Salmonid Feeding and Growth at Sea 1. Habitats and ...courses.washington.edu/fish450/Lecture...

Salmonid Feeding and Growth at Sea

1. Habitats and communities of salmon 2. Diet of salmon 3. Patterns of feeding 4. Growth 5. Density and temperature

Feeding and growth of salmon at sea

• Salmon time their seaward migration to take advantage of marine prey

• Salmon grow rapidly and achieve > 99% of their total weight at sea

• Salmon diets reflect their size and species, and the prey available to them

• Growing conditions vary among years, with ocean conditions and salmon density

Salmon in the central North Pacific and Bering Sea

Asia

Alaska

British Columbia

The distributions are large, and overlap broadly between species and populations.

What is the nature of the region that they occupy?

North Pacific Ocean current systems (Dodimead et al. 1963)

Approximate area of oceanic domains and prevailing current directions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean (Ware and McFarlane 1989)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 45 44 44 42 41 39 38 36

Latitude

Perc

ent o

f Tot

alCatches of fishes and squid in gill nets along

155o W by the Oshoro Maru, July 1984

n = 3999

n = 2897

n = 694

n = 199 Salmonids

Pacific Pomfret

Blue Shark, Albacore, Ommastrephes bartami Tuna, billfish, Mackerel, mahi mahi, Yellowtail

Open ocean communities

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

herrin

g

salm

onids

anch

ovies

stick

lebac

ks

shark

soth

ersq

uid

sand

lanc

e

atheri

nids

smelt

gadid

s

rockfi

shjac

ks

coastalinshore

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

herrin

g

salm

onids

anch

ovies

stick

lebac

ks

shark

soth

ersq

uid

sand

lanc

e

atheri

nids

smelt

gadid

s

rockfi

shjac

ks

coastal

inshore

California Current: dominated by herring

Alaska Current: dominated by salmon

Orsi et al. 2007 AFS symposium 57

% of fishes caught, by family, in two current systems

Coastal and inshore communities > 70%

Thysanoessa longipes

15 – 23 mm

Themisto pacifica

2 – 8 mm

Common crustaceans eaten by salmon

Euphausiids (krill) Hyperiid Amphipods

Some fishes eaten by salmon at sea

Leuroglossus schmidti ~135 mm SL

Stenobrachius leucopsarus ~90 mm SL

Pleurogrammus monopterygius ~40 mm SL Atka mackerel

Hemilepidotus spp. ~15 mm SL

Northern lampfish (lanternfish) Northern smoothtongue - Bathylagidae

Fishes eaten by salmon (Puget Sound)

Pacific herring

Northern anchovy

Sand lance

Surf smelt

Limacina helicina

2 – 3 mm

Berryteuthis anonychus

Gonatopsis borealis

Pteropods Squid

Mollusks eaten by salmon

Gelatinous zooplankton: ctenophores, medusae, salps (tunicates)

Beroe spp. ~45 mm TL

Salpa sp. ~20 mm TL

Aglantha digitale ~15 mm TL

Energy density of salmon prey organisms

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Stenobrachius leucopsarus (112 mm SL)

Stenobrachius leucopsarus (64 mm SL)

Berryteuthis anonychus (82 mm ML)

Berryteuthis anonychus (86 mm ML)

Hemilepidotus sp. (21 mm SL)

Thysanoessa longipes (23 mm TL)

Tarletonbeania crenularis (43 mm SL)

Thysanoessa longipes (19 mm TL)

Parathemisto pacifica (Females w/ young)

Limacina helicina (3 mm TL)

Hippoglossus stenolepis (19 mm SL)

Squid (22 mm ML)

Sebastes sp. (11 mm SL)

Clione limacina (16 mm TL)

Salpa sp. (35 mm TL)

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0

Salpa, Beroe

pteropods, Themisto; juv. fish, euphausiids juv. squid

Annual cycle of average zooplankton density at Ocean Station P

050

100150200250300

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

June Ju

lyAu

gSe

pt Oct

Nov

DecZo

opla

nkto

n (g

/100

0 m

3)

Brodeur et al. (1996)

(mean and standard error)

Synchronous downstream migration of pink salmon fry and density of zooplankton in Prince

William Sound, Alaska (Cooney et al. 1995).

