conceived as action at a distance, as a compressor of time and space pressure, as a tool for accelerating interdependence, as making the world shrink and as an agent of change in contemporary political system. It is also explained that not all scholars believe in globalization which they perceive as a myth or an ideology to promote new liberal imperialism. Students are exposed to this great theoretical debate between globalists and skeptics and are encouraged to find their own understanding of the phenomenon.

Lecture XIV: International Political Economy Due to the fact that not every student of IR might have a background in Economics, it is

necessary to familiarize students with basic elements of macroeconomics. Therefore, most of the lecture is devoted to explaining to students such basic concepts as free trade, the balance of payments (its constituting categories and some examples), monetary and fiscal policy, exchange rates and trade deficits, how exchange rates affect trade and relationships between exchange rates, trade and macroeconomic policy.

As for the theories of IPE, lecture covers such theories as hegemonic stability theory, North South debates, economic globalization and the role of states.

100

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis

Teoria

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi

socialuri mecnerebebis magistraturisaTvis

eka akobia

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 6 – 6

Lecture XII: Small States in International Relations

The lecture starts off by discussing Dr. Alexander Rondeli’s book on Small States in International Relations, which students are given to read in full. It is explained that the issue of small states in IR is fraught with contradictions and conceptual confusion over definitions of what is small and what is weak. There are absolute definitions of the term and also relative definitions. The Neorealist School applies the relative definitions of small states. For them power is the most important factor in the international relations. Powerful states are those that can exert their influence on the international system. Consequently, small states are those that can not have any significant influence on the changes in international system.

For Kenneth Waltz, the main criterion that qualifies a state as being small is precisely their inability to amend international system. For Neorealists small states are “rather stakes than players” they are “consumers rather than producers of the security.” Some authors go even further and treat small states as ‘anachronisms’ of international relations. “A small state is a vacuum in a high pressure area. It does not live because of its strength but because nobody wants its territory, or because its preservation as a buffer state or as a weight in the balance of power is of interest to a stronger nation. When the balance disappears, the small state usually disappears with it”. One of the most accepted definition of the small state comes from Keohane, who combines Rothstein’s subjective element with Neorealist systemic effect and concludes that weakness/strength of the country should derive from the “systemic role that states’ leaders see their countries playing”. By applying psychological and systemic criteria Keohane concludes, that “a small power is a state whose leaders consider that it can never, acting alone or in a small group make a significant impact on a system.

Schweller categorizes the states as lions, lambs, jackals and wolves. The first two are

the status-quo states whereas the other two are revisionist. Lions are the great powers that rule the system and promote their national interests, often even by force. Jackals are those countries that value what they have more than what they can obtain from the system, but who would definitely get involved in the conflict if the chance of gaining is reasonable. Wolves value what they might obtain more than what they have and in most cases they are the aggressor states, whereas the lambs are the weak states, who try to stay away from the world politics and maintain their security by all means. According to Schweller weak states are termed as lambs since “they possess relatively weak capabilities, or suffer from poor state-society relations for a variety of reasons; their elites and institutions may lack legitimacy with the masses; they may be internally divided along ethnic, political, class, religious or tribal lines; the state’s ideology may conflict and be imposed on the popular culture; or they may be what Samuel Huntington calls torn countries: states “that have a fair” degree of cultural homogeneity but are divided over whether their society belongs to one civilization or another” (Schweller, 1994).

Lecture XIII: Globalization This lecture is aimed at first of all introducing the essentials of Globalization to

students, that is what does the phenomenon represent, what are the indicators and what kind of effect does it have. It is explained that due to the complexity of the process there is no single agreed upon definition of Globalization. However, in general it has been variously

99

Robert McCalla also builds on the literature on international institutions to explain NATO persistence after the Cold War. In his case study he shows how NATO shed its Cold War responsibilities and replaced them with new mechanisms that were necessary to deal with the new security environment.

Constructivism: Constructivists mostly think of institutions, as the “institutional articulation of international communities of values and norms whose definitions, rules, and principles are encoded in the prescriptions” they elaborate “for nation state practice” (Connie L. McNeely , 1995). The enlargement of an institution is perceived as a process of “socialization” during which an international community and its organizations “teach” their constitutive norms and values to states and societies.” The organization is interested in spreading its norms and values and thus the cost of “teaching” has a marginal or subordinate role. However, costs should not extend beyond the capabilities of the member states in order not to threaten the existence of the organization itself.

Thus, for constructivists, NATO is not simply a military alliance as it is for realists, nor is it a functional international institution alone as regarded by liberal institutionalists; rather, it is an organization of an international community of values and norms. It is embedded in the Euro-Atlantic or “Western” community and represents its military arm. Therefore, the NATO enlargement process starts when “a state seeks membership,” that is to say, when a state is interested in sharing Western norms and values and actual membership is granted when a country is perceived by the community as reliably sharing the liberal values and the multilateralist norms of the Western community. Based on the above mentioned notion of “socialization” and “teaching,” Shimmelfennig hypothesizes that a state is included into an international organization if it reliably shares the community values and norms. The faster it learns, the earlier it becomes a member.

Lecture XI: International Relations and Domestic Politics

As domestic and international relations are criss-crossing each other, naturally they determine and influence each other. The question however is how and when do these two levels define and influence each other. An answer to this question is given by Robert D. Putnat in his renown article Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of two Level Games and his subsequent edited volume Double Edged Diplomacy which offers ample case studies where both domestic and international decision making are involved.

Putnam suggests to look at international negotiations as two level games, that is game at the national level, and game at the domestic level. As it turns out neither of the two games can be ignored by central decision-makers, so long as their countries remain interdependent, yet sovereign. The Success of the negotiation depends on the size of the win-sets and whether the win-sets of the two parties overlap. He defines win-sets as the set of all possible Level I (international) agreements that would win, that is gain necessary majority among constituents at Level II (domestic level). Thus, contours of the Level II win-sets are very important for understanding Level I agreements. Larger the win-sets bigger the chance of an agreement and vise-versa.

98

sarCevi

leqcia I

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

disciplinis Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi 4

leqcia II

Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 14

leqcia III

klasikuri realizmi 17

leqcia IV

neorealizmi 22

leqcia V

TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi 30

leqcia VI

liberalizmi 34

leqcia VII

reJimebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 40

leqcia VIII

TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi 44

leqcia IX

konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika 48

leqcia X

natos gafarToeba da

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi 55

leqcia XI

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika 62

leqcia XII

patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 66

leqcia XIII

globalizacia 71

leqcia XII

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia 74

THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 90

3

leqcia I: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplinis

Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis,

rogorc samecniero disciplinis Camoyalibeba

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, rogorc akademiuri disciplinis Camo-

yalibeba didad ganapiroba XX saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios dapiris-

pirebul banakebad dayofam da 1914 wels pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebam.

CamoyalibebisTanave saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTarda konkre-

tuli ideologiuri mimarTulebiT da misi xedva aigo erTi Teoriis —

idealizmis safuZvelze. pirveli msoflio omiT gamowveuli didZali

msxverplis Sedegad msoflioSi momwifda Sexeduleba, rom aucilebelad

unda Seswavliliyo omis gamomwvevi mizezebi, raTa momavalSi Tavidan

aecilebinaT msgavsi damangreveli movlenebi. swored idealizmi gaxda is

ideologia, romlis principebze dayrdnobiTac momavalSi kacobriobas

unda SeZleboda am damangreveli fenomenis Tavidan acileba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvel msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebi, rogorc samecniero disciplina ar arsebobda da mis funqciebs

ZiriTadad samarTali da istoria iTavsebda. ZiriTadad istorikosebi,

ufro zustad ki, diplomatiis istorikosebi iyvnen dakavebulni sxva-

dasxva istoriuli faqtebis analiziT, Tumca, am faqtebis ganzogadebasa

da daskvnebis gamotanaze aravin fiqrobda. aseve aRsaniSnavia, publicis-

tikis da Jurnalistebis roli; aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT vinme ainStainis

statia, romelic pirveli msoflio omis win gamoqveynda amerikaSi, sadac

avtori mouwodebda amerikis mTavrobas yuradReba mieqcia evropaSi mim-

dinare movlenebisaTvis da ar gaegrZelebina izolacionisturi politika.

imisaTvis, rom kargad mivxvdeT ra Teoriuli foni iyo Seqmnili

pirveli msoflio omis droindel evropaSi, sakmarisia gavixsenoT karl

fon klauzevicis sityvebi — omi diplomatiis ufro Zlieri formaa, xolo

sabrZolo asparezi molaparakebebis konferenciis gagrZeleba. aqedan

Cans, rom omi sul ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda rogorc

instrumenti politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. mxolod pirveli msoflio

omis Semdeg mixvdnen wamyvani qveynebis politikuri elitebi, rom omis

Sedegad miRebuli situacia ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo aravisTvis mom-

gebiani da swored pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna pirveli saswavlo

centrebi da departamentebi, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi iswav-

leboda. pirveli kaTedra, sadac saerTaSoriso politika iswavleboda,

iyo uelsSi, aberisTviTis universitetSi, xolo saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebis departamenti pirvelad jorjtaunis universitetSi daarsda. ori-

vegan es moxda 1919 wels.

am periodSi moRvawe specialistebis mier omi aRqmul iqna rogorc

tragedia, radgan pirvelma msoflio omma moitana uamravi msxverpli.

zogierT brZolebSi 100 000-ze meti adamianic ki daRupula (magaliTad,

4

Lecture X: NATO Enlargement and IR Theories This lecture is aimed at displaying to the students how different theories of International

Relations explain the same issue differently. At the same time the idea is to show that no theory can explicate the issue to the fullest and each of them offers a different perspective of the issues which in the end gives a better understanding of the real world situation, in our case the NATO enlargement after the end of the Cold War.

