Samanea Raintree

7/30/2019 Samanea Raintree

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p h o t o : C

. E l E v i t C h

In brIef

Distribution Nae nrern Su Amerca, andnw naurazed rugu e rc.

Size ycay reace 15–25 m (50–80 ) a w a bradcrwn ycay 30 m (100 ) n dameer.

Habitat Grw be n e wand rm ea ee 300m (1000 ) w rana 600–3000 mm (24–120 n).

Vegetation Nauray ccur n aanna (graand)and n decduu re and raran crrdr.

Soils Ada a wde range ye and H ee.

Growth rate Mderaey a grwng w grw rae 0.75–1.5 m/yr (2.5–5 /yr) er year.

Main agroorestry uses Saure, cr ade.

Main products Fdder, mber.

Urban orestry We ued r arge ubc area uc a

ark, c grund, ec., and arge meead. Yields A 5-year-d ree can rduce 550 kg (1210 b) green rage; mber yed 10–25 m 3/a/yr (1715–4290b/a/yr) under a 10–15 year ran.

Intercropping Ineraned a a ade ree w cee,caca, and er cr.

Invasive potential ndered nae n Fj and Van-uau, eewere n e Pacc naurazed bu rarey cndered be rbemac.

Species Proles or Pacic Island Agroorestry www.traditionaltree.org

Ar 2006 er. 2.1

http://www.traditionaltree.org/




Samanea saman (rain tree)

InTrODUCTIOn

Ran ree (Samanea saman) eay recgnzed by car-acerc umbrea-aed cany. Wen grwn n een, e ree uuay reace 15–25 m (50–80 ) n eg

w a cany dameer wder an e ree a. Ran ree m mran n e Pacc a a ade ree n maarm, ang rad, n ark and aure. Te wd a

med ue r cared bw n ca marke; cud bedeeed mre wdey a a cmmerca mber, cmarngaraby back wanu. A muude mnr ue dcumened r ran ree, m em urey ca g-ncance, bu a cud be exred r wder acaby.Ran ree nauraze reey am eerywere a beennrduced and cndered an nae e n Vanuauand Fj. In many er ace naurazed ran ree ncndered a rbem.

DISTrIbUTIOn

Native range

xene cuan a bcured e nae range ranree. I beeed be nae n nrern Su Amerca(mba, e arbbean e and e Ornc dranage Venezuea), and n enra Amerca a ar nr a Saadr. I nw wderead rm Mexc u Peru,Ba, and Braz. In ee area, ccur n w-eea-n dry re and graand/aanna aba.

Current distribution

Ran ree cuaed and naurazed rugu erc. In e Pacc, ran ree knwn ccur ne wng and: Amercan Sama (uua), m-mnwea e Nrern Marana Iand (Saan,Ra), Federaed Sae Mcrnea (uuk, Krae,Pne), Fj (Kanacea, aeun, Vanua Leu, V Leu),Frenc Pynea (Íe ubua [Ruruu], a, Marquea,Mrea, Raaea), Guam, Hawa‘, Mara Iand ( Jau,Kwajaen), Nue, Paau (Krr), Paua New Gunea, ePne, Pcarn, Ruma, Sama (‘Uu), and nga(ngaau, ‘ua, Vaa‘u, Luka/Fa). Te ece anaurazed n a number e arbbean Iand ncud-

ng Puer Rc. I am cerany een mre wde-read an e regng ndcae.

bOTAnICAL DeSCrIPTIOn

Preerred scientic name

Samanea saman ( Jacqun) Merr

Family

Fabaceae (a. Mmaceae), egume amy

Subamily

Mmdeae

Non-preerred scientic names

Albizia saman (Jacqun) F. Mueer Enterolobium saman (Jacqun) Pran ex Kng Inga salutaris Kun. Inga saman (Jacqun) Wd Mimosa saman JacqunPithecellobium saman ( Jacqun) Benam

Common names

Pacic islands

flinganga (Nrern Marana) gouannegoul , saman (Frenc)

gumorni spanis (Ya)kasia kula , mohemohe (nga)marmar (New Gunea)

‘ohai (Hawa‘)ran ree, mnkey d, aman (ng)tamalini , tamaligi (Sama)trongkon-mames (Guam)vaivai ni vavalangi , sirsa (Fj)

Other regions

acacia, palo de China (Pne)algarrobo, algarrobo del país , carreto negro, delmonte , dormilón,

guannegoul , samán (San) gouannegoul , saman (Frenc)

Size

Ran ree generay aan maxmum eg 15–25 m(50–80 ). In rare cae can reac a eg 50 m (160). Te crwn ycay reace 30 m (100 ) n dameer.Very arge ree may reac 50–60 m (160–195 ) n dam-eer. Ran ree uuay ae a r, u runk abu1–2 m (3–6.5 ) n dameer a brea eg (db), bu erunk can aan 2–3 m (6.5–10 ) db n excena cae.Under dene anng cndn, ree may aan greaer

eg ( 40 m, 130 ) w a narrwer crwn dameeran wen aned n e en.

Form

Ran ree a a dnce, umbrea-aed crwn. Tecrwn ycay brad and dmed; e rzna read greaer an e eg wen grwn n acu, eneng. Under anan cndn, e crwn mre

ae-aed.



