SALMONID PASSAGE A~•STREAM-ROAD CROSSINGS

A Report with Department Standards

for

Passage of Salmonids

By

Jim E. Lauman Staff Biologist

Environmental Management Section William E. Pitney, Head

Department of Fish and Wilulife John R. Donaldson, Director

Portland, Oregon

1976

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JUN i 1982

AL AS'!(A D!:\i'<Hf:t/'cr I ! on A DV iA • . ·~ l ·'!;·· 0,<' \ '\ ' '~"'''- 0~;\ I D ~ Iii '.:.,.,-">dJ"!:,.;- .,.,.,,;:.'6--l'co""o:.g tk.o&. ~f ~ :.~

U.S. Depai'tment of tn~ Interior

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE STANDARDS • • • • • • •

FISH PASSAGE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS • • • • • • • • • •

Excessive water velocity Problem • • • • • Cause • • Solution •

• •

• • • •

Inadequate water depth Problem • • • • Cause • • • • • Solution • • • •

• •

• • •

• • •

• • • •

Excessive entrance jump • Problem • • • • • • cause • • • • • • • Solution • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

GUIDELINES FOR STRUCTURES ••••••••••••••••

Location • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Type • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Structure size • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Miscellaneous • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

REFERENCES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TABLES

1. Recommended maximum water velocity in culverts for adult fish passage • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

2. Best water velocities for passage of adult fish • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

3. Roughness factors for various type channels

FIGURES

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

1. Recommended maximum velocities for upstream passage of juvenile salmonids • • • • • • • •

2. Approved baffled culvert design • • • • • • •

3. Recommended design of weirs for backflooding culverts • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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4 4 7 8

16 16 16 16

17 17 18 18

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

4. Weir construction used to improve fish passage at mouth of Gold Creek, West Fork Smith

5.

6.

7.

APPENDICES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

River. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Change of culvert slope or partial backflooding can place the location of maximum velocity at a point other than the outlet. • • • • • • • •

Jumps at structure outlet caused by "A" degraded channel and "B" by placing structure on a grade considerably flatter than streambed. • • • • •

Apron under bridge may cause unsuitable fish passage condition. • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Oregon Revised Statutes 498.268 and 509.605 ••

Salmon energy efficiency curve • • • • • • • •

Vertical drops are preferred over sloped drops • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Recommended depth to countersink arch pipe culverts • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Calculation of velocity and water depth through culverts of various types • • • • • • • • • •

ii

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14

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32 C',_ 33

34

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INTRODUCTION

This chapter of the Environmental Management Manual provides

guidance in the review of bridge and culvert projects. Mainte­

nance of credibility with road construction agencies and contractors

and to achieve compliance with statewide fish management programs

requires that fish passage recommendations be consistent throughout

the state.

Department standards are not hard, fast rules that must always

apply. Deviation from the standards may be made upon recommendation

of the fishery biologist and approval by the Fishery Division.

Department of Fish and Wildlife Standards

Authority is granted to the state by ORS 498.268 and ORS 509.-605

to require any person placing an artificial obstruction across a

stream to provide fish passage (Appendix 1). Fish passage will be

required on any stream, regardless of size or whether perennial or

intermittent, that is utilized by anadromous or resident fish during

any period of the year. In addition, fish passage should be recommended

for the following streams:

1. Any stream that has a history of fish production, but

2.

that production has been eliminated because of a

barrier that can be removed in foreseeable future.

Any stream that has significant potential for fish

production that has been precluded by some condition

that can be resolved in foreseeable future.

-2-

Where fish passage is to be provided the following criteria

apply:

l. Criteria for upstream movement of adult fish.