Realism: the early prediction of realists on the fate of NATO was that it should disappear with the collapse of the Soviet Union or reconstruct itself on the basis of the new distribution of power in Europe. Realists have been heavily chastised for not being able to predict NATO’s fate, an institution that not only persisted after the end of the Cold War, but also emerged as the most dynamic military organization in the world. Despite their initial failure to predict the fall of NATO, realists argued that they had not been altogether wrong in their predictions. For example, Keneth Waltz argues in his essay “the Balance of Power and NATO expansion” that his prediction has been already borne out, since one cannot say against whom NATO is defending.

Waltz explains NATO expansion in terms of the balance of power. He argues that with the demise of the Soviet Union the international political system became unipolar, with the US as the single most powerful nation in the world. According to Waltz, “as nature abhors vacuum, so international politics abhors unbalanced power.”Waltz names three reasons why the decision to enlarge NATO came into being. First, the one with the least importance for Waltz is the fact that organizations, especially big ones, have long lives. The second and most important reason is that NATO expansion is a means of maintaining and lengthening America’s presence in the foreign and military affairs of Europe. The third reason is the influence of domestic politics on the decision taken by the US executive. In other words, Waltz demonstrates that institutions serve national rather then international interests, unlike the other two theories discussed below.

Liberalism: A central claim of institutionalist theory is that once created, institutions tend to persist, because it is cheaper to maintain institutions than to create new ones. Therefore, when confronted with new sets of problems, states seek to modify an already existing institution to meet new challenges. Thus, institutional liberal theories have easier time explaining why NATO persisted after the end of the Cold War even when the enemy that it was supposed to counter disappeared. To illustrate a liberal point of view this lecture looks at major work on this issue, mainly of Celeste Wallander and Robert McCalla.

In her efforts to explain NATO expansion, Celeste Wallander provides a great addition to the institutionalist literature. She agrees with Keohane that institutions persist because they are costly to create and less costly to maintain, so they may remain useful despite changed circumstances; however, she states that this argument is incomplete, since it does not tell us when institutions persist and when they do not.

According to Wallander, “an institution will not persist if it no longer serves the interests of its members . . . either the institution adapts to change depends on whether its assets – its norms, rules, and procedures – are specific or general, and on whether its mix of assets matches the kinds of security problems faced by its members.” According to Wallander, NATO persists because it developed general assets during the Cold War, such as transparency among its members, civilian control over the military, practices and procedures for consultation, an integrated command structure, interoperability among its members, logistics and air defense, and a common economic infrastructure.

97

Lecture IX: Constructivism This lecture is devoted to explaining constructivism as a theory of IR. A seminal work by

Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is what States Make of It is discussed, which in fact is one of the most popular and most cited pieces of writing in IR. In his article, Wendt contests the assumption by Waltz about international relations. Wendt accepts the main ontological assumptions of Neorealists’, asserting that contemporary state system constitutes a competitive self-help system but he rejects the traditional Waltzian understanding of anarchy, disputs the causal relations between anarchy and the self-help system and attempts to demonstrate that anarchy does not necessarily generate self-help.

Wendt argus that self-help, far from being a natural corollary to anarchy, is only an institution. States created it so states could change it as well. For Wendt, Neorealists make a priori assumptions about the state identity, which is unacceptable. State identity in Neorealist terms, would be the perception of the world as a self-help system, which initially predisposes a state to the use of force. There is no reason, according to Wendt, to give self-help such an “exalted position”, since Neorealists in the first place fail to explain how does anarchy lead to the self-help system.

Wendt on the other hand argues that the identity of the states is shaped not by the structure but by the process and interactions among the states. Structure of the international systems, as defined by Waltz in terms of ordering principle, distribution of capabilities and the character of the units can not explain why do states appear in the self-help world. What explains the identity of the units (whether self-help or not) is the process of interaction among the units. Fundamental claim that Wendt is making is that people and states act towards objects according to what meaning that object carries. Alter will only use force or try to diminish Ego, if they are foes and not friends, rivals, rather than allies. These collective meanings constitute the structures which organize the state actions.

Wendt does not preclude the possibility of the state system where states can only rely on the self-help, what he argues is that, focusing only on this type of system does not give the full picture of the international relations. In contrast he suggests that international security systems can be either competitive, individualistic or cooperative, which he later dubbed in his book as Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian systems. Only first two of these are characterized by self-help, while the third is a cooperative system where collective prosocial interests prevail.

This lecture also considers Jonathan Mercer’s critique of Wendt. Mercer strikes at the core of Wendt’s argument that states might produce other system than self-help, which is an other-help system. by analyzing European Union and applying SIT Mercer demonstrates that group of European States, even though they cooperate still discriminate against those states who are out of the group. In short, by identifying their own group against some other group, states still create self-help system which is far from the altruistic other-help system. Within their own group states might have the convergence of their national identities towards a common European identity, which is still a doubtful issue, though they still identify themselves negatively and restrictively against different groups. Example for that would be simple. Immigration and asylum policy of the European Union, the developments of the concepts of the safe third countries and the growth of the readmission agreements demonstrate that European Union is more discriminatory against the citizens and nationals of the foreign states than of their own. Social Identity Theory and Mercer’s application of the theory do not suggest that constructivist approach is not valid. The emphasis on identity is ‘exciting’, though it does not explain how the system can change, neither can it explain how the process changes the identity and then the system.

96

safrangeTi, 1916 weli). amis gamarTleba ar arsebobda. dikinsoni ambobda,

rom “omi ar aris adamianis bunebis gardauvali Sedegi, is bunebis gar-

kveuli pirobebSi gamovlenaa,” xolo arnold toinbim oms “kacobriobis

momakvdinebeli seni” uwoda.

idealizmi gaxda erTgvari pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom xdeba omi? ratom

ganagrZobdnen oms qveynebi maSin, rodesac amdeni msxverplis gaTvalis-

winebiT omidan Semosuli mogeba sul ufro mcirdeboda.

am kiTxvebze pasuxi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis farglebSi didad

iyo dafuZnebuli or oms Soris gabatonebul tradiciaze, romelic li-

beraluri idealizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am tradiciis mixedviT, saWiro

iyo ZalTa balansis da aliansebis sistemis Secvla.

maSasadame, idealizmze dafuZnebuli xedva/mizani iyo Semdegi: msof-

lio sistemis reformireba da avtokratiul saxelmwifoebSi Sida cvli-

lebebis moxdena.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis, vudro uilsonis mier wa-

moyenebuli cnobili 14 punqti miiCneva idealizmis manifestad. igi moi-

cavs punqtebs saidumlo diplomatis aRkveTis Sesaxeb da SeTanxmebebis

Riad dadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ouwodebs, rom iyos navigaciis Ta-

visufleba, TviTgamorkveva yvelasTvis, SeiaraRebis Semcireba da ase Sem-

deg, xolo bolo punqtad mocemuli aqvs erTa ligis Camoyalibeba, ro-

melic unda yofiliyo organizacia, romelic daicavda saerTaSoriso

wesrigs da mSvidobas.

vilsoniseuli idealizmi mokled rom vTqvaT, gulisxmobda racio-

naluri da inteligenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnas da amiT

omis Sekavebas, rac unda gamxdariyo safuZveli msoflioSi samudamo

mSvidobis damkvidrebisa.

norman anjeli aseve aris idealizmis erT-erTi TvalsaCino war-

momadgeneli. Tavis naSromSi — didi iluzia (1909), igi ambobda, rom

zogierTs jer kidev hgonia, rom omi aris momgebiani, xolo dRevandel

samyaroSi es ase ar aris. anjeli gamoTqvamda imeds, rom saxelmwifoebi

(maTi liderebi) Tu gaiziareben am faqts, mixvdebian omis uSedegobas da

usargeblobas. misi azriT, rac ufro win waiwevda modernizacia, miT ufro

urTierTdamokidebuli gaxdeboda msoflio da Sesabamisad omi gaxdeboda

usargeblo.

uilsonis da anjelis mosazrebebi eyrdnoba azrs, rom adamianebi arian

racionalurebi, da Tuki isini gonebiT miudgebian saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebs maSin Seqmnian iseT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, romlebic

yvelas sikeTes moutans.

liberaluri ideebis gavrcelebis erT-erTi triumfi iyo saxelmwi-

foebs Soris 1928 wels dadebuli kelog-brianis paqti, romlis mixed-

viTac saxelmwifoebi uars acxadebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

Zalis gamoyenebaze da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas

irCevdnen. magram, istoriam naTelhyo liberaluri ideologiis kraxi.

nacizmis aRzevebasTan erTad — italia, espaneTi, germania, aRmosavleT

5

evropa gaxdnen avtoritarulni, demokratiulis magivrad. amasTan erTad

yvelaze didi kraxi ganicada erTa ligam. igi Cavarda xuT umniSvnelovanes

SemTxvevaSi (iaponia-manjuria, italia abisinia, bolivia-paragvai, espa-

neTis samoqalaqo omi da ssrk-fineTi).

amasTan erTad, anjelis mosazrebebic imis Sesaxeb, rom msoflio xdeba

sul ufro da ufro urTierTdamokidebuli da omi xdeba aramimzidveli

instrumenti, ar gamarTlda: vaWroba sagrZnoblad Semcirda da indus-

triuli ganviTareba Senelda imdenad, rom igi gaxda mxolod mesamedi

imisa, rac iyo mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi.