Species Proles or Pacic Island Agroorestry ( www.traditionaltree.org)

Flowers

Te ny wer (12–25 er ead) are maed n nkead 5–6 cm (2–2.4 n) acr and abu 4 cm (1.6 n) n

eg. Te ng, bcred amen (we n wer a and redd abe) ge e we nrecence e a-earance a wder u r eaer duer ed gy abe e age. Tuand ead are brne a e ameme, cerng e ree n nk bm. Te cenra wern eac ead arger, ake, a mre ea, and n-caabe rmng a ru; wer a necar-rduc-ng rgan a arac nar. Uuay ny ne werer ead (rarey w) naed and rm a ru.

Leaves

Leae are aernaey arranged ang wg and ae armnen weng (unu) a e ee bae; ueare reen and readke; e ea bade are wce-een-nnaey cmund, arranged n 2–6 ar nnae, eacnna bearng 6–16 damnd-aed eae, ny greenabe, du and ney ary benea, 2–4 cm (0.8-1.6 n)ng and 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 n) wde, e aca eae arg-e. Durng dry erd ree are em-decduu, nger eae r a r erd. Were ere a dene dry ean, ey may reman eae r a erd week bureae qucky ere adequae mure. T gee aearance a ran ree “eergreen” n mer c-mae.

Fruit

Maure d are back-brwn, bng, umy, 10–20 cmng (4–8 n), 15–19 mm (0.6–0.8 n) wde, ca. 6 mm (0.25n) ck, rag r gy cured, n decng bueenuay crackng rreguary, and ed w a cky,brwn u a wee and edbe.

rAIn Tree?

Te name ran ree a been arbued :

• Te eae are g-ene and ce geer ncudy day (a we a rm duk dawn), awngran a rug e cany e grund bew.

• Te gra en muc greener under a ran ree

an e urrundng gra.• A eady drzze neydew en creaed by

a-uckng nec.• Necare n e ea ee excree ugary juce

a meme a rm e ree ke ran.• Durng eay werng, amen can dr rm e

cany ke ran.

op: Flowers and new leaves. Bottom: Fruit in varying stag-es o ripeness. photos: C. ElEvitCh






Seeds

Seed are umy bng-ed, 8–11.5 mm (0.3–0.45n) ng, 5–7.5 mm (0.25–0.38 n) wde, gy aenedrm de de, m, dark gy brwn w a en-dery U-aed yew markng (eurgram) n eaened de. Tere are 15–20 eed er d (en ny 5–10 eed er d n e nae range, were eed redanby nec accun r e re). One kgram eed

aerage 4000–6000 eed (1820–2730 eed/b). Seed areready dered by dmec eck (cae, g, ga)and a muc eer exen by wd anma (eccary, ar,and rden n e reumed nae range), we eed-ng ab and dgee caacy erm ery ew eed a rug nac. I a been yezed a ran reeru eed r dera by arge mamma a becameexnc n e Amerca durng e Pecene gacan.ae and er erbru dmec anma efceny e eed dera re day.

Bark

Te bark maure ree gray, rug, and ured nng ae r crky rdge. On yunger ree e bark mer and aer gray brwn n cr. Te nnerbark g cred and ber.

How to distinguish rom similar species/look-a- likes

Ran ree n eay cnued w any er ree n e

Pacc. Te brady dmed, umbrea-aedcrwn, qua, ck runk, nnaey cmundeae w damnd-aed eae a du a ng r n cudy r rany day, nk- “wder u ” wer ead, and ndecenback d ed w cky, c-ke uare dnce. Wa aear be a we-

wered rm ran ree n Hawa‘ a d-eren ece, Pseudosamanea guachapele . I rare n cuan bu were grwn abeen cnued w ran ree wen werng.

Te eedng and ang ran ree can becnued w e Albizia lebbeck.

GeneTICS

Variability o species

Ran ree remarkaby unrm n aearance

rugu drbun and w eca araby. N axnmc aree aebeen recgnzed amng wd Samanea saman, nr ae reer r an breeder named any cuar.

Culturally important related species in the genus

Tere are w er ece Samanea (S. tubulosa and S.inopinata ); neer a any rered cuura mrance ne Pacc and.

Genetic resources where collections exist

Te Oxrd Frery Inue ncude Samanea saman n germam cneran rgram. Hweer, neergermam cecn nr breedng rgram are knwn ex r ran ree.

ASSOCIATeD PLAnT SPeCIeS

In native habitat

Ran ree und nauray n aanna, were a-caed w aru grae. I a ccur n decduu

re and raran crrdr, were en bear a eay ad eye n e runk and brance.

Recent introduction

In ace were ran ree a been nrduced, enaned ang radde, n ark and aure, acan ,curc and cyard, and mar acu, en ace.In ee can, grw n acan w an array

Rain tree makes a remarkable habitat or epiphytes such as erns and or-chids, particularly in wetter areas. photo: C. ElEvitCh




cuaed and weedy aen ece a caracerze d-urbed aba and anned andcae.

enVIrOnMenTAL PreferenCeS

AnD TOLerAnCeS

ClimateAug rgnang rm a ar rca Amerca aa a rnunced, eana dry cmae, ran ree gy adaabe and a ren abe re n many rcaand ubrca cmae regme. day e ece uc-ceuy eabed n a wde range cmae, ncudngb eer-we (equara) and eanay dry (mnn)cmae a ae an annua rana 600–3000 mm(24–120 n) and a eean rangng rm ea ee 300m (1000 ) (excenay 1450 m [4750 ]).