Adult anadromous fish expend approximately 80 percent

of their stored energy reserve during the upstream

migration. The remainder is used for spawning and any

delay or exertion required to pass barriers. Undue

exertion at stream-road crossings will be minimized if

the following criteria are met.

a. Maximum water velocities

(1) 8 fps for salmon and steelhead

(2) 4 fps for trout

(3) 3 fps for kokanee

b. Minimum water depth

(1) 0.8 foot (9.6 inches) for chinook salmon

(2) 0.6 foot (7.2 inches) for other salmon,

steelhead, sea-run cutthroat and other

trout over 20 inches.

(3) 0.4 foot (4.8 inches) for trout under 20

inches and kokanee

c. Maximum entrance jump (vertical height)

(l) l foot for salmon and steelhead

(2) 0.5 foot (6 inches) for trout and kokanee

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-3-

Where more than one species is present, criteria should be

selected that will accommodate all species. For example, if a

stream contained sea-run cutthroat, coho and fall chinook, the

following criteria would apply:

Maximum water velocity = 4fps

Minimum water depth = 0.8'

Maximum entrance jump = 0.5 1

The previously listed maximum velocity criteria are for culverts

less than 100 feet long. Table 1 lists maximum water velocities for

longer culverts.

o Table 1. Recommended maximum water velocity in culverts for adult fish passage.

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Culvert length (ft.) Recommended maximum water velocity (fps) Salmon & SteeineaC! Trout Koleanee

Under 100 and all 8 4 3 baffled culverts

100 to 200 4 2 1.5

200 to 300 3 1.5 1.1

300 to 400 2 1 0.75

400 to 500 1.8 o.9 0.66

Criteria for upstream movement of adults should not be

exceeded more than 10 percent of the time when fish are migrat-

ting. Passage is not required during flood flows.

-4-

2. Criteria for instream movement of juvenile salmonids.

Minimum depths required for instream movement of

juveniles will vary with species and size of fish

present. Generally, 0.2 foot (2.4 inches) is suffi­

cient for passage. Maximum water velocities will

also vary depending upon fish size and species.

Refer to Figure 1 for maximum water velocity

recommendations. The necessity for and required

period of criteria satisfaction shall be determined

by appropriate district biologist.

Fish Passage Problems and,Solutions

Excessive water velocity, inadequate water depth and excessive

entrance jump are the most frequent causes of fish passage problems

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c·,\; at bridges and culverts. When existing culverts or other road­

related structures appear to block fish passage, it must be determined

that a problem actually exists before requesting corrective measures.

Procedures for resolving existing fish passage problems will be

presented in a future chapter of the Environmental Management Section

Manual.

Excessive water velocity

1. Problem. Water velocities can block fish movement simply

by exceeding the swimming ability of fish. Ability varies

with species, size and age of fish, and water quality.

Studies of fish movement, primarily at fishways, have

provided the following information: ~/

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MAX VELOCITY (fps)

Figure 1. Recommended rnaxi@um velocities for upstream passage of juvenile salmonids - fish over 10 inches require velocity criteria presented in Table 1 (Source: l·1etsker, Howard E. , Fish Versus Culverts)

a.

-6-

In general, fish of equal size have similar swimming

abilities. However, kokanee seem to have less

ability than other species.

b. Optimum swimming speed efficiency for salmon, based

on energy output, occurs at water velocities near

2 fps (Appendix 2). Table 2 shows the best water

velocities for adult fish passage as determined by

tests conducted on passage through an incline pipe.

Table 2. Best water velocities for passage of adult fish.

Species

Chinook

Sockeye

Water Velocities (fps)

2.5

2.5-4.0

Coho 4.0

Steelhead 4.0

c. Swimming ability of fish is directly related to

size, the larger the fish the greater its ability.

They are capable of short bursts equalling approxi­

mately ten times their body length per second.

Maximum speeds recorded for steelhead and chinook

are 26 fps and 22 fps, respectively.

d. Swimming stamina is reduced as water temperature

decreases; being highest at 65-75°F. and lowest

at 32-40°F. Optimum temperature for swimming

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-7-

ability of juveniles is 68°F. Atlantic salmon

and rainbow trout experience reduced movement and

jumping activity when water temperatures are less

than 42°F.

e. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water contributes

to the swimming ability of fish. Changes in dissolved

oxygen concentrations from 7 mg/1 to 3 mg/1 can reduce

sustained swimming speeds by 500 percent.

f. Upstream migrants show a lack of movement during the

peak of freshets. Upstream movement is generally

highest on receding flows after freshets.

