SAGE CONSULTING ENGINEERS

SAGE CONSULTING ENGINEERS

LIGHTING

STRATEGY REPORT

January 2010

Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd 203 Railway Road SUBIACO WA 6008 Telephone: 08 9388 9745 Facsimile: 08 9388 9256 Email: [email protected]

CITY OF FREMANTLE

P O BOX 807 FREMANTLE WA, 6160

Telephone: 08 9432 9999 Facsimile: 08 9430 4634

Email: [email protected]

Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd 2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Strategy 06.DOC

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2001 a Lighting Strategy Report was prepared for the City of Fremantle. Since then Australian Standards for street lighting have been updated and technology has developed. This Lighting Strategy incorporates the current Australian Standards and technology updates. It has been shown that road lighting improves road safety and also improves security for the community. It has also been shown that the cost of lighting improvements is a small fraction of the benefit to the community. The State Coroner has made two recommendations to local government on street lighting. At roundabouts, reference is made to AS/NZS 115.1.3 and that “roundabouts need lighting additional to the road lighting on the approach roads”. For roads, the Coroner recommends “illumination…..at least in excess of Australian New Zealand Standards”. This report recommends improving the existing road lighting to Australian Standards whilst considering options to reduce energy consumption, maintenance costs and other costs associated with road lighting. The report includes a Lighting Master Plan graphically showing the recommended categories of lighting in terms of AS/NZS1158 for each road. The categories of lighting have been recommended after consideration of community security and road safety. The report generally recommends the use of standard Western Power functional lighting equipment. However, where decorative road lighting is proposed, the report recommends rationalisation of the luminaires (light fittings), poles, and the colours of these items, to simplify maintenance and reduce repair costs. These recommendations cover roads that already have decorative road lighting. For most minor roads, this report recommends upgrading the Western Power luminaires from the existing 80 Watt mercury vapour street lights to the 42 Watt compact fluorescent street lights. This will reduce the street light energy consumption whilst improving the light output for road safety and security. These 42 Watt compact fluorescent street lights comply with Australian Standards when spaced at 80 metres. To assist budgeting, this report includes a comprehensive schedule of cost estimates listing each road. The estimated cost to upgrade the street lighting in the whole City is $15 m.

Fremantle Lighting Strategy Page 1


LIGHTING STRATEGY REPORT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................... 2

1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 2

2 BASIS............................................................................................................................. 2

3 EXISTING LIGHTING ..................................................................................................... 3

4 TREES ............................................................................................................................ 5

5 LIGHTING AND CRIME .................................................................................................. 5

6 LIGHT ON FACES............................................................................................................ 5

7 WHITE LIGHT ................................................................................................................ 6

8 ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................. 7

9 STANDARDS................................................................................................................... 7

10 UNIFORMITY ................................................................................................................. 7

11 GLARE ............................................................................................................................ 8

12 LAMP TECHNOLOGY....................................................................................................... 8

13 SOLAR POWERED LIGHTING....................................................................................... 12

14 ECONOMY .................................................................................................................... 12

15 LIGHTING CONTROL.................................................................................................... 12

16 OBTRUSIVE LIGHT....................................................................................................... 12

17 LOCAL GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES ............................................................................ 13

18 MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................................ 13

19 OVERHEAD LINES ........................................................................................................ 13

20 RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS................................................................ 14

21 OBSERVATIONS OF LIGHTING .................................................................................... 21

22 PRIORITIES ................................................................................................................. 22

23 WESTERN POWER LIGHTING EQUIPMENT ................................................................. 22

24 CONTRACT ................................................................................................................... 23

25 COST ESTIMATES......................................................................................................... 23

26 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 23 APPENDIX A - LIGHTING MASTER PLAN 24 APPENDIX B - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 27 APPENDIX C - COST ESTIMATES 30 APPENDIX D - LIGHTING STANDARDS 36 APPENDIX E - SYNERGY CHARGES 53 APPENDIX F - GLOSSARY 56 APPENDIX G - LIGHTING HARDWARE ILLUSTRATIONS 59 APPENDIX H - TYPICAL GEOMETRY OF STREETLIGHTING 69 APPENDIX J - EXTRACTS FROM SECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT STUDY 84 APPENDIX K - EXTRACTS FROM SAFETY & SECURITY IN THE CITY OF FREMANTLE 91 APPENDIX L - EXTRACTS FROM CITY CENTRE URBAN DESIGN STRATEGY 93 APPENDIX M - TRAFFIC FLOWS 95 APPENDIX N - LAMP OPTIONS 98 APPENDIX O OBSERVATIONS OF EXISTING LIGHTING 102 APPENDIX P LOCATIONS OF EXISTING NOVALUX LUMINAiRES 109 APPENDIX Q LOCATIONS OF CCTV CAMERAS 112 APPENDIX R FREMANTLE EAST UNDERGROUND POWER AREA 114

REV DATE STATUS AUTHOR REVIEW

06 January 2010 Final Draft M D. Sage M D. Sage



LIGHTING STRATEGY REPORT

1 INTRODUCTION

In 1999, the City of Fremantle had a “Security Risk Management Study” prepared by Corpsec International Pty. Ltd. The City’s Director Urban Management subsequently prepared a report “Safety and Security within the City of Fremantle”. The City has an area of 18.7 sq.km with 176 km of sealed roads, and a population of 24 276 in 11 216 dwellings. This report excludes land controlled by the Fremantle Port Authority (Rous Head and the Inner Harbour) and by the Department of Transport (Fishing Boat Harbour including Mews Road). This Lighting Strategy Report recommends light-technical parameters such as lighting levels, uniformities and colours. The Lighting Strategy Report also suggests means of achieving the light technical parameters and submits schedules of cost estimates. While illustrations of typical lighting hardware are submitted, definitive specification of light fittings, poles and other hardware is suggested when the installation of lighting is being designed and documented. In particular, this revision of the Lighting Strategy Report is in response to the City of Fremantle Purchase Order 59946 and our proposal of 19th March 2009.

2 BASIS

The Lighting Master Plan is based on the following sources: AS/NZS1158.3.1:2005 Pedestrian area lighting AS/NZS1158.1:2005 Roadlighting Perth Metropolitan Area Functional Road Hierarchy AS2890.1:1993 Off road Car Parks Fremantle Verandas Lighting Report - 31-7-2000 (Sage Consulting Engineers) Fremantle City Centre Urban Design Strategy – August 1996 City of Fremantle: Safety and Security within the City of Fremantle 29/09/99 Corpsec: Security Risk Management Study - March 1999 Discussions with Geoff Broad, Ian James and Geoff Webster of the City of Fremantle during 2001. Discussions with Ian James, Daniel Sharp and Ben Lee of the City of Fremantle during 2009. Observations of lighting on 8-9-2009 An outline of the Australian Standards is contained in Appendix D along with comparable British and American standards. The Corpsec Report (1999) mentions poor lighting, light level readings of zero, trees obstructing light, light not being directed on to pedestrian paths, and the direct positive correlations between the amount of lighting and the amount of crime. An extract of the report is contained in Appendix J.



The report on Safety and Security with the City of Fremantle (1999) supports the Corpsec Report, reports on the “Safer Cities by Design Conference” and mentions Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Under the heading “Lighting Strategy”, the report recommends a Lighting Study, vegetation management, maintenance of streetlighting, directing light to pedestrian areas, and upgrading of streetlights to Australian Standards preferably with “white light”. An extract of the report is contained in Appendix K. The Urban Design Strategy (1996) makes frequent mention of lighting and contains recommendations to improve the quality and quantity of lighting, and to provide “priority night routes for pedestrians”. An extract of the report is contained in Appendix L.

3 EXISTING LIGHTING

Most of the existing lighting is provided by Western Power by means of steel poles where power is underground and streetlights on timber power poles where power is overhead. The lamps are predominantly mercury vapour with some high pressure sodium.

OBSOLETE STREET LIGHT

Parts of the city centre have old “Novalux” streetlights, mostly with 250W mercury vapour lamps. See figure G1. The original Novalux luminaires had glass bowls, but these bowls have been replaced with two piece acrylic bowls of poor integrity. The Novalux poles cannot accept other luminaires as they have a non-standard luminaire mounting at the top. The poles are cast iron and cannot be welded with any reliability. Under ground these poles have an asbestos footing. The location of the Novalux poles and luminaires is shown in Appendix P. These poles and luminaires should be replaced. Some Holophane “Granville” streetlights had been installed as replacements of the “Novalux” streetlights. See figure G2. All Granville luminaires have been removed from High Street and replaced with Washington luminaires.



In Collie Street, 150W metal halide Bega 8201 indirect streetlights have been installed. These have proved successful in providing soft, glare-free, white light with a contemporary appearance. Their construction is inherently less vulnerable to vandalism as there is no exposed glass or plastic. In Henderson Stret Western Power decorative streetlights, Sylvania 70 W metal halide Bourke Hill on 6 m Avenue poles have been installed. Some car parks have been lit with three armed light poles with “well glass” luminaires with small shades. These carpark lights are glary and not very effective. The Henderson Street carpark has been partly relit with Ruud 150 W metal halide luminaires. The No. 2 car park (Clif St/Marine Tce) has been lit with Weef 150 W metal halide luminaires.

NOVALUX LUMINAIRE & POLE (replaced since photograph)

NOVALUX LUMINAIRE

Many roads in the City Centre are lit with Western Power high pressure sodium streetlights on 10.5m or 12.5m poles. These streetlights are suitable for vehicular routes but not for the city centre where tall poles are out of proportion and the yellow light inappropriate for commerce and security.



Western Power has generally installed suburban lighting to what they term “half standard” that is they have installed half the number of streetlights required by category B2 of the superseded AS1158. Typically, 80W mercury vapour streetlights have been mounted at a height of 7.5m on each second power pole (that is every four house blocks or about 80m spacing). In fact, this does not give half the standard, but lights half of the length of the road and leaves half in the dark. Western Power embarked on a bulk Globe Replacement (BGR) program offering local government a four year replacement cycle. This cycle is being rduced to three years.

4 TREES

Trees often conflict with streetlighting. Australian Standards recommend ignoring trees for calculations for compliance but this is of course unrealistic. Conventionally, streetlights are installed on power poles on the same alignment allocated to trees, that is 2.7m from the property boundary. With underground power, streetlights have been mounted 1m from the kerb with a 1.5m outreach on a 6.5m pole. The shape, height, and density of foliage determine the amount of shadowing. Dense low foliage casts shadows on the footpath rendering lighting ineffective for personal safety. Underpruning of trees to provide a high canopy should be encouraged.

5 LIGHTING AND CRIME

Recent British research 1 has shown that public lighting improvements result in a reduction of crime. This research further indicates a diffusion of benefits rather than a displacement of crime. This means that lighting improvements reduce crime in surrounding areas rather than displacing crime from the well-lit area to areas with poor lighting. In Western Australia, research findings 2 indicate most people are afraid to go out after dark. Other research 3 in WA indicates that most people prefer to be in well-lit areas at night. Recent research 4, mainly in North America, is indicating that increasing light levels increases energy costs but does not necessarily lead to better vision. Rather, the indications are that better colour, reduced glare and good uniformity can offer better vision, in other words the quality of lighting is as important as the quantity of lighting.

6 LIGHT ON FACES

For a feeling of safety, it is important to light people’s faces. Most lighting standards, however, prescribe lighting levels on a horizontal plane. For recognition of faces at 4 meters, 0.8 lux (semi-cylindrical) was found satisfactory in research 5 conducted some years ago in the Netherlands. AS/NZ1158.3.1: 2005 recognises the need for light on faces by recommending vertical, in addition to horizontal lighting levels.



To achieve adequate lighting on faces, luminaires should not be too far apart, light should not be obstructed and the shielding angle from reflectors or shades should allow light to reach faces.

7 WHITE LIGHT

The Corpsec Report recommends “white light” and this is repeated in the City’s report on Safety and Security. White light aids the accurate identification of colours of skin tones, clothing and vehicles by observers from the community as well as security personnel. High-pressure sodium lamps produce yellow light and have enjoyed popularity because of their apparent high efficacy. This apparent efficacy is based on the high sensitivity of the eye to yellow light under day (i.e. photopic) vision. While metal-halide lamps 6 appear to have lower efficacy than high-pressure sodium lamps, under night vision research concludes that metal-halide lamps are about twice as effective as high-pressure sodium lamps. A recent article7 by Dr A.J. Fisher recommends that at the lower lightings, say Category P4 and P5, the published light output of high pressure sodium lamps should be derated by a factor of 0.75. Further research8 indicates that red and green light with an absence of yellow light provides “visual clarity”. Red and green cells in the eye are responsible for hue contrast and luminance contrast, and for fine spatial detail. Yellow light inhibits the red and green cells. In an article in Security Management December 1994, Henri Bérubé (a constable with the Peel Regional Police Department, Brampton Ontario) recommends the use of “white light” to bring people into an area for commercial or recreational activities. He further recommends “white light” to enable witnesses to identify suspicious activities and malfeasants and to provide an accurate description of the perpetrator. According to an article in the New Yorker of June 1993 about 40th Street in New York City, where streetlighting was changed from high-pressure sodium to metal-halide, patrons would find themselves “standing straighter and breathing more slowly”. Pedestrians also reported moving more leisurely and stepping more frequently into local shops. White light may be defined as having a colour temperature above 2 700K and a colour rendering index (Ra8) of 70 or better. White light can be offered by the following lamp technologies:

• fluorescent • metal-halide • some LED technologies



8 ENVIRONMENT

While the primary environmental concern for lighting is the energy consumption, a secondary concern is the disposal of lamps that contain mercury, In many states of North America, mercury is not welcome at land fill sites. In Germany all lamps are recycled. Modern fluorescent lamps have about 1mg of mercury as opposed to 30mg in older lamps. 80 W mercury vapour lamps contain 14 mg of mercury compared to 4.5 mg in the competing 42 W compact fluorescent lamp. Low mercury lamps and responsible disposal are recommended.