Sesabamisad, istoriis msvlelobam aCvena, rom Zala kvlavac iyo

umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da rom TanamSromlobam

da koleqtiurma usafrTxoebam, erTa ligis saxiT, ver gaamarTla (Tumca,

erTa ligam did warmatebas miaRwia sxva sakiTxebSi — pirveli msoflio

omis ltolvilebi, narkotikebis Sekaveba, trefikingi da ase Semdeg).

pirveli debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi:

realizmis aRmoceneba — “ocwliani krizisi” 1

liberaluri idealizmi ar iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kargi

inteleqtualuri megzuri 1930-ian wlebSi. urTierTdamokidebulebam ar

warmoSva mSvidobiani TanamSromloba da erTa ligac win ver aRudga

totalitaruli da eqspansionisturi qveynebis destruqciul qmedebebs.

Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xelaxla gaJRerda klasikuri

realistebis: Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis moZRvrebebi.

liberaluri idealizmis yvelaze yovlismomcveli kritika mogvca

britanelma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistma eduard qarma,

Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil naSromSi ”ocwliani krizisi”, romelic

pirvelad 1939 wels gamoica. qaris TqmiT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

liberalurma moazrovneebma arasworad waikiTxes istoriuli faqtebi da

ver gauges saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis bunebas. maT SecdomiT swamdaT,

rom aseTi urTierTobebi SeiZleboda dafuZneboda qveynebs da xalxebs

Soris interesebis harmoniulobas. qaris TqmiT yvelaferi piriqiTaa: Cven

unda vivaraudoT, rom arsebobs fundamenturi interesTa konfliqti

qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris. zogierTi qveyana da zogierTi erebi ukeT

arian, vidre sxvebi. isini Seecdebian TavianTi privilegirebuli poziciis

SenarCunebas da dacvas. uqonlebi ki ibrZoleben situaciis Sesacvlelad.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, martivad rom iTqvas, aris swored brZola

aseT konfliqtur iteresebsa da survilebs Soris. swored am mizeziT

1 Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations: theories and approaches, Oxford University Press, second edition, 2003, p. 34-63.

6

interdependence in an information age means even more open channels of communication between different societies in the world. However, information revolution is still in its early phase and power politics still dominates international relations because information is flowing in the domains already occupied by politics. At the same time, interdependence is not global. Industrial countries with soft and hard power resources, which are mainly advanced democracies, have an upper hand.

Lecture VII: Institutions This lecture focuses on institutions, their theoretical underpinnings and their utility for

facilitating international cooperation. Institutions are defined mainly as set of rules which govern state action in particular areas. These sets of rules are also called regimes. Stephen Krasner offers the most elaborative definition of regimes: “International regimes are defined as principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors expectations converge in a given issue-area.” The three major approaches that exist towards regimes, which are structural approach, modified structural approach and an approach based on Grotiusian tradition is discussed. In summary, we identify that traditional structural approach does not perceive regimes seriously, they believe that if main causal indicators change, regimes will change as well and that regimes cannot affect actions independently. According to modified structural approach regimes are important only when independent decisions can lead to unfavorable ends and the third approach maintains that regimes are inalienable parts of social life and consequently of international system.

The great debate on the futility or utility of regimes/institutions that is ensuing among realists and liberal institutionalists is also covered by taking look at John Mearsheimer’s “False Promise of International Institutions”, Lisa Martin and Robert Keohane’s reply article “Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” and a “Realist Reply,” by Mearsheimer.

Lecture VIII: Cooperation under Anarchy Based on historical evidence, there have been more conflicts than instances of

cooperation - situation which provides a fertile ground for realism to flourish. According to realism, relations between states in the anarchical world is doomed to the state of constant conflict in which states can only count on themselves. Whatever cooperation exists in the world they prescribe it to the hegemonic order. This means that hegemon, the US, creates institutions which facilitate cooperation but that these institutions are carriers of hegemonic interests and their existence is related to the existence of a hegemon.

Representatives of liberal school deny the aforementioned argument and point at contemporary networks of cooperation in many fields which they see as a positive current in the world politics. We discuss Robert Keohane’s After Hegemony as an example of how liberal institutionalism sees institutions and their role in world politics. It also explains game theories (based on Keohane and Jervis) and how they are illustrating difficulties of cooperation (prisoner’s dilemma).

95

Van Evera lists several circumstances that affect the change in offense-defense balance. These are: military technology and doctrine, geography, national security structure, and diplomatic arrangements, especially defensive alliance or balancing behavior by offshore powers. Van Evera asserts that “the net offense-defense balance is an aggregate of these military, geographic, social, and diplomatic factors.”

Lecture VI: Liberalism This lecture gives an introduction to liberalism as a theory of international relations. First

of all, lecture draws upon the basic differences between realism and liberalism and pinpoints the areas which constitute points of departure between them. Liberals generally share a positive view of human nature. Similar to realists, they also recognize that individuals are self-interested and competitive up to a point but also believe that they can engage in a cooperative social action when the common interests exist on both domestic and international level. In short, the departure point between realists and liberals is that liberals do not agree with the idea that wars and conflicts are inevitable and believe in the possibility of cooperation. Liberalism is also divided in several strands of thinking which are covered in this lecture. These are sociological liberalism, interdependence liberalism, republican liberalism and institutional liberalism.

Sociological liberalism refers to the liberal school of thought which believes that confining the study of IR only to states is very narrowly focused and pays more attention to transnational relations, that is relations between people, groups and organizations who belong to different countries. This strand is also called pluralism due to the fact that it looks at many different types of actors. Works of James Rosenau, Karl Deutsch and John Burton are considered in this lecture. In summary, the main logic of sociological liberalism is conveyed as a studying relations between individuals, groups and societies. The main belief of this strand is that a world with a large number of transnational networks will be more peaceful.

Interdependence means that peoples and governments are affected by the actions of their counterparts in other countries. Higher level of transnational relations between countries means a higher level of interdependence. A seminal work by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (1977) is discussed. They argue in this work that postwar complex interdependence is qualitatively different from earlier and simpler kinds of interdependence. Relations between states take place on many different levels via many different actors and branches. On the other hand, there are transnational relations between individuals and groups outside of the state. They also assert that in a postwar world military force is becoming a less useful instrument of policy under the conditions of complex interdependence. Different power resources such as for example ‘negotiating skills’ are becoming more important to solve the issue oriented conflicts that arise between the interest groups that are often of transnational character. In short, Keohane and Nye conclude that under complex interdependence states are engaged in ‘low politics’ of welfare and less concerned with ‘high politics’ of national security.

Power and Interdependence in the Information Age is a follow up to the aforementioned work in which authors updated their theory by adding a powerful element of modernization - information. This article by Keohane and Nye tries to describe the nature of international relations in the information age. They add several components to the idea of complex interdependence, which they first developed in 1977. They conclude that complex

94

Seexeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ufro metad konfliqtebs, vidre

TanamSromlobas. 2

meore mniSvnelovani naSromi, romelmac gavlena moaxdina realizmis

aRzevebaze, aris hans morgenTaus qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauf-

lebisa da mSvidobisaTvis, (1948 weli) romelmac, aleqsandre rondelis

TqmiT, didi xniT gansazRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa disciplinis

Teoriuli da praqtikuli interesebi da mTeli am dargis Semdgomi

ganviTarebis xasiaTi.

morgenTausTvis adamianuri buneba warmoadgens saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebis yvelaze dabal, fundamentur dones. adamianebi ki arian ego-

istebi da eltvian Zalauflebas, rac advilad xdeba agresiis safuZveli.

1930-ian wlebSi Zneli ar iqneboda am mosazrebebis zurgis gamamagrebeli

argumentebis moZieba, radgan hitleris, musolinis Tu iaponiis sagareo

politika swored konfliqtebze iyo agebuli da ara TanamSromlobaze.

jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben: aris 3 ZiriTadi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ratom varaudoben realistebi, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi aris

aucileblad egoizmiT da agresiulobiT gaJRenTili. pirveli mosazreba

efuZneba adamianis bunebis Tandayolil bnel mxares da mis ltolvas

siZulvilisa da destruqciisken. igive mosazreba SeiZleba qristianul

religiaze dafuZnebiTac miviRoT, romlis mixedviT adamianebi arian

codvilni da midrekilni cdunebisaken, mas Semdeg rac adami da eva

gamogdebul iqnen samoTxidan. pirveli mkvlelobac istoriaSi bibliaSia

aRwerili, rogorc kaenis mier misi Zmis abelis mokvla, mxolod da mxolod

Suris safuZvelze. anu, realizmis sawyisi wertili aris is, rom adamianuri

buneba aris Tandayolilad, bunebrivad boroti. 3

meore mosazreba efuZneba im faqts, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

aris brZola ZalauflebisaTvis iseT garemoSi, sadac ar arsebobs

msoflio mTavroba. xolo mesame mniSvnelovani mosazreba isaa, rom

istoria aris cikluri da ara xarisxobrivad gaumjobesebadi fenomeni,

rogorc amas idealistebi aRiqvamen. TiToeuli axali Taoba uSvebs igive

Secdomebs, rasac misi winamorbedi da am garemoebis cvlileba nakleb

savaraudoa. movlenebi grZeldeba da meordeba. sanam arsebobs suvere-

nuli saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi ibrZoleben ZalauflebisaTvis, raTa

uzrunvelyon TavianTi usafrTxoeba. pirveli da meore msoflio omebi

arc arabunebrivia da arc gardauvali. Tu arsebobs ZalTa balansi

qveynebs aseve SeuZliaT didi xani mSvidobianad Tanacxovreba. magram, ama

Tu im etapze es ZalTa balansi irRveva, rasac mohyveba omebi. bevri

realizmis warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom ukve parizis 1919 wlis samSvidobo

konferencia moicavda omis marcvlebs, radgan germaniaze kabaluri

pirobebi iqna dawesebuli. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom germaniis SigniT

2 ixileT, zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, qrestomaTia.

samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004, gv. 9-18. 3 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 34-63.

