Why is a Hydrostatic Release fitted to a Liferaft?In the event of the Vessel sinking, the hydrostatic release operates at a predetermined water depth, releasing the Liferaft lashings, allowing the Liferaft to float free and inflate.Describe a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Set.The Self-contained Breathing Apparatus Set usually consists of one or two cylinders of compressed air kept in a harness, which is carried on the back.Cylinders usually being charged to a pressure of around 200-240 bar.The high pressure air is fed through a reducing valve and then to a demand valve, which can be set in positive pressure mode, that will supply a constant demand of air, or in demand mode, which will only supply air as the wearer demands.A non-return valve permits breathing out to atmosphere.The set incorporates a warning whistle that sounds on low air pressure.A standard cylinder will allow for about 20-25 minutes operation, but this will also depend on a few factors, such as workload of wearer.Fires are classified according to the types of material, which are acting as the source, what are these Classifications?Class A-Fires burning wood, glass fibre, upholstery and furnishingsClass B-Fires burning liquids such as lubricating oil and fuelsClass C-Fires burning gas fuels such as liquefied petroleumClass D-Fires burning combustible metals such as magnesium and aluminiumClass E-Fires burning any of the above materials together with high voltage electricity.Sketch and describe the Battery CO2 System.The above system shows a Battery CO2 System for a Machinery Space.On opening the release cabinet, this will sound the alarm in the Engine Room, warning personnel that release is imminent and that they should vacate the Engine Room.Opening of the cabinet will also stop ventilation.Before release of CO2, a head count must be done to see all personnel are accounted for and the Machinery Space must be sealed.When the operating handle is pulled, this opens a set of CO2 starting bottles, which in turn supply CO2 to an operating piston via a safety valve.The piston in turn allows the battery of CO2bottles to be released to the Engine Room.This is known as a "One Shot" method.In the occurrence of an Oil Spill, what do you do?Stop the flow of oil.If possible contain the spill on Deck and start clean up procedure using appropriate oil spill equipment and raise the alarm.There will be a set Drill for Oil Spill Procedure.If the oil has spilt into the Sea, if in Port, the Port Authorities must be informed, if at Sea, the Coastguard must be informed.The time, place or position, type of oil and approximate quantity must be recorded in the Engine Room Log, Bridge Log and Oil Record Book.Circumstances of spill must also be recorded.What are the Safety Features fitted to a Battery CO2 System?A Stop Valve to stop discharge of CO2 to the Machinery Space.A Safety Valve between the Starting Cylinders and Operating Piston.This is to prevent operation of the System due to leaking Starting Bottles.Pressure Alarm in discharge line to give an indication of an accidental escape or leaking CO2 bottle from the Battery.How does a Foam Nozzle work?The foam nozzle works on the Venturi Principle where air is drawn into the nozzle aerating the foam solution for good quality fire fighting foamWhat is the Principle Operation of a Flame Detector?As Flame has a characteristic Flicker Frequency of 25Hz, use is made of this fact to trigger an alarm.Flickering radiation from flames reaching the detector lens/filter unit, which only allows infra-red rays to pass and be focused upon the cell.The signal from the cell goes into the selective amplifier, which is tuned to 25Hz, then to a time delay unit (to minimise incidence of False Alarms) then to an alarm circuit.The Main Engine Cylinder Lubricating Oil Tank is empty, oil drums are on the Main Deck beside run down Pipes to the Tank and air is handy - What do you do?If need be, the engine should be stopped to allow filling of the tank.Under no circumstances should you use the air hose to pressurise the drums to speed up the process.Oil drums are not a pressure vessel and it could lead to a fatality.Why is an Alarm Sounded when CO2 is released into the Engine Room?An Alarm is sounded to inform personnel in the Engine Room that the release of CO2 is imminent.The type of Alarm will be visual and sound different from Engine Room Alarm and General Alarm.CO2 can not support Life.What is the Principle Operation of a Heat Detector?This type of Heat Detector uses two bi-metalicstrips/coils attached to a vertical support bracket.When temperature is present, the bi-metalic strips will start to move, at a fixed temperature the first strip will hit a stop, the second strip continuing to move, thus the contact is made and triggers the alarm.How is a Liferaft Launched?A Liferaft is simply launched by releasing it from its lashings, a painter is secured to the Ship and the Liferaft container is thrown over the side.Inflation takes place automatically, the container bursting open and the Liferaft floats clear.A pressurised cylinder of CO2 is used to inflate the raft.Liferafts must normally be boarded from water level, dry if possible.What action would you take in the event of Fire breaking out in the Machinery Space?If a Fire breaks out, the alarm should be raised and the Bridge informed immediately.If the Ship is in Port, the Local Fire Authority should be called.If possible, an attempt should be made to extinguish or limit the fire by any means possible (a Fire in its first few minutes can usually be readily extinguished).Ventilation fans should be stopped (should stop automatically on activation of fire alarm).Openings to the space should be sealed to reduce the supply of air to the fire and to prevent it spreading.Any fuel lines feeding the fire or threatened by it should be isolated.If practicable, combustible materials adjacent to the Fire should be removed.After