Elevation

In nae range, ran ree grw my bew 450 m(1470 ) aug e a eean range rered be ea ee 1450 m (4750 ). In Pacc and, e-ce ycay und bew 300 m (1000 ).

Mean annual rainall

600–3000 mm (24–120 n)

Rainall pattern

Ran ree can erae a wde range recan aern,ncudng ummer, wner, bmda, and unrm ranaaern. In nae range, ran ree en grw ang

raran crrdr were r ae acce uburacemure, makng recan e crca.

Dry season duration (consecutive months with <0mm [1.6 in] rainall)

Ran ree can ure a dry erd 2–4 mn r ngerdeendng n age, ze ree, emeraure, reae u-mdy, and .

Mean annual temperature

20–38° (68–100°F)

Mean maximum temperature o hottest month24–38° (75–100°F)

Mean minimum temperature o coldest month

18–20° (64–68°F)

Minimum temperature tolerated

8° (46°F)

Soils

Ran ree ada a wde range ye and H e-e.

Soil texture

Ran ree nderen exure; erae a wderange g, medum, and eay .

Soil drainage

Ran ree re n a are reey dranng, and -erae meded dranage. In me uan, can erae

waergged r r erd. Ran ree knwn grw n gy eeaed and ju nand rm mangre(Franc 2004).

Soil acidity

Ran ree re n mdy acdc neura H (6.0–7.4),bu e eraure rer a erae H a g a 8.5and a w a 4.7 (uc a a ad been mned r

bauxe w gy acdc redue).Special soil tolerances

Ran ree erae aw and w n aaabenuren.

olerances

Drought

Ran ree grw we under cmae ang a eana dry erd (2–4 mn) a we a under mer cndn

were rana drbued eeny year-rund. I de n

erae exended erd drug.Full sun

Te ree g-demandng. I rarey und n dene r-e and; naura aba aanna and, eanay dry, decduu re, and raran re crrdr.

Shade

Ran ree neran ade. Seedng may be grwnr 2–4 week n ara ade and en graduay ed u un. Te eedng cann ure bew ced and er ree. Wen ran ree are und n mxed and,

ey ared w r bere e er ece n e and.Seedng are ureed and ked by dene and agrae uc a Gunea gra (Panicum maximum) and e-ean gra (Pennisetum purpureum) (Franc 2004).

Frost

I cann erae r r w emeraure.





6 Samanea saman (rain tree)

Waterlogging

Rer ary a ran ree’ aby erae waerg-gng. Sme berer rer a gd dranage eena;er ae a ran ree ure meded dranage and

waerggng.

Salt spray

Wnd-bwn a ray may caue -burn n e wnd- ward de ree, bu caue ny cmec damage.

Wind

In Hawa‘, ran ree ada we rade wnd, augded crwn may dee n exed uan. Srm

wnd may ur and e ran ree, a aw-red. Were andy r graey aw dee rng,e ece ary rean urrcane-rce wnd, u-erng mb breakage bu n muc wndrw (nger) r nang e runk. Paemen, undan, raw bedrck rerc r grw and make e ece

unerabe wndrw (Franc 2004).

Ailitis

Fix nitrogen

Ran ree xe nrgen rug an acan w ran rzba bacera (Bradyrhizobium). In aure yem,ran ree enance grw grae bew and near eree cany rug nrgen enrcmen e .

Regenerate rapidly

Ran ree rduce eed cuy and naura regenera-n que deendabe. Aug redar dery many eed, ere are many rduced a e nex generan aured. In d ed, r anywere a ung and engrund are aaabe, e ree regenerae naneuy.

Sel-prune

Te ree uuay a a r be w eay de-branc-ng. en wen aned n dene and, wer branceare en reaned.

Coppice

Ran ree a ery gd cce aby, aug e re-grw rae mderae, wer an er nrgen-x-ng ece uc a Leucaena ., Gliricidia sepium, ec. In

Taand e ree cu a 1 m (3.3 ) eg eery 6 mnr rducn dder.

Pollard

ree n Hawa‘ are en “a-racked” by ree rmmer, w reme a eay back man brance. ree

reru gruy and wn 12–15 mn ae a dene,cmac crwn new grw.

Other

Medum zed ree can be runed back eerey andmed ary eay r andcang ure.

GrOWTH AnD DeVeLOPMenT

Ran ree a mderaey a-grwng ree w ycagrw rae 0.75–1.5 m/yr (2.5–5 /yr). Nurery-grwneedng 3–5 mn d are uuay 20–30 cm (8–12 n)a wen ready r uanng. Ina grw w buura gd. w mn aer rananng, eed-ng begn k gru and grw rady. w-year-d ang n mxed anan aaned 2.9 m (9.5 ) neg and n mnecc anng a a 3 x 3 m (10 x 10) acng reaced 4.8 m (16 ) a and 6.6 cm (2.6 n) db.