7

ganviTarebulma da kidev sxva mravalma movlenebma erToblivad gana-

pirobes meore msoflio omi.

maSasadame, 1920-iani wlebis utopiuri idealizmis da 30-50-iani wlebis

realizmis dapirispireba qmnian pirvel did debatebs saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi. raRa Tqma unda, realizmis skolam es es debatebi moigo

didi upiratesobiT da morgenTaus da qaris Tezisebi gaxda gabatonebuli

mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. bevrma liberaluri skolis

mesveurma aRiara realizmis gamarjveba, magram liberalizmi, rogorc

erT-erTi skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ar Camkvdara. am skolis

warmomadgenlebma SemdegSi Seqmnes kidevac Zlieri kontr argumentebi

ukve gabatonebuli realizmis winaaRmdeg, rac ganxiluli iqneba Semdeg

TavebSi.

meore debatebi: biheivioralisturi revolucia

meore didi debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi exeba ufro

meTodologias, vidre Tavad Teoriebs. aq mniSvnelovania gaviTavisoT is

faqti, rom pirveli Taobis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebi

profesiiT iyvnen istorikosebi, iuristebi, yofili diplomatebi, an

Jurnalistebi. Sesabamisad, maT hqondaT ufro humanitaruli, istoriaze

dafuZnebuli midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi. es

midgoma ki fesvgadgmuli iyo filosofiaSi, istoriaSi da samarTalSi da

axasiaTebda azrovnebaze da analizze (judgement) dayrdnoba. Sesabamisad,

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis am normatiul formas ewoda

tradiciuli/klasikuri midgoma.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dis-

ciplina gaxda Zalian popularuli, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi, sadac samTavrobo dawesebulebebi da kerZo fondebi afinan-

sebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mecnierulad Seswavlas, rasac

isini amarTlebdnen amerikis erovnuli interesebiT. am daxmarebam war-

moSva axali Taoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebisa, rom-

lebmac SemoiRes mkveTrad meTodologiuri midgoma. am specialistebsac

gansxvavebuli ganaTleba gaaCndaT, vidre tradicionalistebs. isini iyvnen

politologebi, ekonomistebi an sxva socialuri mecnierebis warmomad-

genlebi, da zog SemTxvevebSi, maTematikosebi da sabunebismetyvelo

disciplinebis warmomadgenlebic. am specialistebs hqondaT sxvagvari

midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi, da maT ewodaT

biheivioralistebi, radgan emxrobodnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

mecnierulad Seswavlas, am terminis pirdapiri gagebiT. biheivioralis-

tebis ambicia iyo, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic aRmoeCinaT Semow-

mebadi da obieqturi kanonzomierebebi, rogorc es xdeba sxva mecni-

erebebSi. es, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs faqtebis Segrovebas, klasifikacias,

ganzogadebas da wamoyenebuli hipotezis damtkicebas.

8

Lectures IV and V: Defensive and Offensive Realism

In previous lectures we discussed realism as one of the dominant theories of International Relations which explains many complex and important issues of international politics. We differentiated between classical and structural realism. In this lecture we make distinction between defensive and offensive realisms. Offensive and Defensive realisms are of course both structural theories of International Politics. They share same fundamental principles on how the world politics work. However, their ways diverge when it comes to power.

Defensive realism diverts from offensive realism on the question of how much power is enough for a state. Defensive realists believe that states have very small incentive to acquire more power; instead, they are trying to preserve status quo and are paying great attention to preserving the balance of power. Consequently, main theoretical proposition of defensive realism is that state’s major aim is to preserve power, not increase it. To the contrary, offensive realists think that there are no status quo powers and that international system offers more then enough incentives to states to increase their power on the expense of others and exploit such situations when benefits of doing so outweigh the costs. Thus, according to offensive realism state’s final supreme goal is to be a hegemon in the system.

Division into these two camps is worth noting since they are both trying to explain the fundamental questions in international relations which are war and peace. Much depends on how the world really works: states only care about preserving status quo and balance of power in the system or they care about acquiring as much power as they can afford and increase their relative power compared to other states. These theories give us ability to explain past events and more importantly we can explain the future patterns of behavior, however depending on which theory we use. They both have different visions of why states go to war, when it’s more likely for them to engage in war making and when not and what needs to be done to preserve stability in the world.

Some authors, like Robert Jervis, Jack Snider or Stephen Van Evera pay attention to a certain kind of structural concept which they call offense-defense balance. According to this idea, military power can at any time be classified either in favor of offense or in favor of defense. Thus, if defense has preponderance over offense and consequently it is hard to initiate offense then states have fewer incentives to use power. Instead, they will focus on preserving what they already have. And on the contrary, if offense is easy, states will be tempted to conquer each other with an aim to acquire more power, which will cause many wars in the system. According to Stephen Van Evera change in offense-defense balance has great affects on the possibility of wars in the system. He points out 10 reasons when offense is dominant:

1. Opportunistic expansion 2-3 . Defensive expansion and fierce resistance to expansion 4. Moving first is more rewarding 5. Windows are larger and more dangerous 6. Faits Accomplis are more common and more dangerous 7. States negotiate less and reach fewer agreements 8. States are more secretive 9. States arms race harder and faster 10. Conquest grows still easier

93

traditional school of realism and their works which contributed to the development of realism. First, we briefly go over Thucydides and his Peloponnesian War. To become more closely familiar with Thucydides students have to read the Melian Dialogue (Book 5, Chapter 17). Then we go briefly over Nicolo Machiavelli’s contribution to realism and familiarize students with major points of The Prince. Then we go over to Thomas Hobbes and his “Leviathan.” In this work the emphasis is made on Hobbes’s description of the state of the nature and how life of man in this state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short in which the state of nature is all’s fight against all. We also touch upon the tragedy of the states and the security dilemma that cannot be helped in this anarchic world. We also consider the most prominent representative of the neo-classical realism, Hans J. Morgenthau and his famous work Politics Among Nations. Students are encouraged to read at least the first three chapters of the book to become more closely familiar with it.

Lecture III: Structural Realism This lecture focuses on the leading neorealist scholar Kenneth Waltz and his landmark

book Theory of International Politics. In this work he tried to explain international political system in a scientific way. He parts way with classical representatives of realism when he assumes that states behave in certain predictable ways and the way they behave is due to the nature of the system rather then human nature, as classical realists mentioned in the previous lecture believed. Thus, in this work Waltz defines international political system in terms of a system which is composed of a structure and of interacting units. He defines structure of international politics based on 3 elements:

– Ordering Principle – The Character of the Units and – The Distribution of Capabilities

Up until the end of the Cold War realism was the dominant theory of international

relations as it explained most of the political events. However, after the end of the Cold War started crisis of realism due to the circumstances that it failed to predict or predicted wrongly several events, especially the case of NATO enlargement. It seemed as if other theories such as democratic peace theory, complex interdependence and institutional liberalism were better at explaining the events after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

In response to the severe criticism Kenneth Waltz published an article in 2000 entitled “Structural Realism after the End of the Cold War,” in the journal International Security in which he tried to provide some arguments in defense of realism. His major point in the article is that realism is still an active theory since the system itself has not changed. Only some things inside the system have changed. Structural realism will exist until the system exists and the possibility of the system disappearing is none until it is comprised of states who are operating in the self help mode. He asserts that after the fall of the Soviet Union the system was redone a bit from bipolar to unipolar, but that will not last long since unipolar political system is the most short-lived as other states in the system are always trying to balance the dominant power. He also notes that the balancing tendencies are already visible and balancing powers will most likely be the EU and or Germany who will be heading the coalition. Also China and Japan pose as balancing powers with Russia being one in a more distant perspective.

