Saltos. Tatyana. Types of DA.
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Transcript of Saltos. Tatyana. Types of DA.
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DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND ITS TYPES
INTRODUCTION
There is several import linguistics who have attempt to analyze the meaning ofDiscourse Analysis, and they have given important information to work in this
field. Beaugrandes says that the Discourse analysis is the study of language in
use; meanwhile Schiffrin claims that DA involves the study of both text and
context; Slembrouk says that DA is a complex due to its ambiguity and he
gives a definition that refers to the study of the organization of language above
the sentence of above the clause, that is to say that DA refers to the use of
language in social context.
Therefore we are going to assume the following definition of Discourse
analysis, which is an approach that analyze discourse (linguistic units largerthan a sentence that could be spoken or written), including especially the
relationship between linguistic expressions and the context in which they
occur, and its relationship between the speaker or writer and auditor o reader.
DA is related with the social and cultural aspects which are involved in a
language. Therefore the goal of the discourse analyst, is to explore the
relationship between discourse and reality, interpret a hidden meaning, and
mediate it between the past and present1.
Discourse analysis has different types of schools of thought, which have
common characteristics they do not focus on language like an abstract
system. Istead, they all tend to be interested in what happens when people
uselanguage, based on what they have said, heard or seen before, as well as
they do things with language, such express feelings, entertain others,
exchange information, and so on. This is the main reason why the discipline
has been called Discourse Analysis rather than language analysis.2
1 Bondarouk, Tatyana. Rul, Huub, University. Discoursse Analysis: making Complex Methodology Simple.
Pag.52Juez. Laura Alba. Persepectives on Discourse Analysis: Theory and practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
20009. ISBN (10): 1-4438-0597-1,ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-0597-1. Pag.15
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CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Society is changing very fast in terms of technological advance, relationship
between development and underdeveloped countries, gender relationship,
agreement about the care of the environment, new ethical dilemmas,
terrorism, and other aspects which have contributed to the change of the
world.
Hence the linguistics has explored new fields to analyse the social, politic,
cultural, economic relations, through the Critical Discourse Analisys.
Critical Discourse Analysis is an analytical approach which helps to identify the
relationship of power exists in the society.It starts from social issues and
problems which face people in their social lives, issues which are taken up
within sociology, political, science and/or cultural studies
3
.
For Teun A. Van Dijk, Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourseanalytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse,dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and
3McHHow,Alec. Rapley, Mark. How to Analyze Talk in Institutional Settings: A Casebook of Methods.
British Library inPublication Data. 2009 ISBN 0-8264-5464-X. Pag 26
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talk in the social and political context. With such dissident research, criticaldiscourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose,and ultimately resist social inequality4
The CDA can be studied in two levels: micro level, which refers to the verbal
interaction, communication and discourse; macrolevel: dominance, power and
inequality. For instance, a sexism speech in the constitutional Assembly is a
discourse at the microlevel of social interaction when the Assembly members
are debating about the theme, but when it is enacted in legislation belong to
the macrolevel.
Another aspect related with CDA is the power as a control; there are different
types of forms of power carried out depending on the resources that are
employed (money, status, fame, knowledge). This power may be evidenced in
Military Force, due the coercive power; infringement of the rights of women,
because of violent men, also with people, who have the knowledge and theyare good public speakers, can convince and persuade others to exercise power
over them, like Hitler did with the Germans.
Other form of power is related with controlling peoples mind, CDA also
focuses on how discourse structures influence mental representations. At the
global level of discourse, topics may influence what people see as the most
important.
CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS
The process of social interaction between people is studied by ConversationalAnalysis, focused mainly on talk, and the nonverbal aspects. Conversation
analysis (CA) studies the methods participants orient to when they organize
social action through talk. It investigates rules and practices from an
interactional perspective and studies them by examining recordings of real-life
interactions5
The main representatives of this theory are the sociologists Erving Goffman,
who studied the cultural rules and rituals in face to face interaction, and
Harold Garfinkel with his investigations into the situated and normative
character of shared understanding in everyday courses of action.
CA use videos and audio recording to analyze the interaction of people in a
natural manners, it could be turn talking, sequence structure, and also medical
and clinical interaction, lessons, or new interviews. Additionally, CA studies the
4IBIDEM
5H Mazeland, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Conversation Analysis. 2006. Pag. 153
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interaction between relatives, and members of an institution, through ordinary
conversation.
To be accurate in the analysis of CA, it used the transcription notation to keepthe details which help to retain the features of prosody and turn talking.
CA Preferred and dispreferred second pair parts, and its Analysis of thediscourse connectors, turn-taking and the patterned nature of adjacency pairsand hesitations. Other aspect is related with the feedback, due the attentionsignals in verbal or non-verbal form is really important because the speakerwants to know if the listener is paying attention to the conversation.
The theory of Conversation Analysis is focussed on:
a. The function actions, which consists in the function of the interactionin a social action and its communicative effect.
b. The importance of context, It is important not only the details andthe different manners to establish a communication process, with a
variety of linguistic forms to share our ideas, but also the person who
you are talking to, and in which context the communication takes place,
due to Changes in context can change the meaning of a given turn at
talk6
c. Recipient uptake, Conversation Analysis researchers recognize that a
receivers response gives meaning to a senders utterance7
6Logue D avid M. Stivers Tanya. Squawk in interaction: a primer of conversation analysis for students of
animal communication. 2012. Behaviour 149 (2012) 1283-12987IBIDEM