Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves
description
Transcript of Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves
![Page 1: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves
Xiang Xiao
Advisor: Gerard T. SchusterCommittee: Michael Zhdanov Bob Smith Cari Jonson
Univ. of UtahNov. 15
MS thesis
![Page 2: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
I. Motivation
II. Theory
III. Numerical Tests
IV. Field Data Examples
V. Conclusion
![Page 3: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
I. Motivation
II. Theory
III. Numerical Tests
IV. Field Data Examples
V. Conclusion
![Page 4: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
I. Motivation
• Goal:– Salt Flank Imaging with Migration of Transmitted P-to-S Waves;
• Method:
– Standard Migration (KM);
– Reduced-time Migration (RM), Sheley and Schuster, 2003;
– Interferometric Migration (IM), and Interferometric Redatuming (IR), Schuster, 2004;
![Page 5: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Outline
I. Motivation
II. Theory
III. Numerical Tests
IV. Field Data Examples
V. Conclusion
![Page 6: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Goal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted WavesGoal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted Waves
MM
gg
Uninteresting PartUninteresting Part of Mediumof Medium
ss
TimeTime
PP
d(M|d(M|ss))
d(g|s)d(g|s)PPPP
PPSS
X
eei wi w ((tt + t+ t))––
ww,s,,s,MMm(x) =m(x) = d(M|d(M|ss)) sxsx xxMM
Standard Kirchhoff Migration:
![Page 7: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Goal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted WavesGoal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted Waves
MM
gg
Uninteresting PartUninteresting Part of Mediumof Medium
ss
TimeTime
PP
d(M|d(M|ss))
d(g|s)d(g|s)PPPP
PPSS
XReduced-time migration:
eei wi w ((tt + t + t+ t + t))––
ww,s,,s,MMm(x) =m(x) = d(M|d(M|ss)) sxsx xxMM errorerror
~( ~( t t + t )- + t )- ( ( t t + t )+ t )sxsx xgxg
pickpickpickpick
sxsx xgxg
errorerrortt sxsx xxMM=( =( t t + + tt )- )- ( ( t t + + tt ) )pickpickpickpick
sxsx xxMM
![Page 8: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Goal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted WavesGoal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted Waves
MM
gg
Uninteresting PartUninteresting Part of Mediumof Medium
ss
TimeTime
PP
d(M|d(M|ss))
d(g|s)d(g|s)PPPP
PPSS
d(M|d(M|ss)) d(g|s)*d(g|s)*((gg,,MM) =) =
~ e ~ e eei wi w t + t + i wi w tt -i w-i w t - t - i wi w tt
PPSS PPPP
== e ei wi w ((t t –– tt))
Interferometric migration:
![Page 9: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
MM
gg
Uninteresting PartUninteresting Part of Mediumof Medium
ss
TimeTime
PP
d(M|d(M|ss))
d(g|s)d(g|s)PPPP
PPSS
Goal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted WavesGoal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted Waves
ss
d(M|d(M|ss)) d(g|s)*d(g|s)*((gg,,MM) = ) =
![Page 10: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
MM
gg
Uninteresting PartUninteresting Part of Mediumof Medium
ss
TimeTime
PP
d(M|d(M|ss))
d(g|s)d(g|s)PPPP
PPSS
Goal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted WavesGoal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted Waves
ss
d(M|d(M|ss)) d(g|s)*d(g|s)*((gg,,MM) = ) =
![Page 11: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
MM
gg
Uninteresting PartUninteresting Part of Mediumof Medium
ss
TimeTime
PP
d(M|d(M|ss))
d(g|s)d(g|s)PPPP
PPSS
ss
d(M|d(M|ss)) d(g|s)*d(g|s)*((gg,,MM) = ) =
Goal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted WavesGoal: Image Interface by PS Transmitted Waves
Unique Specular Point Snell’s Law OKUnique Specular Point Snell’s Law OK
eei wi w ((t t –– tt))––
w,g,w,g,MM
((gg,,MM) ) m(x) =m(x) = xxMM xgxg
Datuming
MigrationX
![Page 12: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Interferometric PS DatumingInterferometric PS Datuming
g,g,MM
((gg,,MM) ) m(x) =m(x) = eei wi w ((t t –– tt))––
xx xx
Eliminates src/rec statics and Eliminates src/rec statics and uninteresting parts of the medium.uninteresting parts of the medium.
Move surface src to interesting inter.Move surface src to interesting inter.