Causes of excessive velocities.

a. Roughness factors for culverts and natural stream

bottoms are listed in Table 3. The impact of this

factor is generally unimportant except when smooth

concrete or steel pipe and concrete aprons are

utilized.

Table 3. Roughness factors for various type channels.

Bottom type

Concrete pipe (smooth) Concrete apron (smooth) Steel pipe (smooth) Corrugated stack Natural bottom (gravel bar) Natural bottom (boulders)

Roughness factor

0.012 0.012 0.012 0.024 0.025 0.035 to 0.06

b.

-8-

Size of structure in relation to flm•T.

This factor has minimal importance in velocities

except when the structure is considerably under-

sized and a head is developed (pooling at upstream

end). In that case, the head causes higher veloci-

ties. Head should not be designed into projects

where fish passage is desired.

c. Slope.

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Slope is the most important factor determining velocity

in culverts. Slopes steeper than .s percent (1/2

foot drop in 100 feet) generally create excessive

velocities for fish passage.

3. Solution to excessive water velocity problems.

a. Properly designed baffles can reduce velocities in

culverts on slopes up to 5 percent (Figure 2). The

velocity is reduced because the path of flow is

lengthened (reduction of slope) and the roughness

factor is increased. Baffles are most effective

when they are just overtopped~ effectiveness drops

quickly as water depth increases beyond one foot

over baffle tops. Due to this variability in

efficiency, reduction of culvert flow capacity and

increased debris problems, baffles should only be

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Figure 2. Approved baffled culvert design. (Source:· Gebhards, Stacy and Jack Fisher, Fish Passage and Culvert Installations)

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-12-

used when an open-bottomed structure or an over­

sized countersunk culvert is not practical.

b. Construct weir(s) downstream to back water into

structure. This technique reduces velocity by

reducing slope. Figures 3 and 4 present approved

design for weir utilization.

c. Auxiliary culverts will decrease excessive velocities

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caused by development of a head upstream of the structure.

Auxiliary culverts should be designed to function only

when the primary facility is just under excessive

velocity limit.

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d. Replace existing structure or change proposed structure

design to eliminate velocity problem.

Maximum velocities within a structure are normally encountered

at the downstream end. However, if the slope changes within the

structure, velocities can be highest within the structure. This

situation is most frequently encountered where the structure's slope

changes or where the structure is partially backflooded (Figure~.

The most frequent solution to the problems depicted in Figure 5

is replacement of the structure with one that satisfies passage

criteria. Other solutions should be coordinated with Department

engineers. (/:

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-13-

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Figure 3. Recommended design of •veirs for backflooding culverts. (Source: Gebhards, Stacy and Jack Fisher , Fi::>h I' a::> :::sage anc.l Culvert In:::sta.llaLluus)

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----- / -------------- Weir construct1on used to 1mprove fish. pas~age Figure 4. at mouth of Gold Creek ) W FK. Sm1th Rtver.

(Source: Evans, Willis A. , Fish Higration and Pish Passage A Practical Guide To Solving Fish Passage Problems)

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Figure 5. Change of culvert slope or partial backflooding can place the location of maximum velocity at a point other than the outlet.

-16-

Inadequate water depth

1. Problem. Fish require sufficient water depth to attain

maximum swimming abilities. The depth required is

directly related to fish size with larger fish requiring

deeper \'later. When insufficient depths are encountered,

fish are unable to produce full propulsion.

2. Causes of inadequate depth. The two most frequently

encountered reasons for insufficient water depth are

steep slope and a wide, flat channel bottom (no low

flow channel).

a. All other factors being constant, the steeper the

slope of a structure the shallower the \V'ater depth.

b. All other factors being constant, the wider the

structure bottom the shallo\r1er the \rTater depth.