9 STANDARDS

In recent years the Australian Standard for roadlighting has changed. In 2005, a new standard AS/NZS 1158.1 was published covering “Category V” lighting for vehicular routes e.g. freeways and highways. This is a revision of the 1997 document based on the previous AS 1158 – 1986. In 1999, a new standard AS/NZS 1158.3.1 was published covering “Category P” lighting for pedestrian areas. The AS/NZS 1158.3.1 Category P lighting was a fundamental change from the old AS1158-1986 Categories B & C lighting. The new standard had many more categories and takes into account: vehicular movement; risk of crime; and need to enhance prestige. It also includes requirements for vertical illumination at face level. Since then AS/NZS 1158.3.1 2005 has been published with additional requirements for lighting of traffic management devices and changes to car park lighting requirements. The current AS1158 is summarised in Appendix D.

10 UNIFORMITY

For good visibility, uniformity is as important as the amount of light. High average lighting levels with poor uniformity costs more to run and offers lower visibility than lower levels with good uniformity. For outdoor lighting, it is now the practice to nominate a minimum average level, minimum level and uniformity in terms of maximum to average. The minimum level establishes a uniformity with respect to the average level. The maximum to average uniformity is specified to avoid “hotspots” i.e. areas of excessive illuminance relative to the average.



11 GLARE

Glare is caused by light in one’s eye instead of on the subject. Glare causes visual discomfort and visual disability to people and tends to disable any security cameras. Glare is of particular concern to the aged and to persons with vision disabilities. On security video systems, a bright light source can cause “white out” in the vicinity of the bright source, if not strategically placed. In an attempt to achieve some compliance with excessive streetlight spacing, manufacturers have developed streetlights that direct light at high angles close to the horizontal. The result is high glare, obtrusive light and poor visibility. Local government often receives complaints from residents of streetlights being too bright and preventing sleep. The installation of “house-side shields” results. These shields often cost more than the original streetlight, without considering the administration costs. From 5-11-2001 AS/NZ1158.3.1 no longer accepts such streetlights by limiting the intensities at 90o and 80o above the vertical. Limiting these high angle intensities, for instance by screening lamps, reduces glare.

12 LAMP TECHNOLOGY

12.1 LAMP TECHNOLOGY

Two important characteristics of lamps used for street lighting are the energy efficiency and the lamp life. The energy efficiency of lamps is measured as “efficacy”. This is the ability of the lamp to produce visible light (measured in lumens) from electrical energy (measured in Watts). Efficacy is measured in terms of lumens/Watt. A lamp with 100% energy efficiency would have an efficacy of 683 lumens/Watt. Practical lamps have efficacies in the range 10 to 200 lumens/Watt. The life of lamps may be measured as rated life or as “economic life”. Rated life is the time at which 50% lamp mortality has been reached. Economic life is the time at which the light output has depreciated to 70% of the initial light output and should be replaced. While the mercury vapour lamp has been a reliable source for minor street lighting in many parts of Australia and overseas, its status is now challenged by lamps that are more efficient. At present, the contenders for replacing mercury vapour lamps are high pressure sodium, metal halide, and fluorescent lamps. Technologies which have not been considered are: low pressure sodium lamps which have poor colour; LED’s which are not efficient and have too low power, and induction lamps that are very expensive.



12.2 MERCURY VAPOUR LAMPS

Mercury vapour lamps were developed in the 1930’s and their efficacy has not improved since then. Metal-halide lamps that were developed in the 1960’s may be considered to have evolved from mercury vapour lamps. Mercury vapour lamps have: • A poor efficacy of between 40 and 50 lumens/Watt. • A Colour Rendering Index of about 50 with a blue-white output deficient in red that renders skin tones poorly.

• A long life of 16 000 hours typically. • A high mercury content. One advantage of the mercury vapour lamp is its long and reliable life. Mercury vapour lamps may operate for over a decade, but as each year goes by, its output diminishes. After four years of operation at 4 000 hours per year, a mercury vapour lamp will produce about 65 to 70% of its initial output, but still consume the same amount of energy. The disposal of mercury vapour lamps should be considered a serious problem. Each 80 Watt lamp contains 14 mg of mercury.

12.3 HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

High pressure sodium lamps have: • A high efficacy, of around 100 lumens/Watt. • Poor colour rendition with a Colour Rendering Index of 22 and a distinctive golden colour.

• A long life of 24 000 h typically. • A low mercury content. High pressure sodium lamps are a reliable light source for road lighting offering high efficacy and long life. The life of high wattage lamps is around 20 000 h while the life of low wattage lamps is around 12 000 h. A development of this lamp is the twin arc tube lamp, essentially two lamps in one envelope. This lamp offers double the life. High pressure sodium lamps are used for lighting minor roads in New Zealand and in England. One disadvantage of these lamps is their poor colour rendition that does not accurately render skin tones, clothing colours, and vehicle paintwork. The primary purpose of minor road lighting is security and high pressure sodium lighting fails to provide colour identification for security. Under photopic (day) vision, the eye is most sensitive to yellow light. Under scotopic (night) vision, the eye is most sensitive to blue light. Minor road lighting is in the mesopic (between photopic and scotopic) range of vision. What this means is that the predominantly yellow light from high pressure sodium lighting is not as effective as the white light from metal halide and fluorescent lamps. AS 1158.3.1 – 2005 now recognises this and recommends that a derating factor of 75% be applied to high pressure sodium lighting for Categories P4 and P5.



High pressure sodium lighting is valid for highway lighting and is used by Main Roads WA and Western Power for major vehicular routes.

12.4 METAL HALIDE LAMPS

Metal-halide lamps have: • Good energy efficiencies of around 80 lumens/Watt • Excellent colour rendering giving "white light" with Colour Rendering Indices between 65 and 80. Their strong blue and green component makes them particularly well suited to night vision.

• Suffered from short life of about 6 000 hours (1½ years) but developments in recent years have extended life to 12 000 hours for low wattage lamps (3 years) and up to 20 000 hours (5 years) for larger wattage lamps.

• Low mercury content. Metal halide lamps have been used in the Fremantle east State Underground Power Projest. Metal halide stret lights have also been installed in Perth, Gosnells, Midvale, Mosman Park and Armadale. Mercury vapour lamps were developed in the 1930’s and their efficacy has not improved since then. Metal-halide lamps that were developed in the 1960’s may be considered to have evolved from mercury vapour lamps.

12.5 FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Fluorescent lamps: • Offer high efficacy of between 80 and 100 lumens/watt. • Offer "white light" with a Colour Rendering Index of 80 giving excellent colour rendering of red, blue and green.

• Have a life varying from 12,000 hours to 36,000 hours. • Have low mercury content. T5 (16mm diameter) fluorescent lamps are linear fluorescent lamps but with a smaller diameter to the conventional 26 mm lamps. These lamps run on electronic control gear and have very high efficacy (about 100 lumens/watt) and a long life of about 20,000 hours. A trial of these lamps is being established in Victoria. One Australian manufacturer, Pierlite has produced a streetlight using two x 14 W and 2 x 24 W, T5 (16 mm diameter) lamps with electronic control gear. These lamps have a rated life of 20,000 hours. The 14 W lamps have an efficacy of 100 lumens/watt and the 24 W lamps 80 lumens/watt. A street lighting trial of T5 lamps is being established in Victoria. Streetlights with compact fluorescent lamps are available from a number of manufacturers. These lamps have an efficacy of 80 lumens/watt and a life of 12,000 hours.



Sylvania have an “amalgam” type fluorescent lamp with a claimed life of 28 000 hours. The City of Subiaco has installed hundreds of 42 Watt compact fluorescent street lights. Old technology fluorescent lamps have been used in Australia, particularly around the Sydney metropolitan area. Twin 18 Watt linear fluorescent lamps with wire wound ballasts have been typical. These are T8 (26 mm diameter) lamps with a rated life of about 10 000 hours.

12.6 LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

Low pressure sodium lamps have been used rarely in the past in Australia for street lighting but are being replaced because of their poor colour characteristics. These lamps have no Colour Rendering Index. These lamps have a monochromatic yellow colour that does not support colour vision, however they do have an extremely high efficiency of 200 lumens/Watt. Low pressure sodium lamps have been used in very few countries with limited success. These lamps have a limited future and are only of historical interest.

12.7 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

Light emitting diodes (LED’s) are a promising light source but the efficacy of white LED’s has been poor and the power is limited. LED’s offer long life of the order of 50 000 hours. In 2006, the efficacy of white LED’s was about 25 lm/W and in 2007 this rose to about 75 lm/W. Further improvements are expected during the course of 2008. At present the cost of LED street lights is several times higher than that of other street lights. LED’s are a promising light source, and within the next few years efficient and practical LED street lights should become available at reasonable cost. LED’s are useful for minor road lighting and have been trialled in Right of Way 26. LED’s are not yet suitable for major road lighting. Examples of LED street lights can be seen on Fraser Avenue in Kings Park.

12.8 INDUCTION LAMPS

The induction lamp is a type of fluorescent lamp that offers extremely long life. The cost is very high and makes these lamps appropriate only when maintenance access is extremely difficult. Induction lamps are not suitable for large scale street lighting as their cost, about $1000, is prohibitive.



12.9 LAMP COMPARISON

The various lamp families are compared in Appendix N “LAMP OPTIONS”.

13 SOLAR POWERED LIGHTING

Solar powered lighting is available but is expensive in terms of capital and running costs. Solar powered lighting requires a solar panel, battery charger, battery and inverter. The batteries, either lead-acid or nickel-cadmium, are expensive and need to be replaced every few years. Solar powered lighting is economic if the source of power is remote, say several hundred metres. The cost of cabling to a conventional light may then exceed the additional cost of the solar powered light.

14 ECONOMY

The cost of lighting comprises energy costs, lamp replacement costs and the capital cost. Generally, energy costs predominate over the other costs. The cost of energy can be reduced by avoiding excessive lighting levels, and by the use of effective lamps, optical systems, and electrical switching or control systems.

15 LIGHTING CONTROL

Historically in Western Australia streetlighting has been switched on at dusk and switched off at midnight or 1.15 a.m. In most areas “all night” lighting is now the norm. This control regime can be easily arranged with a photoelectric switch on each streetlight.

16 OBTRUSIVE LIGHT

Obtrusive light is spill light that causes annoyance, distraction, discomfort or reduction in vision. Obtrusive light from streetlights is covered by AS1158, and from other lighting installations (e.g. sport, industry, advertising) by AS4282. Of particular concern to the City should be the avoidance of obtrusive light to navigation in the river and harbours. Navigation is particularly dependent on visual signals and any lighting installation must avoid light out to sea, the river and the harbours.



17 LOCAL GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

During 2000, the Western Australian Municipal Association took an interest in street lighting and formed a local government committee. The principal interest was to reduce energy usage and cost. A preliminary paper entitled “Streetlighting in Western Australia” was prepared. Subsequently a report entitled “Improved Street Lighting Study for Greenhouse and Safety benefits – Institutional and Technical Review” was prepared in June 2007 for the WA Local Government Association and the Sustainable Energy Development Office. The Cities for Climate Protection program has concise advice on street lighting, advocating energy efficient metal-halide and compact fluorescent lamps.

18 MAINTENANCE

The lighting installation should be maintained so that: Light Technical Parameters do not fall below 70% of the initial values Luminaire failures should be repaired within 5 days. No less than 95% of luminaires shall be operational at any time. The number of consumable items such as lamps and control gear should be rationalized to minimise the stock of spare parts. Luminaires and associated hardware should be vandal-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Luminaires shall have an ingress protection of IP55, that is, dust-proof and hose-proof.

19 OVERHEAD LINES

There are Western Power high voltage transmission lines running through the City. Streetlights need to be located away from overhead lines to allow safe access for maintenance. Street lights should be located at the following minimum distances from power lines: Voltage Clearance 415 Volt 1 metre 11 and 22 kilo Volt 3 metre 33 kilo Volt and above 6 metre If a street light is closer than these distances, advice from Western Power must be sought.



20 RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

20.1 CITY CENTRE

High Street

Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

The High Street is the spine of the City Centre. Referring to AS1158.3.1, we recommend that High Street be lit to Category P2 (3.5 lux average, 0.7 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to minimum, and 0.7 lux vertical) with white light. This can be achieved with “Washington” luminaires with 250 W metal-halide lamps on 4.2 m “Novalux” poles (See figure G3).

100% Lit with Washington luminaires with 150 W metal halide lamps on 4.2 m Novalux replica poles.

For the High Street Mall and associated areas a lighting plan has been prepared. This plan recommends lighting to Category P2 and includes:

• Public lighting installed under verandahs

• Lighting to the building features above the verandas • Mall lighting Washington luminaires

instaaled • Lighting to the mosaic

• In ground uplights to trees In ground uplights to two trees

In 1999 new lighting was installed comprising high pressure sodium lamps in Holophane “Granville” luminaires on Novalux poles. The light poles can be retained and the Granville luminaires replaced with Washington luminaires with white light. The Granville luminaires can then be redeployed on lesser streets.

Granville luminaires have been replaced withWashington luminaires.

Round House Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

To provide a spectacular focal point to the High Street vista, we recommend strong floodlighting of the east face of the Round House and floodlighting of the cliff face below the Round House. The Round House is constructed of light coloured limestone and thus lends itself to floodlighting.

100% Lit with We-ef in ground uplights with Philips Cosmo white 90 W lamps.



Market Street & South Terrace Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

Market Street and South Terrace are considered to be of equal importance to High Street. We recommend that it be lit to Category P2 with white light using the Washington luminaires on 4.2m Novalux poles. 150W metal-halide Sylvania Parkville luminaires on the single and double-outreach 8m Cantonment Street poles used in Cantonment Street may be considered as an economical alternative. (See figure G5).

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Where awnings exist, supplementary lighting is recommended installed under the awnings.

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Cantonment Street

Pioneer Park Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

Pioneer Park is actively used at night and good lighting is needed to deter illegitimate activities. We recommend that this space be lit to Category P7 of AS1158.3.1 (14 lux average, 4 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to minimum, and 2 lux vertical). A single 150W metal-halide Bega 8201 luminaire on a 5m pole was installed in Pioneer Park as a prototype. It has proved to be effective and resistant to vandalism as there is no exposed lamp, glass or plastic. Accordingly, we recommend that Pioneer Park to lit with Bega 8201 luminaires.