92

Sesabamisad, dapirispireba or midgomas Soris moxda meTodologiis

safuZvelze. tradicionalistebi eyrdnobodnen normebs da faseulobebs,

analizs da istoriul codnas da cdilobdnen warmoedginaT Tavi Sesas-

wavli sagnis adgilze - mecnieri sagnis SigniT. amis sapirispirod, bihe-

ivioralistebi ayeneben hipoTezas, agroveben faqtebs, eyrdnobian mec-

nierul codnas da sagans Seiswavlian garedan, dakvirvebebis meSveobiT -

mecnieri sagnis gareT.

mesame debatebi: neoliberalizmi da neorealizmi

miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli didi debatebi realistebma moiges

absolituri upiratesobiT, liberaluri skola ar Camkvdara. 1950-iani

wlebidan ekonomikis da vaWrobis zrdasTan erTad Tavi wamoyo libera-

lizmmac. aq mcdeloba iyo rom Seqmniliyo gabatonebuli realizmis

alternatiuli Teoriebi, magram amasTanave CamoecilebinaT manamde

arsebuli Warbi idealizmi. maSasadame, am liberaluri skolis warmomad-

genlebs ewodebaT neoliberalistebi, radgan maTac, rogorc maT wina-

morbedebs sjeraT progresis da cvlilebebis, magram ar arian idea-

listebi. isini aseve qmnian Teoriebs mecnierul meTodologiaze dayr-

dnobiT.

msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis demokratiul saxelmwifoebs

Soris vaWrobis da ekonomikuri aqtivobis zrdam warmoSva bevri liberali

Teoria, romelic yuradRebas aqcevda am movlenebs da cdilobda

daemtkicebina, rom msoflioSi aris TanamSromloba da rom realistebis

mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi bneli momavaliT ar mTavrdeba kacobriobis

ganviTareba. iseTma Teoriebma, rogoricaa sociologiuri liberalizmi,

kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, instituciuri liberalizmi da

demokratiuli, anu respublikuri idealizmi yuradReba miaqcia

TanamSromlobis da mSvidobis formebs msoflioSi da ganaviTara mZlavri

Teoriebi empiriul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT. am Teoriebma, romlebic

dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli, mTlianobaSi Seqmna axali mZlavri

talRa neorealizmis winaaRmdeg. maTi amosavali wertili aris rwmena

imisa, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos ufro mSvidobiani

da TanamSromlobaze agebuli. Tumca, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, kenet

uolcis mier realizmis reformulaciis Sedegad balansi kidev erTxel

gadaiwia realizmis sasargeblod. amas aseve xels uwyobda istoriuli

movlenebi, kerZod ki, mwvave dapirispirebebi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs

Soris, ramac TavisdaTavad ganapiroba debatebis gangrZobadoba.

neorealistebma kvlavac SeZles neoliberalistebis TavdacviT pozi-

ciaSi gadayvana da Tavad kvlav gabatonebuli pozicia daikaves. neo-

realistebis siZliere is iyo, rom maT aRiares rom anarqia ar gamoricxavs

TanamSromlobas, magram es yvelaferi mainc realizmze dafuZnebiT axsnes.

magaliTad, realistebi aRar gamoricxaven TanamSromlobas demokratiul

9

saxelmwifoebs Soris, magram aRniSnaven, rom TanamSromlobis dros sa-

xelmwifoebi, upirveles yovlisa, fiqroben fardobiT mogebaze da avto-

nomiis SenarCunebaze. istoriulma faqtebmac xeli Seuwyo neorealizmis

kvlav moZlierebas: 80-ian wlebSi dapirispirebam sabWoTa kavSirsa da

amerikas Soris piks miaRwia. reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs ”boroti imperiac” ki

uwoda, da am mtrul garemoSi SeiaraRebaSi Sejibreba kidev ufro

intensiuri gaxda. uTanxmoebebi iyo aseve demokratiul banakSi, sadac, ra

Tqma unda, omi gamoricxuli iyo, magram savaWro omebi xSirad imarTeboda.

amerika sul ufro grZnobda mzard konkurencias rogorc iaponiis, aseve

evropis mxridan, rac mwvave savaWro da sxva tipis konfliqtebis

safuZveli xdeboda. es ki wyals asxamda neorealistebis wisqvilze,

romlebic amtkicebdnen rom saxelmwifoebi arian egoisturebi da rom maT

adardebT mxolod sakuTari fardobiTi siZliere da keTildReoba

sxvebTan SedarebiT.

aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom 1980-ian wlebSi bevrma neoliberalma

aRiara realizmis ZiriTadi mcnebebi da gaiziara am Teoriis fundamen-

turi mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi

anarqiul sazogadoebaSi, romlebic mudmivad cdiloben TavianTi

interesebis ganxorcielebas. miuxedavad amisa, neoliberalistebi amboben,

rom saerTaSoriso sistema iZleva ufro safuZvliani TanamSromlobis

saSualebas, vidre amas realistebi aRiareben da, rom TanamSromlobas

xels uwyobs institutebi, urTierTdamokidebuleba da demokratia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am debatebis dros moxda garkveuli sinTezi

skolebs Soris, (magaliTad, buzanma da kioheinma gaiTavises realizmis

zogierTi elementi), mTliani sinTezi mainc ar momxdara, radgan arian

mkveTrad dapirispirebuli avtorebic, magaliTad, mirSaimeri (realizmis

skolis warmomadgeneli) da ruzenau (neoliberalizmis skolis warmo-

madgeneli). Sesabamisad, neo-neo debatebi kvlav grZeldeba.

saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba: inglisuri skola

Canasaxidanve saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplina dominirebuli

iyo amerikel mkvlevarTa mier. stenli hofmanma amasTan dakavSirebiT

aRniSna, “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi daibada da gaizarda amerikaSi” 4 man

aseve aRniSna, rom amerikuli skola dominirebda saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebs imis miuxedavad, rom amerikuli hegemonia sustdeboda. 1990-iani

wlebidan, civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad, amerikuli dominantoba am

disciplinaSi Serbilda da moZlierdnen evropeli da sxva mkvlevarebi,

romlebic ukve naklebad eguebodnen amerikeli avtorebisgan wamosul

diqtats.

did britaneTSi mTeli civi omis ganmavlobaSi arseboboda skola,

romelic gansxvavebuli iyo sxva skolebisgan ori garemoebiT: pirveli, es

4 Stenley Hoffmann, 1977, 41-59

10

At this point students are introduced to the idea that further on they will be introduced with the scholars that are mentioned as having taken part in these famous academic debates. After introducing IR as a discipline the lecture will go on explaining the role and place of THEORY in the study of IR. With that aim I use articles by Kenneth Waltz and Stephen Walt to explain what is theory in social sciences, why it is used and what are we to make out of the fact that none of the theories explain everything altogether and also the fact that different theories might give different analysis to the same political event. The need and necessity of theory in the study of IR is treated very delicately. It is made clear (for the skeptical ones) that theory is only a simplified model of the world (according to Waltz) but that we are in a desperate need to have simplified models to understand the bigger picture which is so complex (according to Walt). It is also explained that “competition between theories helps reveal their strengths and weaknesses and spurs subsequent refinements, while revealing flaws in conventional wisdom” (Walt, 1998). As an insight into the future of the course I offer a simplified scheme (adapted from Walt) which compares three major theories: Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism in terms of several indicators which are: Main theoretical propositions, Main units of analysis Modern theorists, Representative modern works, Post-cold war predictions and Main limitations.

Lecture II: Classical Realism

This lecture and its subsequent extended syllabus aim at introducing realism as a theory of international relations. At first it classifies in general the main theoretical propositions of realism as a theory of international relations and then focuses on exploring the roots of realism, commonly referred to as classical realism.

Political realism is different from the rest of the theories of IR as it depicts the grim picture of the world politics. International relations are depicted as a severe competition between states that have no reason to trust each other since their major interest is survival in the environment of zero sum game that is, when one’s looses are the gains of others. I offer students characterization of realism by John Mearsheimer from his article “False Promise of International Institutions” as it offers a comprehensive overview of political realism and explains perfectly well as to why realists have such pessimistic view of world politics. The first assumption is that international system is anarchic. The second assumption is that states inherently possess some offensive military capability. Third assumption is that states can never be certain about the intentions of others, the fourth is that the most basic motive driving states is survival and the fifth assumption is that states think strategically about how to survive in the international system, that is states are rational. From these five characteristics derive patterns of actions which create incentives for states to think and sometimes act aggressively: first pattern is that states fear each other; second, each state in the international system aims to guarantee its own survival; third, states in the international system aim to maximize their relative power positions over other states. I also go on explaining the fact that realism perceives that there is very little room for cooperation among states due to the fact that states always worry about relative gains (when each side does not only consider its individual gain but also how well it does compared to the other side) rather then absolute gains (when each side focuses on maximizing its own profit, and cares little about how much the other side gains or loses in the deal).

After characterizing realism in general we go on explaining that we differentiate between traditional realism and neo-realism and introduce most prominent representatives of the

91

Eka Akobia

THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE PREPARED UNDER

THE CENTER FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC FELLOWSHIP

Short Resume of the Course

Introduction This Theory of International Relations course is an advanced course for masters’

students. It is advanced in terms of required readings which include most acclaimed past and present scholars of theory of international relations. The course is designed in a way to provide students a theoretical background and in depth knowledge of the major international relations theories such as realism, liberalism and constructivism. These theories have been selected as major targets of the course due to their dominance and influence among IR theories. Besides, this course offers an insight of such topics as globalization, political economy and IR and domestic politics in order to broaden students’ knowledge of IR. Although the course is overly theoretical it also incorporates several real life political events and how theories help extrapolate these events. For example, the course covers IR theories and the issue of NATO enlargement as an example of how different theories explain some parts of reality better than the others and how a better picture of the real world is portrayed by looking at the issue from the angles of different theories. The overall aim of the course is to familiarize Georgian students with the theoretical world of IR similar to the way it is taught in advanced schools of the Western civilization.