3. Solutions to inadequate \vater depth problems.

a. Install properly designed baffles (Figure 2) to

concentrate lower flows into low 'l.·later channel

ti1ereby increasing water depth.

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b.

-17-

Construct weir{s) downstream of the structure to

back water into it {Figure 3). Weir height can be

adjusted to meet minimum depth standards.

c. Replace existing structure or modify proposed

design to eliminate depth problem.

Excessive entrance jump

1. Problem. Fish jumping ability can be exceeded, thus

blocking fish movement.

a.

b.

In general, adult trout can negotiate a vertical jump of

one foot. However, if a series of jumps is required, a

jump of one-half foot at each is preferred.

Salmon and steelhead can normally negotiate single jumps

of two to three feet vlithout excessive difficulty. How­

ever, any series of individual jumps should not exceed

one foot.

c. Any structure that will require a jump should be designed

with a vertical drop, not sloped (Appendix 3). Sloped

drops significantly increase fish passage problems.

d. Jumps near maximum ability of fish may necessitate

numerous jump attempts resulting in undue exertion

and possibly physical damage to fish.

-18-

~. Causes of jump. The two basic causes for a jump at the

downstream end of a structure are bed scour and slope of C';

3.

structure placement (Figure 6).

a. Degradation of the streambed belm'l the structure can

result in lowering the water surface below the down-

stream end of the structure. This occurs most frequently

in steep gradient streams with erodible bottom materials.

Degradation of a receiving stream can create a jump at

a structure near the mouth of a tributary.

b. Placement of a flat sloped structure on a steep sloped

stream builds in a jump.

Solutions to excessive entrance jump.

a. Fish have difficulty in jumping when an adequate pool

is not available for them to gain required swimming

speed and vertical thrust. The following approximate

dimensions should be used to design a jump pool.

(1) Pool length should equal three times the maximum

width of the culvert or a minimum of ten feet.

(2) Pool width should equal two times the maximum

width of the culvert or a minimum of eight feet.

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-19-

.......... "- ...... ,,~....... ..... ..... "'!! . ........... ... ......... ............

.............. ...... ......

........... ..... ORIGINAL STREAM "A" • GRAD/E ••• ••• ~ ····· ~ ..... ....

DEGRADED

... ~~ ' .. CHANNEL BOTTOM v

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"B"

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Figure 6. Jumps at structure outlet caused by "A" degraded channel and "B" by placing structure on a grade considerably flatter than streambed.

-20-

(3) Depth should equal one and one-half to two times

the height of the jump required with a minimum

depth of two feet.

b. Utilization of weir(s) to backflood structure which

eliminates or reduces jump to acceptable height

(Figure 3).

c)

c. Replace existing structure or redesign proposed structure

to eliminate entrance jump problem.

d. Utilize a fish passage facility such as an Alaskan

steep pass, to provide entrance into structure.

Guidelines for Structures

Location

Structures should be located according to the following:

1. There should not be a sudden increase in velocity

iramediately above, belov;r, or at the crossing.

2. Structures should not be located on a sharp bend in the

stream channel.

3. Structures should be designed to fit the stream chru1nel

alignment. They should not necessitate a channel change

to fit a particular crossing design.

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Type

When a new structure is to be installed, the Department of

Fish and Wildlife would recommend the following in order of

priority:

1. Bridge

2. Arch plate

3. Open bottom box culvert

4. Countersunk corrugated pipe

5. Countersunk box culvert or smooth pipe

6. Corrugated pipe with grade less than 0.5 percent

7.

a.

Concrete bottom or smooth pipe with grade less than 0.5 percent

Corrugated pipe with baffles on grade between 0.5 and 5 percent

9. Concrete bottom or smooth culverts with baffles on grade between 0.5 and 5 percent

10. Structure with fishway

Bridges: Bridges are the preferred structural type as they

seldom cause fish passage problems and permit retention

of the natural streambed. Bridges with concrete aprons

cause problems by necessitating a jump and/or by causing

the water to spread out in a thin flow across a wide

apron (Figure 7).