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King’s Square Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

King’s Square is an active public space during the day but appears dark and sinister at night.. It is recommended that this space be lit to Category P6 of AS1158.3.1 (21 lux average, 7 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to minimum, and 7 lux vertical). Because of the historic nature of the square, “Washington” luminaires are recommended with 150 W metal-halide lamps on the 4.2 m Novalux poles. See figure G3.

Partly complete with Washington luminaires with 150 W metal halide lamps on 4.2 m Novalux replica poles.

Queen’s Square Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

A plan for the redevelopment of Queens Square has been developed. The aim is to develop the early concept for the square, to encourage commerce and recreation and to discourage anti-social behaviour especially at night. Businesses are being encouraged to open onto the square. A pedestrian route is planned to surround the square. Lighting of this route should be to Category P3 of AS1158 (1.75lux average, 0.3 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to average, and 0.3 lux vertical) with white light. This can be provided by a combination of building mounted luminaires and pole mounted luminaires coordinated with the tree planting.

75% complete with Bega 8200 luminaires with 70 W metal halide lamps.

Cantonment Street Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

A plan has been prepared to the redevelopment of Cantonment Street in response to proposals for a new residential development and a new hotel. Lighting should be to Category P3 (1.7 lux average, 0.3 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum/average and 0.3 lux vertical) with white light. This can be achieved with median mounted streetlights through the commercial precinct and with verge mounted streetlights through the residential precinct. Suggested luminaires are 150W metal-halide Sylvania Parkville luminaires on single and double-outreach 8m poles (See figure G5). Extensive tree planting is planned and the height of the poles may need to be adjusted to allow light to pass under the tree canopies. Consideration should be given to uplighting of the trees.

100% with Sylvania Parkville luminaires with 150 W metal halide lamps on custom 8 m poles.



Night Priority Routes Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

In addition to High Street and Market Street, the City has identified the following streets as “Night Priority Routes”:

• Collie Street 0

• Essex Street 100%

• Adelaide Street 0

• Queen Street 0

• Marine Terrace (Cliff St. - Essex St) 0

• South Terrace (Market – Norfolk) 0

• Cliff Street (Phillimore – Marine Terrace) 100%

• Parry Street (South Terrace – Holdsworth) 0

We recommend that these streets be lit to Category P3 (1.75 lux average, 0.3 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to average and 0.3 lux vertical) with white light. This can be achieved with the Bourke Hill luminaires with 70 W metal halide lamps on 6 m Avenue poles. As an alternative, where a contemporary look is preferred, Bega 8201 indirect luminaire with 150 W metal-halide lamps on 5m straight, circular section, poles can be used.

Where more economical hardware is appropriate, the Sylvania Parkville luminaires with 150W metal-halide lamps on poles of about 8 m height, or the Sylvania Bourke Hill luminaire with 70 W metal halide lamps on poles of about 6 m height are suggested. The Esplanade Reserve Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

This reserve is used at night as a route from Cliff, Collie and Essex streets to the Boat Harbour entertainment precinct. Hazards are the toilets, the playground and the amphitheatre. We recommend that a serpentine route be lit across the reserve from the rail crossing to Essex Street. Lighting to Category P3 is recommended. This can be achieved with the 150 W metal-halide Bega 8201 luminaires on 5m straight, circular section, poles. In addition, floodlighting of the toilet block and the playground is strongly advised. Removal of the amphitheatre should be considered.

100% The Esplanade has had Bega 8201 luminires installed on 5 m poles along the Mrine Terrace. Elsewhere floodlights on tall poles have been installed.



West End Streets Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

This precinct has many historical commercial buildings with stucco finish. To suit the ambience of the precinct, warm colour lighting is preferred. Suitable lamps are the high pressure sodium, warm deluxe metal-halide, and warm compact fluorescent lamps.

2009 Recommendation

The City prefers warm light for the West End. Western Power provides warm colour (3000 K) metal halide lamps. High pressure sodium while providing warm colour, is not suitable for use with security cameras, and is not favoured by security personnel. We recommend that these streets be lit to Category P4 and P3 of AS1158.3.1. This can be achieved with Western Power “Bourke Hill” luminaires with 70 W metal halide lamps on 6.5 m “Avenue” poles.

Entries to the City Centre Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

The main entries to the City Centre are Beach Road, Queen Victoria Street, High Street, South Terrace, and Marine Terrace. Streetscaping of these entries is expected.

Recommendation Achievement

Beach Road and Queen Victoria Street should be lit to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1.

Lit to V5 under the SUPP.

High Street should be lit to Category P2 of AS1158.3.1 up to Stirling Street then be lit to Category V5 to Wood Street.

South Terrace should be lit to Category P3 of AS1158.3.1 to just past Howard Street. Further South, lighting should be to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1. Marine Terrace should be lit to Category P3 of AS1158.3.1 to halfway between Arundel Street and Howard Street. Further South, lighting should be to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1.

Car Parks Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

There are a number of existing outdoor car parks. For the large area car parks, Category P11a is recommended. This category requires a high lighting level of 14 lux on average. Glare must be avoided to adjoining roadways.

Maritime Museum car park has been lit. The Henderson Car Park has been partly lit.

This can be achieved with 150W metal-halide “forward throw” flat glass luminaires on 6m poles spaced about 17 apart lengthwise and about 15 m apart crosswise. The prefered luminaire is the Ruud Wedge. See figure H5. It is possible to provide bi-level switching to car parks. This means that after hours, except for Friday night and Satyrday night, lighting levels and energy can be reduced to about half. Lighting can still comply with AS/NZS 1158, dropping from Category 11a to Category 11b.

Henderson Car Park



Floodlighting of Buildings Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

In addition to the Round House, it has been suggested that the following buildings should be floodlit:

• Town Hall 0

• Signal Station 0

• Railway Station 0

• Prison 0

• Davis Building (cnr Collie & South Tce) 0

• Maritime Museum 0

• Water Police, Barracks 0

• Victoria Pavilion 0

• Markets 0

• TAFE 0

20.2 CITY SURROUNDS

Primary Distributors


The Perth Metropolitan Area Functional Road Hierarchy identifies the following routes as Primary Distributors:

• Stirling Highway 0

• Queen Victoria Street (Tydeman Road to Canning Highway) including the Traffic Bridge

0

• Tydeman Road 0

• High Street (East of Wood Street) 0

• Stock Road 0

• South Street (East of Hampton Road) 0

These routes should be lit to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1. This can be achieved with 150W high pressure sodium streetlights on 12.5m poles at a spacing of about 60 m.

District Distributors


The following roads are identified as District Distributors on the Functional Road Hierarchy:

• Port Beach Road

• Beach Street Lit to V5 under SUPP

• Queen Victoria Street Lit to V5 under SUPP

• Ord Street/Hampton Road

• Marine Terrace/The Esplanade (South of Norfolk Street)

• South Terrace (Norfolk Street to Douro Road) New metal halide streetlights were planned to be installed in 2007

• Douro Road



• South Street (West of Hampton Road)

• High Street (West of Wood Street)

• East Street (Canning Highway to High Street)

• Marmion Street

• Carrington Street

These routes should be lit to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1. This can be achieved with 150W high pressure sodium streetlights on 12.5m poles at a spacing of about 60 m.

Port Beach Road has heavy traffic volumes including many heavy vehicles, both day and night. At present it has no lighting North of Tydeman Road. Lighting of Port Beach Road should be given priority for traffic safety.

Hampton Road carries very heavy traffic volumes, over 20 000 vehicles per day. This indicates that it should be lit to Category V3.

Shared Roads Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

The following roads are a shared responsibility between Main Roads WA and the City:

• Port Beach Road Partly lit

• Tydeman Road 0

• Stirling Highway (South of Leach Highway) 0

• Canning Highway (East of Stirling Highway 0

• Leach Highway 0

• Cockburn Road 0

• the Traffic Bridge 0

South Street East of Curedale Street and Stock Road are the sole responsibility of MRWA.

The future of Port Beach Road depends on a report on the West Suburbs Highway. The recommended lighting category of V5 may then need to be revised.

Local Distributor Roads Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

These roads are identified on the attached Figure A2 and should be lit to Category P3 of AS1158. With underground power, this can be achieved with 70 Watt metal halide luminaires on 6.5 m poles at 60 m spacing to cover a 20 m road reserve. With overhead power, this can be achieved with 70 Watt metal halide luminaires mounted at 7.5 m on power poles at 40 m spacing to cover a 20 m road reserve.

0



Access Roads Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

These roads are identified on the attached Figure A2 and should be lit to AS/NZS 1158.3.1 Category P4. With underground power, this can be achieved with 42 W compact fluorescent luminaires on 6.5 m poles at 60 m spacing to cover a 20 m road reserve. Access Roads with existing overhead power can be lit to AS/NZS 1158.3.1 Category P5. This can be achieved with 42 W compact fluorescent luminaires mounted at 7.5 m on power poles at 80 m spacing to cover a 20 m road reserve.

Under the Fremantle East undeground power project 410 street lights were replaced

Convenience Stores and Local Centres Recommendation in 2001 Strategy Achievement

At these commercial centres, the lighting category should be raised for security and commercial reasons. At the convenience stores the lighting of the minor roads (category P4) should be raised to P3. At the commercial centres, on collector roads, the lighting should be raised to P2. Where the commercial centre is on a main vehicular route, the lighting (category V3 or V5) should be maintained but “white” rather than yellow high pressure sodium lighting should be used. The height of the light poles should be reduced to emphasize the change in the nature of the road.

0

21 OBSERVATIONS OF LIGHTING

Appendix O submits observations of lighting that has been improved over the last few years since the Lighting Strategy was prepared in 2001. The observations were undertaken on 8-9-209 in the following areas: High Street Market Street Henderson Street Cantonment Street Maritime Museum Car Park Measurements of horizontal and vertical illuminance were taken in four locations on each site. High Street is lit with 150W metal halide “Washington” luminaires. The aim was to light to Catergory P2. Measurements indicated the lighting approaches Category P1. Henderson Street is lit with 70W metal halide “Bourke Hill” luminaires. The aim was to light to Catergory P4. Measurements indicate the lighting approaches Catergory P2. Maritime Museum Carpark is lit with what appears to be 150W metal halide floodlights. The aim was to light to Category P11. Measurements indicate the lighting meets Catergory P11.



Market Street is lit with 250W high pressure sodium “Roadster” luminaires. The aim was to light to Category P2. Measurements indicate the lighting exceeds Categories P1 & P8 and approaches Category P7. Cantonment Street is lit with 150W metal halide “Parkerville” luminaires. The aim was to light to Category P3. Measurements indicate the lighting exceeds Category P3 and approaches Category P1. While there were differences between planned lighting levels and those achieved, the differences were all positive and acceptable. Practicalities, such as available pole locations, often determine that more poles and luminaires are needed than planned.

22 PRIORITIES

City Centre Based on concerns for safety and security we recommend that the first priority includes Kings Square, and Market Street and South Terrace from the railway station to Norfolk Street. High Street West has already been relit. This will provide a safe night route to the railway station from Notre Dame University and from the entertainment district. As a second priority, we recommend High Street East. As a third priority, we recommend the remaining “Night Priority Routes”. The remaining streets would follow as a fourth priority. City Surrounds The streetlighting of the city surrounds can most economically proceed in conjunction with underground power programs.

23 WESTERN POWER LIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Traditionally Western Power has been the streetlighting service provider to local government except for controlled access highways where Main Roads WA lighting is used. In the past Western Power have demonstrated reluctance to install and maintain streetlighting other than their standard range of hardware.



Western Power has the following lamps available:

• 80 W mercury • 42 W compact fluorescent (during 2010) • 125 W mercury • 70 W metal halide • 150 W high pressure sodium • 150W metal halide • 250 W high pressure sodium • 250W metal halide • 50 W mercury (superseded) • 70 W high pressure sodium (superseded)

Western Power has the following poles available:

• 6.5m single 1.5m outreach • 10.5m single & double 3m outreach • 12.5m single & double 3m outreach

These poles may have a galvanised finish or may be painted. Western Power also has a range of decorative streetlights and poles.

24 CONTRACT

We suggest that tenders be invited from potential streetlighting service providers for the installation and maintenance of the streetlighting improvements. There are electrical contractors with the skills and experience and Western Power may be interested to tender as well. Tenders should be invited on the basis of conditions of contract (e.g.AS2124), technical specification, drawings, and bills of quantity.

25 COST ESTIMATES

Cost estimates are outlined in Appendix C. The estimates of running costs are based on current Synergy tarriffs (dusk to dawn) for Western Power lighting and for private lighting on Synergy 218 tarriff (unmetered supply). The basis for the estimates of capital costs are shown in footnotes in Appendix C.