We ended ecmen may aan 15 cm (5.9 n) dameer

n 5 year.

Flowering and ruiting

Fwerng begn a a yung age and a a dene ean-ay, begnnng a e end e dry ean (Marc–Arn Hawa‘) ju aer e eae and maure d dr.New age ue u and werng begn mre r emuaneuy (Ar–May n Hawa‘). In nae rangewerng ccur January–May, we n Taand ereare w werng ean, February–May and Seem-ber–Nember, and n Jaa werng ccur Augu–Ar.Aug werng end eak n e rng, ree may ae wer reen n am any mn e year, e-ecay n area w year-rund rana.

Yields

Maure ree bear, n aerage, 200–250 kg (440–550 b) d er ree, er ean. Wd yed aerage annuay 25–30 m 3/a (4290–5140 b/ac). Wen grwn a a greendder, be are 550 kg (1210 b) rm a 5-

year-d ree.

Rooting habit

Te ree a a mae urace r yem. Te arge ur-ace r cmmn n e ece ccur m en ncayey and rcky bu are n a exene n andy rgraey .

Reaction to competition

Once eabed, ran ree eedng grw a and are -eran eay weed cmen. Hweer, ura and




grw rae are mred gru weed cnr dneun e ang are aer an e urrundng graeand erbaceu egean.

PrOPAGATIOn

Ran ree eay ragaed by eera med. I may be ragaed by eed (e uua med), em cung(ung erca em), r cung, and um cung.In muc e Pacc, weer, n eca er ex-

ered grw ran ree. I ne r a ew ree are wanedr me ue, eedng are dug rm near a maure reeand rananed e garden. en ery arge ree canbe ucceuy rananed w ubana r and runng and rer care. Seedng are a encuraged grw were ey ru by recng em and rd-ng me weed cnr. Wen arger number ree arerequred, eed ceced r nurery anng r drecwng n e ed.

Propagation by seed

Seed collection

Pd are ceced rm e grund benea ree aer ey dr; ckng d e ree nadabe becaue, a-ug e d ake 5.5–8 mn maure, e eedny u and becme abe ry bere e d a.In me cae e d are reaned n e ree r u 4mn a maury.

Seed processing

In Lan Amerca, eed are manuay exracedrm e cky, c-ke u nde e d.An eaer med cec eed rm dung eck a a eaen e d; n addn beng e abr nene, germnan en-anced by aage rug e dgee rac

erbre. In Aa, e d are aced n adark ace were erme ea e ru aeand u, eang bend cean eed.

Seed storage

Te wee, cky ru u (endcar) r-me an nene nec aack, careu cean-ng eed a bere rage. Ran ree eedbear rdx, a , e eed rean

aby wen dred and red. Seed can bered r exended me erd a 4° (39°F)

w 6–8% mure cnen. Seed red a 5°

(41°F) r cder rean aby nger an a year.

Pre-planting seed treatments

Fre eed germnan abu 36–50% w n reamen.Germnan unreaed eed ncreae n e cure e r year rage. Germnan a enanced by aage e eed rug e dgee rac erb-ru anma. Scarcan n eena aug recmmended enure a, unrm, and ma germ-nan. Manua nckng e eed ca ung a na c-er r ma e wrk ery we, aug me cn-

umng. Aernaey, mmere e eed r 1–2 mnue n80° (176°F) waer (waer ume 5 me e eed ume).Sr e eed, en dran and ak em n ukewarm (30–40° [86–104°F]) waer r 24 ur. T med yed90–100% germnan damaged eed are remed rr reamen.

Growing area

Sude ndcae a ran ree eedng are neran ade. Sme eraure urce recmmend ara ader eedng n e r 2–4 week aer emergence anden u un; er urce ae a eedng ud be

aced n u ung rm e begnnng.

Germination

Germnan ccur 3–5 day aer wng cared eed.Prereamen, aug n eena, reu n mre un-rm germnan and mre e ercenage eeda germnae.

Large trees, as well as seedlings, can be transplanted readily by pruning theroots and branches, and ensuring sucient irrigation or a ew months.photo: C. ElEvitCh






Seeds in pod. Note sticky pulp surrounding the seeds. photo:C. ElEvitCh

Media/containers

Seed may be aned n and n nurery bed; n nurery mx (3 ar : 1 ar and: 1 ar cm) n y bag10 x 20 cm (4 x 8 n); r drec-eeded n e ed.

Time to outplanting

Seedng are ready r uanng 3–5 mn aer ger-mnan, by wc me ey ud be 20–30 cm (8–12 n)a. Seedng w ck em, mre an 10 mm (0.4 n)n dameer, d u beer wnd and ran.

Approximate size at time o outplanting

Seedng may be aned u wen ey ae aaned a

eg 15–30 cm (6–12 n). Tey may be “umed” by runng e r a eng 10 cm (4 n), and e em a eng 20 cm (8 n). Te em dameer umedeedng ud be 5–30 mm (0.2–1.2 n).

Other comments on propagation

aerar can deae yung eedng.