A few words about the extended syllabus in Georgian: This syllabus is designed in a way to first of all explain the topic of each lecture in depth and second, cover all the major reading materials offered for the lecture. The last is done due to the fact that most of the readings are in English and some of them are of exceptionally difficult nature. Therefore, in order to make sure that students understand the material instead of simply skimming through them, I tried to convey major points of each required reading in Georgian (translations are of my own).

Lecture I: Introduction to the Study of IR and the Role of Theory

In this written extended lecture and a subsequent reader I introduce students to the discipline of IR, how it was born and developed. In that context they get a taste of a bit of history of IR which gave birth to theoretical discussions between scholars, known as the debates in IR. Bigger emphasis is placed on the nature and roots of the four major debates, which are:

– First major debate between utopian liberalism and realism; – Second major debate between traditional approaches and behavioralism; – Third major debate between neorealism/neoliberalism and neo-Marxism; – Emerging fourth debate between established traditions and post-positivist alternatives.

90

skola ar aRiarebda biheivioralistur gamowvevas da xazs usvamda tra-

dicul midgomas da meore, is uaryofda raime mkveTr gansxvavebas mkacrad

realizmiseul msoflio politikis xedvasa da mkacrad liberalur xedvas

Soris. am skolas uwodeben saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas an inglisur

skolas.

es skola safuZvelSive aRiarebs Zalis mniSvnelobas da saxelmwifoTa

sistemas, magram miiCnevs, rom hobsiseuli xedva Zalian viwroa. saxel-

mwifos ganixilavs rogorc konstitutciis da Zalis erTobas. aRiarebs

individebis mniSvnelobas, zogjer saxelmwifoze winac ki ayenebs mas. xazs

usvams transnacionalur urTierTobebs. uaryofs biheivioristul mid-

gomas, upiratesobas aniWebs adamianur elements, analizs, normebs da

istorias. uaryofs mkacr dayofas realistur, Tu liberalur xedvebs

Soris. amaxvilebs yuradRebas im faqtze, rom msoflio politika aris

saxelmwifoTa msoflio, magram amave dros adamianebis msoflio.

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis midgoma garkveulwilad aris pirveli

debatebis gagrZeleba da meore debatebis triumfis Serbileba. igi

efuZneba klasikur ideebs, magram amave dros agrZelebs maT. uaryofs

mkveTr dayofas realizms da liberalizms Soris im motiviT, rom

istoriuli samyaro ar akeTebs arCevans sikeTes da borotebas, Zalas da

kanonierebas Soris. realurad arsebobs konfliqti da TanamSromloba,

arian saxelmwifoebi da arian indvidebi. Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba maTi

abstragireba da erT romelime TeoriaSi moqceva. am skolis yvelaze

TvlasaCino warmomadgenlebi arian martin uaiti da hedli buli.

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika

aqamde arsebuli debatebi mxolod politikas Seexeboda. saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomika ki exeba ekonomikur urTierTobebs. igi yuradRebas

amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso simdidreze da saerTaSoriso siRaribeze. anu,

vin iRebs ras da ramdens. maSasadame, politikuri ekonomika warmoadgens

mesame debatebis Semadgenel nawils da igi moicavs neo-marqsistul kri-

tikas kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomikisa da amavdroulad liberaluri

politikuri ekonomikis da realisturi politikuri ekonomikis mosaz-

rebebs ekonomikasa da politikas Soris urTierTqmedebaze saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis farglebSi.

neomarqsizmi, es aris mcdeloba, rom mesame samyaros situacia ganxi-

luli iqnes im meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, rac pirvelad karl marqsma

daamkvidra. Tu marqsis mixedviT, burJuazia iyenebs ekonomikur instru-

mentebs, raTa daCagros muSaTa klasi, neomarqsizmi igives anzogadebs

CrdiloeTsa da samxreTze. damokidebulebis Teoria aris marqsizmis

centraluri koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac CrdiloeTi imonebs samxreTs.

samxreTi Raribia ara imitom, rom CamorCenilia, aramed imitom, rom

CrdiloeTi mas uwevs eqspluatacias.

11

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis liberaluri xedva sruliad

gansxvavdeba zemoT mocemulisgan. am skolis warmomadgenlebi amboben,

rom adamianuri keTildReoba miiRweva globaluri Tavisufali bazris

eqspansiiT suverenuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gavliT da am sazRvrebis

mniSvnelobis SesustebiT. liberaluri politikuri ekonomikis xedvis

mimdevrebi iziareben adam smitis Teorias bazris sayovelTao sargeb-

lianobis Sesaxeb da amboboen, rom vaWroba kargia yvelasTvis. anu, es xedva

Tavisufal vaWrobas ganixilavs, rogorc progresis meqanizms da ara

eqspluataciis meqanizms.

realizmis gadasaxedidan es yovelive ufro sxvagvarad aRiqmeba.

realizmis mixedviT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda iyos saxelmwifos gaZ-

lierebis meqanizmi da unda emsaxuros qveynis erovnul interesebs.

Sesabamisad, simdidre unda emsaxuros da kontroldebodes saxelmwifos

mier. am doqtrinas merkantilizmi an ekonomikuri nacionalizmi ewodeba.

realizmi dafuZnebuli politikuri ekonomika aseve RaRadebs, rom Tavi-

sufali, liberaluri vaWroba SeuZlebeli iqneboda hegemonis gareSe.

hegemonuri Teoriis erT-erTi apologetia robert gilpini. am xedvis

mixedviT, msoflio liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema iyo mtkice da

stabiluri, radgan pirveli msoflio omis droidan moyolebuli amerika

iyo hegemoni, magram 1970-iani wlebidan misi hegemonuri Zliereba

Sesustda, radgan mas konkurencias uweven iaponia da evropa. am xedvis

mixedviT, amerikis liderobis SesustebasTan erTad msoflio liberaluri

wesrigic Sesustda, radgan sxva arc-erT saxelmwifos ar Seswevs

sakamarisi Zala, rom globaluri hegemonis roli Seasrulos.

politikur-ekonomikurma debatebma gza misca sami mniSvnelovani sa-

kiTxis ganxilvas. pirveli sakiTxi exeba ekonomikur globalizacias, meore

imas, Tu vin igebs da vin agebs am globalizaciis procesSi da mesame, ra

ufro mniSvnelovania: politika, Tu ekonomika.

meoTxe debatebi: post pozitivisturi/alternatiuli midgomebi

aqamde ganxiluli debatebi exeboda ukve damkvidrebul Teoriul

tradiciebs: realizms, liberalizms, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, da

saerTaSoriso politikur ekonomikas. amJamad adgili aqvs meoTxe deba-

tebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic moicavs damkvidrebuli

tradiciebis kritikas alternatiuli midgomebis saSualebiT, romlebsac

zogjer post pozitivistebsac uwodeben.

am Teoriebma (kritikuli Teoria, istoriuli sociologia, feminizmi,

konstruqtivizmi) win wamoswies meTodologiuri sakiTxebi, anu rogor

unda viswavloT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da aseve iseTi Zireuli

sakiTxebi, romlebic Seexeba TviTon disciplinis fokuss, anu ra unda is-

wavlos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebma, ra ufro mniSvnelovania da ra ara.

12

triuli barierebis, warsulis institutebis da SezRuduli faseulobaTa siste-

mebis daZlevas, romlebic xels uSlian zrdis da modernizaciis procesebs.

modernizaciis Teoriebis warmomadgenlebis mTavari daniSnulebaa im tradi-

ciuli komponentebis gamomJRavneba, romlebic xels uSlian ganviTarebas da im

faqtorebis gamomJRavneba, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon modernizacias.

liberaluri ekonomistebi xazs usvamen Ria da Tavisufali ekonomikis warmoebis

aucileblobas, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos investiciebs rac saWiroa TviTmyofadi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis.

am liberalurma mosazrebebma ganviTarebis Sesaxeb gamoiwvia mwvave reaqcia,

rasac xeli Seuwyo samxreTis faqtobrivad ganuviTareblobis gagrZelebam da

CrdiloeTis mzardma ganviTarebam. yvelaze mkacri kritika wamovida neo-

marqsistebisagan, romelTa Teoria cnobilia rogorc damokidebulebis Teoria

(dependency theory). damokidebulebis Teoria problemas xedavs ara tradiciebSi, aramed Tavad

CamorCenilobaSi. ganivuTarebloba ganixileba ara rogorc sawyisi stadia,

romelSic odesRac yvela qveyana iyo, aramed rogorc procesi globaluri

kapitalisturi sistemis CarCoebis SigniT, romelic wilad xvdaT mesame samyaros

qveynebs. anu, es qveynebi arian ganuviTareblebi gamiznulad da warmoadgenen

dasavleTis ganviTarebis Sedegad miRebul produqtebs. es aris procesi, romlis

meSveobiTac kapitalisturi CrdiloeTi akninebs da aRaribebs mesame samyaros

qveynebs. isini aRiareben, rom samxreTi ganuviTarebeli iyo, magram misi Camor-

Ceniloba ganapiroba globaluri kapitalizmis xanis dadgomam. anu, globaluri

kapitalizmi marqsistebis mixedviT aris procesi, romelic erTis mxriv

warmoSobs ganviTarebas da simdidres industriul samyaroSi da CamorCenilobas

da siRaribes mesame samyaroSi.

damokidebulebis Teoria ambobs, rom CamorCeniloba gamowveulia gareSe

faqtorebiT. mesame samyaros qveynebze dominireben sagareo itneresebi,

romlebic saTaves iReben dasavleTidan. CamorCeniloba ar aris tradiculi

sazogadoebis erT-erTi faza, aramed orive, ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba aris

kapitalisturi globalizaciis nayofi. CamorCenilobas ganapirobebs gareSe

ekonomikuri Zalebi, rasac Sedegad moyveba invalidi socialuri struqturebis

arseboba mesame samyaros qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, imisTvis rom CamorCeniloba

daZleul iqnas, saWiroa moxdes gareSe zemoqmedebis Sewyveta.

aseTi radikaluri damokidebulebis Teoria kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca,

rodesac 1970-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT ki, aziis

vefxvebma (samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri da hong kongi) ekonomikur

warmatebebs miaRwies, rac gamoixata swraf zrdaSi da msoflio bazarTan

integraciaSi. am magaliTma Crdili miayena damokidebulebis Teoriis

mosazrebebs mesame samyaros qveynebis stagnaciis Sesaxeb.