26 REFERENCES

1. Painter, 1994, (referenced in the proceedings of the IES (Aust & NS) Convention

1994) 2. Mendez, 1999, WA People Scared After Dark, Western Australian. 3. Conti, 1999, Fear and Loathing on City Streets, Western Australian. 4. McGowan, 1996, Professional Development Workshop, IES (Aust & NZ) Convention

1996. 5. Caminada and van Bommel, 1980, (referenced in “Roadlighting” by van Bommel & de

Boer) 6. Berman & Liebel, November 1996, Essay by Invitation, Lighting Design & Application

IES (NA) 7. A.J. Fisher, 2000, Can a lumen be less than a lumen so that white light is better than

yellow in roadlighting, Lighting (IES Aust. & NZ) 8. Thornton, 1999, Comprehending Colour, Lighting Design & Application IES (NA)

Fremantle Lighting Strategy Report Page 24

Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd

2010

S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix A LMP.doc

APPENDIX A

LIGHTING

MASTER PLAN

Figure A1 WEST END Figure A2 OVERALL CITY



2010



Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd 2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix B Recommend.doc

APPENDIX B

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS



SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS – CITY CENTRE

AREA

LIGHTING

CATEGORY

OF AS1158

LAMP*

MOUNTIN

G HEIGHT

ORIGINAL COMMENT

UPDATED COMMENT

HIGH STREET P2

WASHINGTON 150 W MH

4.2m

MOUNTED ON THE NOVALUX POLES SPACING 64m

COMPLETED

ROUNDHOUSE N/A

400 W MH

GROUND MOUNT

STRONG FLOODLIGHTING

COMPLETED

MARKET STREET P2 COMBINATION OF WASHINGTON 250 W MH

AND BEGA 8201 150 W MH Supplementary lighting under awnings

4.2m MOUNTED ON THE NOVALUX POLES

SPACING 64m AND 22m

PIONEER PARK P7 BEGA 8201 150 W MH 5m SPACING 30m

KINGS SQUARE P6

WASHINGTON 150 W MH

4.2m

MOUNTED ON THE NOVALUX POLES SPACING 30m

PARTLY COMPLETED

QUEENS SQUARE P3

BEGA 8201 150 W MH 5m WALL & POLE

MOUNTED LUMINAIRES

75% COMPLETED

CANTONMENT P3

SYLVANIA PARKVILLE 150 W MH 8m

PLACED ON EITHER THE DOUBLE OUTREACH OR SINGLE OUTREACH

POLES, SPACING 54m

COMPLETED

NIGHT PRIORITY ROUTES

P3

COMBINATION OF WASHINGTON 150 W MH AND BEGA 8201 150 W MH

4.2m or 5m

SPACING 69m AND 28m High Street, Cliff St, Cantonment

St, and Essex St completed

THE ESPLANADE RESERVE

P3

BEGA 8201 150 W MH

5m

SPACING 30m COMPLETED

WEST END STREETS P3/P4

BOURKE HILL 70 W MH

6.5m

SPACING 60m/80m

LINKS TO PROPOSED WATERFRONT

P3

Possibly Bega 8201 or Washington

5m or 4.2m

SPACING 30m or 69m

PRINCESS MAY RESERVE

P3

SYLVANIA PARKVILLE 150 W MH

8m

SPACING 54m

?

FLOODLIGHTING OF BUILDINGS

N/A

Lighting Equipment Selected For Each Application

N/A

N/A

**CF- COMPACT FLUORESCENT MH- METAL HALIDE MV=MERCURY VAPOUR HPS=HIGHPRESSURE SODIUM

Master Lighting Strategy Report Page 29


SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS – CITY SURROUNDS

AREA

LIGHTING CATEGORY OF AS1158

LAMP*

MOUNTING HEIGHT

COMMENT

PRIMARY DISTRIBUTORS

V3

250 W HPS

12.5m

60m SPACING

DISTRICT DISTRIBUTORS

V5

150 W HPS

12.5m

60m SPACING

LOCAL DISTRIBUTORS

P3

70 W MH

6.5m

60m SPACING

LOCAL ACCESS ROADS UNDERGROUND POWER

P4

42 W CF

6.5m

60m SPACING

LOCAL ACCESS ROADS OVERHEAD POWER

P5

42 W CF

7.5m

80m SPACING

CONVENIENCE STORES & LOCAL CENTRES

INCREASE LOCAL ACCESS ROAD LIGHTING TO P3 CHANGE PRIMARY & DISTRICT DISTRIBUTORS TO WHITE LIGHT & MAINTAIN CATEGORY

*CF- COMPACT FLUORESCENT MH- METAL HALIDE MV=MERCURY VAPOUR HPS=HIGHPRESSURE SODIUM


Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd 2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix C Costs.doc

APPENDIX C

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS



SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES

AREA

APPROX NO OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST ($)

RUNNING COST ($)

(p.a.)

ROUNDHOUSE COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED

HIGH STREET COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED

WEST 12 $60,000 $2,429 MARKET STREET

EAST 30 $150,000 $6,072

KINGS SQUARE

QUEENS SQUARE 6 $30,000 $1,694

THE ESPLANADE RESERVE COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED

CARPARKS 304 $1,520,000 $85,847

PIONEER PARK

TOTAL 352 $1,760,000 $96,042

NOTES: � Based on Western Power tariffs Z01, Z02, Z03, & Z15. � Based on Western Power tariff Z18, and lamp replacement costs.



SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES (Cont’d)

AREA

APPROX NO. OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST ($)

RUNNING COST �� ($p.a...)


CLIFF ST COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED

COLLIE ST 20 $100,000 $4,048

ESPLANADE ROUTE COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED

ESSEX STREET COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED

HOLDSWORTH ST 6 $30,000 $1,214

NORFOLK ST 22 $110,000 $4,453

WEST 8 $40,000 $1,619 MARINE TCE

EAST 36 $180,000 $7,286

PHILLIMORE ST 16 $80,000 $3,238

QUEENS ST 16 $80,000 $3,238

SOUTH ST 32 $160,000 $6,477

WILLIAMS ST 14 $70,000 $2,833

TOTAL 170 $850,000 $34,407

AREA

APPROX NO. OF LIGHTS

PRIVATE LIGHTING 150W HPS @ 8m

WESTERN POWER LIGHTING 150W HPS @ 10.5m

CAPITAL COST RUNNING COST CAPITAL COST RUNNING COST


NORTH 6 $30,000 $1,208 ADELAIDE ST

SOUTH 2 2 600

CANTONMENT ST COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED

ELDER ST 8 $40,000 $1,611

PARRY ST 20 $100,000 $4,027

TOTAL 36 $180,000 $7,248



SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES Cont’d

AREA APPROXNO OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST ($)

RUNNING COST� ($ p.a.)

WEST END STREETS

BANNISTER ST 6 $30,000 $1,214

CROKE LANE COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED

CROKE ST 6 $30,000 $1,214

ELLEN ST 6 $30,000 $1,214

ESSEX LANE 8 $40,000 $1,619

GOLDBOROUGH ST 4 $20,000 $800

HENDERSON ST 10 $50,000 $2,024

HENRY ST 14 $70,000 $2,833

JOSEPHSON ST 4 $20,000 $800

LEAKE ST 6 $30,000 $1,214

LITTLE ST 6 $30,000 $1,214

MOUAT ST 10 $50,000 $2,024

NAIRN ST 10 $50,000 $2,024

NORFOLK LANE 8 $40,000 $1,619

PADDY TROY LANE 12 $60,000 $2,429

PAKENHAM ST 16 $80,000 $3,238

POINT ST 8 $40,000 $1,619

SHORT ST 6 $30,000 $1,214

TOTAL 140 $700,000 $28,335

NOTES: � Based on Western Power tariffs Z01, Z02, Z03, & Z15. � Based on Western Power tariff Z18, and lamp replacement costs.




AREA

CATEGORY LAMP

APPROX NO

OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST ($)

RUNNING COST�� ($ p.a.)

P5 O/H 42 W CF 1675 $1,675,000 $339,007

P4 U/G 42 W CF 2234 $4,468,000 $452,145

P3 O/H 70 W MH 285 $285,000 $57,682

P3 U/G 70 W MH 190 $380,000 $38,4500

V3 O/H 250 W HPS 356 $712,000 $75,625

V3 U/G 250 W HPS 238 $1,190,000 $50,558

V5 O/H 150 W HPS 502 $1,004,000 $70,965

V5 U/G 150 W HPS 335 $1,665,000 $47,357

TOTAL 5815 $11,389,000 $1,131,794

BASIS OF COST ESTIMATES CATEGORY LAMP TARIFF CAPITAL

CAT P5 O/H 42W CFL 0.5545 1000

CAT P4 U/G 42W CFL 0.5545 2000

CAT P3 O/H 70W MH 0.5545 1000

CAT P3 U/G 70W MH 0.5545 2000

CAT V3 O/H 250W HPS 0.58201 2000

CAT V3 U/G 250W HPS 0.58201 5000

CAT V5 O/H 150W HPS 0.38731 2000

CAT V5 U/G 150W HPS 0.38731 5000




GRAND TOTAL

PAGE No. CAPITAL COST RUNNING COST

PAGE 31 352 $1,760,000 $96,042

PAGE 32 170 $850,000 $34,407

PAGE 32 36 $180,000 $7,248

PAGE 33 140 $700,000 $28,335

PAGE 34 5815 $11,389,000 $1,131,794

TOTAL 6513 $14,879,000 $1,297,826



2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix D Standards.doc

APPENDIX D

LIGHTING STANDARDS

AS/NZS 1158.3.1 : 2005- ROADLIGHTING- Pedestrian Area Lighting AS/NZS 1158.1.1 :2005- ROADLIGHTING- Vehicular Traffic Lighting

AS 1428.2 (1992) Design for Access and Mobility AS 1680.1(2006) Interior Lighting

AS 2293.1-2005 Emergency escape lighting and exit signs for buildings AS 2890 1:1993 Off Road Car Parks

BS/EN 13201 Road Lighting BS 5489: 1992- Code of Practice for Roadlighting

CIE 136-2000 Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas IES North America Recommendations for Roadlighting

IES North America Guidelines for Security Lighting for People, Property and Public Spaces

South African Standard SABS 098 Comparison of Standards

CIE S 016/E 205 (ISO 8995-3) Lighting of work places - PART 3 Lighting requirements for safety and security of outdoor workplaces




AS/NZS 1158.3.1:2005 Pedestrian area lighting

Roads & Pathways:

Lighting Category� P1� P2� P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 (similar to

P1)

Type Of Road Or Pathway

MIXED VEHICLE & PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC Pedestrian or cycle orientated pathways, eg footpaths, including along arterial roads, walkway, lanes, park paths, cycle paths (P1 to P4 apply) Collector roads or non-arterial roads which collect and distribute traffic in an area, as well as serving abutting properties Local roads or streets used primarily for access to abutting properties including residential properties. Common area, forecourts of cluster housing

GENERALLY PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT ONLY • Areas primarily for pedestrian use, e.g.

city, town, suburban centres, including outdoor shopping precincts, malls, open arcades, town squares, civic centres

MIXED PEDESTRIAN & VEHICLE TRAFFIC • Transport terminals and interchanges,

service areas

Activity n/a High Med Low Low Ped only N/A

Mixed - High Med Low

Risk of crime High Med Low local

roads - Med Low Low High Med Low Selection Criteria

�� Need to enhance

prestige n/a High Med n/a n/a High Med n/a

Light Technical Parameters Maintained Average Horizontal Illuminance (lux) 7 3.5 1.75 0.85 0.5 21 14 7

Maintained Horizontal; Illuminance (lux) 2 0.7 0.3 0.14 0.07 7 4 2

Maximum Horizontal Illuminance Uniformity Emax/Eave (Up)

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Maintained Vertical

Illuminance � (Ev) lux 2 0.7 0.3� n/a n/a 7 4 2

Connecting Elements and Outdoor Car Parks:

Lighting Category P9 P10 P11a P11b P11c P12

Type Of Road Or Pathway Steps, ramps, footbridges, pedestrian ways.

Subways, including associated ramps or

steps �

Parking spaces, aisles and circulation

roadways �

Parking spaces for people with

disabilities �

Night time vehicle or pedestrian movements High Medium Low

Night time occupancy >75% >25%, <75%

<25%

Risk of crime

N/A N/A

High Medium Low

N/A

Light Technical Parameters Maintained average horizontal

Illuminance (lux) Eh 35 14 7 3.5 -

Maintained horizontal; Illuminance (lux) 17.5 3 1.5 0.7 >14 & >Eh

Maximum horizontal Illuminance Uniformity Emax/Eave (Up) 10 10 10 10 -

Maintained vertical Illuminance

� (Ev) lux

Same as for highest lighting category applying to adjacent connected areas but, where forming part of a road or pathway, to not less than Category P8 17.5 3 1.5 - -

Notes: � The highest level of selection criteria that is deemed appropriate for the road or pathway will determine the applicable lighting category. � P3, P4 & P5 apply across the whole road reserve. P1 & P2 apply only to the formed footpath � Where there are good vertical reflecting surfaces alongside the pathway, the next lower lighting category may be selected � Applies at 1.5m above the surface of the area. � The vertical illuminance requirement for Category P3 applies to pathways not local roads � Subway walls should have a light colour � Luminaires should be located to highlight obstruction and hazards. For indoor car parks refer to AS1680.2.1




AS/NZS 1158.1.1: 2005 - ROAD LIGHTING - Vehicular Traffic Lighting

Lighting Category V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

APPLICATIONS Note: for all applications the upward waste light ratio should not exceed 6%

Arterial or main roads in central and regional activity centres of capital and major provincial cities, and other areas with major abutting traffic generators

Arterial roads that predominantly carry through traffic from one region to another, forming principal avenues of communication for traffic movements with major abutting traffic generators

Arterial roads that predominantly carry through traffic from one region to another, forming principal avenues of communication for traffic movements

Freeways, motorways and expressways consisting of divided highways for through traffic with no access for traffic between interchanges and with grade separation at all intersections

Sub-arterial or principal roads which connect arterial or main roads to areas of development within a region, or which carry traffic directly from one part of a region to another part.

Light Technical Parameters

Minimum Average Luminance L(cd/m2) (maintained)

1.5 1.0 0.75 0.5 0.35

Min Overall Uniformity Uo 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 Min Longitudinal Uniformity Ul 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Max Threshold Increment TI(%) 20 20 20 20 20 Min Surround Illuminance ES(%) 50 50 50 50 50 At Intersections - Min Point horizontal Illuminance Emin, lux (maintained) 15 10 7.5 5 3.5

Max Illuminance Uniformity Emax/Emin 8 8 8 8 8 Max Upward Waste Light Ratio % 3 3 3 3 3 Notes on reflectance characteristics R1 = light diffuse road (e.g. concrete) R2 = diffuse & specular (e.g. asphalt with artificial brightener in aggregate) R3 = slightly specular, typical highways and MRWA design standard R4 = mostly specular, very smooth texture




CHINESE LIGHTING STANDARD 1996

TABLE 3.3.1

LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS I II III Minimum Average Luminance L(cd/m2) (maintained)

1.5/2.0 0.75/1.0 0.5/0.75

Min Overall Uniformity Uo 0.4 0.4 0.4 Min Longitudinal Uniformity Ul 0.7 0.5 - Max Threshold Increment TI(%) 10 10 15 Min Surround Illuminance ES(%) 50 50 - At Intersections - Min Point horizontal Illuminance Emin, lux (maintained) 20/30 10/15 8/10

Illuminance Uniformity 0.4 0.35 0.3

TABLE 3.4.1

LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6

Maintained Average Horizontal Illuminance (lux) 30/50 20/30 15/20

Illuminance Uniformity 0.4 Intensity cd/1000 lm 30/10

TABLE 3.5.1

LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6

Maintained Average Horizontal Illuminance (lux) 20 10 15 7.5 10 5

Maintained Horizontal; Illuminance (lux) 7.5 10 5 1.5 3 1 Maintained Vertical Illuminance ➍ (Ev) lux 4 2 3 1.5 2 1




AS 1428.2 (1992) DESIGN FOR ACCESS AND MOBILITY

CATEGORY MINIMUM LEVELS OF MAINTENANCE ILLUMINATION, lux

Entrances, Passageways & Walkways

150

Stairs 150

Ramps 150

Lifts See AS1735.12

Toilet & Locker rooms 200

Counter tops 250

General displays 200 – 300

Telephones 200

Notes: Many people require better artificial lighting than is normally provided. This applies particularly to older people and to people with impaired vision. For people with impaired hearing, a level of illumination of not less than 150 lux, without glare, is needed to allow for lip reading. Light switches should be located within the 700 to 1200 mm “zone of common reach”. 1000 mm is a good height for light switches. In bedrooms, a bedside switch shall control an overhead light giving at least 150 lux. In circulation areas, two way switching should be provided. In circulation areas & bathrooms, night lighting should be provided.