Guidelines or Outplanting

Sura and eabmen aer uanng mre w gru weed cnr un ang are aer an e ur-rundng egean and begn ade u.

DISADVAnTAGeS

Ran ree becme ery arge, and m uy nme uan, eecay n rxmy uman acy.

Te mae brancng ab and urace r yem cannerere w agrcuura ace. Fr exame, e ryem may cmee we r mure and nuren nagrrery yem w ma ree r rub undernea.

Due e aw r yem, e ree a ucebe wndrw durng rm wnd, and n aure yem can be dangeru eck. u eed rduc-n and rc rerducn n e Pacc ae eedran ree nauraze n many ace were a been n-rduced. Te cky d and me ea er are a nu-ance wen e ree ener e decduu ae. Hweer,

were grazng anma are reen, ruay eery d wbe cnumed.

Potential or invasiveness

Ran ree a naurazed n many ace ude naerange and, n e Pacc, cndered a eru e nVanuau and Fj. ewere n e Pacc regarded anncuu. Fr exame, cmmn n Sama n ana-n bu de n ready read er area. Te re-ce naure e rea ed by ran ree a n beenarcuaed; may my be a nuance ree a grw

were n waned. Te rad read and naneu

aearance e ece n e dan rm eed urce uuay due demnan by cae. u eedrducn and eae eed dera by eck a eena ae e way r ran ree becme a e ner ar e Pacc. Hweer, wen cae are reen

year-rund r reurn a ea annuay, ey cnume andk am a ma ran ree eedng.

Rain tree has an extensive surace root system, which may interere with agricultural activities or landscape mainte-nance especially on clayey or rocky soils. photo: C. ElEvitCh




Susceptibility to pests/pathogens

Lederan caerar ( Ascalapha odorata, Melipotis indomita, and Polydesma indomita ) de-ae ran ree n many ace a ey ea ubu wu caung eru re eay ree. Ascalapha odorata, Mocis latipes (e-deran) deae eedng; Myrmelachista

ramulorum (an) deae and derm eaeby burrwng n wg; Merobruchis columbinus (brucd beee) n mmaure ruand e arae damage r k 50–75% eed;Cecidom yidae (y) n mmaure ruand caue abrn; Anypsipyla univitella (e-deran) n ru and damage eedand d; Stator limbatus (beee) n eed n ened d; Heteropsylla cubana,Psylla acacia-baileyanae deae ree; Xystro-cera globosa (brer) aack awd reedree; eedng are brwed/deaed by e-

ck; ru n e wd are eaen by arr,ar, cared eccare; wer are eaen by wer mnkey.

AGrOfOreSTrY/enVIrOnMenTAL

PrACTICeS

day ran ree grwn r nrgen enrcmen n aure, r ade ang ree and rad, n ark, anda a werng rnamena. I a a ng been grwn rade n anan cee, cca, and er cr.

Mulch/organic matter

Te green age and ea/wer er a cec be-nea e ree make an exceen nrgen urce r en-rcng e a we a r cmng n garden. Ican be erdcay runed r muc. Becaue regrw reaey w cmared w er nrgen-xngree uc a Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra calothyrsus , andLeucaena leucocephala, uuay n e be cce r ure.

Crop shade/overstory

Ran ree aned r ade n anan cee, c-ca, ana, and r yung numeg and eak.

Alley cropping

Ran ree can be ued n aey-crng eay runed,bu rarey e m rduce ece cce r ure.

Homegardens

Ran ree can be ued n megarden a a ade ree andr e mue rduc rde, bu mmene zem ue n m urban area.

Living ences

I can be mananed a a edge an w reguar eay ng.

Windbreaks

ree rde wndbreak n cee rcard and aure.Silvopasture

Ran ree an exceen cce r aure n ny be-caue brad cany rde eer rm e un, bua becaue nrgen-xng aby mre e quan-y and nure quay rage grae near and undere ree.

Woodlot

Te runk and brance are ued a rewd n ace aae n marke r e wd r carng r cnrucn.

In enra Amerca, cr-ecn cu rug e runk were rmery ued make wee r x car.

Native animal/bird ood

Wde n rca Amerca ea ar e ree. Tewee ru u and eed are eaen by arr, ar,cared eccare, and rden; e wer are eaen by wer mnkey. Inec (m, bee) e wer aa necar urce.

Rain tree is a common ornamental, particularly in public places. photo: C.

ElEvitCh






Wildlie habitat

Varu ree, brd, and ma mamma ue e reebrance and cae r neng and den.

Host plant trellising

Vana raned u e runk ran ree aned rade.

Bee orage

Te wer, aug naed n e naura range by ncurna m, are an abundan necar urce r bee.

Ornamental

Ran ree wdey aned rugu e rc a awerng rnamena ade ree n ubc ace, arkng, ark, ec.

USeS AnD PrODUCTS

Ran ree a ng been a urce mber and eck eed (green rage and d) r ca cnumn. M-

nr medcna and cra ue a are knwn. Te wd ued r carng em r ae ur, and e eed arerung n garand.

Fruit

Te cky, crce-ared ru u a mnr d emr uman, many eaen by cdren. I knwn a c-rce ree n e ng-eakng arbbean. Aug e

d ae a nce ar, ey are arngen ea mrean e u rm a nge d.