![Page 13: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Outline
I. Motivation
II. Theory
III. Numerical Tests
IV. Field Data Examples
V. Conclusion
![Page 14: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
III. Numerical Tests
I. Rugose Lower Salt Boundary
II. Elastic Salt Model
![Page 15: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Salt Velocity ModelSalt S-wave Velocity ModelSalt P-wave Velocity Model
Dep
th
(m)
X (m)X (m) m/s m/s
III. Numerical test
P-to-S ratios = 30.5
0
12000 1200
4400
20000 1200
2540
1170
![Page 16: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
VSP Gathers
Time (s)
PS Waves Shot @ (0,0)
Time (s)
P Wave Shot @ (0,0)
Dep
th
(m)
III. Numerical test
![Page 17: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Interferometric PS DatumingInterferometric PS Datuming
g,g,MM
((gg,,MM) ) m(x) =m(x) = eei wi w ((t t –– tt))––
xx xx
Eliminates src/rec statics and Eliminates src/rec statics and uninteresting parts of the medium.uninteresting parts of the medium.
Move surface src to interesting inter.Move surface src to interesting inter.
![Page 18: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Synthetic vs. Redatuming Data
Time (s)
S-P Data from IR
Time (s)
Synthetic S-P SWI Data
Dep
th
(m)
III. Numerical test
![Page 19: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
KM vs. IM with Correct Velocity Model
IMKM
Dep
th
(m)
X (m)X (m)
III. Numerical test
0
12000 1200
963
13130 1200
7E4
-8E4
![Page 20: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
KM, RM vs. IM
Constant Static Shift in Data
Each Trace Advances 8 ms
III. Numerical test
![Page 21: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
KMD
epth
(m
)
X (m)
0
1200
0 1200
400
-700
Incorrectly imagedBoundary is shifted
III. Numerical test
![Page 22: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
RMD
epth
(m
)
X (m)
0
1200
0 1200
850
-950
Correctly imaged
Poor focused
III. Numerical test
![Page 23: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
IMD
epth
(m
)
X (m)
0
1200
0 1200
7E4
-8E4
Correctly imaged
Strong focused!Small cover of PS ray
Additionally imaged
III. Numerical test
![Page 24: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ComparisonD
epth
(m
)
X (m)
0
1200
0 1200
KMRM
IM
III. Numerical test
![Page 25: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Incorrect Migration Model
KM, RM vs. IM
90% Velocity Above Salt
III. Numerical test
![Page 26: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
KMD
epth
(m
)
X (m)
0
1200
0 1200
850
-1000
Correct place
Incorrectly imaged
III. Numerical test
![Page 27: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
RMD
epth
(m
)
X (m)
0
1200
0 1200
850
-1000
Incorrectly imaged,Should image as black boundary
Correctly imaged
III. Numerical test
Elliptical artifacts
![Page 28: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
IMD
epth
(m
)
X (m)
0
1200
0 1200
4E4
-6E4
Correctly imaged
Correctly imaged!
III. Numerical test
Elliptical artifacts are removed
![Page 29: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Comparison
KMRM
IM
Dep
th
(m)
X (m)
0
1200
0 1200
III. Numerical test
![Page 30: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
II. Elastic Salt Model
![Page 31: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
P-wave velocity model0
Dep
th (
m)
11000
0 16000X (m)
Velocity (m/s)
4500
1500
Gas target lower boundary
![Page 32: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
a) P-wave velocity model b) S-wave velocity model0
Dep
th (
m)
110000 16000X (m)
0 16000X (m)
0
Dep
th (
m)
11000
0
12
c) CRG 1 X-component d) CRG 1 Z-component
Shot number
Tim
e (s
)
0 319Shot number
0 319
0
12
Tim
e (s
)
![Page 33: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
a) Ray tracing: direct P b) Ray tracing: PPS events0
Dep
th (
km)
110 16X (km) 0 16X (km)
0
Dep
th (
km)
11
c) Ray tracing: PSS events0
Dep
th (
km)
110 16X (km)
![Page 34: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
a) PP Standard Migration b) PS Standard Migration0
Dep
th (
m)
11000
5000
8000
0 16000X (m)
c) Zoom View of PS KM d) Zoom View of PS IM
X (m)
0 16000X (m)
0
Dep
th (
m)
11000
Dep
th (
m)
6900 8700
5000
8000
X (m)
Dep
th (
m)
6900 8700
![Page 35: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
PS IM
PS interferometric migration
X (m)
Dep
th (
m)
0 8000 16000
0
3000
6000
9000
Correctly imaged!