AS 1680.1. (2006) – INTERIOR LIGHTING

CLASS OF TASK

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVITY/INTERIOR

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIVITIES/INTERIORS

RECOMMENDED MAINTENANCE ILLUMINANCE

LX

Movement and orientation

Interiors rarely visited with visual tasks limited to movement and orientation.

Corridors; cable tunnels; indoor storage tanks; walkways.

40

Rough intermittent Interiors requiring intermittent use with visual tasks limited to movement, orientation and coarse detail.

Staff change rooms; live storage of bulky materials; dead storage of materials needing care; locker rooms; loading bays.

80

Simple Any continuously occupied interior where there are no tasks requiring perception of other than course detail. Occasional reading of clearly printed documents for short periods.

Waiting rooms; staff canteens; rough checking of stock; rough bench and machine work; entrance halls; general fabrication of structural steel; casting concrete; automated process monitoring; turbine halls.

160

Norm

al Range

Ordinary or moderately easy

Continuously occupied interiors with moderately easy visual tasks with high contrasts or large detail (>10 min arc).

School chalkboards and charts; medium woodworking; food preparation; counters for transactions.

240

Moderately difficult

Areas where visual tasks are moderately difficult with moderate detail (5-10 min arc or tolerances to 125 µm) or with low contrasts.

Routine office work, inspection of medium work; fine woodwork; enquiry points car assembly.

400

Difficult Areas where visual tasks are difficult with small detail (3-5 min arc or tolerances to 25 µm) or with low contrast.

Drawing offices (boards); most inspection tasks; proof reading; fine machine work; fine painting and finishing; colour matching.

600

Norm

al Range

Very difficult Areas where visual tasks are very difficult with very small detail (2-3 min arc) or with very low contrast.

Fine inspection; paint retouching; fine manufacture; grading of dark materials; colour matching of dyes.

800

Extremely difficult Areas where visual tasks are extremely difficult with extremely small detail (1-2 min arc or tolerances below 25 µm) or of

low contrast. Visual aids may assist.

Graphic arts inspection; hand tailoring; fine die sinking; inspection of dark goods; extra-fine bench work.

1200

Exceptionally difficult Areas where visual tasks are exceptionally difficult with exceptionally small detail (<1 min arc) or with very low contrasts. Visual aids will be of advantage.

Finished fabric inspection; assembly of minute mechanisms, jewellery and watchmaking.

1600

Note: The illuminances recommended in Table 3.1 are not design values. For design purposes it will be necessary to select an initial illuminance which is significantly greater than the recommended maintenance illuminance.




AS 2293.1-2005 EMERGENCY ESCAPE LIGHTING AND EXIT

SIGNS FOR BUILDINGS

DURATION 90 minute minimum duration and 120 minutes at commissioning. If HID, time delay to allow re-strike, or proportion of normal luminaires with instant re-strike. Testing facilities to test discharge – manual or automatic. LIGHTING DESIGN A single luminaire can serve an area if it is less than 500 sq m. Spacing to AS 2293 classification and manufacturer’s tables, or by calculation so that the minimum illuminance level is 0.2 lux. Within 2 m of intersection and change of level, on low side. EXIT SIGNS The running man pictogram instead of “EXIT” is required from 1 May 2006 by the BCA 2006.

AS 2293-2005 specifies a minimum pictorial element height of 100mm. No maximum height is specified. Maximum viewing distances are tabled below:

ELEMENT HEIGHT (mm) MAXIMUM VIEWING DISTANCE (m)

100 16

150 24

200 32

250 40

The maximum viewing distance is marked on the face of the diffuser. WIRING FIRE ISOLATED PASSAGEWAYS, RAMPS, STAIRS Separate final sub-circuit from circuits for other emergency lighting. Also alternate emergency luminaires shall be on separate final sub-circuits and alternate exit signs shall be on separate final sub-circuits. LARGE UNDIVIDED AREAS For areas over 500 sq m, emergency luminaires shall be supplied from more than one separate final sub-circuit so that if one circuit fails a comprehensive and evenly spaced pattern of luminaires remains on the other circuits.




AS 2890.1:1993 – OFF ROAD CAR PARKS

CATEGORY E ave E min

Normal parking spaces aisles and circulation roadways

20 4

Parking spaces for people with disabilities and locations of special hazard such as steps or pedestrian crossings

50 10

E ave = minimum level of illuminance level E min = minimum illuminance level L (ave) = Average luminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces E (ave) = Average illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces E (min) = Minimum illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces NOTE: The table shown above is a recommendation in AS 2890.1 – 1993 stating that it is likely that AS 1158.2 will be revised with higher levels of lighting for open air car parks.




RECOMMENDATIONS OF BS EN 13201:2003 ROAD LIGHTING

CATEGORY LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS Horizontal Illuminance Conflict areas, shopping streets complex

intersections, roundabouts, queuing areas E (ave) lux Uniformity min

CE0 50 0.4

CE1 30 0.4

CE2 20 0.4

CE3 15 0.4

CE4 10 0.4

CE5 7.5 0.4

Horizontal Illuminance Paths and residential roads:

E (ave) lux E (min) lux

S1 15 5

S2 10 3

S3 7.5 1.5

S4 5 1

S5 3 0.6

S6 2 0.6

S7 Performance not determined

Hemispherical Illuminance Paths and residential roads:

E hs(ave) lux Uniformity min

A1 5 0.15

A2 3 0.15

A3 2 0.15

A4 1.5 0.15

A5 1 0.15

A6 Performance not determined

Semi-circular illuminance Pedestrian areas to reduce crime:

E sc, (min) lux

ES1 10

ES2 7.5

ES3 5

ES4 3

ES5 2

ES6 1.5

ES7 1

ES8 0.75

ES9 0.5 Notes: E (ave) = Average illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces (maintained) E (min) = Minimum illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces (maintained) Esc, (min) = Semi-cylindrical Illuminance (maintained)




RECOMMENDATIONS OF BS 5489:1992 – CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

ROAD LIGHTING

CATEGORY L (ave) cd/m2 E (ave) lux E (min) lux City or Town Centres Primary Vehicular Mixed vehicular and pedestrian Wholly pedestrian

1.5 30 25

15 10

Suburban Shopping Street Primary Vehicular Mixed vehicular and pedestrian Wholly pedestrian

1.5

25 15

10 5

Village Centre Primary Vehicular Mixed vehicular and pedestrian Wholly pedestrian

1.0

15 10

5 5

Arcaded and Canopied Areas Open arcade Totally enclosed (day) Totally enclosed (night)

50 250 150

5 150 100

Subways and Footbridges Open subways Closed subways (day) Closed subways (night) Open footbridges Open stairways Enclosed stairways (day) Enclosed stairways (night)

150 350 150 50 50 350 150

100 150 100 15 15 150 100

Car Parks Outdoor Enclosed – Multi-storey

50 200

10 100

Traffic Routes Category 1 similar to AS1158.1 Cat V1 Category 2 similar to AS1158.1 Cat V2 Category 3 similar to AS1158.1 Cat V4

1.5 1.0 0.5

Residential Areas Category 3/1 exceeds AS1158.2 Cat P1 Category 3/2 similar to AS1158.2 Cat P1 Category 3/3 similar to AS1158.2 Cat P2

10 6 3.5

5 2.5 1

Notes: L (ave) = Average luminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces (maintained) E (ave) = Average illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces (maintained) E (min) = Minimum illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces (maintained)




CIE 136 – 2000 GUIDE TO THE LIGHTING OF URBAN AREAS

Eh

(on the whole of used surface)

Esc

DESCRIPTION LIGHTING CLASS

Ave (lux)

Min (lux)

Min (lux)

High prestige roads P1 20 7.5 5

Heavy night-time use by pedestrians or pedal cyclists

P2 10 3 2

Moderate night-time use by pedal cyclists or pedestrians

P3 7.5 1.5 1.5

Minor night-time use by pedal cyclists or pedestrians solely associated with adjacent properties

P4 5 1 1

(as above plus) Important to preserve village or architectural character of environment

P5 3 0.6 0.75

Very minor night-time use (then as above) P6 1.5 0.2 0.5

Roads where only visual guidance provided by the direct light from the luminaires is required

P7 Not applicable

Eh

Esc

DESCRIPTION Ave (lux)

Min (lux)

Min (lux)

Parks in residential areas 5 2 2

City Centre 10 5 3

Arcades & passageways 10 5 10

Pedestrian road crossings – commercial & industrial areas 30 15 -

Pedestrian road crossings – residential areas 20 6 - Notes: Eh = Horizontal illuminance Esc = Semi cylindrical illuminance “Maintained” values are shown above




CIE 136 – 2000 GUIDE TO THE LIGHTING OF URBAN AREAS (cont’d)

DESCRIPTION Eh ave (lux) Ev min (lux)

Riser - < 20 Pedestrian Staircases Treads > 40 -

Pedestrian Ramps

> 40 -

DESCRIPTION Eh ave (lux) UNIFORMITY (min/ave)

Straight stretches 3 0.3

Paths wide side roads 5 0.3 Cycle Paths

Junctions with traffic routes 10 0.3

DESCRIPTION L ave Uo Esc min

Pedestrian & cycle bridges shared with collector road

1 cd/m2 0.4 2

DESCRIPTION

Eh ave (lux) (on the whole of used surface)

Eh min (lux) Esc min (lux)

Pedestrian & cycle bridges shared with local traffic or separate from other traffic

5 1 1

Day 100 50 30 Pedestrian & cycle underpasses Night 30 15 10 Notes: Eh = Horizontal illuminance Esc = Semi cylindrical illuminance Ev = Vertical illuminance L = Luminance Uo = Overall luminance uniformity “Maintained” values are shown above




IES NORTH AMERICA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ROAD LIGHTING

Freeway Expressway Major Collector Local

ROAD & AREA

CLASSIFICATION

Class A

Class B

Commercial

Interm

ediate

Residential

Commercial

Interm

ediate

Residential

Commercial

Interm

ediate

Residential

Commercial

Interm

ediate

Residential

Average Luminance Lave (cd/m2)

0.6 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.3

Luminance Uniformity

Lave/Lmin 3.5 3 3 3.5 3 3 3.5 3 3.5 4 6

Luminance Uniformity Lmax/Lmin

6 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 6 8 10

Veiling Luminance Ratio (maximum)�

Lv/Lave

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

Average Maintained Illuminance, lux �

R1 6 4 10 8 6 12 9 6 8 6 4 6 5 3

�

R2 & R3

9 6 14 12 9 17 13 9 12 9 6 9 7 4 Road Surface Classification

�

R4 8 5 13 10 8 15 11 8 10 8 5 8 6 4

Illuminance Uniformity Eave/Emin

3 3 3 4 6

Notes: � Lv = veiling Luminance � R1 = light diffuse road (eg concrete) � R2 = diffuse & specular (eg asphalt with artificial brightener in aggregate), R3 = slightly specular, typical highways � R4 = mostly specular, very smooth texture




IES (NORTH AMERICA) GUIDELINES FOR SECURITY LIGHTING FOR PEOPLE, PROPERTY AND PUBLIC SPACES

Eh Ev U (ave/min) Unoccupied Spaces (acceptable losses): - storage yards,

industrial equipment areas and container terminals

5-20 - 8

Unoccupied Spaces (unacceptable losses): - storage yards,

industrial equipment areas and container terminals

10-20 - 6

Building Façade - 5-20 8

Building Interior 10 - 6

Facial Identification - 5-8 4

Entrances & gatehouse inspection 100 Guarded Facilities: Guardhouse interior � �

3

Face of ATM - 150 3

Within 3.5m 100 - -

3.5 to 15.2m

Supported Parking 18.5m

A.T.M.’S

(Exterior):

Side of building out to 12.2m when ATM within 3.5m of corner

20 � 3

Face of ATM - 150 3

Preparation of ATM 150 � 3

A.T.M.’S

(Interior):

Other areas of enclosure 100 � -

On pavement 60 Parking Facilities

Garages & Covered Parking Spaces

Gathering points (stairs, elevator,

ramps)

50

� 4

Entrance Parking Garages

for the Elderly Exterior walkways around senior facilities

500 � 4

Open parking spaces 30

Park trails and walkway 6

Parking Lots, Areas for Public

Parks Likely loitering areas 10

� 4

Parking lot 30 Supermarket, Major Retail

Parking Low activity – close-in parking 50

� 4

General Parking 30

Drive up window out to 9.1m 60

Fast Food

Restaurants

Refuse area 30

� 3

Pump Island 60

Sidewalks, refuse areas & grounds 30

Convenience Stores & Gas

Stations Interior of store 300

� 4

Single Family Residences

Exterior doorways - 8 -

Common areas 30 Multi-family Residences Mail box areas 100

� 4

Hallways/Room Entrances (Active hours) 300 Senior Housing

Hallways/Room Entrances (Sleeping hours) 100

� -

General Parking 30 Schools & Institutions Sidewalks & footpaths 10

� 4

Within 18.2m of all vehicle and pedestrian

movement areas

80 Law

enforcement, Fire, Ambulance

& other Emergency

Service Facilities

General parking and walkways 30

� 3

General Parking 30 Hotel & Motels Sidewalk and grounds 10

� 4

Notes: � Ev 5 to 8 lux or ≥ 25% Eh � Interior illuminance should be minimum recommended for specific task performance.