the Fire has been extinguished, precautions should be taken against spontaneous re-ignition.Personnel, unless wearing breathing apparatus, should not re-enter a space in which a fire has occurred before it has been fully ventilated.Explain and sketch a Funnel Inert Gas System.In a Boiler Funnel Inert Gas System, exhaust gas is taken from the Boiler Uptakes and passed through a scrubber tower where the gas is cleaned with sulphur and excess carbon being removed.The Gas which by then is considered inert and mainly contains Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide with less than 5% Oxygen, is then supplied via blowers and deck seal which acts as a non-return valve, along deck pipes to cargo banks.The inert gas being used to blanket the oil cargo during discharging operations.Empty tanks are filled with gas and the inert gas is blown out when oil is loaded.Describe and sketch a Soda Acid Extinguisher.The container of the Extinguisher holds a sodium bicarbonate solution.The screw on cap contains a plunger mechanism covered by a safety guard.Below the plunger is a glass phial containing sulphuric acid.When the plunger is struck, the glass phial is broken and the acid and sodium bicarbonate mix.The resulting chemical reaction produces carbon dioxide gas, which pressurises the space above the liquid, forcing it out through the internal pipe to the nozzle.Where would you expect to find a Dry Powder Extinguisher?It is usually located near Electrical Equipment in the Machinery Space and elsewhere on the Ship.On what type of Fire would you use a Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher?The Dry Powder can be used on all classes of Fire, but it has no cooling effect.Sketch and explain a Foam Fire-fighting Installation.Here an Automatic Foam Induction System is shown.The Automatic Inductor Unit ensures the correct mixing of Water and Foam compound which is then pumped to hydrants, deck or machinery space for use.The foam compound tank is sealed to protect the contents from deterioration and has linked compound supply and air vent valves.To operate the system, these two linked valves are opened and the Fire Pump started.Foam mixing is carefully metered by the automatic inductor unit.The Fire Pump and compound tank must be located outside the protected space.How is "Water Hammer" prevented?In order to prevent water hammer it is necessary to open up drains on steam lines being brought into use.The water must be completely drained so it leaves the line clear.The steam valve is then cracked open so the line is heated and brought up to near working temperature.Any condensate found during this process drains out of the line via the drains previously opened.The valve may then be opened and drains closed.Is the Code of Safe Working Practises Law?Yes it is Law.What advantage do Inert Gas producing units used for Fire Fighting Installations have over CO2 and Halon Systems?Inert Gas Producing Units have the advantage of being able to continuously produce Inert Gas.A bottle storage system, such as CO2 or Halon Flooding is a "one shot" Fire Extinguisher which leaves a ship unprotected until further gas supplies can be found.What can you tell me about Halon Systems, with regards to new installations and existing ones?SOLAS prohibits the installation of new or portable systems in all ships from 1st October 1994 and providing existing fixed installations and portable extinguishers remain serviceable and fit for purposes, they may remain in place (Ref: MGN 80 (Aug 1998)).What does the opening of the CO2 release cabinet do?It sets off an Alarm in the Engine Room to warn personnel that the release of CO2 is imminent.It also stops all ventilation.What pumps in the Engine Room would supply the Fire Main?As well as the Main Fire Pump, several pumps are arranged to supply the Fire Main, their number and capacity set by legislation (MCA for UK registered Ships).These pumps are normally:ballast pumps, general service pumps.What does SOLAS stand for?Safety of Life at SeaWhat are the advantages of CO2 Systems compared to Halon Systems?CO2 is more Environmentally Friendly also Halon Systems are being phased out.Once a Fire Detector has detected or sensed a fire, what happens?Associated with Fire Detectors is a Circuit connected to an Alarm Panel, which is usually situated on the Bridge, where the Alarm is accepted, usually there is a Repeater Panel in the Engine Control Room.The Panel giving an indication on which Deck and Zone the Detector was activated.Someone will then be sent to investigate and verify if it is a Fire or a False Alarm.What is a Water Fog based Fire-fighting Installation?Unlike conventional sprinkler systems utilising water under low pressure in heavy large diameter pipes, the Water Fog Extinguishing System operates by using water under very high pressure in small bore pipes.This reduces the weight and volume of the system and permits easy installation on board.The Water Fog System produces micro-droplets of water; thus a very large cooling surface is created with only small quantities of water.With this system the amount of water required for successful fire extinguishing is much less than conventional sprinkler systems.This allows for the use of fresh water as the medium.Also with the Water Fog System, the Water Fog is propelled into hidden spaces just like Halon or CO2, providing the most reliable Fire-extinguishing.In accommodation areas this system can use a dual-purpose nozzle which incorporates a quartazoid bulb for detection and extinguishing.The Water Fog System is also suitable for Engine Rooms.What is the gas analysis after the Scrubber Tower on an Inert Gas System.Oxygen:0-1% (Alarm at 5%)Carbon-monoxide:0Carbon Dioxide:14-15%Nitrogen:85%What survival equipment would you expect to find in a Lifeboat?Survival equipment would include oars, a boathook, a compass, distress rockets, first aid equipment, rations and fresh water.Where would you expect to find a Foam Extinguisher?It would be located in the Engine Room, in the vicinity of Flammable Liquids, also Bunker Stations.On what type of Fire would you use a Soda Acid Extinguisher (Water)?This type of Extinguisher would be used on Class A Fires:Fires burning wood, glass fibre, upholstery and furnishingsWith regards CO2 Extinguishers, what testing and maintenance is carried out?Being a pressure vessel, the CO2 Extinguisher is initially tested to 207 bar and after every ten years and after two such tests, every five years.Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers should also be weighed every six months to check for leakage.Halon Fire-fighting System, describe it.In a Halon Fire-fighting system, Halon bottles are strategically placed around the Machinery Space. The amount of Halon (1301) required for Fire-fighting is very little.Each bottle has its own definition mechanism. This is operated from a remote location outside the Machinery Space.On opening the Halon release cabinet, this will sound the Halon Alarm in the Engine Room, which will let personnel know that the release of Halon is imminent and that the Space should be evacuated.Ventilation to the space should then be stopped and space sealed.Before release of Halon, all personnel should first be accounted for.What are the requirements of a Fixed CO2 Fire Fighting Installation?The System must give 40% saturation of the Compartment to be filled.85% of the CO2 charge must be discharged into the Compartment within the first two minutes.Why should the boiler not be blown down on finding oil contamination?The boiler should not be blown down, as this will cover all heating surfaces with oil i.e. insulating the tubes, heating surfaces.What must the capability of Gravity Davits be with regards heel of ship?The Davits must be able to lower the Lifeboats when the Ship is heeled to 15 on either side.What is the duration and range of a 136L Trolley Foam Extinguisher?The duration of a 136L Foam Trolley Extinguisher is 15 minutes approximately with a range of around 18m.What %/Ratio Halon is required to extinguish a Fire in a Compartment?5%What testing and maintenance is done regarding Soda Acid and Foam Extinguishers?The extinguisher containers are pressure vessels, therefore require testing.Containers are initially tested to 25 bar every year for five years and thereafter at four yearly intervals to 20 bar.On Soda Type Extinguishers 20% of contents should be discharged per year and replenished with Foam Type 50%.Where practical the operating mechanism of portable extinguishers should be examined every three months.What are the alarms fitted to a Bulk CO2 System?Low level Alarm (loss of 5% volume)High Level Alarm (increase of contents over 98% volume)Leakage Alarm past Main Discharge ValveAlarm when Main Discharge Valve is opened.How do you carry out a Face Seal Check on a Breathing Apparatus Set?Don Face Mask, tighten straps properly and turn air supply on.Then switch air supply off and breath in, the mask should stick to face.Note, pressure gauge should not drop rapidly either.Switch air supply back on.What happens to the CO2 System in Drydock?In Drydock the CO2 System must be made inoperable.What Safety Equipment should there be at a Bunker Station?Safety Equipment that should be found at a Bunker Manifold are a Foam Fire Extinguisher, Oil Spill Gear such as Spill Absorbent and there should also be communications of some sort.What oxygen levels would you regard as safe to enter an enclosed space?20% or above.What is the Bilge Injection Valve?The Bilge Injection is a valve that enables the Engine Room Bilges to be pumped out directly overboard in the event of an emergency such as flooding.The valve is normally fitted to the end of a branch connection with the main sea-water suction line.This enables large main sea-water cooling pumps to be used as a bilge pump in an emergency.

What Speed does the Centrifugal Brake on a Lifeboat Winch limit the Speed of Fall of the Lifeboat to?The Centrifugal Brake on a Lifeboat will not allow the Lifeboat to fall faster than 36m/min.What action would you take if you spotted oil in the Gauge Glass of a Boiler?The action to be taken would be to scum the boiler and blow down the gauge glass.Then the source of contamination investigated and stopped.If the oil contamination is excessive, then alternative heating source must be found for engine fuel, if running on heavy or change over onto diesel.The boiler should then be shut down, allowed to cool and vent.The top door of the drum should then be removed and the oil overflowed from the drum.Ideally the boiler should be degreased before re-using.Source of contamination must be found and remedied.What are the various cut-outs and alarms in a Funnel Inert Gas System?High oxygen level (above 5%)Loss of sea-water pressure/flowFan/blower failureHigh gas temperature alarm.What are the Four Principle Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers found on board ships?Water/Soda acid type extinguishersFoam extinguishersDry powder type extinguishersCarbon dioxide extinguishers.How much foam is produced from a 9L Foam Extinguisher?72 litres of Foam.What is the Re-entry Procedure once a Machinery Space has been Flooded withCO2 or Halon?Once CO2 or Halon Flooding has taken place, the Space should be continued to be Boundary Cooled.Only when the Extinguished Fire has been left long enough to cool down, can the Space be re-entered.Note:early re-entry can lead to re-ignition.Re-entry should be done by personnel wearing breathing apparatus, taking water spray hoses with them to cool down any hot surfaces.Note:Re-entry should also take place from the lowest point remote from the seat of the Fire, if possible.Cooling and smoke dispersal are the first priorities to provide an atmosphere in which others can operate and gradually bring machinery back into service.Where the Machinery Space Fire involves electrical equipment then