Arch plate: This structure is desirable for fish passage as

it maintains a natural stream bottom. Most frequently

encountered problem is an inadequate foundation.

-22-

Concrete box culvert: Open bottomed or countersunk concrete

box culverts maintain a natural stream bottom and ~, generally are a desirable fish passage structure. Box

culverts designed with a bottom should ab1ays be counter-

sunk. It may be necessary to construct lo"' cross\valls

(baffles) to hold natural bottom materials in a counter-

sunk box.

Corrugated pipe: Corrugated pipe normally provides desirable

fish passage when placed on a grade less the 0.5 precent

and countersunk below the stream grade. This technique

maintains a natural stream bottom through the structure.

It may be necessarJ to construct low crosswalls (baffles)

to hold natural bottom materials. Appendix 4 suggests

depths for countersinking various sized culverts.

Corrugated pipe with standard placement generally provides

adequate fish passage when placed on a grade less than 0.5

percent. ~vhen using this type of installation, the bottom

of the culvert should be placed at least six inches below

the stream bottom.

Corrugated pipe placed on grades bet\veen 0. 5 and 5 percent

can provide adequate fish passage if properly designed

baffles are utilized. Baffles function best when they are

just being overtopped with flow. Their effectiveness drops

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off quickly as water depth increases beyond one foot over e-~/' -~

baffle tops. Due to this variability in baffle efficiency

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-23-

APRON UNDER BRIDGE MAY CAUSE UNSUITABLE FISH PASSAGE CONDITION.

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Figure 7. Apron under bridge may cause unsuitable fish passage condition. (Source: Evans, Hillis A., Fish 11igra­tion and Fish Passage A Practical Guide To Solving Fish Passage Problems)

-24-

and inherent debris problems, baffled structures are only

recommended at new crossings when a bridge or other more

desirable structure is not practical.

Smooth pipe: Due to their lower roughness factor, smooth pipes

have more problems meeting fish passage criteria than do

corrugated pipe. Otherwise, comments for corrugated pipe

apply.

Fishways: Structures incorporating fishways should be recommended

only if all other options are unsatisfactory. Designs for

such structures must be approved by Department of Fish and

Wildlife engineers.

Structure size

Data contained in Appendix 5 (performance curves for culverts)

are of extreme value in determining slope and size of culverts

required to satisfy departmental fish passage criteria.

In addition to fish passage, structure size should consider

the following points:

1. New structures should be designed to accommodate at

least the flood of 25 year occurrence. Crossings

with reduced capacity frequently wash out resulting

in substantial sedimentation and need for additional

construction.

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2.

-25-

Structures shou~d be of adequate size to accommodate

anticipated floatable drift (wood, ice, etc.) and

allow for boat traffic where required.

3. Structures and associated approaches should not unduly

restrict floodway capacity. Restriction of the floo&vay

can result in structural failure, excessive flooding and

abnormally high velocities leading to bed scour down­

stream of structure.

4. Structure size should be sufficient to prevent formation

of a head upstream of structure.

Miscellaneous

1. Research has not ind~cated that lighting of long culverts

is necessary to achieve adequate fish passage.

2. Multiple barreled culvert installations are not generally

desirable. A larger single pipe will normally have lower

velocities and will be less apt to plug with debris.

3. When two or more culverts are available, fish will generally

try to enter the one with higher velocities.

4. When two or more culverts are available with equal velocities,

fish will genera~ly attempt to pass the wider one.

-26-

REFERENCES

Alaska Department of Fish and Game and u. s. Forest Service, Logging and Fish Habitat. 22 pp.

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Swimming Capability of Migrating Salmon in Freshwater.

AASHTO. 1975. Task Force on Hydrology and Hydraulics, Memo.