Nut/seed

Te eed, nce ceaned rm e cky ru u, are uedn makng eed neckace and er cra em n Hawa‘.

Animal odder

W 13–18% ren, e d are edbe and nuru reck and make an exceen eed uemen (Fre2002). In Aa, ran ree grwn a a green dder ue-men r ga, ee, and cae. A 5-year-d ree can r-duce a muc a 550 kg (1210 b) green rage. Te dare grund n a nuru anma eed n eera SuAmercan cunre.

Beverage/drink/tea

Te ru u ued make a beerage mar ama-rnd (made rm amarnd u) n Lan Amerca.

Medicinal

Tere are eera k remede reared rm aru ar ran ree. Te bed bark aed a a uce curecnan. In e Pne, a deccn e nnerbark and re eae ued r darrea. In Venezuea, er are made n a ba r mac cancer. In e

We Inde, e eed are cewed r re ra.

Rain tree has a characteristic dome-shaped canopy in open environments such as this cofee orchard. photo: C. ElEvitCh



Species Proles or Pacic Island Agroorestry ( www.traditionaltree.org) 11

Beautiul/ragrant fowers

Ran ree a been nrduced many rca ace re beauu mae nk wer bear r exend-ed erd.

Timber

Te mber aued r carng, urnure, aneng, e-

neer, and a ued r urnery, , ramng n babudng, ywd, bxe, and crae. Te awd nar-rw and we g cnnamn. Te earwd ragr cr graned w a medum care exure. Ar-dry ecc gray aerage abu 0.56. Te wd requrecareu dryng becaue rnkage and mderae e-

ere war. I generay cndered a durabe wd andrean aack by drywd erme (Lngwd 1971,udn 1984).

Fuelwood

In ace were ere n demand r ran ree mber r

cnrucn r carng, e runk and brance are uedr rewd and carca. Aug e wd make gdrewd, burn w a mke een wen ery dry.

Crat wood/tools

Te amu mnkey d bw Hawa‘ and er u- enr are cared rm e wd. Ran ree wd wa er-ay e ba r ndury begnnng ju aer Wrd

War II ended (ca 1946).

Ornament/decoration

Te eed are ued n makng eed neckace, jewery, and

er cra n Hawa‘.Canoe/boat/rat making

Te wd uar r arge rame membern wden ba.

Fiber/weaving/clothing

Te wd a e rg ber rere rmakng aer. In e Pne (Buacanrnce), ang made rm e wd aremade n a.

Resin/gum/glue/latex A w-grade gum exude rm wunded ree.I a n cmmerca ue bu may be ued -cay. In Taand, ran ree ued a a durce r e ac nec (Laccier lacca ), eurce eac.

Honey

Hney made rm ran ree necar areed

n eera ace r ca cnumn bu n an em cmmerce.

UrbAn AnD COMMUnITY

fOreSTrY

Ran ree beed a a ade ree r aenue anng

ang ree, n ark, ubc grund, and er acuarea. I arge r megarden n urban area bu uabe r madng n rura area w adequaeace r e ree dee er mree crwn.

ree a rduce mue rduc—edbe d, ea -er r mucng and cmng a we a uemenary eck eed, necar r ney bee, wd r cra andcnrucn—a can be ued n rura ecnme.

Size in an urban environment

yca ecmen ran ree n Hawa‘ aan eg 15–20 m (50–65 ) and crwn dameer 25–30 m(80–100 ). T arge r megarden bu uabe,and muc ued, r ree ree anng. rwn ae be runed and me urace r remed erdcay reen damage aemen and dewak.

Rate o growth in a landscape

I cndered a a-grwng ree, aug ubmacndn uc a r r rerced rng area nurban area en reu n dwarng eec n ree grw.

Tese large rain trees on the edge o a school playing eld on ongatapuisland have canopies measuring over 60 m (200 t) in diameter. photo: C.ElEvitCh






Root system

Ran ree ae aw urace r a ru u abe ee a ey maure, caung damage aemen anddewak a we a budng undan aned ce.

Products commonly used in a household

In Lan Amerca, e cky, wee u rm e d eaen by cdren and made n a beerage n e ame

way a amarnd u. Wd rm e ree ued rcnrucn, makng bw and er ued bjec,

car wee, ba, and urnure. Hneybee e ree wen ey are n bm, and ney ceced rm e ued r ca cnumn.

Light requirements

Ran ree a g g requremen; re n u un-g.

Water/soil requirements

Yung ree ud be rrgaed aer anng un ey areuy eabed. Were dewak r aemen urrund

e ree, uemena rrgan beneca; n en area wu brucn rana, nrma recan ad-equae r gd grw.

Lie span

Ran ree ng-ed; 80–100 year aerage.

Varieties avored or use in homegardens or publicareas

N aree are knwn.

Use as living ence, hedge or visual/noise barrier

In e Pacc, ran ree n ued a a edge r ng ence.In Aa, e ree are ued a a edge, w eay rmmngrequred manan a cmac grw rm. rmmngare ued r eck eed r green manure.