only Dry Powder of Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers can be used until the equipment is isolated.Where would you expect to find a CO2 Extinguisher?Machinery spaces, particularly near electrical equipment, such as switchboards.Explain the procedure for lowering a Lifeboat with Gravity Davits.The Lifeboat is held in against a cradle by ropes called gripes and the cradle is secured by pins. With the gripes and securing pins (sometimes known as harbour pins) are removed and released, the winch handbrake can be released to enable the cradle to slide down and over the Ship's side.A "Tricing-in Pennant (wire)" brings the Lifeboat close to the Ship's side to enable it to be boarded.The Bowsing Lines which fasten to each end of the Lifeboat are then used to hold it in to the Ship's side, the "Tricing-in Pennants" then being released.A Painter is then led from the forward end of the Lifeboat and attached somewhere forward of the lifeboat on the ship.Lifeboat plugs are then secured.Once the Crew are on board the Lifeboat the bowsing lines are released and the Lifeboat is lowered to the water.The Engine is started, Falls released and then the Painter.On what type of Fire would you use a CO2 Extinguisher?Class B and C Fires and Electrical Fires.On what type of Fires would you use a Foam Extinguisher?Class B Fires:Fires burning liquids such as lubricating oil and fuels.Where would you find Heat Detectors and why?Heat type Fire Detectors would be used in places such as the Galley, where other types of Detectors would give false alarms.What checks should be carried out on a Breathing Apparatus Set before entering a smoke filled compartment?The following checks should be carried out:Ensure the bottle is full,Check operation of low pressure whistle, andFace seal check should be carried out.What is the Principle Operation of a Smoke Detector?The above detector, of the light scatter type uses a photo cell separated by a barrier from a semi-conductor intermittently flashing light source housed in an enclosure whose containment allows smoke but not light inside.When smoke is present in the enclosure, light is scattered around the barrier on the photocell and an alarm is triggered.State the regulations regarding the Emergency Fire Pump.The Emergency Fire Pump is to be located remote from the Machinery Space and with Independent Means of Power, which could be a diesel engine or from the Emergency Switchboard.What is regarded as an enclosed space?An enclosed space is a space that cannot be assumed to contain oxygen.These are spaces such as a duct keel, a double bottom tank, a cofferdam, boiler, etc.Would you enter an enclosed space if the oxygen levels were recorded as 19% or below?NoDescribe an Inert Gas GeneratorThe Inert Gas Generator burns fuel in designed quantities to produce perfect combustion.This produces an exhaust gas, which is largely nitrogen and carbon dioxide with a very small oxygen content.The exhaust gases pass to a cooling and washing chamber to remove sulphur and excess carbon.The washed or scrubbed gas is now inert and passes to a distribution system for Fire Fighting.The complete unit is arranged to be independently operated in order to supply inert gas for as long as the fuel supply lasts.On tankers the inert gas can be supplied and used to blanket the oil cargo during discharging operations.Empty tanks are filled with gas and inert gas is blown out when oil is loaded.What is a good practice before using a Dry Powder Extinguisher?It is good practice to give a Dry Powder Extinguisher a shake before use, as the Extinguisher could have been lying for a while causing the powder to clog up.What are the two types of CO2 Fixed Installations used on board ships for Fire Fighting?The two types of systems are: Battery System and Bulk System.Briefly explain how High Expansion Foam is produced.High expansion foam is produced by means of a Foam Generator, where from Foam Concentrate and Seawater, 1000 times quantity is achieved.The generator blows air through a net sprayed with foam concentrate and water.The vastly expanded foam is then diverted away to the space to be protected.The foam is an insulator and an absorber of radiant heat; it also excludes oxygen from the fire.What is fitted in a Foam or Water Type Fire Extinguisher that ensures liquid, not gas comes out on discharge.A diplobe or internal pipe is fitted in the Fire Extinguisher, which is connected to the extinguisher hose and travels to the bottom of the extinguisher.What type of Detector should be fitted in conjunction with an Infra-Red type Fire Detector?It should be used in conjunction with a Smoke Detector, to give an early warning of fire.What can be fitted over Relief Valve Vents on a bulk CO2 system to give an indication of leakage?BalloonsWhat type of Fire Detection Equipment did you have on board your Ship?Flame DetectorSmoke DetectorHeat DetectorWhere are CO2 Extinguishers not permitted ?CO2 Extinguishers are not permitted in the living quarters of the accommodation.Note within the accommodation block, CO2 extinguishers are available in the Cargo Control room, Bridge and Radio Room where dry powder could damage this apparatus.What different types of Fire Fighting Foam are there?AFFF - synthetic typeProtein based Foams (Ox's blood)Which can be low expansion for use on decks etc for fire-fighting, orHigh expansion, which can be used in Machinery SpacesWhat is the duration of a 9L Foam Fire Extinguisher?Approximate duration of around 50 seconds.Sketch and describe a Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher.The outer container contains a sodium bicarbonate powder.A capsule of carbon dioxide gas is located beneath a plunger mechanism in the central cap.On depressing the plunger the carbon dioxide gas forces the powder up a discharge tube and out of the discharge nozzle.Sketch and describe a CO2 Extinguishers.A CO2 Extinguishers consists of a very strong container that is