes
46. Cup shaped apophysis with four sterigmata bearing sporangia present in
a) Peranospora b) Slcerospora
c) Bremia d) Plasmopara
47. In Oomycetes during sexual reproduction meiosis takes place in
a) Zoospore b) Sporangium
c) Zygote d) Gametangium
48. In which of the following genera sporangia germinate by germ tube
a) Peranospora b) Slcerospora
c) Bremia d) Plasmopara
49. Parenthosome present in
a) Simple septa b) Complex septa
c) Primary septa d) Adventitious septa
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50. Motile cells are anteriorly biflagellate in the class of
a) Plasmodiophromycetes b) Chytridiomycetes
c) Oomycetes d) both a and c
51. Motile haploid spores are also called as
a) Zoospores b) Aplanospores
c) Zygospores d) conidia
52. Determinate growth of the Sporangipores are produced by
a) Albuginaceae b) Pythiaceae
c) Peranosporaceae d) All of the above
53. The term Heterokaryosis is used in the case of
a) Phytopthora infestans b) Rhizoctonia solani
c) Rhizopus stolanifer d) Botrytis cinerea
54. The genus forming VA mycorrhiza is
a) Glomus b) Acaulospora
c) Gigaspora d) All of the above
55. Newly added Downeymildew genera is
a) Blumeria b) Bremiella
c) Basidiophora d) Bremia
56. Which of the following genus not cause downey mildew diseases
a) Blumeria b) Bremiella
c) Basidiophora d) Bremia
57. Predominatly, fungi are
a) Unicellular b) Multicellular
c) Acellular d) None of the above
58. A sclerotium refer to a modified mycelium
a) A hard resting body b) food storing organ
c) formed in mattres cushion d) none the above
59. Branching of sporangiophoresof Plasmopara at main axis
a) Left angle b) Right angle
c) Acute angle d) none of the above
60. Which of the following is diploid
a) Zoospores b) Spores
c) Oospores d) Conidia
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Fill In The Blank
1. The vegetative body of fungi is called as _________________
2. Sporangium which is cylindrical in shape is called as _______________
3. Small sporangium with or without columella containing a few or single spore is
called as ___________________
4. Sporangium with columella is called as ________________ sporangium.
5. Thallus is entirely converted into one or more reproductive structures is known
as ______________
6. Hypha grows in between cells is called as _________________
7. Inter cellular hyphae produced special organ is called as _______________
8. The spores formed through budding is called as ________________
9. Asexual spore are formed after mitosis is called as ___________________
10. Terminal or inter callary cells of hypha round off and surrounded by thick wall
formed as __________________
11. Process of production of spore is called as ___________________
12. Heterokont zoospores present in___________________
13. The fungi which transmit plant viruses belong to class _________________
14. All Oomycetes conspicuous periplasm except in family ___________
inconspicuous
15. The individual branches of the mycelium are called __________________
16. Zoospores never produced in the downy mildew genus_____________________
17. Organisms which are usually saprophytic but have ability to become as parasites
is called as _________________________
18. Fungal tissue is referred as ________________
19. The taxon used in classification of fungi which ends with –ales
is_____________
20. The group of disease incited by the members of family Peranosporaceae is called
as __________________
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Answers
I.Multiple choice questions:
1. c 2.b 3.d 4.d 5.b 6.b 7.b 8.b 9.c 10.b
11.d 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.a 16.a 17.a 18.b 19.a 20.a
21.d 22.b 23.d 24.d 25.a 26.d 27.a 28.c 29.d 30.d
31.a 32.d 33.a 34.c 35.c 36.a 37.b 38.c 39.a 40.c
41.d 42.a 43.b 44.a 45.a 46.c 47.d 48.a 49.b 50.d
51.a 52.b 53.d 54.d 55.c 56.a 57.b 58.a 59.b 60.c
II. Fill in the blank: 1. Mycelium 11. Sporulation
2. Merosporanium 12. Plasmodiophora
3. Sporangiolum 13. Plasmodiophoromycetes
4. Rhizopus stolonifer 14. Pythiaceae
5. Holocarpic 15. Hyphae
6. Intercellular 16. Peranospora
7. Haustoria 17. Facultative parasite
8. Blastospore 18. Plectenchyma
9. Mitospore 19. Order
10. Chlamydospore 20. Downey mildew
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Model Paper II