89

amerikis ekonomikuri siZliere TandaTan sustdeba. 1970 wlidan iwyeba krizisi da

amerikuli ekonomikuri politika ufro nacionalisturi xdeba. jon konibearis

TqmiT igi gaxda mtacebeli hegemoni. zogierTi mkvlevari am periodidan

saubrobs amerikis hegemoniis dasavalze, magram bevric am azrs uaryofs.

magaliTad, stranJi da nai amboben, rom amerika kvlavac aris uZlieresi

saxelmwifo Tavisi samxedro, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri Tu teritorialuri

monacemebis mixedviT. marTalia, rom misi Zala SedarebiT Sesustda, magram es

gardauvali iyo, radgan amerikis lideroba ormocdaaTian wlebSi arabunebrivad

didi iyo. stranJi aseve ambobs, rom Zlierebis gazomva marto teritorialuri

ekonomikuri monacemebis mixedviT arasworia. ufro mniSvnelovania msoflio

warmoebis wili. aq ki amerikas pirveloba uWiravs. garda amisa, amerikas aqvs

wamyvani roli Tanamedrove industriebSi, romlebic samrewvelo industriebze

ufro maRla dganan. seve, amerika aris Zalian mdidari aramaterialuri resur-

sebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad kultura, romelsac sayovelTao aRiareba da

mowoneba aqvs. xolo amerikul liberalur faseulobebs efuZneba bevri

gavleniani saerTaSoriso organizacia, rogoricaa msoflio savaluto fondi da

msoflio savaWro organizacia. es amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aZlevs sagrZnob

rbil Zalas, (Soft Power) romelic josef nais ganmartebiT aris SesaZlebloba ise

moawyo situacia, rom sxva erebi ganaviTareben prioritetebs, an sazRvraven

TavianT interesebs ise, rom isini am qveynis interesebTan modian SesabamisobaSi.

am kriteriumebis mixedviT amerikis Zliereba kvlavac mniSvnelovania. stranJi

Tvlis, rom arsebuli finansuri da monetaruli krizisebi, romelic dRevandel

liberalur ekonomikas axasiaTebs zogierTi ”saeWvo” gadawyvetilebis mizeziT

aris gamowveuli.

kidev erTi garemoeba hegemonuri stabilurobis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT

gamoTqmulia robert kioheinis mier, romelic Tavis wignSi ”hegemonobis Semdeg”

akeTebs arguments, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom hegemonurma Zalam daamkvidra

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba finansebis, vaWrobis Tu navTobis sferoSi,

rodesac amerikis Zliereba Sesustda, TanamSromloba ar CaSlila rogorc amas

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria ambobs. kioheini askvnis, rom Tumca hegemonis

arseboba aucilebelia Tavdapirveli TanamSromlobis Sesaqmenlad, rodesac

saWiro saerTaSoriso institutebi iqmneba, isini iZenen sakuTar sicocxles da

aqvT SesaZlebloba, rom sakuTari ZalebiT imuSaon da xeli Seuwyon Tana-

mSromlobas maSinac ki, rodesac im hegemonis Zala, romelmac es institutebi

Seqmna ecema. kioheini akeTebs daskvnas, rom saWiroa aRiareba imisa, rom

saerTaSoriso reJimebs aqvT gangrZobadi zegavlena saerTo interesebis mqone

qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobis zrdaze.

ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba mesame samyaroSi. am sakiTxis irgvliv

debatebi emTxveva marqsizmis mosazrebebs, romelic mimarTulia liberaluri

eknomikis debulebebis winaaRmdeg. am orive Teorias gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba

aqvT imaze, Tu ratom aris samxreTi (azia, afrika da laTinuri amerika)

ganuviTarebeli da CamorCenili.

ganviTarebis Teoriebs pirvelad liberalebma misces safuZveli. rogorc

viciT, liberaluri Teoria efuZneba modernizaciis cnebas. anu, liberaluri

ekonomistebis azriT samxreTsac unda gaevlo ganviTarebis igive gza rac

CrdiloeTma gaira, rac niSnavs progresul gadasvlas tradiciuli, preindus-

triuli da agraruli sazogadoebidan Tanamedrove, industriul da masobrivi

moxmarebis sazogadoebaze. ganviTareba liberalebis azriT niSnavs preindus-

88

romeli Teoriaa misaRebi?

zemoT warmodgenili Teoriebis siWarbe da mravalferovneba saWiroebs

imis garkvevas, Tu romeli Teoriaa ufro misaRebi da sando da romeli ara.

rogorc jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben, Teoria pirvel rigSi unda iyos

Sekruli da Tanmimdevruli. mas ar unda hqondes Sinagani dapirispirebebi.

amasTanave, igi unda iyos naTeli: gadmoscemdes azrs gasagebad. Teoria

unda cdilobdes iyos miukerZoebeli — Tumca mTlianad miukerZoebeli

Teoria ver iqneba. Teorias unda hqondes farTo fokusi. anu, igi unda

exebodes mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis farTo areals da amasTanave unda

igrZnobodes siRrme, rac imas niSnavs, rom Teoria Tavis Seswavlis saganze

unda xsnides, rac SeiZleba bevr rames.

13

leqcia II

Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

Teoriis rols da saWiroebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xSirad eWvis qveS

ayeneben, gansakuTrebiT praqtikosebi da saxelmwifo moxeleebi. miuxedavad

amisa, Teorias aqvs Tavisi adgili da datvirTva saerTaSoriso politikuri

movlenebis Seswavlis da ganWvritvis saqmeSi. Teoriis arsebobis aucileblobaze

da mniSvnelobaze bevri naSromebia dawerili. erT-erTi maTgani gansa-

kuTrebulad martivi da amavdroulad damajerebeli eniT gadmoscems Teoriis

saWiroebas da moxmarebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. es aris Cikagos

universitetis sayovelTaod saxelganTqmuli politikuri mecnieris, stiven

voltis statia “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: erTi msoflio, bevri Teoria”,5

romelic 1998 wels daibeWda akademiur Jurnal sagareo politikaSi.

volti ambobs, rom “arsebobs gardauvali kavSiri abstraqtul samyarosa da

politikis realur samyaros Soris. Cven gvWirdeba Teoria imisaTvis, rom azri

gamovitanoT im sainformacio qarbuqisagan, romelic yoveldRiurad Tavs

gvatydeba.” 6 anu, idea SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: rom gaverkveT im zRva faqtobriv

masalaSi, romelsac yoveldRe vRebulobT saWiroa gamartivebuli modelebis

qona. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Teoria aris saSualeba sirTuleebis

gamosarkvevad. 7 uolci ambobs, rom: “adamianis (an saxelmwifoebis) motivaciebis

gansaWvretad samyaro sagrZnoblad unda gavamartivoT, niuansebi uxeSad

gverdze gadavdoT da realoba sagrZnoblad davamaxinjoT. aRweras aqvs mid-

rekileba akuratulobisken/sizustisken, mosazrebebi ki aris mdabiurad yalbi.” 8

mosazrebebi, romlebzec Teoriebia agebuli samyaros radikalurad amartiveben,

magram isini sasargebloa mxolod imitom, rom swored aseTebi arian.9

Cven yvela ase Tu ise raRac TeoriiT vxelmZRvanelobT, Tumc SeiZleba amis

Sesaxeb arc ki vicodeT, an ver vacnobierebdeT amas. volti ambobs, rom is

politikosebic ki, romlebic “ver itanen” Teorias eyrdnobian TavianT sakuTar

Teorias (xSirad gaumxelels) imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moqmedebs msoflio.” 10

amasTanave, volti iqve aRniSnavs im aucilebel kavSirs, romelic unda

arsebobodes Teoris Semqmnelsa (ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubari gvaqvs

socialur Teoriebze da ara zust sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebze) da realur

samyaros Soris. “Znelia gaataro kargi politika Tu Seni maorganizebeli

principi aris uvargisi, iseve rogorc Znelia konstruireba gaukeTo karg

Teorias Tu kargad ar icnob realur samyaros.”11

Teoriis zust da mravlismTqmel ganmartebas gvaTavazobs kidev erTi titani

saerTaSoriso politikisa, kenet uolci. misi TqmiT, “Teoria aris xriki. Teoria

aris inteleqtualuri konstruqcia, romlis meSveobiTac Cven varCevT faqtebs

da vxsniT maT. mTavari isaa, rom ise davukavSiroT Teoria faqtebs, rom mogveces

axsnis da momavlis ganWvretis saSualeba. es mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli,

roca ganvasxvavebT Teorias da faqtebs. mxolod maSin SegviZlia gamoviyenoT

5 Stephen M. Walt, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories,” Foreign Policy, Spring 1998, pp. 29-45. 6 iqve, ... p. 29 7 Kenneth N. Waltz, “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, Spring 1990, pp. 21-37. 8 iqve, ..., p. 27 9 iqve, ..., p.27 10 Walt. “International Relations: One World…” p. 29 11 iqve, ..., p. 29