used to store liquid carbon dioxide under pressure.A central tube provides the outlet passage for the carbon dioxide, which is released either by a plunger-bursting disc or a valve operated trigger.The liquid changes to a gas as it leaves the Extinguisher and passes through a swivel pipe or hose to a discharge horn.Why are CO2 Extinguishers not permitted in the accommodation.Because if used in a confined space, it could be lethal.What is the range of a Foam Fire Extinguisher?The range of a Foam Fire Extinguisher is roughly 7m.Sketch and describe the Chemical Foam type of Extinguisher.The main container is filled with sodium bicarbonate solution and a long inner polythene container is filled with aluminium sulphate.The inner container is sealed by a cap, held in place by a plunger.When the plunger is unlocked by turning it, the cap is released.The extinguisher is then inverted for the two liquids to mix.Carbon dioxide is produced by the reaction, which pressurises the container and forces out the foam.What is the purpose of the Deck Seal on an Inert Gas System?The purpose of the Deck Seal is to act as a non-return valve and prevent the back flow of gases, i.e. hazardous to non-hazardous.Where are Infra-Red type Fire Detectors best situated?They are best situated in machinery spaces and boiler rooms, where there is a high risk of fire.What is Boundary Cooling and the reasons for it?It should be remembered that a Fire exists in three dimensions and therefore has six sides, therefore can be transmitted through bulkheads due to radiant heat, i.e. causing combustible materials in adjacent compartments to catch Fire. Therefore, this radiant heat is prevented by Boundary Cooling of all sides of the compartment on fire, using water spray hoses.With regards Dry Powder Extinguishers, what testing and maintenance should be carried out?Being a pressure vessel, the container is tested to 35 bar every four years.Operating mechanism checked, where practical every three months.What is done to ensure that a Lifeboat Engine will start when needed?At least once every two weeks, but better still once a week the Lifeboat Engine should be run, all Fuel and Oil Levels checked and the gearbox should be operated i.e. Engine run astern and ahead to check Operation.Most Engines are air cooled, but some are a combination of air and water, in which case water level checked and if operating in cold climates anti-freeze levels also.Larger Lifeboat Engines will be battery started, therefore condition of battery must be checked i.e.S G of electrolyte and that electrolyte is covering cell plates.Sketch an Automatic Sprinkler System for the Ships Accommodation and explain.The sketch above shows an Automatic Sprinkler System, which provides a network of Sprinkler Heads throughout Protected Accommodation Zones.The Sprinkler Heads in the Accommodation both detect and extinguish fires.The Sprinkler Head is closed by a quartazoid bulb, which contains a liquid that expands considerably on heating, i.e. in the event of a Fire.When excessively heated, the liquid expands, shatters the bulb and water will issue from the sprinkler head.A deflector plate on the Sprinkler Head causes the water to spray out over a large area.The water is supplied initially from a tank pressurised by compressed air and fresh water.Once the tank pressure falls, as a Sprinkler Head issues water, a salt water pump cuts in automatically to maintain the water supply as long as possible.The system is initially charged with fresh water to reduce corrosion effects.Each Sprinkler Zone has a Flow Alarm, which will be set off when a Sprinkler Head operates. This will sound an alarm and give an indication of which Zone on an Alarm Panel, normally on the Bridge.What are the dangers of excessive lubrication in Start Air Compressors?There is a danger that excessive cylinder lubrication in Start Air Compressors could lead to explosions in Air Start Lines/Manifolds.Excessive lubrication can lead to carry over with compressed air, being deposited in the Receiver then transferred to the Air Start Manifold, where a leaking Air Start Valve may allow hot gases from combustion into the Air Start Manifold, ignite the oil vapour, causing an explosion.Where would you expect to find a Soda Acid Extinguisher (Water)?Accommodation areas.Fire is the combination of Three Factors, what are these?1.A substance that will burn2.Ignition Source3. A supply of oxygen, usually from air.Regarding the Emergency Bilge Injection Valve, what is its relevant size compared to the Main Sea Water Injection Valve?The valve size of the Emergency Bilge Injection Valve must not be less than 2/3 the size of the Main Sea-water Injection Valve.What does AFFF stand for and where would you use this type of Extinguisher?AFFF stands for:Aqueous Film Forming Foam.This would be used on Class B Fires, fires burning liquids such as lubricating oils and fuels.State the capabilities of a Ships Main Fire Pump.It must be capable of supplying water to, at least two hoses and nozzles in the Ship and they must produce a good jet of water simultaneously.What are the advantages of Halon Systems over CO2 Systems?Less Halon is needed to extinguish a Fire than CO2 therefore less storage space is required.Also the atmosphere in a Halon flooded Space is not toxic, although does contain some highly irritant gases when extinguishing.What are the two Brakes on a Lifeboat Winch?The two brakes on a Lifeboat are a centrifugal brake and a weighted brake known as a "Dead-Man's Brake" i.e. once you let go of the braking lever, the brake will come into action stopping the fall of the LifeboaSketch and describe a Bulk CO2 SystemThe sketch above shows a Bulk CO2 System.The System consisting of a large insulated vessel which holds CO2 at a working pressure of 21 bar at around -20C.To maintain this pressure and temperature a refrigeration circuit is required, one in standby, the other in operation.As it is essential