SAGD Thermal in Situ
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SAGDThermal In situ Recovery
PRESENTED BY:
Daryl Foley
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Presentation Overview
What is SAGD and In situ?
Recovery Processes
Gathering Facilities
Processing Facilities
The Future
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Background• 1,700 billion bbls of original bitumen in place• 173 billion bbls (10%) economically recoverable• 35 billion bbls surface mineable• 98 billion bbls recoverable by in situ methods
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Bitumen
Oil Sands• 75-80% inorganic material
» 90% of which is quartzsand (silica)
• 3-5% water• 10-18% bitumen• Unconsolidated
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Origins of SAGD• In 1978, Dr. Roger Butler, introduced the concept
of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD).• UTF operation first phase in 1987
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In-situ• SAGD is a type of in situ technology• Sand left in place (“in situ” - Latin for “in place”).• This compares to Mining where sand is extracted
with oil
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Steam Assisted GravityDrainage (SAGD) Process
• Involves drilling pairs of horizontal wells• Steam continuously injected• Steam to Oil Ratio (SOR) varies
(typically 2.5 - 3.5)• Bitumen / Water (emulsion) is continuously
produced• > 50% bitumen recovery
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- 300 - 450 m TVD- 1,000 - 1,500 m measured depth
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Bitumen Production
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)
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Bitumen Production• API < 10• Viscosity > 10,000 cp
Courtesy of Suncor Energy
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Crude and WaterCharacteristics• Crude 6 - 12 API• Sulfur 3 - 6% (Aquathermolysis occurs > 200ºC)• H2S – typically 1,000 - 5,000 ppm• CO2 – 2 - 20% from reservoir• Sand / Silt• Chlorides 1,600 - 5,000 ppm
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Projects
Proposed / Under Construction:• $38 billion of SAGD Projects• 32 SAGD Projects• 25 Companies
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Types of In situ Processes• Cold Flow – Programming Cavity Pumps• Huff and Puff / Cyclic Steam Stimulation• Toe To Heel Air Injection (THAI)• VAPEX – Vapor Extraction Process
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Advantages of SAGD• Significantly greater per well production rates• Greater reservoir recoveries• Reduced water treating costs• Dramatic reductions in SOR
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Typical SAGD Facility
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SAGD Processes
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Field Facilities• Wells (producers / injectors)• Well pads (group and text separators)• Flow lines
» Emulsion (above ground)» Vapor (above ground)» Steam distribution (above ground)
• Lift gas or sweep gas (below ground)• Source water system• Disposal water system
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Typical Well Pad• Well pairs• Group / Test• Condensate management
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Typical Production Well
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Producer Configuration
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Injector Configuration
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Production Strategy• Steam is always injected below the fracture
pressure of the rock mass
• Production well controlled to maintain temp below saturated steam to prevent steam from entering producer
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Sand Erosion of Wellhead
Sand Jetting
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Erosion of First Elbowin Producer
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Well Pad Facilities• Group
Separator• Test Separator• Piping• Condensate
Systems• Pop Tank
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Recovered Production• Produced vapor
(95% steam vapor)• Produced emulsion
(oil / water)• Saturated steam• Fuel gas
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Other Field Facilities• Water disposal
» As high as 160,000 TDS pH 12
• Source Water» Brackish (> 4,000 TDS)» Fresh
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Central Processing Facility (CPF)
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SAGD Process Areas - CPF• Inlet separation• De-oiling• Water treatment• Steam generation• Produced Gas Handling
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Produced Gas Handling
Processes:• Condensate removal• Dehydration (Glycol)• Sweetening (Amine)
Gas used for:• Lift gas• Fuel gas
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Inlet Producer Vapor Exchangers
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Vapor Recovery System• Acid Gases - CO2, H2S• Condensing steam vapor
Skim De-oiled Produced
IGF
Gas Processing
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Water Management• Basically a large water Plant• Recycle produced water for boiler feed• Most SAGD are 90% water recycle• Brackish water makes up 10%• Some are “Zero discharge”• Tight restrictions on fresh water
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90% Water Recycle
Reservoir
Produced Water
Brackish Source Water
Steam
Boiler
BD Disposal
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Pads to CPF Inlet Separation
Reservoir
GroupSeparator
Oil / Water Separation
Gas Processing
Skim IGF ORF De-oiled DiluentREB/EB
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Inlet Treating
Free Water Knock-out:• Inlet diffuser reduces forward velocity
allowing gravity to separate the waterfrom the bitumen
• Chemical treatment aids in theseparation process
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Inlet Treating
Free Water Knock-out
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Inlet Treating
Electro-static Grid Treater:• Designed under the same premise as the FWKO• However, induces an electrical current
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Produced Water De-Oiling
Skim Tank:• Vortex flow to increase
residence time• Coagulant and invert
emulsion polymer areadded at inlet to assist in the formation of oil droplets