RECOMMENDED LIGHTING VALUES OF SABS 098 (amdt 1996)

Part 1 STREETS AND FOOTWAYS

Lighting Category

Type of Street Min. average horizontal illuminance

Min. horizontal illuminance

Min. semi-cylindrical illuminance

B1 Residential streets in high density residential areas and medium to high traffic volume traffic

5 1 2

B2 Residential streets in medium density residential areas and medium volume traffic

3 0.6 1

B3 Residential streets in low density residential areas and low volume traffic

2 0.4 0.6

C1 Wholly pedestrian in city centre

10 3 7.5

C2 Wholly pedestrian in local shopping malls

7.5 1.5 3

Part 2: ROADWAY LIGHTING Without Median With Median

Max traffic volume during darkness (motor vehicles per hour) >600 300 100 >900 600 200

Lighting

Category

Type of Road

Ln

Uo

Ul

TI

Ln

Uo

Ul

TI

Ln

Uo

Ul

TI

Ln

Uo

Ul

TI

Ln

Uo

Ul

TI

Ln

Uo

Ul

TI

A1

2

0.4

0.7

15

1.5

0.4

0.7

20

1

0.4

0.6

20

2

0.4

0.7

15

1.5

0.4

0.7

20

1

0.4

0.6

20

A2

1.5

0.4

0.7

20

1

0.4

0.6

20

0.8

0.4

0.5

20

1.5

0.4

0.7

20

1

0.4

0.6

20

0.8

0.4

0.5

20

A3

1

0.4

0.6

20

0.6

0.4

0.5

20

0.5

0.4

0.5

20

1

0.4

0.6

20

0.6

0.4

0.5

20

0.5

0.4

0.5

20

A4

0.75

0.4

0.5

20

0.5

0.4

0.5

20

0.3

0.3

0.5

25

0.75

0.4

0.5

20

0.5

0.4

0.5

20

0.3

0.3

0.5

25

Notes: Ln = min Luminance cd/m2 Ul = Longitudinal luminance uniformity Uo = Overall luminance uniformity TI = Threshold Increment %




COMPARISON OF STANDARDS

Australia and New Zealand

AS/NZS 1158.3.1

Britain and Europe

BS/EN 13201

North America

IESNA �

South African

SABS 098 Pt 1

LIGHTING LEVEL

Cat. Ave Lux

Min Lux

Cat. Ave Lux

Min Lux

Cat. Ave Lux

Min Lux

Cat.

Ave lux

Min lux

S1 15 5

S2 10 3

S3 7.5 1.5 C � 9 �

P1 7 2 S4 5 1.0 I � 7 � B1 5 1

P2 3.5 0.7 S5 3 0.6 R � 4 � B2 3 0.6

P3 1.75 0.3 S6 2 0.6 B3 2 0.4

P4 0.85 0.14 S7 Not specified

High

Low P5 0.5 0.07

Notes: � Assumes R2 or R3 reflectance characteristic of road � C = Commercial, I = Intermediate, R = Residential. � Uniformity of 6:1 (average to minimum).




CIE S 016/E ISO 8995-3 Part 3 LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS FOR

SAFETY AND SECURITY OF OUTDOOR WORK PLACES

Risk level Êm

� U◌۪ �

GR �

Ra �

Remarks

Very low risks, i.e. • Storage areas with occasional traffic in

industrial yards;

• Coal fields in power plants; • Timber storage, sawdust and wood chip fields

in saw mills;

• Occasionally used service passages and stairs, waste water cleaning and aeration tanks, filter and sludge digestion tanks in water and sewage plants.

5 0,25 55 20

Low risks, i.e. • General lighting in harbours • Areas of risk free process and occasionally

used platforms and stairs in petrochemical and other hazardous industries;

• Sawn timber storage areas in saw mills.

10 0,40 50 20 In harbours, U◌۪ may be 0,25

Medium risks, i.e. • Vehicle storage areas and container terminals

with frequent traffic in harbours, industrial yards and storage areas;

• Vehicle storage areas and conveyors in petrochemical and other hazardous industries;

• Oil stores in power plants; • General lighting and storage areas for

prefabricated goods in shipyards and docks; • Regularly used stairs, basins and filters of clean

water plants in water and sewage plants.

20 0,40 50 20 In shipyards and docks, U◌۪ may be 0,25

High risks, i.e. • Element mould, timber and steel storage,

building foundation hole and working areas on sides of the hole at building sites;

• Fire, explosion, poison and radiation risk areas in harbours, industrial yards and storage areas;

• Oil stores, cooling towers, boilers compressors, pumping plants, valves, manifolds, operating platforms, regularly used stairs, crossing points of conveyors, electric switch-yards in petrochemical and other hazardous industries;

• Switch yards in power plants; • Crossing points of conveyors, fire risk areas in

saw mills.

50 0,40 45 20 At building sites and in saw mills, GRL may be 50

Notes: � Em = mean illuminance in lux � GRl= G;are Rating Limit � U= uniformity minimum to average �Ra= Clour Rendering Index


Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd 2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix E Synergy Charges.doc

APPENDIX E

SYNERGY CHARGES



SYNERGY STREET LIGHTING CHARGES

FUNCTIONAL STREET LIGHTING

Code Wattage Type �� Base �� 2004�� 2005-

7��

2007/8/9

2009/10

ZE01 50 MV 17.19 16.34 17.21 17.64 24.838

ZE02 80 MV 20.72 22.23 23.53 24.12 29.942

ZE03 125 MV 26.19 29.46 30.54 31.30 37.840

ZE04 150 HPS 27.13 32.18 33.02 33.85 39.215

ZE05 � 250 MV 43.44 46.14 47.36 48.54 62.777

ZE06 � 400 MV 60.78 61.90 63.51 65.10 87.835

ZE07 250 MV � 35.07 46.14 47.36 48.54 50.688

ZE08 � 250 MV � 39.25 46.14 47.36 48.54 56.727

ZE09 � 250 MV � 43.44 46.14 47.36 48.54 62.777

ZE10 400 MV � 52.44 63.51 63.51 65.10 75.790

ZE11 � 400 MV � 56.6 61.90 63.51 65.10 81.807

ZE12 � 400 MV � 60.78 61.90 63.51 65.10 87.835

ZE13 150 HPS � 26.8 33.17 34.28 35.14 38.731

ZE14 � 150 HPS � 38.48 33.17 34.28 35.14 55.616

ZE15 250 HPS � 40.27 43.06 44.16 45.26 58.201

ZE16 � 250 HPS 46.54 43.06 44.16 45.26 67.254

ZE17 � 250 HPS � 52.81 43.06 44.16 45.26 76.329

ZE18 Per kW 116.76 116.76 116.76 116.76 168.773

ZE19 70 HPS 21.55 22.55 23.11 -

ZE20 70 MH X 35.41 36.30 55.45

ZE21 150 MH X 47.13 48.31 76.61

ZE22 250 MH X 57.01 58.44 95.58

NOTES � MV = mercury vapour, HPS = high pressure sodium, MH = metal halide � cents per day. � 100% Customer Cost. Type W. � 100% Customer Cost Auxiliary lighting in Public Places. Service by negotiations. � 50% Western Power cost. Type W on wooden pole. � 100% Western Power cost. Type W on wooden pole. � 100% Western Power cost. 50% Western Power cost. � Street lighting for existing services only.

GENERAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY TARIFFS (parks etc.)

Tariff Supply Charge/day Energy Charge (cents/kWh)

Peak Off peak

R1 Time of use $1.3749 24.079 7.414

On peak Off peak c/d per kW demand

S1 Time of use 240/415 V $304.8759 11.088 7.018 77.44

Peak=8am – 10pm weekdays, and Off peak=10pm – 8am weekdays, & all weekend.



SYNERGY STREET LIGHTING CHARGES

DECORATIVE STREET LIGHTING

Arterial Roads

Code Wattage Type �� Outreach ��

Base�� 2004�� 2005�� 2007/8/9 2009/10

ZE60 125 MV D 72.55 37.33 38.30 39.26 37.840

ZE61 150 HPS D 87.55 47.79 49.03 50.26 39.215

ZE62 250 HPS D 117.27 39.60 40.63 41.65 58.201

ZE63 70 HPS D 61.00 59.74 61.29 62.82 -

ZE64 80 MV D 59.18 68.98 70.77 72.54 29.942

ZE65 125 MV S 42.45 59.52 61.07 62.60 37.840

ZE66 150 HPS S 52.45 74.74 76.68 78.60 39.215

ZE67 250 HPS S 68.09 84.71 86.91 89.08 58.201

ZE68 70 HPS S 36.45 48.49 49.75 50.99 -

ZE69 80 MV S 35.36 58.95 60.48 61.99 29.942

Suburban Roads

Code Wattage Type �� Style �� Base�� 2004�� 2005�� 2007/8/9 2009/10

ZE70 70 HPS BH 42.45 50.79 52.11 53.41 -

ZE71 150 HPS A 33.27 68.73 70.52 72.28 39.215

ZE72 250 HPS BH 36.55 86.93 89.19 91.42 58.201

ZE73 70 MH A 32.18 70.83 72.67 74.49 55.45

ZE74 150 MH BH 35.36 90.53 92.88 95.20 76.61

ZE75 250 MH K 27.09 103.02 105.69 108.33 95.58

ZE76 125 MV K 42.55 29.06 29.82 30.57 37.840

ZE77 70 HPS 21.27 21.82 22.37 -

ZE78 150 HPS 33.28 34.14 34.99 39.215

ZE79 250 HPS 43.17 44.29 45.40 58.201

ZE80 70 MH 64.17 65.83 67.48 55.45

ZE81 150 MH 77.29 79.30 81.28 76.61

ZE82 250 MH 85.11 87.32 89.50 95.58

ZE83 80 MV 36.19 37.13 38.06 29.942

ZE84 125 MV 43.04 44.16 45.26 37.840

ZE85 70 HPS 36.91 37.87 38.82 -

ZE86 70 MH 53.20 54.58 55.94 55.45

NOTES � MV = mercury vapour, HPS = high pressure sodium, MH = metal halide � cents per day. � D = double outreach, S = single outreach. � BH = Sylvania Bourke Hill, A = Sylvania Avenue, K = Sylvania Kensington.

GENERAL NOTE: The responsibility for maintenance lies with Western Power. The Town pays a tariff including energy and maintenance to Synergy. Synergy, as the retailer, then pays Western Power to do the maintenance, and pays Verve for the energy.


Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd 2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix F Glossary.doc

APPENDIX F

GLOSSARY



A GLOSSARY OF LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY

Average Carriageway Luminance (L) - The average luminance of a given section of the road carriageway when viewed from the observer’s position.

Average Illuminance (E) - The average lighting levels at ground level measured in the horizontal plane.

For the Category P4 & P5 streets, the results measured and recorded in this column are the average over the whole street.

Average Lamp Life - Time taken until 50% of lamps has reached end of life.

Colour Temperature - An indication of the colour appearance of a lamp measured in degrees Kelvin (K).

2700K indicates a warm colour, 5000K indicates a cool colour.

Depreciation - The loss of light output over time as lamps age and optical surfaces collect dirt.

Disability Glare - Glare resulting in reduced visual performance, often accompanied by discomfort.

Efficacy - A measure of lamp output efficiency, with units of lumen/watt

Flat Glass Luminaires - Luminaires with no light emitting above the horizontal giving low glare & low

obtrusive light.

Fluorescent Lamps - Lamps that can give “white light”. Compact fluorescent lamps present the ordinary tubular lamp in a small package.

Flange Mounted Pole - A pole manufactured with a flange at the bottom to bolt down to a concrete footing.

Footing – A concrete base for a flanged pole.

Glare – A condition of vision in which there is discomfort or reduction of ability to see, or both, caused by an

unsuitable distribution or range of luminance, or to extreme contrasts in the field of vision.

Glare Control Mark - A measure of discomfort glare produced by a street light in a particular situation. This mark is on a scale of 1 to 9 with higher numbers being more comfortable.

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps - Lamps with a yellow colour appearance. Used on freeways.

Illuminance - The amount of lighting at a particular point, measured in lux.

Ingress Protection - or “IP rating”, a two digit code that indicates resistance to ingress of solids and liquids, the first digit refers to solids, the second to liquids eg IP55 means dust-protected & water-jet proof. Higher

numbers indicate better sealing.

Illuminance Uniformity (Ue) - This is a measure that relates average illuminance to maximum illuminance. The higher the figure, the greater the problems of excessive contrast of the highest illumination point.

Lamp - a generic term for a man made source of light sometimes colloquially referred to as a “globe” or

“bulb”.

Light Output - The total luminous flux emitted by a lamp or luminaire.

Luminance - the brightness of an object or surface. Measured in units of cd/m2 (candela per square metre).

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps - Lamps with a distinctive yellow colour. The light emitted by this

lamp distorts the colours of blue, green and red, but produced a high quantity of light for the quantity of energy consumed.

Longitudinal Luminance Uniformity (UI) - The ratio of minimum to maximum carriageway luminance in a

longitudinal line along the road through the observer’s position. The closer this figure is to 1, the more even is the luminance.



A GLOSSARY OF LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY

Luminaire - A light fitting or “fixture” including lamps, optical system and any electrical control gear.

Minimum Illuminance (Emin) - The minimum measured lighting level recorded in the measurement area, the measurements taken at ground level in the horizontal plane

Mercury Vapour (MV) Lamps - Lamps with a blue-white colour.

Metal Halide Lamps - Lamps which can give “white light”- more efficient than mercury vapour.

Mounting Height - The vertical distance between the centre of a luminaire and the surface of the carriageway

immediately beneath the lighting.