to maintain pressure in the vessel, a heater is also incorporated.The System will discharge into the Engine Room and Hold via a main discharge valve, opening of this valve will shut down ventilation and activate the CO2 alarm, warning personnel of the imminent discharge of CO2, all personnel must then be accounted for and space sealed before discharge of CO2With this System, the actual line to the Engine Room and Other Spaces, where the CO2 is discharged to, will have an individual manual valve and as the System is a Bulk System and the Spaces being discharged to will have different areas, a Chart will pre-determine how long each valve will be opened for, to give proper discharge coverage for each space.What is the procedure for entering an enclosed space?An enclosed space entry permit is required which can only be obtained with the permission of a responsible officer.This permit will list the conditions to be met before entry.The space should be well ventilated before entry takes place;Before entry, oxygen levels must be checked using an O2 Meter.Another person should remain at the entrance while the person is in the space, to summon assistance if necessary and there should also be means of communications arranged between the person within the space and the attendant.Lifelines and harnesses should be available at the entrance to the space.If the occupant appears to be in danger, the attendant should first raise the alarm, but should not enter the space unless equipped with breathing apparatus.How is the Bilge Injection Valve brought into Operation?To bring the Bilge Injection Valve into operation during an Emergency, the Valve is opened fully and the Sea Injection or Suction Valve is fully closed.After it is established the Bilge Injection Valve is capable of lowering the water level in the Engine Room, the Sea-waterInjection Valve or Suction Valve may be opened slowly.This should be done in stages so that the Tank Tops are not pumped dry, as this would cause the sea water pump to loose suctionWhat is, and where would you find, the International Shore Connection?This is a standard size Flange which is fitted with a suitable coupling suitable for the Ships Fire Hoses.The Flange is slotted in order to fit any shore side Fire Main and enable water to be brought on board Ship lying alongside.Usually located on the Bridge.What is "Water Hammer" and its danger?When steam lines are shut down it is possible from various causes for them to fill with water.If steam is allowed to enter a line with water, the steam starts to move the water down the line.The steam in contact with the water eventually condenses and a vacuum is formed causing the water to be pulled back to the valve which has just been opened and striking it with a heavy blow, often fracturing the valve.If the valve fractures, it may end disastrously with risk of loss of life.What should be used with Breathing Apparatus Sets when entering a Space or Compartment?A time in/time out board should be used.This board will normally have a built in clock.On this board the time the wearer enters a space is noted, plus bottle number and pressure, the time the wearer is due out is calculated as the time the low-pressure whistle operates at.This gives the wearer time to exit.Sketch and describe the Mechanical Foam type Fire Extinguisher.The outer container is filled with water.The central container holds a carbon dioxide charge and a foam solution.A plunger mechanism with a safety guard is located above the central container.When the plunger is depressed, the carbon dioxide is released and the foam solution and water mix.They are then forced out through a special nozzle, which creates the Mechanical Foam.This Extinguisher has an internal pipe and is operated uprighOn what type of vessel would you expect to find a Bulk CO2 System and what is normally incorporated into these systems?You would normally expect to find a Bulk CO2 System on a Cargo or Ro-Ro type vessel where hold areas need Fire-Fighting Protection and the Cargo Space System is normally arranged for smoke detection, alarm and CO2 flooding.Small air sampling pipes from the individual cargo holds are led into a cabinet on the Bridge.Air is drawn from each hold by a small fan and each pipe is identified for its particular hold.If smoke is drawn into the cabinet from one of the holds it will set off an alarm.The smoke is also passed into the Wheelhouse where it can be detected by personnel on watch.The location of the fire can be identified in the cabinet and the hold distribution valve below the cabinet is operated.This valve shuts off the sampling pipe from the cabinet and opens it to the CO2 Main, leading to the Bulk CO2 discharge manifold.A chart indicating the amount of time the release valve is to be opened for and this is done by first opening the main discharge valve to the manifold, setting off CO2 alarms.What is the purpose of the two sets of relief valves on a Bulk CO2 System.The purpose of the two sets of relief valves on a Bulk CO2 System is that one set being an L P Set being set at 24.5 bar and designed to relieve excess pressure to atmosphere in the event of over pressure.The H P Set is at 27 bar and is required to discharge into the Compartment, i.e. in the event of a Fire in the Bulk CO2 Compartment, this causes a rapid rise in pressure and in theory CO2 will discharge into the compartment, extinguishing the fire.What is fitted in a Foam or Water Type Fire Extinguisher that ensures liquid, not gas comes out on discharge.A diplobe or internal pipe is fitted in the Fire Extinguisher, which is connected to the extinguisher hose and travels to the bottom of the extinguisher.What can be fitted over Relief Valve Vents on a bulk CO2 system to give an indication of leakage?BalloonsWhat is the procedure for entering an enclosed space?An enclosed space entry permit is required which can only be obtained with the permission of a responsible officer.This