Birds/wildlie

Necar rm e wer uzed by bee and (n Hawa‘)by necar eedng brd uc a myna, cardna, and bu-bu. Te ru u and eed are eaen by rden andunguae—cae, g, ga, ee, deer—b dme-caed and wd.

Maintenance requirements

Ran ree manenance-ree nce eabed. Occan-a runng ae e crwn and reme dead brancee manan an arace ecmen.

Special considerationsHg wnd w caue dead brance dr r eay e brance break. Brance er rucure ud beremed. Durng e decduu erd wen eae andre d a and ry ereaer wen werng begn,ran ree are mey. A me ceanu ea er andd may be neceary.

Te size o rain tree limits its use in crowded urban lots. However, i enough space is available, the tree makes a wonderul land-scaping tree. photo: C. ElEvitCh




Nuisance issues

Wen re d are n e grund e cky u caued and eed adere e and au re. T mre an annyance an a azard.

Common pest problems in the landscape

Perdcay ere are eay nean ea-eangcaerar a deae ree ju aer e new eaeemerge. Ran ree meme aacked by cee wgbrer and a arey er nec e. Tee caue ny cmec damage, and n reamen are requred r uce nean.

Other comments

Urban cmmuny gardener cec ea er rm be-nea ran ree n urban ark and ue r cmng.

Te g nrgen cnen eae and wer add nrgen.

COMMerCIAL PrODUCTS

Ran ree rde a number rduc a are cmmer-cay mran n ca marke. Trugu naeand nrduced range, e mber rzed r carng andurnng. I ued n cnrucn, r aneng, and n ur-nure makng. M mber cnumn ca, auge demand r bw made e wd n Hawa‘ nw ued rm Indnea and e Pne.

Spacing

I edm aned n nge-ure rery and, bu a been demnraed a a ce acng, 6 x 6 m (20 x 20 ), rduce ree w a nger,rager be and ewer brance, auge runk rean a cured rm. Wder ac-ng can a be ued r mber rducn,een n aure. Wde acng acaerad grw n runk dameer. Wd rmarge brance can a be ued.

Management techniques

Ran ree eedng are neran ade andmu be weeded un ey are aer an eurrundng gra, wc w en ade u.Seedng are ucebe damage rm er-bcde ued r weed cnr. In area wereanma are ree brwe, eedng ud beenced rec em. Wen abu 5 yeard, a r nnng may be neceary, ang

w runng wer brance dee cear be cmmerca eng.

Design considerations

Tere n nrman recrded abu degnng cm-merca anng ran ree, er an ne rer aaed aem n Zanzbar a wa bamed n -ce

acng (2 x 2 m [6.6 x 6.6 ]) eedng. Tere e-dence a ran ree can grw arge be uzed by eecngy aaabe n me can (e.g., m are ma aw mae g, ec.).

Advantages o polycultures

Prducn ran ree ad be beer n mxedanng an n nge-ece mber anan.

Estimated yields

Few quanae daa are aaabe. a wd yed

10–25 m 3

/a/yr (143–358 3

/ac/yr) under a 10–15-year ra-n ae been rered, aug a muc wer quany med mber wud be reazed rm ma ree. reecan be grwn n r ran, eecay r uewd,bu n ara yem ran may adanageuy be muc nger, a e ree cnnue rduce rd-gu cr d a grea age.

Markets

w urce rer a e cra made ran ree wda are d n Hawa‘ ur are nw argey mr-ed rm e Pne and Indnea. Tere an ndca-

n a ere n enug ca rducn wd nHawa‘ mee e demand r ur cur.

Young rain tree planted or shade in a cofee orchard, Holualoa, Hawai‘i.photo: C. ElEvitCh






InTerPLAnTInG/SILVOPASTUre

Te ree ued n many regn rde ade r c-ee, ea, caca, numeg, acu, and ana. I a anmran cmnen n ara yem.

Benets

Nrgen xan a r mre nurn. Graeunder and near ran ree reman uxuran and green wennearby grae n u un wer and brwn. Nurna

aue grae grwn under ran ree mred. Ranree a auabe cmnen aure yem r ranc-ng, rdng ade rm ea and nene un a we anuru d a are 12–18% ren and 40% dgebe.Pd are eagery eaen by cae, g, and ga; re eaem ere nng ee aaabe bu rejec em er d are aaabe. Te eae cnan 22–27% cruderen and n me Aan cunre are ued a a eck rage uemen r cae, ee, and ga.

Potential drawbacks o interplanting

Saw r, arge brance and dene ade cmee w cmann cr, requrng eay runng admg.

PUbLIC ASSISTAnCe AnD

AGrOfOreSTrY eXTenSIOn

xenn fce r agrrery and rery n e Pa-cc: ://www.radnaree.rg/exenn.m

bIbLIOGrAPHY

(☛ indicates recommended reading)

☛ Akkaaeng, R. 1997. Samanea saman. In: Farda Hanum,I., and L.J.G. an der Maeen (ed.). . 224–227. PanReurce Su-a Aa 11. Auxary an. Back-uy Puber, Leden, Te Neerand.