Nominal Height - The vertical distance between the bottom of the base plate or ground line (as applicable) and -

(a) For columns with outreach arms - a horizontal line at the highest level of the outreach arm centre-line. (b) For post-top columns – the highest point of the column excluding any fixing spigot.

Observer’s Position - A reference position on the road from which theoretical calculations are based.

Approximately where a driver would sit when driving down the road.

Obtrusive Light - Spill light causing annoyance distraction, discomfort or reduction in vision.

Outreach - The distance measured horizontally from the centre of a bracket-mounted luminaire, to the centre of

the column or pole, or the wall face to which the bracket is attached.

Overall Luminance Uniformity (Uo) - The ratio of minimum carriageway luminance to the average luminance. The closer this figure is to 1, the more even the luminance.

Peak Intensity - The highest value of luminous intensity from a given luminaire.

Planting Depth - The length of the column that is buried below ground level.

Standards - Australian Standards include:

AS1158 Public Lighting

AS1428 Design for Access & Mobility

AS1680 Interior Lighting AS2293 Emergency Lighting

AS2560 Sports Lighting AS2890 Off Road Car Parks

AS4282 Obtrusive Light

Spill Light - Light which falls outside the boundary of the property on which the lighting installation is sited

Surround Illuminance Ratio (ES) - The ratio between the average illuminance of the road verge to the adjacent section of carriageway. The higher the ratio, the more effectively will verge details be discernible to

drivers.

Threshold Increment - A measure of disability glare produced by a street lighting in a particular situation. The higher numbers correspond to greater disability glare.

Uniformity Ratio - The ratio of maximum illuminance to average illuminance.

Upcast Angle - The angle between the axis of the luminaire fixing and the horizontal.

Uplift - (For pole-mounted bracket arms) - the vertical distance between the intersection of the bracket arm centre-line with the supporting face and the highest level of the bracket arm centre-line.



2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix G Hardware.doc

APPENDIX G

LIGHTING HARDWARE

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure G1 Fremantle Novalux Luminaire And Pole

Figure G2 Fremantle Granville Luminaire And Pole

Figure G3 Fremantle Washington Luminaire And Pole Figure G4 Fremantle Collie Luminaire And Pole

Figure G5 Fremantle Cantonment Street Luminaire & Pole

Figure G6 Western Power Minor Streetlight (80W) Figure G7 Western Power Minor Streetlight (125W)

Figure G8 Western Power Major Streetlight

Figure G9 Bourke Hill Luminaire and Avenue Pole




Figure G1 Fremantle Novalux Luminaire And Pole




Figure G2 Fremantle Granville Luminaire And Pole




Figure G3 Fremantle Washington Luminaire And Pole




Figure G4 Fremantle Collie Luminaire And Pole




Figure G5 Fremantle Cantonment Street Luminaire & Pole




Figure G6 Western Power Minor Streetlight (80W)




Figure G7 Western Power Minor Streetlight (125W)




Figure G8 Western Power Major Streetlight




Figure G9 Bourke Hill Luminaire and Avenue Pole


Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd 2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix H Geometry.doc

APPENDIX H

TYPICAL GEOMETRY OF STREETLIGHTING

Figure H1 Washington Category P2 Lighting

Figure H2 Category P3 Lighting

Figure H3 Category P4 Lighting Figure H4 Bega 8201 Category P3 Lighting

Figure H5 Car Park Lighting Category P11/P12

Figure H6 Cantonment Street Lighting – single outreach Figure H7 Cantonment Street Lighting - double outreach

Figure H8 Western Power Category P Lighting – underground power

Figure H9 Western Power Category P Lighting – overhead power Figure H10 Western Power Category V Lighting – underground power

Figure H11 Western Power Category V Lighting – overhead power

Figure H12 Minimum Design/Illumination Area for TMD’s Figure H13 Spacing Criteria for Lighting of TMD’s (Category P)

Figure H14 Typical Roundabout Lighting Layout (Category P)



Figure H1 Washington Category P2 Lighting



Figure H4 Bega 8201 Category P3 Lighting



Figure H5 Car Park Lighting Category P11/P12



Figure H6 Cantonment Street Lighting – single outreach



Figure H7 Cantonment Street Lighting - double outreach



Figure H8 Western Power Category P Lighting – underground power



Figure H9 Western Power Category P Lighting – overhead power



Figure H10 Western Power Category V Lighting – underground power



2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix H Geometry.doc

Figure H11 Western Power Category V Lighting – overhead power




Figure H12 Minimum Design/Illumination Area for TMD’s




Figure H13 Spacing Criteria for Lighting of TMD’s (Category P)



Figure H14 Typical Roundabout Lighting Layout (Category P)

Fremantle Lighting Strategy

Page 84


2010

S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix J K L M & N.doc

APPENDIX J

“Ext

ract

s fr

om S

EC

UR

ITY

RIS

K

MA

NA

GE

ME

NT

ST

UD

Y fo

r th

e C

ITY

O

F F

RE

MA

NT

LE b

y C

OR

PS

EC

IN

TE

RN

AT

ION

AL

PT

Y L

TD

– M

arch

19

99


Page 85


2010


5.1.3

Lighting

A number of readings were taken with a light meter (TOPCON IM-2D) in both the CBD and

residential areas during the survey. A horizontal reading was taken to measure the amount

of light actually reaching the ground. A vertical reading was also taken to identify the

amount of light illuminating vehicles, individual’s faces and signage, etc. This reading is

sometimes higher due to reflection of light off other surfaces such as walls, windows and

other vertical features.

A lumen is a the unit of luminous flux (light) used in describing the quality of light emitted by

a source and Lux is the lumen of light spread over one square meter. All readings were

measured in Lux.

To provide reference levels the following examples of typical light levels are,

Clear Moonlight

- 0.2 Lux,

Main Road Street lighting

-

15 Lux,

Office lighting

- 400 – 600 Lux,

Direct sunlight

- 50,000 – 100,000 Lux

In numerous residential streets and parks in the City, there were readings of zero (0) lux.

This illustrates that street lighting and lighting of parks in the Town is generally inadequate.

Though some street lighting did meet the current Australian Standard, it is recognised by

most, if not all lighting consultants and specialists, that the Standard itself is inadequate and

fortunately is currently being rewritten. During the night-time physical survey, some

streetlights were seen not to be working and the illumination cast by numerous others was

obscured by tree branches and other foliage.

During the course of the survey CorpSec staff became aware of an agreement between Local

Government and the then electric power utility, to only provide street lighting to half the

Australian Standard.

In City of Fremantle, as with most other municipalities, street lighting is not directed towards

pedestrian movement (on footpaths and walkways) but onto the adjoining road. This casts

pools of illumination onto the roads but generally leaves footpaths unlit.

Often overhanging branches and foliage block out illumination, further decreasing the level

of light that reaches footpaths. In most cases, this situation is only remedied through

lighting from adjoining homes/businesses, placing footpaths very close to roads, or the

removal or selective thinning of trees and other vegetation between street lighting and

walkways. Street lighting should, wherever porrible, be directed towards pedestrian

movement.

Surveys conducted in the United Kingdom show a direct positive co-relation between the

amount of lighting and the amount of crime.


Page 86


2010


Recommendation N

o. 3

a)

Establish an integrated Lighting plan for the City coordinating street lighting for both

the CBD and residential suburbs, for the purpose of enhancing security and safety in

accordance with the draft Australian Standard on street lighting (DR 98380).

(Cost: To be investigated by the City)

b)

Institute a proactive program of removing or pruning vegetation that obscures street

lighting.

(Cost: to be absorbed)

c)

Establish a program to place or re-direct streetlights to cast as much illumination on

pedestrian walkways as practicable.

(Cost: to be absorbed)

d)

Upgrade, as they need replacing, streetlights to meet or exceed the draft Australian

Standard on Street-lighting. It is suggested that white light, preferably in the form of

Metal Halide lights, be used as these are an excellent form of lighting for security and

safety purposes (particularly if CCTV is to be used).

5.2.4

Lighting (CBD)

A number of indicative light meter readings were taken in carious areas throughout the CBD.

Lighting in the CBD as a whole was seen to be closer to the required standard than that seen

in the outer suburbs. Most areas of the CBD where pedestrian movement is common are

adequately lit by a number of different types of luminaires, however the effectiveness of

some lights are diminished by their ineffective placement in relation to eaves overhanging

some walkways (Refer to photograph 17 ANNEX B). Lighting in outlying areas of the CBD

are of a low standard.

It is important to note that the establishment of standards of lighting in the CBD may be

exacerbated by the fact that there is a certain amount of residential property within the area.

Australian lighting standards AS1158 (1986) specify much higher levels for Town and city

centres than that needed for residential properties.

Recommendation N

o. 9

Institute a Lighting plan as mentioned in Recommendation 3a.

5.2.9

Specific Areas Identified

A number of specific areas within the CBD were identified as being of concern. They are

addressed individually below.


Page 87


2010


Carp

ark

(Corn

er of Canto

nment and Q

ueen Street)

This carpark is a gathering point for groups and individuals in their vehicles particularly at

night. Some were observed to be street drinking and displaying other antisocial behavoir on

a reasonably regular basis during the survey, particularly on weekends.

Recommendation N

o. 13

Ensure that particular attention is paid to vastly increasing the lighting of this area according

to recommendation 3a (Lighting Plan), to increase visibility, to hopefully move the anti-social

group away and to enhance the effectiveness of recommended camera surveillance of this

street as mentioned in recommendation 9a.

(Cost: included in recommendations 3a and 9a).

Kings Square

A number of light meter readings were taken in Kings Square and the High Street Mall.

These aras appear well lit by a number of sodium vapour lamps.

A number of telephones are located at one end of the Mall area. As a result of physical

surveys, it is considered that this central point has become a focus for individuals who

badger people on the telephones for money.

Recommendation N

o. 14

a Redistribute the telephone booths to reduce the incidents of solicitation for monty.

(Cost: To be investigated by the City).

b Significantly increase the amount of lighting as per recommendation 3a (City lighting

plan) in order to reduce the opportunity for loitering and itinerants sleeping in this area.

(Cost: included in recommendation 3a).

Queens Square

Queens Square is a common area used by itinerants and other groups for drinking and

sleeping. The light meter readings for the area were taken whilst sitting on the park bench

at the corner of High and Parry Street. These readings were considered extremely low.

It is considered that the low level of lighting attracts individuals who wish to be ignored

whilst engaging in drinking or sleeping.


Page 88


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Recommendation N

o. 15

a Increase lighting as per recommendation No. 3a in this park area.


b Trim foliage to enhance natural surveillance of the rear of the park.

(Cost: No direct cost).

High Street Mall

There are a number of anti-social and other issues that emanate from the High Street Mall

area. The most significant being that of drugs distribution. This problem is well known to

the Fremantle Police who, with outside support, have mounted numerous operations

targeting this area, with little success to date. Distributors are known to the police however

prosecution is a difficult undertaking for a variety of legal reasons.

While it is understood that the mall is to be redesigned, it is submitted that it must be

redesigned with CPTED principals well to the forefront, in order to reduce criminal and anti-

social activity.

Lighting in the area is adequate for safety but may need to be replaced should CCTV

cameras be used, as the present sodium vapour lighting is considered ill suited for correct

identification and clarity.

Recommendation N

o. 16

a Redesign the mall area in accordance with CPTED and CPTEM principles.

(Cost: to be investigated by the City).

b Install CCTV cameras as mentioned in recommendation 9a.

Fre

mantle H

ospital

Lighting and carpark security pertaining to Fremantle Hospital are considered unsatisfactory,

particularly in those areas behind the Hospital and areas adjacent to Fremantle prison.

Lighting and security no only represents a safety concern for nurses and other staff of the

hospital, but also for those pedestrians using this access way down the side of the Prison to

enter and exit the CBD.

Recommendion N

o. 17

Council request Fremantle Hospital to address inadequate carpark security and lighting

around the perimeter of their facility.

(Cost: No direct cost).


Page 89


2010


5.3

Suburb

s

As an example of typical levels of light in the City’s suburbs, it is recommended that town

planners conduct a quick night-time visit to Pearse Street in North Fremantle and drive the

length of the street, well after dark. Particular attention should be paid to lighting levels

upon alighting from the car and extinguishing the headlights.

5.3.2

Park

s and O

vals

Parks and ovals in the suburbs of the City display a lack of CPTED and CPTEM principles.

Most that were observed displayed inadequate lighting during night surveys. Anecdotal

evidence suggests that parks and playgrounds are often used as hang-outs for illegitimate

users of space particularly at night. It was suggested by some who were interviewed that

night-time burglaries are often committed on houses opposite parks. It is thought that

groups or individuals use the darkness to wait and watch for residents leaving, commit the

burglary and escape through the park.

As an example of inadequate planning, the new playground on the corner of Paget and

Rennie Streets in Hilton has no illumination at night. This is a similar situation to Hilton Park

where a large portion of the playground and surrounding areas are unlit and afford an

excellent hiding place for illegitimate users and those wishing to loiter. The same park has

public toilets that are unlocked at night and which were observed being used as a meeting

place for a number of suspicious activities. A park bench is located in front of the women’s

toilet entrance (refer to photograph 5 in ANNEX B).

Recommendation N

o. 20

Increase lighting for parks and ovals as part of recommendation 3a (City lighting plan).



Page 90


2010


Prioritisa

tion N

o.

Actu

al

Report

Recommen

dation N

o.

Recommendation

3

3

a. Establish an integrated Lighting plan for the City, coordinating

street lighting for both the CBD and residential suburbs for the

purpose of enhancing security and safety in accordance with

the draft Australian Standard on street lighting (DR 98390).

(Cost: To be investigated by the City).

b. Institute a proactive program of removing or pruning

vegetation that obscures street lighting.

(Costs: to be absorbed).

c. Establish a program to place or re-direct streetlights to cast as

much illumination on pedestrian walkways as practicable.

(Cost: to be included in Lighting Plan).

d. Upgrade, as they need replacing, streetlights to meet or exceed

the draft Australian Standard on Street-lighting. It is suggested

that white light, preferably in the form of Metal Halide lights be

used as these are an excellent form of lighting for security and

safety purposes (particularly if CCTV is to be used).