0

1

2

3

4

5

21-Mar 20-Apr 20-May 19-Jun

Zoop

lank

ton

(ml/m

3)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Pink

sal

mon

(tho

usan

ds)zooplankton

pink salmon

Wakatake maru

Food habits of salmon vary among species, years, and among fish of different sizes

Nancy Davis

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03

UnidOtherGelatinousFish PteropodSquidCrab larvAmphipodCopepodEuphausiid

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03


Salmon prey composition Bering Sea Basin, summer 1991-2003

Coho

Chinook

no data no data

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03


Sockeye

Pink

Chum

Prey of salmon collected from the Bering Sea basin 1991 to 2003

sockeye chum pink chinooksockeye 52 88 54chum 52 26pink 55chinook

Diet overlap Bering Sea basin, summer 1991 - 2003

LowModerateHighVery high 75 - 100%

0 - 24% 25 - 49%

50 - 74%

0

25

50

75

100

0 100 200 300 400

cohoChinook

Body length (mm)

% fi

sh in

the

diet

Ontogenic diet shift: coho and Chinook salmon consume

a higher proportion of fish as they grow

Daly et al. 2009

Diet vs. body size

Body Weight (g)

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

Time of day

0

10

20

30

40

0600-0800

0900-1100

1200-1400

1500-1700

1800-2000

2100-2300

0000-0200

0300-0500

Euphausiids and copepods

Sockeye: diel change in prey composition

Prey

wt (

g)

Euphausids and copepods

0

10

20

30

40

0600-0800

0900-1100

1200-1400

1500-1700

1800-2000

2100-2300

0000-0200

0300-0500

Time of day

Fish Fish

Data storage tags record temperature and pressure (depth)

Attachment of the DST to salmon

Chum salmon

TD Tag 1565 - Hokkaido Chum Salmon

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

9 16 21 25 28 1 4 8 11 15 18 22 25 29 1 5 8 12 15 19 22August

Tem

pera

ture

( C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dept

h (m

)

July September

Tagged: 7/9/02Location: 56-30N, 179-00ELength: 618 mm, Age: 0.3

Recovered: 9/24/02Nemuro coast, Hokkaido, JapanLength: 655 mm, Weight: 3.4 kg

= night

recuperation period coastal period

diel vertical migration

Depth

Temperature

Growth of salmon at sea

Pink Chum Chinook Sockeye Coho Steelhead Masu

Smolt weight (g)

0.22 0.4 5 to 18 10 18 50 18

Adult weight

(kg)

1.63 3.73 7.22 2.69 3.02 3.48 1.45

Full years at sea

1 2,3,4 2,3,4 2,3 1 2 1

Data from McGurk 1996, Groot and Margolis 1991, Bigler et al. 1996, Burgner et al. 1992, Kato 1991.

0

5

10

15

20

25

370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530Length (mm, MEH)

femalesmales

In many cases, male salmon grow faster than females (i.e., are longer at a given age)

4-yr old sockeye salmon from Woody Island, Iliamna Lake

Perc

ent o

f fus

h m

easu

red

Males may also be heavier for a given length

Woody Island sockeye salmon

0

1

2

3

4

5

350 400 450 500 550 600

Males

Females Mas

s (k

g)

Length (MEH, in mm)

Factors affecting the growth of salmon at sea

• Density (intra-specific competition) • Ocean conditions

– Productivity – Temperature

• Inter-specific competition

600

640

680

720

760

0 15 30 45 60Chum salmon abundance (millions)

Fork

leng

th (m

m) males age 4

females age 4

Mean fork length of Hokkaido chum salmon as a function of the number of adult chum salmon (catch plus escapement)

that year (from Kaeriyama 1998).

Mean length (males and females combined, for fish spending two years at sea) of adult Bristol Bay sockeye salmon as a

function of the number of adults returning to spawn that year.

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

0 20 40 60 80Millions of adult salmon

Mea

n le

ngth

(mm

) 1958-761977-971998-02

Hypothesized effects of ocean temperature and density on sockeye salmon growth rate

Abundance

Body Size at Age

Temperature 1

Temperature 2

(Peterman 1984)

photo by Richard Bell

Growth History

Scale Radius

Fish

Len

gth Individual circuli

Back-calculated lengths of chinook salmon (in mm) at different ages, as a function of their final age at maturity

(data from Parker and Larkin 1959).