![Page 36: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Outline
I. Motivation
II. Theory
III. Numerical Tests
IV. Field Data Examples
V. Conclusion
![Page 37: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
IV. Field Data
D
epth
(m
)
Offset (m)4878
0 1829
0
Well and Source Location
Source @150 m offset
![Page 38: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
P-to-S ratios = 2.7
Velocity ProfileS WaveP Wave
Dep
th
(m)
Velocity (m/s)
0
45000 5000 0 5000
2800 m
3200 m
Salt
IV. Field Data
Incorrect velocity model
P-to-S ratios = 1.6
![Page 39: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
150 Z ComponentD
epth
(m
)
Traveltime (s)
2652
3887
1.2 3.0
Salt
Direct P
Reflect P
Alias (Reverberation)
IV. Field Data
![Page 40: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
150 X ComponentD
epth
(m
)
Traveltime (s)
2652
3887
1.2 3.0
Salt
Direct P
Reflect P
Alias (Reverberation) Direct S
IV. Field Data
![Page 41: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Processing Flow ChartOriginal Data
Reoriented
Pick desired events
Flatten, median filter, unflatten
Migration (KM, RM, IM)
![Page 42: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Dep
th
(m)
Traveltime (s)
2652
3887
1.2 3.0
IV. Field Data
150 X Before Rotation
![Page 43: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Dep
th
(m)
Traveltime (s)
2652
3887
1.2 3.0
IV. Field Data
150 X After RotationP wave energy was maximized
![Page 44: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Dep
th
(m)
Traveltime (s)
2652
3887
1.2 3.0
III. Field Data
150 X PSS EventsTransmitted at upper boundary
![Page 45: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
150 X PPS EventsD
epth
(m
)
Traveltime (s)
2652
3887
1.2 3.0
III. Field Data
Transmitted at lower boundary
![Page 46: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Migration of PSS
IV. Field Data
Ray Path Coverage
2000
4200
0 200
Dep
th
(m) SAL
T
Offset (m)
![Page 47: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Migration of PSS
IV. Field Data
SALT
150 offset RM 150 offset IM
0 200 0 200Offset (m)
150 offset KM
2000
4200
0 200
Dep
th
(m)
![Page 48: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Ray Path Coverage
2000
4200
0 200
Dep
th
(m)
Migration of PPS
IV. Field Data
SALT
Offset (m)
![Page 49: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
IV. Field Data
Migration of PPS
SALT
150 offset RM 150 offset IM
0 200 0 200
150 offset KM
2000
4200
0 200
Dep
th
(m)
Offset (m)
![Page 50: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Outline
I. Motivation
II. Theory
III. Numerical Tests
IV. Field Data Examples
V. Conclusion
![Page 51: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
IV. Conclusion
• Advantage of PS transmission migration– it is capable of illuminating the boundary of
salt flanks above the receivers (and nearly vertical boundaries if they exist).
![Page 52: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
IV. Conclusion• Benefits of IM:
– Remove influence of static shifts and/or migration velocity errors;
– Eliminated source statics by correlation;
– Accurately image the salt boundary above the receivers;
• Drawbacks of IM:– Migration artifacts due to violation of stationary phase approximation;
– Extra summations and computation time;
– Small range of incidence angle than true SWI data;
– Worse spatial resolution than KM;
– Does not require knowledge of the overburden velocity;
![Page 53: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
V. Future Work
• Pp/Ps reflection interferometric migration• Anisotropy migration
– Try different VTI FD synthetic walkaway VSP data set;– Apply it to a real data set;
• Preprocessing:– Reorientation, separation, filtering, statics correction
• Postprocessing:– Deconvolution
• Potential application– Kirchhoff multi arrival migration– Subsalt imaging– Interferometric tomography
![Page 54: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Thanks to
• Jerry Schuster and my committee members: Dr. Michael Zhdanov, Dr. Bob smith, Dr. Cari Johnson for their advice and constructive criticism;
• Scott Leaney and Hornby Brian for their help on modeling;
![Page 55: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Thanks to
• UTAM friends:– Jianhua Yu for his help on Linux programming;
– Jianming Sheng and Min Zhou for their experiences on interferometric imaging;
– Zhiyong Jiang and Ruiqing He for their help on classes;
– Travis Crosby and all UTAM students for their cheerful attitude; All UTAM sponsors for their support;
• Family– My parents, brother and sister;
• Friends– Liyun Ma, Huajian Yao, Zhaoyu Luo and Meiping Tong,
who encouraged me to continue on with my research.
![Page 56: Salt Flank Delineation by Interferometric Imaging of Transmitted P-to-S Waves](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/568151f4550346895dc02dc8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Questions?