(Cost: to be included in Lighting Plan).

4

9

Institu

te a Lighting plan as m

entioned in Recommendation

3a.


Page 91


2010


APPENDIX K

“Ext

ract

from

S

AF

ET

Y A

ND

SE

CU

RIT

Y W

ITH

IN

TH

E C

ITY

OF

FR

EM

AN

TLE

by

the

Dire

ctor

Urb

an M

anag

emen

t 29

/09/

00


Page 92


2010


4.7

Lighting Strategy

The Security Risk Management Study has identified that lighting in the City of Fremantle is a

significant problem. Council should undertake a detailed lighting study to identify strategies

for improvement and upgrade over a specified time frame and provide funding for its

implementation.

Council needs to institute a proactive program of removing or pruning vegetation that

obscured street lighting. It also needs to survey all streetlights to replace damaged lights

and redirect lighting to pedestrian areas as practicable.

Street lights should be upgraded, as they need replacing, to meet or exceed the draft

Australian Standard with a white light preferably “Metal Halide” lights as these are an

excellent form of lighting for security and safety purposes, particularly if CCTV is used.


Page 93


2010


APPENDIX L

“Ext

ract

from

F

RE

MA

NT

LE C

ITY

CE

NT

RE

U

RB

AN

DE

SIG

N S

TR

AT

EG

Y


Page 94


2010


5.2.8

To impro

ve the quality and quantity of lighting by:

• providing improved lighting to m

ajor night routes for pedestrians, carparks and public

transport nodes as a priority and then progressively improving lighting citywide

• promoting lighting of shop windows and from building frontages and verandahs

• ensuring lighting is well maintained

5.2.9

To im

pro

ve priority night

routes for

pedestrians betw

een night

spots,

public places and transport by:

• locating priority routes along most used streets and encouraging active uses at the street

edge

• maintaining a good standard of lighting (both public and private) along night routes

• providing adequate visibility at all times through lighting and minimising visual

obstructions

• providing clear signage, public telephones and access to emergency help

• ensuring car parking is well lit, accessible and conveniently located

• ensuring adequate safe waiting areas are provided at public transport locations including

taxi ranks.


Page 95


2010


APPENDIX M

TR

AF

FIC

FLO

WS


Page 96


2010


ROAD

LOCATIO

N

AAW

T

Queen Victoria Street

South of Stirling Highway

Fremantle Traffic Bridge

West of Canning Highway

West of James Street

15530

35330

33550

16180

Canning Highway

East of Queen Victoria Street

14170

Ord Street

North of High Street

South of High Street

16180

23370

Hampton Road

South of Knutsford Street

North of South Street

South of South Street

North of Douro Street

South of Douro Street

27690

21480

22870

21440

37630

South Street

East of Stock Road

West of Stock Road

East of Carrington Street

West of Carrington Street

East of Hampton Road

East of South Terrace

West of South Terrace

28900

21180

23150

19610

12980

10280

5380

Carrington Street

North of Marmion Street

South of Marmion Street

North of Leach Hwy

South of Leach Hwy



North of Winterfold Street

South of Winterfold Street

9940

14790

14420

20280

16740

17500

17890

19260

Stock Road

South of Leach Highway



South of Winterfold Road

23960

24560

20220

21300

Parry Street

South of Quarry Street

South of High Street

9630

12540

High Street

West of Market Street

East of Queen Street

West of Ord Street

West of East Street

East of East Street

East of Stirling Highway


2640

7720

13630

19870

18040

28770

28290

Wray Avenue

East of South Tce

East of Hampton Road

4710

7870

South Tce

North of Collie Street

South of Norfolk Street



North of Douro Road

10430

17200

15700

13400

9650

1090

Douro Road

West of Hampton Road

West of South Terrace

15850

7290


Page 97


2010


ROAD

LOCATIO

N

AAW

T

Marmion Street

East of Stock Road

West of Stock Road

East of Carrington Street


10780

11300

11000

14710


Page 98


2010


APPENDIX N

LAM

P O

PT

ION

S


Page 99


2010


LAMP COMPARISONS

Table 1

Lamp Type �

MV

HPS

MH

FL

LPS

LED

IND

Rated Life (1000 h)

24

24

6-30

10-30

10

100

100

Economic Life (1000 h)

15

24

6-20

10-20

10

100

100

Efficacy Photopic

(lumens/Watt)

40-50

90-120

80

80-100

170-200

75

100

Efficacy Scotopic

(lumens/Watt)

40-50

50-70

100

80-100

NA

75

100

Power Range (W)

50-400 50-250

35-400

18-57

18-180

1

100-150

CRI �

OK

Poor

Good

Good

Very Poor

Good

Good

NOTES

� MV = mercury vapour, HPS = high pressure sodium, MH = metal halide

FL = fluorescent, LPS = low pressure sodium, LED = light emitting diode, IND = Induction.

� CRI = colour rendering index. An index greater than 50 is good.

The data in Table 1 is derived from lamp manufacturers represented in Australia.

The table assumes a standard geometry with overhead power of 80 m spacing, 7.5 m

mounting height, and a 20 m road reserve.

Table 2 POW

ER, GREENHOUSE G

AS EMIS

SIO

NS, & ANNUAL COSTS

Lamp type

�

80 W

MV

42 W

CFL

2 x 24 W

T5 FL

70 W

MH

50 W

HPS�

70 W

HPS�

57 W

CFL

Power � (W)

89.5

46

50

77

55

77

63

kW/km �

1.2

0.6

0.65

1.0

0.7

1.0

0.8

CO2/km � (T)

4

2

2.2

3.4

2.4

3.4

2.8

Category �

X

P5

P5

P4

X

P4

P5

Mercury � (mg)

14

4.5

6

0.01

0.02

0.02

4.6

Lamp Life � (h)

16000

28000

20000

10000

20000

20000

10000

Energy Cost

p.a. per lamp

$38.14

$19.60

$21.30

$32.81

$23.44

$32.81

$26.50

NOTES

�MV = mercury vapour, CFL = compact fluorescent, FL = fluorescent, MH = metal halide

HPS = high pressure sodium

� Power per lamp measured in Watts.

� Power required per kilometre based on a nominal spacing of 80 m.

� Tonnes of CO2 produced per kilometre per annum based on 4 000 h burning and 0.9 kg of

CO2 per kWh.


Page 100


2010


� AS/NZS 1158.3.1 Category, X = non-compliant with any Category. The non-compliance

refers to the geometry (80 m spacing, 7.5 m mounting height) rather than the technology.

In each case compliance could be achieved with better geometry (closer spacing or higher

mounting height).

� Mercury content in each lamp measured in milligrams.

� Lamp life in hours (typical burning hours for all night streetlights are 4,000 per annum)

Based on Western Power tariff Z18 ($1.1676/kW per day).

� Twin arc tube versions of the 70 and 50 W high pressure sodium lamps are available.

These lamps have twice the life of standard lamps, that is 40 000 hours instead of 20 000

hours. These lamps offer better economy through their long life, but give yellow light that is

subject to a de-rating of 75%.

The data in Table 2 is derived from lamp manufacturers represented in Australia 3.

Where non-compliance is shown against “Category”, the non-compliance is due to the

minimum illuminance level of AS/NZS 1158.3.1 not being achieved. With this standard

geometry 80 W mercury vapour, 42 W compact fluorescent, and 50 W high pressure sodium

lamps are non-compliant, but would be compliant at spacings shorter than 80 m.

While mercury vapour lamps have proved reliable for street lighting over 70 years, it is

suggested that the future lies with a combination of fluorescent, metal halide, and high

pressure sodium lamps that have higher energy efficiencies.

The efficacy of mercury vapour lamps is low, between 40 and 50 lumens watt. The efficacy

of fluorescent and metal halide lamps is between 80 and 100 lumens/watt.

The 42 W compact fluorescent lamp will not achieve compliance with AS/NZS 1158 with the

standard geometry of 80 m spacing, 7.5 m mounting height, and 20 m road reserve.

However it will give performance similar to the common 80 W

mercury vapour lamp while

consuming half the energy.

Two 24 W T5 fluorescent lamps can achieve compliance with AS/NZS 1158 Category P5 with

an energy reduction of 37.5% compared with the non-compliant 80 W mercury vapour lamp.

The 70 W metal halide and 70 W high pressure sodium lamps can achieve compliance with

AS/NZS 1158 Category P4 with an energy reduction of 14% compared with the non-

compliant 80 W mercury vapour lamp.

The efficacy of high pressure sodium lamps is between 90 and 120 lumens/watt in the

photopic (day light) range of vision and between 50 and 70 lumens/watt in the scotopic

(night) range of vision. For street lighting the range of vision lies between the photopic

(daylight) and scotopic (night). High pressure sodium lamps have the highest efficacy when

used for street lighting at high illuminance levels, that is, towards the photopic range, and

lower efficacy at low illuminance levels.

Mercury vapour lamps have about half the efficacy of the fluorescent, metal halide and high

pressure sodium lamps.


Page 101


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Table 3 ANNUAL RUNNIN

G COSTS RELATIV

E TO LIG

HT O

UTPUT

NOTES

� MV = mercury vapour, CFL = compact fluorescent, FL = fluorescent, MH = metal halide

HPS = high pressure sodium

� Lamp life in hours divided by 4,000 hours per annum.

� Lamp cost based on lamp manufacturers’ information

� Labour cost based on ½ hour re-lamp time @$65/hour (electrician/linesman)

� Plant cost based on ½ hour re-lamp time @$85/hour (plant and operator)

� Sum of lamp cost, labour cost, and plant cost

� Cost per re-lamp divided by lamp life in years

Power per lamp measured in Watts

� Based on Western Power tariff Z18 ($1.1676/kW per day).

Sum of re-lamp cost pa and energy cost pa.

Table 3 assumes that the existing street light luminaires need to be replaced and that the

cost of replacement luminaires will be the same regardless of the selected technology. This

assumption is based on most existing street lights being due for replacement as they would

have exceeded their expected life. Prior to 2005, Australian Standards specified a life of 15

years for street light luminaires. AS/NZS 1158 – 2005 now specifies 20 years.

The running cost per kilo-lumen p.a. for the 80 W

mercury vapour lamp is calculated as

follows:

Re-lamp cost p.a. =

($2.95 + $32.50 + $42.50) ÷ 4 years

= $19.49

Energy cost p.a

(89.5 W ÷1000 x $1.1676/day x 365

= $38.14

TOTAL COST p.a.

= $57.63

TOTAL COST PER kilo-lumen

p.a. =

$57.63 ÷ 3.6 kilo-lumens

= $16.00

Lamp type �

80 W

MV

42 W

CFL

2 x 24

W

T5 FL

70 W

MH

50 W

HPS

70 W

HPS

57 W

CFL

Lamp Life � (years)

4

5

5

2.5

5

5

2.5

Lamp cost � ($)

2.95

6.99

12.50

33.00

15.00

14.50

24.60

Labour cost � ($)

32.50

32.50

32.50

32.50

32.50

32.50

32.50

Plant cost � ($)

42.50

42.50

42.50

42.50

42.50

42.50

42.50

Cost per re-lamp� ($)

77.95

81.99

87.50

108.00

90.00

89.50

99.60

Re-lamp cost pa � ($)

19.49

16.40

17.50

43.20

18.00

17.90

39.84

Power (W)

89.5

46.0

50.0

77.0

55.0

77.0

63.0

Energy Cost � p.a.

38.14

19.60

21.30

32.81

23.44

32.81

26.50

Running cost p.a.

($)

57.63

36.00

38.80

76.01

41.44

50.71

66.34

Light output lumens

3600

3200

3500

4900

4400

6500

4300

Running

cost

per

kilo-lumen ($) p.a.

16.00

11.25

11.09

15.51

9.42

7.80

15.43



2010 S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix O Observations.doc

APPENDIX O

OBSERVATIONS OF EXISTING LIGHTING

8-9-2009

Summary of Lighting Observations

Figure O1 Observations of Lighting on High Street

Figure O2 Observations of Lighting on Henderson Street

Figure O3 Observations of Lighting at the Maritime Museum Car Park

Figure O4 Observations of Lighting on Market Street

Figure O5 Observations of Lighting on Cantonment Street




Assessed

Lighting

Category

P1

P2

P11

P7

P1

Recommended

Lighting

Category

P2

P4

P11/12

P2

P3

Lighting Equipment

150 W

metal halide

Washingtons on 4.2 m

Novalux poles

70 W

metal halide

Bourke Hills on 6.5 m

Avenue poles

150 W

metal halide

floodlights

250 W

high pressure

sodium “Roadsters” on

10.5m poles

150 W

Parkvilles on 8

m custom poles

SUMMARY OF LIGHTING OBSERVATIONS

NAME

High Street

Henderson Street

Maritime Museum Car

Park

Market Street

Cantonment Street




Figure O1 Observations of Lighting on High Street




Figure O2 Observations of Lighting on Henderson Street




Figure O3 Observations of Lighting at the Maritime Museum Car Park




Figure O4 Observations of Lighting on Market Street




Figure O5 Observations of Lighting on Cantonment Street



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APPENDIX P

LOCATIONS OF

EXISTING NOVALUX LUMINIARES

Figure P1 Locations of Novalux Luminaires – Kings Square to Henderson Street

Figure P2 Locations of Novalux Luminaires – Little High Street up to Kings Square



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Figure P1 Locations of Novalux Luminaires - Kings Square to Henderson Street

WASHINGTON LUMINAIRE NOVALUX LUMINAIRE



2010


Figure P2 Locations of Novalux Luminaires – Little High Street to Kings Square

WASHINGTON LUMINAIRE NOVALUX LUMINAIRE



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APPENDIX Q

LOCATIONS OF

CCTV CAMERAS



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S:\1806 Fremantle LSR Update\JANUARY 2010\1806 Appendix Q CCTV.doc

Figure Q1 Locations of CTV Cameras



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APPENDIX R

FREMANTLE EAST

UNDERGROUND POWER AREA



2010

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Figure R1 - FREMANTLE EAST UNDERGROUND POWER AREA

SAGE CONSULTING ENGINEERS

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