permit will list the conditions to be met before entry.The space should be well ventilated before entry takes place;Before entry, oxygen levels must be checked using an O2 Meter.Another person should remain at the entrance while the person is in the space, to summon assistance if necessary and there should also be means of communications arranged between the person within the space and the attendant.Lifelines and harnesses should be available at the entrance to the space.If the occupant appears to be in danger, the attendant should first raise the alarm, but should not enter the space unless equipped with breathing apparatus.How do you carry out a Face Seal Check on a Breathing Apparatus Set?Don Face Mask, tighten straps properly and turn air supply on.Then switch air supply off and breath in, the mask should stick to face.Note, pressure gauge should not drop rapidly either.Switch air supply back on.Where would you expect to find a Dry Powder Extinguisher?It is usually located near Electrical Equipment in the Machinery Space and elsewhere on the Ship.What action would you take in the event of Fire breaking out in the Machinery Space?If a Fire breaks out, the alarm should be raised and the Bridge informed immediately.If the Ship is in Port, the Local Fire Authority should be called.If possible, an attempt should be made to extinguish or limit the fire by any means possible (a Fire in its first few minutes can usually be readily extinguished).Ventilation fans should be stopped (should stop automatically on activation of fire alarm).Openings to the space should be sealed to reduce the supply of air to the fire and to prevent it spreading.Any fuel lines feeding the fire or threatened by it should be isolated.If practicable, combustible materials adjacent to the Fire should be removed.After the Fire has been extinguished, precautions should be taken against spontaneous re-ignition.Personnel, unless wearing breathing apparatus, should not re-enter a space in which a fire has occurred before it has been fully ventilated.What is the purpose of the Deck Seal on an Inert Gas System?The purpose of the Deck Seal is to act as a non-return valve and prevent the back flow of gases, i.e. hazardous to non-hazardous.What is the Principle Operation of a Smoke Detector?The above detector, of the light scatter type uses a photo cell separated by a barrier from a semi-conductor intermittently flashing light source housed in an enclosure whose containment allows smoke but not light inside.When smoke is present in the enclosure, light is scattered around the barrier on the photocell and an alarm is triggered.What %/Ratio Halon is required to extinguish a Fire in a Compartment?5%State the capabilities of a Ships Main Fire Pump.It must be capable of supplying water to, at least two hoses and nozzles in the Ship and they must produce a good jet of water simultaneously.How is a Liferaft Launched?A Liferaft is simply launched by releasing it from its lashings, a painter is secured to the Ship and the Liferaft container is thrown over the side.Inflation takes place automatically, the container bursting open and the Liferaft floats clear.A pressurised cylinder of CO2 is used to inflate the raft.Liferafts must normally be boarded from water level, dry if possible.Halon Fire-fighting System, describe it.In a Halon Fire-fighting system, Halon bottles are strategically placed around the Machinery Space. The amount of Halon (1301) required for Fire-fighting is very little.Each bottle has its own definition mechanism. This is operated from a remote location outside the Machinery Space.On opening the Halon release cabinet, this will sound the Halon Alarm in the Engine Room, which will let personnel know that the release of Halon is imminent and that the Space should be evacuated.Ventilation to the space should then be stopped and space sealed.Before release of Halon, all personnel should first be accounted for.What different types of Fire Fighting Foam are there?AFFF - synthetic typeProtein based Foams (Ox's blood)Which can be low expansion for use on decks etc for fire-fighting, orHigh expansion, which can be used in Machinery Spaces.What is the Principle Operation of a Heat Detector?This type of Heat Detector uses two bi-metalicstrips/coils attached to a vertical support bracket.When temperature is present, the bi-metalic strips will start to move, at a fixed temperature the first strip will hit a stop, the second strip continuing to move, thus the contact is made and triggers the alarm.What is a Water Fog based Fire-fighting Installation?Unlike conventional sprinkler systems utilising water under low pressure in heavy large diameter pipes, the Water Fog Extinguishing System operates by using water under very high pressure in small bore pipes.This reduces the weight and volume of the system and permits easy installation on board.The Water Fog System produces micro-droplets of water; thus a very large cooling surface is created with only small quantities of water.With this system the amount of water required for successful fire extinguishing is much less than conventional sprinkler systems.This allows for the use of fresh water as the medium.Also with the Water Fog System, the Water Fog is propelled into hidden spaces just like Halon or CO2, providing the most reliable Fire-extinguishing.In accommodation areas this system can use a dual-purpose nozzle which incorporates a quartazoid bulb for detection and extinguishing.The Water Fog System is also suitable for Engine Rooms.Regarding the Emergency Bilge Injection Valve, what is its relevant size compared to the Main Sea Water Injection Valve?The valve size of the Emergency Bilge Injection Valve must not be less than 2/3 the size of the Main Sea-water Injection Valve.What is a good practice before using a Dry Powder Extinguisher?It is good practice to give a Dry Powder Extinguisher a shake before use, as the Extinguisher could have been lying for