AGE Age at maturity

Sample 2 3 4 5 6

2 4 266 3 27 220 508 4 150 183 466 676 5 60 171 425 622 813 6 8 122 368 549 730 917

…the end

0

5

10

15

20

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00

SockeyeChumPinkChinookTotal

Central Bering Sea Mean CPUE per tan 1991-2000

Age notation: 1 . 2

No. freshwater winters No. ocean winters

Species Common ages & maturity in catch

Sockeye 1.1, 2.1, 1.2, 2.2 immature, maturing

Chum 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 immature, maturing

Pink All maturing 0.1

Coho All maturing 1.1, 2.1

Chinook 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 immature

Stomach contents for salmon sampled in the Strait of Juan de Fuca

0 4

0

80

< 40 cm 40-60 cm Total

Coho

0 4

0

80

Chinook % s

tom

ach

volu

me

< 40 cm 40-60 cm

> 60 cm

> 60 cm

Fish Crustaceans Miscellaneous

Total

Stomach contents of salmon in the Strait of Juan de Fuca

0 4

0

80

< 55 cm >55 cm Total

Sockeye

0 4

0

80

Pink % s

tom

ach

volu

me

< 55 cm < 55 cm

Fish Crustaceans Miscellaneous

Biomass of Salmonids

0200400600

Coastal shelf Coastaldownwelling

Coastalupwelling

Domain

Biom

ass

(T x

100

0)


0 - 24% 25 - 49% 50 - 74%

sockeye chum chinooksockeye 49 21chum 28

chinook

sockeye chumsockeye 80chum

Summer, basin, even yrs 1992-2002

chum chinookchum 30

chinook

Fall, basin, 2002

Fall, Aleutian Is., 2002

Fall, EBS shelf, 2002

Sockeye N=78 Chum N=360 Chinook N=84

Sockeye N=32 Chum N=58

Chum N=54 Chinook N=16

Comparison of Diet Overlap-Summer and Fall




Sockeye Chum Pink ChinookSockeye 44 83 54Chum 40 28Pink 63Chinook

All years, 1991-2003

Even years, 1992-2002

Odd years, 1991-2003

Diet overlap Bering Sea basin, summer

Sockeye N=724 Chum N=1523 Pink N=1331 Chinook N=193

Sockeye N=577 Chum N=1413 Pink N=156 Chinook N=274


0 - 24% 25 - 49% 50 - 74%

(low pink)

(high pink)

Relationship between the size of salmonids and the size of their prey

Keeley and Grant 2001. CJFAS

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000Fish length (cm)

Pre

y le

ngth

(mm

)

Fishes (all environments combined)

Ocean invertebrates

Freshwater invertebrates (streams and lakes combined)

Keeley and Grant (2001)

Salmonid Feeding and Growth at SeaFeeding and growth of salmon at seaSlide Number 3Slide Number 4North Pacific Ocean current systems (Dodimead et al. 1963)Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Catches of fishes and squid in gill nets along 155o W by the Oshoro Maru, July 1984Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Annual cycle of average zooplankton density at Ocean Station PSynchronous downstream migration of pink salmon fry and density of zooplankton in Prince William Sound, Alaska (Cooney et al. 1995).Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Growth of salmon at sea Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Factors affecting the growth of salmon at seaMean fork length of Hokkaido chum salmon as a function of the number of adult chum salmon (catch plus escapement) that year (from Kaeriyama 1998).Mean length (males and females combined, for fish spending two years at sea) of adult Bristol Bay sockeye salmon as a function of the number of adults returning to spawn that year. Hypothesized effects of ocean temperature and density on sockeye salmon growth rateSlide Number 35Slide Number 36Back-calculated lengths of chinook salmon (in mm) at different ages, as a function of their final age at maturity (data from Parker and Larkin 1959).Slide Number 38Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Stomach contents for salmon sampled in the Strait of Juan de FucaStomach contents of salmon in the Strait of Juan de FucaSlide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45Slide Number 46Relationship between the size of salmonids and the size of their prey

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