I Multiple choice questions
1. The term ergotine related to
a) Erisyphe b) Claviceps
c) Elsinoe d) both a & b
2. In which of the following genera papillate sporangium present
a) Phytopthora b) Pythium
c) Plasmodiophora d) Synchytrium
3. Appresorium formed in genera
a) Pythium b) Phytopthora
c) Erysiphe d) both a & c
4. Fungus which lives with in the cells of host is called as
a) Endobiotic b) Epibiotic
c) Ectobiotic d) All of the above
5. Thick walled Zygospore is formed in
a) Claviceps b) Pythium
c) Rhizoctonia d) Rhizopus
6. Aerial hyphae produced by Rhizopus sp are
a) Rhizoids b) stolons
c) conidiphores d) Rhizomorphsis
7. Parasitisam of Rhizopus is
a) Saprophyte b) Obligate parasite
c) Facultative parasite d) Facultative saprophyte
8. Non motile spores are also called as
a) Planospore b) Aplanospore
c) Oospore d) Zoospore
9. The fungus in which conidium looks like a burning flame
a) Venturia b) Elsinoe
c) Mycospaerella d) Cochiobolus
10. Jack – in – a box mechanism present in
a) Protunicate ascus b) Unitunicate ascus
c) Bitunicate ascus d) All of these
11. Endophytic mycelium present in
a) Leveillula b) Phyllactinia
c) Erysiphe d) Microsphaera
12. Ectophytic mycelium present in
a) Uncinula b) Phyllactinia
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c) Podosphaera d) a and c
13. A restricted dikaryotic phase is observed in the Sub division of
a) Ascomycotina b) Basidiomycotina
c) Deuteromycotina d) Zygomycotina
14. In development of ascus binucleate middle cell is known as
a) Hook cell b) Crozier
c) Crook cell d) None the above
15. Honey dew stage present in
a) Erisyphe b) Claviceps
c) Elsinoe d) both a & b
16. Parasitism of Powdery mildew is
a) Obligate parasite b) Facultative saprophyte
c) Facultative parasite d) Obligate saprophyte
17. In Class Pyrenomycetes presence of fruiting body is
a) Pseudothecium b) Apothecium
c) Perithecium d) Cliestothecium
18. Conidia are barrel shaped with flat ends and are produced in chain
a) Oidium b) Oiodiopsis
c) Ovulariopsis d) all the above
19. In family Dothidiaceae presence of ascocarp is
a) Pseudothecium b) Apothecium
c) Perithecium d) Cliestothecium
20. The Unitunicate asci present in the class of
a) Plectomycetes b) Pyrenomycetes
c) Discomycetes d) All of these
21. Ascocarp absent in the class of
a) Plectomycetes b) Pyrenomycetes
c) Hemiascomycetes d) Discomycetes
22. Rhomboid shape of conidia present in
a) Oidium b) Oidiopsis
c) Ovulariopsis d) all the above
23. In Venturia which type of fruiting body present
a) Pseudothecium b) Apothecium
c) Perithecium d) Cliestothecium
24. Karyogamy takes place in Pyronema life cycle
a) Crook cell b) Ascus mother cell
c) Ascogonium d) Ascogenous hyphe
25. In Basidiocarp which type of mycelium present
a) Primary mycelium b) Secondary mycelium
c) Tertiary mycelium d) both a & b
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26. The members of Sub division Basdiomycotina are commonly called as
a) Gill fungi b) Club fungi
c) Bracket fungi d) all the above
27. Monomorphic zoospores present in
a) Pythiaceae b) Albuginaceae
c) Peranosporaceae d) All the above
28. Sporidia are fused to form H shaped structures in
a) Tilletia b) Neovossia
c) Urocystis d) Ustilago
29. Tertiary mycelium absent in
a) Rust b) Smut
c) both a & b d) none the above
30. Dolipore septum absent in
a) Rust b) both a & c
c) Smut d) none
31. An Example of Basidiocarp is
a) Puff balls b) Earth stars
c) Bracket fungi d) all of this
32. An example of Obligate Parasites
a) Rust b) Smut
c) Downy mildews d) a & c
33. Sporophores are formed through
a) Primary mycelium b) Secondary mycelium
c) Tertiary mycelium d) a & b
34. Spores are released violently and such spores are called as
a) Blastospores b) Ballistospore
c) Arthrospore d) none
35. Spore discharge first examined by
a) Buller b) Muller
c) Pontercervo d) Prevost
36. Basidiocarps are absent in
a) Rust b) Smut
c) both a & b d) Ganoderma
37. Sex organs are absent in
a) Rust b) smut
c) both a & b d) none the above
38. In Rust life cycle the haploid spore is
a) Aeciospore b) Urerdiospore
c) Teleutospore d) Pycniospore
39. Which of the following is a basidiomata
a) Bird nest fungi b) Stink horns
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