• Operates at roughly90% efficiency
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Produced Water De-Oiling
Baffled Skim Tank (Kinosis)
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Produced Water De-Oiling
Induced Gas Flotation Vessel:• Purge gas enters vessel as micro-bubbles
which attach to the oil droplets to increase droplet buoyancy
• Invert emulsionpolymer is addedto promoteoil droplet formation
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Induced Gas Floatation
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Process Schematic De-Oiling
Skim Tank
Free Water Knock Out
De-oiled Water
Storage Tank
Skimmings Tank
Treaters or FWKO
Slop Oil Tank
IEP/REB
Water Treatment
Oil
Water from Skimmed Oil Tank
E-1
IGF
IEP/REB
E-5
ORF
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Produced Water De-Oiling
Oil Removal Filters (ORF’s):• Uses walnut shells to further remove solids and oil• Operates at roughly 90% efficiency
Courtesy of Cameron Process Systems
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Chemistry:-Lime- Acid- Caustic soda- Magnesiumoxide-Flocculant- Soda Ash
Supernatant to De-oil tank
Sludge
Chemistry
Boiler Blowdown
Disposal well
De-oil Tank Out
Sludge recycle
Hot Lime Softeners
Sludge Pond
Afterfilters
WACs
Boiler Feedwater
Tank
Steamgens
Brackish water
Caustic
EP
O2 Scavenger Chelant
WATER TREATMENT
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Produced Water Softening
Hot Lime Softener:• Removes silica• Also removes some
hardness, iron and oil• Make-up water is
introduced at this point• Chemical addition
includes: Lime, Magox,Caustic, and Flocculant
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Water Treatment(Technologies)
• Hot Lime (most popular)• Warm Lime (most popular)• Demineralization (RO / Membrane)• Evaporators / Crystallizers
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Water Softening (HLS)• Silica (Si02)
Reduction• Requires heat 105ºC• pH > 9.5• Mechanical Deaeration
< 5 ppb 02
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PRODUCED WATER SOFTENING
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Produced Water Softening
After Filters:• Removes suspended
solids• Anthracite is the filtering
media• Media is regenerated
through backwash
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Produced Water Softening
Weak Acid Cation Exchangers:(Primary and Polishing)
• Removes hardness(calcium andmagnesium)
• Weak acid cation resinis the exchange media
• Media is regenerated throughan acid and caustic soak
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Weak Acid Cation Exchangers(WACs)Function:• Reduce hardness concentration to below
BFW specification• Primary and polisher in series to accomplish the target
Operation:• Run• Acid regeneration in separate vessel• Caustic treatment in separate vessel
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Step 1: OperationStep 1: Operation
Na
NaNa
Water with 1 Ca2+ and 1 Mg2+
Mg
Water with 4 Na+
Step 2: Acid regenerationStep 2: Acid regeneration
Step 3: Caustic regeneration
Step 3: Caustic regeneration
+
Ca
MgAcid (HCl)
HHHH
Acid and hardness, Ca2+ and Mg2+
+ +
+
Caustic (NaOH)
NaNa
NaNa
++Caustic and water
HHHH
RESIN OPERATION SCHEMATIC
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Steam Generation
OTSG’s and HRSG’s:• OTSG’s produce 75 - 80% steam –
blowdown carries remaining minerals• HRSG’s produce
75 - 80% steam from hot gas exhausted by gas turbine
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Steam Generation
Cogeneration:• Simultaneous generation
of heat and power• Mixed gas is burnt to
provide the energy required to turn the gas turbines
• The mechanical energyfrom the turbine is usedto create electricity
• The thermal energy of the hot exhaust gas is recovered to produce steam
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Upper Convection
Lower ConvectionRadiant
Once Through Steam Generator
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Steam Generation
OTSG
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Steam Generation
OTSG’ burner
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OTSG Radiant Section -View from Target Wall
Steam Generation
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Silica Scale
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Tube Overheat (Creep Failure)
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Steam Generation
Steam Separation
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Steam Generation
HP STEAMSEPARATOR A
HP STEAMSEPARATOR B
HP STEAMSEPARATOR C
HP WET STEAM FROM GENERATORS
HP STEAM (99% QUALITY)
BLOW DOWN TO MP STEAM SEPARATOR C
BLOWDOWN TO MPSTEAM SEPARATOR A/B
Filming Amine
77-78 % steam quality
Steam Separation
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Steam Generation
Blowdown Stream (disposal):• TDS 160,000 mg/l• pH 12• Temp 60ºC• Chloride (CI-) 93621.3• Carbonate (C03-) 666.6• Sulphate (S04=) 5808.2• Sodium (Na+) 63505.2• Potassium (K+) 562.0
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Silica Solubility (Disposal)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
6 7 8 9 10
pH
Solu
ble
Silic
a (m
g/L)
5C
20C
50C
80C
110C
140C
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90% Water Recycle
Disposal
Reservoir
Produced Water
Brackish Source Water
Steam
Boiler
BD Disposal
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Water Cycle-Zero Discharge
Evaporator
Reservoir
Produced Water
Brackish Water
SteamBoiler
BlowdownEvaporator Crystallizer
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Evaporators
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Evaporators
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90% Water Recycle - Steam
Reservoir
Produced Water
Brackish Source Water
SteamBoiler
BD Disposal
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Steam Distribution• Licensed with ERCB• Registered with ABSA• Designed to CSA Z662 Clause 14• Design pressure - 10,000 kPa• Design Temp - 320ºC
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Steam Distribution Pipeline
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Water Hammer
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New Advancements• Enhanced Solvent Extraction Incorporating
Electromagnetic Heating (ESEIEH and pronounced “easy”)
• VAPEX• C02 Injection
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Thank You
PRESENTED BY:
Daryl Foley