a while causing the powder to clog upThe Main Engine Cylinder Lubricating Oil Tank is empty, oil drums are on the Main Deck beside run down Pipes to the Tank and air is handy - What do you do?If need be, the engine should be stopped to allow filling of the tank.Under no circumstances should you use the air hose to pressurise the drums to speed up the process.Oil drums are not a pressure vessel and it could lead to a fatality.What should be used with Breathing Apparatus Sets when entering a Space or Compartment?A time in/time out board should be used.This board will normally have a built in clock.On this board the time the wearer enters a space is noted, plus bottle number and pressure, the time the wearer is due out is calculated as the time the low-pressure whistle operates at.This gives the wearer time to exit.Where would you find Heat Detectors and why?Heat type Fire Detectors would be used in places such as the Galley, where other types of Detectors would give false alarms.State the regulations regarding the Emergency Fire Pump.The Emergency Fire Pump is to be located remote from the Machinery Space and with Independent Means of Power, which could be a diesel engine or from the Emergency Switchboard.What type of Fire Detection Equipment did you have on board your Ship?Flame DetectorSmoke DetectorHeat DetectorWhat are the advantages of CO2 Systems compared to Halon Systems?CO2 is more Environmentally Friendly also Halon Systems are being phased out.On what type of Fires would you use a Foam ExtinguisheClass B Fires:Fires burning liquids such as lubricating oil and fuels.Sketch and describe a Bulk CO2 SystemThe sketch above shows a Bulk CO2 System.The System consisting of a large insulated vessel which holds CO2 at a working pressure of 21 bar at around -20C.To maintain this pressure and temperature a refrigeration circuit is required, one in standby, the other in operation.As it is essential to maintain pressure in the vessel, a heater is also incorporated.The System will discharge into the Engine Room and Hold via a main discharge valve, opening of this valve will shut down ventilation and activate the CO2 alarm, warning personnel of the imminent discharge of CO2, all personnel must then be accounted for and space sealed before discharge of CO2With this System, the actual line to the Engine Room and Other Spaces, where the CO2 is discharged to, will have an individual manual valve and as the System is a Bulk System and the Spaces being discharged to will have different areas, a Chart will pre-determine how long each valve will be opened for, to give proper discharge coverage for each space.What is the Principle Operation of a Flame Detector?As Flame has a characteristic Flicker Frequency of 25Hz, use is made of this fact to trigger an alarm.Flickering radiation from flames reaching the detector lens/filter unit, which only allows infra-red rays to pass and be focused upon the cell.The signal from the cell goes into the selective amplifier, which is tuned to 25Hz, then to a time delay unit (to minimise incidence of False Alarms) then to an alarm circuit.What is the purpose of the two sets of relief valves on a Bulk CO2 System.The purpose of the two sets of relief valves on a Bulk CO2 System is that one set being an L P Set being set at 24.5 bar and designed to relieve excess pressure to atmosphere in the event of over pressure.The H P Set is at 27 bar and is required to discharge into the Compartment, i.e. in the event of a Fire in the Bulk CO2 Compartment, this causes a rapid rise in pressure and in theory CO2 will discharge into the compartment, extinguishing the fire.What is the duration and range of a 136L Trolley Foam Extinguisher?The duration of a 136L Foam Trolley Extinguisher is 15 minutes approximately with a range of around 18m.Explain and sketch a Funnel Inert Gas System.In a Boiler Funnel Inert Gas System, exhaust gas is taken from the Boiler Uptakes and passed through a scrubber tower where the gas is cleaned with sulphur and excess carbon being removed.The Gas which by then is considered inert and mainly contains Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide with less than 5% Oxygen, is then supplied via blowers and deck seal which acts as a non-return valve, along deck pipes to cargo banks.The inert gas being used to blanket the oil cargo during discharging operations.Empty tanks are filled with gas and the inert gas is blown out when oil is loaded.Where would you expect to find a Foam Extinguisher?It would be located in the Engine Room, in the vicinity of Flammable Liquids, also Bunker Stations.What is the gas analysis after the Scrubber Tower on an Inert Gas System.Oxygen:0-1% (Alarm at 5%)Carbon-monoxide:0Carbon Dioxide:14-15%Nitrogen:85%Why should the boiler not be blown down on finding oil contamination?The boiler should not be blown down, as this will cover all heating surfaces with oil i.e. insulating the tubes, heating surfaces.Why is an Alarm Sounded when CO2 is released into the Engine Room?An Alarm is sounded to inform personnel in the Engine Room that the release of CO2 is imminent.The type of Alarm will be visual and sound different from Engine Room Alarm and General Alarm.CO2 can not support Life.What happens to the CO2 System in Drydock?In Drydock the CO2 System must be made inoperable.On what type of Fire would you use a Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher?The Dry Powder can be used on all classes of Fire, but it has no cooling effect.Once a Fire Detector has detected or sensed a fire, what happens?Associated with Fire Detectors is a Circuit connected to an Alarm Panel, which is usually situated on the Bridge, where the Alarm is accepted, usually there is a Repeater Panel in the Engine Control Room.The Panel giving an indication on which Deck and Zone the Detector was activated.Someone will then be sent to investigate and verify if it is a Fire or a False Alarm.POSTED BYSANKET19AT08:44NO COMMENTS: