Safety & Health Consultation Electrical in General Industry.

Safety & Health Consultation

Electrical in General IndustryElectrical in General Industry

NUMBER OF SERIOUS VIOLATIONS – FY 2014

29CF

R 19

10 S

UBP

ARTS

305(b)(2)(i)

305(g)(1)(iv)(A)

305(g)(2)(iii)

305(b)(1)(ii)

303(b)(2)

387

423

487

496

698

ELECTRICAL [1910.301 – 399]

2

PROPER INSTALLATION & USE OF EQUIPMENT

GROUNDING PERMANENT AND EFFECTIVE

FLEXIBLE CORD STRAIN RELIEF

SUBPART S

FLEXIBLE CORDS USED AS FIXED WIRING

PULL/JUNCTION BOX COVERS


Electrical TerminologyElectrical Terminology

• Current – the movement of electrical charge• Resistance – opposition to current flow• Voltage – a measure of electrical force• Conductors – substances, such as metals, that have

little resistance to electricity• Insulators – substances, such as wood, rubber,

glass, and bakelite, that have high resistance to electricity

• Grounding – a conductive connection to the earth which acts as a protective measure

Electrical Utilization SystemsElectrical Utilization Systems• Electrical installations and utilization equipment

installed or used within or on buildings, structures and other premises: – Yards– Carnivals– Parking and other lots– Mobile homes – Recreational vehicles– Industrial substations– Conductors that connect the installations to a supply of electricity– Other outside conductors on the premises

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.302(a)


Electrical HazardsWhat’s the first thing that comes to mind?

Electrical HazardsWhat’s the first thing that comes to mind?

Shock

Burns

Fire

Explosions

Direct: Electrocution

Reaction: Falls

Arc Blast / Arc Flash


Shock & Electrocution LevelsShock & Electrocution Levels

• 1/1000 ampere – Perception level• 1/100 ampere – Muscular contraction• 1/10 ampere – Electrocution

Overcurrent devices

Does NOT trip until at least

15 amperes

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Question???Question???Are over current devices used to protect people?

No, they protect equipment and property


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Electrical Protective DevicesElectrical Protective Devices

• These devices shut off electricity flow in the event of an overload or ground-fault in the circuit

• Include fuses, circuit breakers, and ground-fault circuit-interrupters (GFCI’s)

• Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent devices – When there is too much current:

• Fuses melt• Circuit breakers trip open


Electrical ShockElectrical Shock• Received when current passes

through the body• Severity of the shock depends on:

– Path of current through the body– Amount of current flowing through

the body– Length of time the body is in the

circuit

• LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD


Dangers of Electrical ShockDangers of Electrical Shock

• Currents greater than 75 mA* can cause ventricular fibrillation (rapid, ineffective heartbeat)

• Will cause death in a few minutes unless a defibrillator is used

• 75 mA is not much current – a small power drill uses 30 times as much

* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere

Defibrillator in use


How is an electrical shock received?How is an electrical shock received?

• When two wires have different potential differences (voltages), current will flow if they are connected together– In most household wiring, the black wires are at

110 volts relative to ground– The white wires are at zero volts because they are

connected to ground• If you come into contact with an energized (live)

black wire, and you are also in contact with the white grounded wire, current will pass through your body and YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK


How is an electrical shock received?How is an electrical shock received?

• If you are in contact with an energized wire or any energized electrical component, and also with any grounded object, YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK

• You can even receive a shock when you are not in contact with a ground– If you contact both wires of a 240-volt cable, YOU

WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK and possibly be electrocuted


Electrical HazardsElectrical Hazards

Remember, if it’s an electrocution, it’s a

FATALITY!


FallsFalls

• Electric shock can also cause indirect or secondary injuries

• Workers in elevated locations who experience a shock can fall, resulting in serious injury or death


Electrical Burns Electrical Burns

• Most common shock-related, nonfatal injury

• Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained

• Typically occurs on the hands• Very serious injury that needs

immediate attention


FiresFires

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• A hazard exists when a conductor is too small to safely carry the current

• Example: using a portable tool with an extension cord that has a wire too small for the tool– The tool will draw more current than the cord can handle,

causing overheating and a possible fire without tripping the circuit breaker

– The circuit breaker could be the right size for the circuit but not for the smaller-wire extension cord

Inadequate Wiring HazardsInadequate Wiring Hazards

Inadequate Wiring HazardsInadequate Wiring Hazards


Note: The larger the gauge number, the smaller the wire.


Overload HazardsOverload Hazards

• If too many devices are plugged into a circuit, the current will heat the wires to a very high temperature, which may cause a fire

• If the wire insulation melts, arcing may occur and cause a fire in the area where the overload exists, even inside a wall


ExplosionsArc Blast/Arc Flash

ExplosionsArc Blast/Arc Flash

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“I can work it live because I’m Qualified!”


“The standards require that all work shall be done

de-energized!”

“The standards require that all work shall be done

de-energized!”

1910.331-335

NFPA 70E


ExplosionsExplosions

80% of electrically related accidents, incidents, and fatalities

among Qualified Workers

Caused by

Arc Blast/Arc Flash


Ground-Fault Circuit InterrupterGround-Fault Circuit Interrupter

• This device protects you from dangerous shock

• The GFCI detects a difference in current between the black and white circuit wires (This could happen when electrical equipment is not working correctly, causing current “leakage” – known as a ground fault.)

• If a ground fault is detected, the GFCI can shut off electricity flow in as little as 1/40 of a second, protecting you from a dangerous shock


Grounding HazardsGrounding Hazards

• Some of the most frequently violated OSHA standards

• Metal parts of an electrical wiring system that we touch

(switch plates, ceiling light fixtures, conduit, etc.) should

be at zero volts relative to ground

• Housings of motors, appliances or tools that are plugged

into improperly grounded circuits may become energized

• If you come into contact with an improperly grounded

electrical device, YOU WILL BE SHOCKED


Overhead Powerline HazardsOverhead Powerline Hazards

• Most people don’t realize that overhead powerlines are usually not insulated

• Powerline workers need special training and personal protective equipment (PPE) to work safely

• Do not use metal ladders – instead, use fiberglass ladders

• Beware of powerlines when you work with ladders and scaffolding


Some Examples of OSHA Electrical Requirements . . . .Some Examples of OSHA Electrical Requirements . . . .

ApprovalApproval• Approval. The conductors and equipment

required or permitted by this subpart shall be acceptable only if approved

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.303(a)

Examination, Installation, and UseExamination, Installation, and Use• Employer Obligation

– Electrical equipment must be free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees:• Cables exposed to sharp

edges • Splices• Bare conductors

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.303(b)(1)



• Examination. Safety of equipment shall

determined using the following considerations:– Suitability of equipment for an identified purpose may be

evidenced by listing or labeling for that identified purpose

Examination, Installation, and UseExamination, Installation, and Use

1910.303(b)(2)

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Mechanical Execution of WorkMechanical Execution of Work

• Equipment shall be installed in a neat workmanlike manner

Safety & Health Consultation1910.303(b)(7)

• Unused openings shall be effectively closed to afford protection substantially equivalent to the wall of the equipment.


Mechanical Execution of WorkMechanical Execution of Work

1910.303(b)(7)(i)


• Electrical equipment may not be used unless the

manufacturer's name, trademark, or other

descriptive marking by which the organization

responsible for the product may be identified is

placed on the equipment

Equipment MarkingEquipment Marking

1910.303(e)(1)

1910.302(e)(1)(i)

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• Other markings shall be provided giving

voltage, current, wattage, or other ratings

as necessary. The marking shall be of

sufficient durability to withstand the

environment involved

Equipment MarkingEquipment Marking

480 V

1910.303(e)(1)(ii)


Identification of DisconnectingMeans and Circuits


• Each disconnecting means (dm) legibly marked to indicate its purpose– (Unless so arranged so the purpose is evident)

• A dm is a switch used to disconnect the conductors of a circuit from the source of current

Disconnect switch formotor number 3

1910.303(f)(1)



• Each service, feeder, and branch circuit, at its dm or overcurrent device, legibly and durably marked to indicate its purpose

• Switches and circuit breakers must be clearly labeled to indicate its circuit’s function

Circuit breaker for motors1,2,3, and 4

1910.303(f)(2)


Example of properly labeledelectric service: motors, disconnects and breakers

• Disconnecting means shall be capable of being locked in the open position.




1910.303(f)(4)


Working Space about Electric Equipment


• Sufficient access and working space around all electrical equipment, provided & maintained to provide ready and safe operation and maintenance

• Not used for storage• If located in aisle or general

open area, working space shall be suitably guarded

1910.303(g)


TABLE S-1 - WORKING CLEARANCES ____________________________________________ Nominal voltage Minimum clear distance to ground for condition (2)(ft.)__________________________________________ (a) (b) (c)________________________________________

0-150 .........… (1)3 (1)3 3151-600 .......… (1)3 3 1/2 4________________________________________Footnote(1) Minimum clear distances may be 2 feet 6 inches for installations built prior to April 16, 1981.




If the nominal voltage to ground is from 151 - 600 V:

1910.303(g)(1)(i)


Equipment Illumination Equipment Illumination

• Illumination provided for

all working spaces about

service equipment,

switchboards, panel-

boards, and motor control

centers installed indoors.

1910.303(g)(1)(v)


Headroom Headroom

• The minimum headroom

of working spaces about

service equipment,

switchboards, panel-

boards, or motor control

centers shall be 6 feet 3

inches

6'3"

1910.303(g)(1)(vi)

Guarding of Live PartsGuarding of Live Parts

• Live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more must be guarded.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.303(g)(2)(i)


Identification of ConductorsIdentification of Conductors

• A conductor used as a grounded

conductor shall be identifiable and

distinguishable from all other

conductors.

• A conductor used as an equipment

grounding conductor shall be

identifiable and distinguishable

from all other conductors

1910.304(a)(1)


Identification of ConductorsIdentification of Conductors• Grounded conductor and equipment grounding

conductors marked or color coated so that employees can i.d. and tell apart

• Grounded conductor is an energized circuit (conductor that is connected to earth through the system ground) Commonly referred to as the neutral


Grounding ConductorsGrounding Conductors

• Equipment grounding conductor acts as a safeguard against insulation failure or faults in the other circuit conductors

• Not an energized conductor under normal conditions.

• Energized if a leak or fault in the normal current path• Directs current back to the source • Enabling fuses or circuit breakers to operate


Identification of ConductorsIdentification of Conductors• Grounded conductor i.d. and distinguished from other

conductors w/ white or gray

• Equipment grounding conductor i.d. and distinguished

w/green, green w/ yellow stripes, or bare


Use and Identification of Grounded and Grounding Conductors

Use and Identification of Grounded and Grounding Conductors

• No grounded conductor may be attached to any

terminal or lead so as to reverse polarity

Correct polarity between the

ungrounded (hot) conductor, the

grounded (neutral) conductor,

and the grounding conductor

must be maintained

1910.304(a)(2)

• Safety factor of 20%


Branch CircuitsBranch Circuits

Circuit rating (amperes)

Receptacle rating (amperes)

Maximum load (amperes)

15 or 20 15 12

20 20 16

30 30 24

TABLE S–4. — Maximum Cord- and Plug- Connected Load to Receptacle

1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(B)


Disconnecting MeansDisconnecting Means

1000kV

• General. Means provided to disconnect all conductors in a building from the service-entrance conductors.

• The disconnecting means shall plainly indicate whether it is in the open or closed position

• Installed at a readily accessible location

1910.304(e)(1)


Services over 600 volts, nominalServices over 600 volts, nominal

1000kV

Danger

• Guarded to make them accessible only to qualified

persons

• Signs warning of high voltage shall be posted where

other than qualified employees might come in

contact with live parts

1910.304(e)(2)


Overcurrent ProtectionOvercurrent Protection

1000kVDanger

• 600 volts or less:– Overcurrent devices readily accessible to each employee – May not be located where they will be exposed to physical

damage nor in the vicinity of easily ignitable material– Fuses and circuit breakers located or shielded that

employees will not be burned or otherwise injured by their operation

1910.304(f)


Circuit BreakersCircuit Breakers

1000kVDanger

• Circuit breakers shall clearly indicate whether

they are in the open (off) or closed (on)

position

1910.304(f)(1)(vi)


GroundingGrounding

• The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures must be permanent and continuous

• Violation shown here is an extension cord with a missing grounding prong

1910.304(g)(5)


GroundingGrounding

• Required to protect employees against:

– Shock

– Safeguard against fire

– Protect equipment from damage


GroundingGrounding

• There are two kinds of grounding:

–Electrical circuit or system grounding

–Electrical equipment grounding


Electrical System GroundingElectrical System Grounding

• One conductor of the circuit is

intentionally grounded to earth

• Protects circuit from lightning, or other high

voltage contact

• Stabilizes the voltage in the system so “expected

voltage levels” are not exceeded under normal

conditions


Equipment GroundingEquipment Grounding• All metal frames & enclosures of equipment are

grounded by a permanent connection or bond

• The equipment grounding conductor provides a path for dangerous fault current to return to the system ground at the supply source should a fault occur


Hand-Held Electric ToolsHand-Held Electric Tools• Hand-held electric tools pose a

potential danger because they make continuous good contact with the hand

• To protect you from shock, burns, and electrocution, tools must:– Have a three-wire cord with ground

and be plugged into a grounded receptacle, or

– Be double insulated, or– Be powered by a low-voltage isolation

transformer1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(3)


Note: Properly bonded conduit and associated metal enclosures can also serve as a grounding conductor.


Guarding of Live PartsGuarding of Live Parts• Must guard live parts of electric

equipment operating at 50 volts or more against accidental contact by: – Approved cabinets/enclosures, or– Location or permanent partitions

making them accessible only to qualified persons, or

– Elevation of 8 ft. or more above the floor or working surface

• Mark entrances to guarded locations with conspicuous warning signs

1910.303(g)(2)(i)


• Other forms of approved enclosures, or by any of the following means by:– Location in a room, vault, accessible only to qualified persons– Permanent, substantial partitions or screens– By location on a suitable balcony or platform as to exclude

unqualified persons– Elevation of 8 feet or more above the floor or other

working surface


1910.303(g)(2)



• Must enclose or guard electric equipment in locations where it would be exposed to physical damage

Violation shown here is physical damage to conduit

1910.303(g)(2)(ii)


Wiring in Ducts Wiring in Ducts

• No wiring systems of any type installed in ducts

used to transport dust, loose stock or flammable

vapors

1910.305(a)(1)(ii)


Temporary Wiring Temporary Wiring

• All lamps for general illumination shall be protected from accidental contact or breakage by a suitable fixture or lampholder with a guard. Brass shell, paper-lined sockets, or other metal-cased sockets may not be used unless the shell is grounded.

1910.305(a)(2)(ix)


Temporary Wiring Temporary Wiring • Flexible cords and cables shall be protected from

accidental damage • Sharp corners and projections shall be avoided. • Where passing through doorways or other pinch

points, flexible cords and cables shall be provided with protection to avoid damage

1910.305(a)(2)(x)


• Conductors can be damaged if they rub against the sharp edges of cabinets, boxes, or fittings

• Where they enter they must be protected by some type of clamp or rubber grommet

• The device used must close the hole through which the conductor passes as well as provide protection from abrasion

Conductors Entering Boxes, Cabinets or Fittings


1910.305(b)(1)




• All pull boxes, junction boxes and fittings must be provided with covers identified for the purpose

• If covers are metal they must be grounded.• Each outlet box must have a cover, faceplate or fixture

canopy

1910.305(b)(2)(i)


Use of Flexible CordsUse of Flexible Cords

• Where passing through doorways or other pinch points, flexible cords and cables shall be provided with protection to avoid damage

1910.305(a)(2)(x)


Use of Flexible CordsUse of Flexible Cords• More vulnerable than fixed wiring• Do not use if one of the recognized

wiring methods can be used instead• Flexible cords can be damaged by:

– Aging– Door or window edges– Staples or fastenings– Abrasion from adjacent materials– Activities in the area

• Improper use of flexible cords can cause shocks, burns or fire

1910.305(g)


Permissible Uses of Flexible CordsExamples

Permissible Uses of Flexible CordsExamples

Pendant, orFixture Wiring

Portable lamps,tools or appliances

Stationary equipment-to facilitate interchange

1910.305(g)(1)(ii)


Prohibited Uses of Flexible CordsExamples

Prohibited Uses of Flexible CordsExamples

Substitute for fixed wiring

Run through walls, ceilings, floors, doors, or windows

Concealed behind or attached to building surfaces

1910.305(g)(1)

Flexible CordsFlexible Cords

• Flexible cords must be connected to devices and fittings.– Strain relief must be provided to prevent pull from

being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws.

Safety & Health Consultation 1910.305(g)(2)(iii)


Electrical Safety Related Work Practices

1910.331 - 335

Electrical Safety Related Work Practices

1910.331 - 335


80% of electrically related accidents, incidents, and fatalities

among Qualified Workers

Caused by

Arc Blast /Arc Flash


What electrical hazard is responsible for nearly 80% of the accidents, incidents, and fatalities among Unqualified Workers?

Electrocution

Usually associated with a lack of

Equipment Grounding!


Electrical SafetyRelated Work Practices

Electrical SafetyRelated Work Practices

• 1910.331(a)(1) Premise Wiring. Installations of electric conductors and equipment within or on buildings or other structures, and on other premises such as yards, carnival parking, and other lots, and industrial substations;

• 1910.399 Equipment. A general term including material, fittings, devices, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like, used as part of, or in connection with an electrical

installation.


Does this standard apply to a technician working at a repair center, diagnosing / troubleshooting and repairing:

Microwave ovens? Yes

TV’s and VCR’s? Yes

Computers? Yes

Lamps? Yes

Anything electrical? Yes


Protection by Electrical Installation Standards

Protection by Electrical Installation Standards

1 – Avoid contact

a – Guard

b – Insulate

c – Elevate

2 – Grounding

(Equipment Ground)

3 - GFCI


Safety Related Work PracticesSafety Related Work Practices• Covers:

• Qualified persons (those who have training in avoiding the electrical hazards)

• Unqualified persons (those with little or no such training)

1910.331 - 335


Safety Related Work PracticesSafety Related Work Practices• Qualified persons: (i.e. those permitted to work on or near

exposed energized parts) shall, at a minimum, be trained in

and familiar with the following:– The skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live

parts from other parts of electric equipment

– The skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal

voltage of exposed live parts

1910.331 - 335


Unqualified PersonsUnqualified Persons

• .332(a) Training requirements apply to employees who face the risk of shock not reduced to a safe level by installation requirements of .301 - .308 Subpart S

• (b)(2) also trained in electrical safe work practices not addressed here but which is necessary for their safety

• .334 Use of portable equipment


Unqualified PersonsUnqualified Persons• Another way to say this is, unqualified workers:

• Are normally protected by the installation requirements by Subpart S

However

• If their work exposes them to electrical hazards which would otherwise be protected according to Subpart S, they must be trained.

• Trained to recognize and avoid hazards encountered or likely to encounter while working.


Safety Related Work PracticesSafety Related Work Practices• Unqualified person working near overhead lines, the

person and the longest conductive object they may contact cannot come closer to any energized overhead line than the following distances:– For voltages to ground 50kV or below - 10 feet– For voltages to ground over 50kV - 10 feet plus 4 inches

for every 10kV over 50kV

1910.331 - 335


Safety Related Work PracticesSafety Related Work Practices

• While any employee is exposed to contact with

parts of fixed electric equipment or circuits

which have been deenergized, the circuits

energizing the parts shall be locked out or

tagged or both*

1910.331 - 335


Use of Portable EquipmentUse of Portable Equipment

• 1910.334(a) covers:– Cordsets (extension cords)– Cord and plug connected equipment– For unqualified as well as qualified workers



• 1910.334(a)– Don’t abuse, damage, or use for a rope (a)(1)

In other words don’t use the cord to

raise or lower equipment


This standard addresses the root cause factors of these recurring hazards….

As a result, we will have a positive and lasting effect on safety and ultimately eradicate recurring hazards.

http://imgs.ebuild.com/cms/El_Nuevo_Constructor/2007/May/38624/image6.jpg



• 1910.334– (a)(1) Don’t abuse damage, or use as a rope.

– (a)(2) Visually inspect before use.

– (a)(2) Loose parts, deformed/bent pins or

blades, missing pins or blades, (GROUND

PIN).



• 1910.334– (a)(2) Damage to outer jacket, evidence of

damage, pinched /crushed.

– (a)(2)(ii) Shall be removed from service and not

used until repaired



The purpose of the equipment grounding conductor is to …

Prevent Electrocution

In the event of a fault or short circuit in the tool or equipment



• Portable electric equipment and

flexible cords used in highly

conductive work locations, or in job

locations where employees are likely

to contact water or conductive liquids,

shall be approved for those locations

1910.331 - 335



• Conductive articles of jewelry and clothing (such a

watch bands, bracelets, rings, key chains,

necklaces, etc...) may not be worn if they might

contact exposed energized parts

1910.331 - 335


Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

• Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses• Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or

junction boxes• GFCI that shuts off a circuit• Worn or frayed insulation around wire or

connection


TrainingTraining

• Deenergizing electric equipment before inspecting or making repairs

• Using electric tools that are in good repair• Using good judgment when working near

energized lines• Using appropriate protective equipment

Train employees working with electric equipment in safe work practices, including:


SummarySummaryHazards• Inadequate wiring• Exposed electrical parts• Wires with bad insulation• Ungrounded electrical

systems and tools• Overloaded circuits• Damaged power tools and

equipment• Using the wrong PPE and

tools• Overhead powerlines• All hazards are made worse

in wet conditions

Protective Measures• Proper grounding• Using GFCI’s• Using fuses and circuit

breakers• Guarding live parts• Proper use of flexible

cords• Training


Your Questions?Your Questions?

Safety & Health Consultation Electrical in General Industry.

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Transcript of Safety & Health Consultation Electrical in General Industry.