Barneby, R.., and J.W. Grme. 1996. Sk ree, guanacae,mnkey’ earrng, a generc yem r e ynandruMmaceae e Amerca. Par I. Abarema , Albizia ,and Ae. Memr e New Yrk Banca Garden

74(1): 1–292. [Samanea saman . 117–121].AB Inernana. 2003. Frery mendum. AB In-

ernana Wangrd, UK.udn, M. 1984. rca mber e Wrd. Agr-

cuure Handbk 607. Fre Serce, U.S. Dearmen Agrcuure, Wangn, D.

arke, W.., and R.R. Taman. 1993. Agrrery n ePacc Iand: Syem r uanaby. Uned NanUnery Pre, ky.

☛ Fre, .M. 2002. Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. In: J.A. Vzz (ed.). rca ree Seed Manua. AgrcuureHandbk 721. USDA Fre Serce, Wangn, D.

Franc, J.K. USDA Fre Serce Reearc Freer (re-red). Perna cmmuncan, Juy 2004.

Janzen, D.H. 1983. a Rcan Naura Hry. Unery cag Pre. [Samanea . 305–307]☛

Le, .L., and R.G. Skmen. 1989. mmn Fre ree Hawa. Agrcuure Handbk 679. USDA Fr-e Serce, Wangn, D.

Lngwd, F.R. 1971. Preen and Pena mmerca mber e arbbean. Agrcuure Handbk 207.USDA Fre Serce, Wangn, D.

Pacc Iand cyem a Rk (PIR). 2004. Samanea saman. <://www.ear.rg>.

Rauern, L., and A. Rnear, 1991. ree and rub e Nrern Marana Iand. aa Reurce Man-agemen, Ofce e Gernr, San, Nrern MaranaIand.

Rek, J.M. 1995. Albizia saman: aure mremen,ade, mber and mre (NFA 95-02). Wnrck Iner-nana, Mrrn, Arkana. <://www.wnrck.rg/rery/acub/ac/a_aman.m>.

Skmen, R.G. 1990. Pithecellobium saman. USDA FreSerce, Inernana Inue rca Frery, RíPedra, Puer Rc.

Sam, A.S., A.J. Smn, . Orwa, J. ege, B. Owur,and A. Muua. 2002. Agrreree daabae. WrdAgrrery enre, Narb, Kenya. <://ww w. wrdagrrerycenre.rg>.

Sm, A.. 1985. Fra Ven Na. V. 3. Pacc r-ca Banca Garden, Lawa, Hawa‘.

Taman, R.R., and W.A. Wer. 1996. Reew Ue andSau ree and Fre n Land-ue Syem n Sa-ma, nga, Krba and uau w Recmmendanr Fuure Acn. Su Pacc Frery DeemenPrgramme, Sua, Fj.

Wer, A.W. 1991. Te nbany nga. BMueum Buen n Bany 2: 1–155.

http://www.traditionaltree.org/extension.html

http://www.hear.org/

http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/factsh/a_saman.htm


http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/






http://www.hear.org/

http://www.traditionaltree.org/extension.html




Traditional Tree Initiative—Species Profles or Pacifc Island Agroorestry ( www.traditionaltree.org)

Samanea saman (rain tree) Authors: Gerge W. Sae1 and rag R. ec2

1. Ban, B Mueum, 1525 Bernce Sree, Hnuu, Hawa, USA 96817-27042. Permanen Agrcuure Reurce, PO Bx 428, Huaa, Hawa, USA 96725

Acknowledgments:Te aur and uber ank Dae an, Jn Franc, Jr., J. B. Frday, een Herrng, Hed Janen, andAr Wer r er nu.

Recommended citation: Sae, G.W., and .R. ec. 2006. Samanea saman (ran ree), er. 2.1. In: .R. ec (ed.). SecePre r Pacc Iand Agrrery. Permanen Agrcuure Reurce (PAR), Hōuaa, Hawa‘. <://www.radnaree.rg>.

Sponsors: Pubcan wa made be by generu ur e Uned Sae Dearmen Agrcuure Weern Regn Su-anabe Agrcuure Reearc and ducan (USDA-WSAR) Prgram; SP/GZ Pacc-German Regna Frery Prjec;USDA Naura Reurce neran Serce (USDA NRS); Kauunan, an Urban Frery Prgram e DLNR Dn Frery and Wde and e USDA Fre Serce; Sae Hawa‘ Dearmen Land & Naura Reurce Dn Frery & Wde; USDA Fre Serce Fre Land nancemen Prgram; and Mure and Ken Lger. T maera baed un wrk ured by e erae Sae Reearc, ducan, and xenn Serce, U.S. Dearmen Agrcuure,and Agrcuura xermen San, Ua Sae Unery, under erae Agreemen 2002-47001-01327.

Series editor: rag R. ecPublisher: Permanen Agrcuure Reurce (PAR ), PO Bx 428, Hōuaa, Hawa‘ 96725, USA; e: 808-324-4427; Fax: 808-324-

4129; -ma: [email protected];Web: <://www.agrrery.ne>. T nun an equa runy rder.Reproduction: e ubcan can be dwnaded rm <://www.radnaree.rg>. T ubcan may be rer-

duced r nncmmerca educana ure ny, w cred gen e urce. © 2006 Permanen Agrcuure Reurce. Arg reered.





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