Bainbridge, R. 1960. Speed and Stamina in Three Fish. Journal of Experimental Bio. 37:129-153.

Bell, Milo c. 1973. Fisheries Handbook of Engineering Requirements and Biological Criteria. u. s. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

Blaxter, J. H. s. and w. Dickson. 1959. Observation on the Swimming Speeds of Fish. Scottish Home Department.

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. May 1964. Progress Report No. 106.

------------------· June 1964. Progress Report No. 107.

-------------------· November 1964. Progress Report No. 112.

-------------------· June 1967. Progress Report No. 142.

--------------· January-March 1969. Progress Report No. 154.

--------------· Research on Fishway Problems.

Clay, c. H. 1961. Design of Fishways and Other Fish Facilities. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Canada 1-301.

Dellisle, G. E. 1962. Water Velocities Tolerated by Spawning Kokanee Salmon. California Fish and Game Department. Vol. 48, No. 1, pg. 77-78.

Evans, Willis A. 1974. Fish Migration and Fish Passage a Practical Guide to Solving Fish Passage Problems. u. s. Department of Agriculture, u. s. Forest Service, RegionS 43 pg.

Fish Commission of Oregon. September 4, 1969. Some Effect of Delay on Migrating Adult Salmonids. Water Resources Division.

Gauley, J. R. 1967. Effect of Water Velocity on Passage of Salmonids in a Transportation Channel. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish. Bull. 66:59-63.

c:~

{\~ ~·

~' '-~---~/

0

0

£\ ~'

-27-

Gauley, J. R. - c. s. Thompson. 1963. Further Studies on Fishway Slope and Its Effect on Rate of Passage of Salmonids. u. s. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish. Bull. Vol. 63, No. 1, pg. 45-62. '

Gebhards and Fisher. Fish Passage and Culvert Installations. Idaho Fish and Game Department.

Huston, J. 1966. Fish Passage Through Culverts. Montana Fish and Game Department. Memo. 1 pg.

Idaho, State of. Statement of Policy Concerning Facilities at Culvert Installations.

Kay, A. R. and R. B. Lewis. June 1970. Passage of Anadromous Fish Through Highway Drainage Structures. California Division of Highways, Research Report 629110.

King, Horace Williams. 1954. Handbook of Hydraulics, FourthEtlition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.

Koski and Saltzman. Fish Passage Through Culverts. Oregon Game Conunission.

McClellan, Thomas. Fish Passage Through Highway Culverts. Federal Highway Administration.

Metsker. Fish versus Culverts. u. s. Forest Service - Region 4.

Miller, J. M. 1972. Guidelines for Protection of the Fish Resource Resulting from Highway Construction and Operation. Fisheries Research Board, Winnipeg.

Oregon State Highway Division. 1974. Hydraulics Manual, Salem, Oregon.

Oregon, State of. Oregon Revised Statutes. Legislative Counsel Committee, Salem, Oregon.

Oregon Wildlife Commission. 1973. Oregon Wildlife Code. Portland, Oregon. 126 pp.

Otis, M. B. 1964. Suggested Measures for Minimizing Damage1D Fishing Streams from Highway Projects. New York State, Department of Environmental Conservation. 4 pp.

Prett, J. R. August 1965. Swimming Energetics of Salmon. Scientific American, Vol. 213, No. 2. 6 pg.

Reimers, N. Trout Stamina. Progressive Fish Culturist, 18:112.

Shoemaker, R. H., Jr. Hydraulics of Box Culverts with Fish Ladder Baffles, osc.

-28-

Slatick, E. Pipe.

Passage of Adult Salmon and Trout Through an Incline Trans. American Fisheries Society 100(3): 448-455.

• Passage of Adult Salmon and Trout Through Pipes. ----~u~.~s-. Fish and Wildlife Service. Special Scientific Report

C-592, 18 PP•

u. s. Government. 1975. Logging Road and Protection of Water Quality. u. s. Environmental Protection Agency, Region X, Seattle, Washington. 313 pp.

Washington Department of Fisheries. Regulations and Recommendations for Fish Passage, Facilities at Culvert Installations.

Weaver, c. R. 1963. Influence of Water Velocity Upon Orientation and Performance of Adult Migrating Salmonids. USDI and F&WS Fishery Bulletin Vol. 63, No. 1. 97-122 pp.

Webster, D. A. 1965. Leaping Rainbow of the Finger Lakes. New York State Conservation Department. Information Leaflet.

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-29-

Appendix 1. Oregon Revised Statutes 498.268 and 509.605

ORS 498.268

498.268 Fishway required for artificial obstruction across body of water. (1) Except as otherwise provided by law, no person shall construct, operate or maintain any dam or artificial obstruction across any body of water in this state in which game fish exist unless he provides a fishway in such location and of such design as the commission determines will provide adequate upstream and downstream passage for fish at the dam or obstruction.

(2) If the commission determines that a fishway required by subsection (1) of this section does not pro­vide adequate passage for fish, the commission shall so notify the person who constructed or who operates or maintains the dam or obstruction. The notice shall also specify the manner in which the fishway is in­adequate, and shall require the person who constructed or who operates or maintains the dam or obstruction to make appropriate alterations, specifying a reason­able time for the completion thereof.

(3) A person required to alter a fishway pursuant to subsection (2) of this section may file with the State Water Resources Board a protest against the alteration requirements on the grounds that such al­terations are not in the public interest. A person who protests pursuant to this subsection must file the pro­test with the board not later than the lOth day after the date of the notice of alteration requirements from the commission.

(4) Within a reasonable time after receiving a pro­test, the State Hater Resources Board shall give notice to the protestant and the commission and hold a hear­ing to determine whether the fishway alterations are in the public interest. In making the determination, the board shall approve, disapprove or approve with modifications the fishway alterations required by the commission. In making the determination, the board shall consider the state water resources policy and the considerations set forth in ORS 536.310.

(5) If the person required by this section to make alterations to a fishway fails to make the alterations in the manner and within the time required by the commission or the State Water Resources Board, as the case may be, the commission may remove the dam or obstruction, or any parts thereof.

-30-

Appendix 1. (continued)

(6) No person who has constructed or who oper-ates or maintains a dam or artificial obstruction for which a fishway is required by this section shall fail to keep the fishway free from obstruction to the passage of fish. However, no prosecution for violation of this subsection shall be commenced unless the viola­tion continues after the commission has given wri-ten notice of the violation to the person who is to be prosecuted. Every day of violation of this subsection after the date written notice was given to the person to be prosecuted constitutes a separate offense.

ORS 509.605

509.605 Fishways required over artificial obstruc­tions, approval by director; failure to complete fishway. (1) Except as otherwise provided in ORS 498.268 or 509.640 or 509.645 or the state water resources policy formulated under ORS 536.300 to 536.350, it is unlawful for any per­son, municipal corporation, political subdivision or governmental agency to construct or maintain any dam or artificial obstruction across any stream in this state frequented by anadromous or food fish without providing a passageway for such fish over the dam or artificial obstruction as near the main channel as practicable.

(2) The director shall examine, from time to time, all dams and artificial obstructions in all waters of this state frequented by anadromous or food fish. If in his opinion there is not a free passage for such fish over any dam or artificial obstruction, and except as otherwise provided in ORS 509.640, the director may notify the owner or occupant thereof to provide free passage within a reasonable time with a durable and efficient fishway, of such form and capacity and in such location as shall be determined by the director. Except as otherwise provided in ORS 509.645, no owner or occupant of such dam or artificial obstruction shall fail to complete such fishway to the satisfaction of the director within the time specified.

(3) Any person, municipal corporation, political subdivision or governmental agency shall, prior to construction of any dam or artificial obstruction in any waters of this state, obtain a determination from the director as to the need or lack of need for passage of anadromous or food fish. If the director determines that a fish passage facility is needed, approval of the proposed plans and specifications for such facility must be obtained from the director prior to construction of the dam or artificial obstruction.

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30

25

20

15

10

5

-31-

Salmon energy efficiency curve. (Source: Prett, J. R. , The Swimming Energetics of Salmon)

0 ~----_.------~------~------._ ______ ._ ____ __ 2 3 4 5

WATER VELOCITY (fps}

()

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-33-

Appendix 4. Recommended depth to countersink arch pipe culverts. (Source: AASHTO. Culvert Guide­lines)

SPAN

Span Rise (ft.-in.) (ft.-in.)

6 ·- 1" 4'- 7" 6 1

- 4" 4'- 9" 6'- 9" 4'-11 n

7'- 0" 5'- 1" 7'- 3" 5'- 3" 7'- 8" 5'- 5" 7'-11" s•- 7" 8'- 2" 5'- 9" a•- 7" 5'-11" 8'-10" 6'- 1" 9 ·- 4" 6'- 3" 9'- 6" 6 ·- 5" 9'- 9" 6'- 7"

10'- 3 11 6 1- 9"

10'- 8" 6'-11" 10 1 -11 II 7'- 1" 11 1

- 5" 7'- 3" 11 1

- 7" 7'- 5" 11'-10" 7'- 7" 12 1

- 4" 7'- 9" 12 1

- 6" 7'-11" 12'- 8" a•- 1" 12'-10" 8'- 4" 13 1

- 5" a•- 5" 13'-11" 8'- 7" 14'- 1" 8 1

- 9" 14 I- 3" 8'-11" 14 1 -10" 9 1

- 1" 15 1

- 4" 9 1- 3"

15 1- 6" 9'- 5"

15 1- 8" 9'- 7"

15 1 -10" 9 1 -10" 16 1

- 5" 9'-11" 16 1

- 7" 10'- 1"

COUNTERSINK

Countersink (in.)

21.0" 20.5" 22.0 11

21.4" 20.8" 27.4" 21.7" 20.9" 22.7" 21.9" 23.8" 22.9 n

21.9" 24.0" 26.1" 25.1" 27.4" 26.3" 25.2" 27.5" 26.4" 25.2" 24.0" 26.4 11

28.9" 27.6 11

26.3" 28.9" 31.6" 30.2" 28.8" 27.5" 30 .1" 28.7"

w (/)

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-34-

Appendix 5

CALCULATION OF VELOCITY AND WATER DEPTH THROUGH CULVERTS OF VARIOUS TYPES (Source: Evans, Willis A., Fish Migra­

tion and Fish Passage A Practical Guide to Solving Fish Passage Problems)

These data were prepared and made available for this purpose through the cooperation of the Automatic Data Processing Unit of Region 5 Engineering and Ron Schmidt, Hydraulic Engineer, Shasta-Trinity National Forest.

This Appendix will present information to aid the Engineer and Biologist in determining velocity and water depth for those culvert types most commonly utilized. They include:

1. 3 x 1 corrugated metal circular culverts 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 inch diameter.

2. Concrete box culverts

3. 3 x 1 corrugated metal pipe arch

36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 inch diameter.

7 1 0 11 X 5 1 11"

8 1 10 11 X 6 1 1 11

10 1 11 11 X 7 1 1 11

12'8" X 8 1 1 11

14 1 10 11 X 9 1 1 11

16 I 7 11 X 10 I 1 11

For all culverts data are shown for slopes ranging from 12 - 14%. It is emphasized that by use of the charts presented only approxi­mate answers are obtained. These should suffice, however, for the degree of accuracy required for fish passage determination but may not be suitable for other purposes in which more accurate measure­ments of the variables are required. For example, the charts presented are not intended for and should not be used to select a culvert size and culvert slope for maximum flow. (For furt~er information as to how these charts were developed, refer to Appen­dix 2).

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