14

Statebi gamoiyenebda Tavis samxedro Zalas dasavleT evropis TavdacvisaTvis

sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. am garemoebam ki saSualeba misca amerikis

SeerTebul Statebs gavlena hqonoda evropaze sxva sferoebSi, rogoric aris

savaWro politika. Sesabamisad, samxedro usafrTxoebiT uzrunvelyofam

evropisaTvis amerikas mianiWa berketebi ekonomikis sferoSi. josef nais 1990

wlis naSromis mixedviT civi omis Semdeg samxedro Zalis Canacvlebadoba

klebulobs. xolo, robort kioheini ambobs, rom samxedro Zalis garda hegemonur

saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes kidev oTxi ekonomikuri resursi: bunebrivi

nedleuli, kapitali, bazari da hegemonis konkurentunarianoba im saqonlis

warmoebaSi, romelsac gansakuTrebiT maRali safasuri aqvs.

hegemonis arsebobis aucileblobad liberaluri msoflio wesrigis Senar-

CunebisTvis Teoretikosebi xsnian im momsaxureobis TaviseburebebiT, romlebic

saWiroa liberaluri msoflio wesrigis dros. liberaluri msoflio ekonomika

aris saxalxo anu koleqtiuri simdidre, romelic yvelas sargeblobaSia. es aris

saqoneli/momsaxureoba, romelic erTxel Seqmnis Semdeg yvelas sargeblobaSia.

magaliTad, haeri, Suqura, gzebi da trotuarebi warmoadgenen koleqtiuri

simdidris karg magaliTebs. liberaluri ekonomikis elementebi, rogoricaa

msoflio savaluto bazari, an Ria bazrebi, sadac yvelas SeuZlia vaWroba, aseve

warmoadgenen koleqtiuri simdidris magaliTebs. problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom koleqtiuri simdidre miewodeba arasakmarisad da yovelTvis iwvevs ufasod

sargeblobis faqtebs, anu am simdidris gamoyeneba zogis mier xdeba safasuris

gaRebis gareSe. saboloo jamSi koleqtiur simdidresac aqvs gamoyenebis zRvari

da rom ar iqnes amowuruli misi efeqturoba, saWiroa misi Senaxva. swored

amisTvis aris saWiro hegemoni sistemaSi. igi daaregulirebs “ufasod mgzav-

robis” problemas jarimebis dawesebis gziT imitom, rom mas TviTon aqvs sagr-

Znoblad maRali interesi sistemis SenarCunebasa da normalurad funqci-

onirebaSi.

asaxeleben msoflio hegemonis or klasikur magaliTs: did britaneTs

mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi da amerikis SeerTebul

Statebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg. didi britaneTi iyo globaluri Zala da

amasTanave imperialuri Zala, romlis interesSi Sedioda Ria sabazro ekonomikis

SenarCuneba. britaneTma dakarga Tavisi hegemonia meoce saukunis dasawyisSi

roca mis Zlierebas konkurencia gauwies germaniam da amerikis SeerTebulma

Statebma. am ukanasknelma Tavis xelSi aiRo msoflio wesrigis marTvis sadaveebi

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, Camoayaliba axali institutebi, ris Sedegadac

moxda liberaluri ekonomikis transformacia. msoflio savaluto fondi,

msoflio banki, zogadi SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb, romelic

Semdeg msoflio savaWro organizaciam Secvala, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da

ganviTarebis organiacia da ase Semdeg. es institutebi ki iyo breton vudsis

SeTanxmebis nawili, romelic 1947 wels Sedga. liberaluri ekonomikis aRdgena

raRa Tqma unda amerikis interesebSi iyo. am gziT is ufro advilad Sedioda ucxo

bazrebze ris Sedegadac ekonomikur warmatebebs aRwevda. evropis da iaponiis

aRdgena da aRmSenebloba aseve mis interesebSi iyo, radgan mas Wirdeboda Zlieri

regionuli Zala ruseTis eqspansiis SesaCereblad. magram, bevrs sjera rom

amerikis qmedebebi altruizmis elementebsac Seicavda. magaliTad marSalis

gegma da amerikis mier dasavleT evropis da iaponiisTvis gansakuTrebuli

savaWro prioritetebis miniWeba aseT magaliTebad ganixileba.

1960-50-iani wlebidan evropa da iaponia sagrZnoblad moZlierdnen, xolo

87

ganixileba klasobriv WrilSi. Sesabamisad, kapitalizmi eyrdnoba or klass:

burJuazia, romelic flobs warmoebis saSualebebs da proletariats, romelsac

gaaCnia mxolod samuSao Zala, romelsac burJuazia misgan yidulobs. miuxedavad

imisa, rom kapitalisturi ekonomika eqspluataciazea dayrdnobili, marqsi mas

mainc progresul movlenad ganixilavda, radgan ganviTarebis saboloo etaps

xedavda socialistur revoluciaSi, romlis Sedegadac warmoebis saSualebebze

damyardeboda socialuri/koleqtiuri kontroli. marqsizmis ideologia

materialisturia, radgan is ekonomikur saqmianobas miiCnevs yvela danarCeni

adamianuri saqmianobis, politikis CaTvliT, safuZvlad.

Sesabamisad, is burJuaziuri klasi, romelic flobs ekonomikur sadaveebs

aseve dominirebs politikas radgan ekonomika aris politikis safuZveli. aqedan

gamomdinareobs marqsistuli politikuri ekonomikis CarCoebic: saxelmwifoebi

arian avtonomiurebi. isini axorcieleben mmarTveli klasis, anu burJuaziis

interesebs. Sesabamisad, konfliqtebi saxelmwifoebs Soris, marqsizmis

TvalsazrisiT aris igive konfliqtebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis mmarTvel

klasebs Soris. meore mosazreba ki is aris, rom rogorc ekonomikuri sistema,

kapitalizmi aris eqspansionisturi, rac gamoixateba gasaRebis bazrebis da

mogebis gauTavebel ZiebaSi. istoriulad am eqspansias qonda imperializmis xolo

Semdeg kolonializmis forma. marqsizmis mixedviT kapitalisturi eqspansia

dekolonizaciis Semdegad grZeldeba, amJamad ukve ekonomikuri globalizaciis

saSualebiT, romelic imarTeba giganturi transnacionaluri korporaciebis

mier.

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria. Tanamedrove politikuri ekonomikis

Tanamedrove Teoriebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavria hegemonuri stabilurobis

Teoria, romelic merkantilizmisgan iRebs raRac elementebs magram aseve

liberalizmisganac ar aris Sors. am Teoriis dedaazri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

hegemonis, anu dominanturi ekonomikuri da samxedro Zalis arseboba aris saWiro

liberaluri sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad, radgan aseTi Zalis

arsebobis gareSe liberaluri wesebi ver dakanondeba msoflioSi. sxvanairad rom

iTqvas, hegemoni aris Zala, romelsac aqvs unari da survili rom daamyaros da

SeinarCunos wesrigi. amasTanave, hegemoni amas akeTebs ara mxolod sakuTari

interesebis gansaxorcieleblad aramed is qmnis Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas,

romelic efuZneba Tavisufal vaWrobas, romelic yvela monawile qveynisTvis

aris sasargeblo da ara marto hegemonisTvis. rom ar iyos hegemoni, ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi gaxdeba nacionalisturi miswrafebebis tyve da proteqcionis-

turi, ris Sedegadac qveynebi Seecdebian TavianT mezoblebs yvelaferi waarTvan

TavianTi interesebis sasargeblod. aseTi situacia iyo 1930-ian wlebis

ekonomikuri krizisis dros. am droisTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ukve iyo

udidesi qveyana ekonomikuri Tu sxva maCveneblebiT, magram mas ar qonda survili,

rom Tavis xelSi aeRo liberaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmna da SenarCuneba.

es situacia Seicvala meore msoflio omis dros, rodesac amerikam Tavisi

izolacionisturi politika daTmo.

Teoretikosebma yuradReba miapyres im faqts, Tu ra tipis Zala aris saWiro

hegemonobisaTvis. es cota rTuli sakiTxia vinaidan Zala ganixileba misi

Canacvlebadobis (fungibility) xarisxis mixedviT. Zala iTvleba Canacvlebadad

Tuki misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia ramodenime sferoSi. magaliTad, samxedro

Zala SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ara marto sabrZolo operaciebis dros, aramed

sagareo politikis warmoebis sxva aspeqtebSic. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli

86

Teoria faqtebis asaxsnelad, Tu maT Soris gansxvaveba naTelia.”12

Teoriis rolis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso TeoriebSi ori mTavari garemoeba unda

gaviTvaliswinoT. pirveli is, rom ar arsebobos unviersaluri Teoria, romelic

yvela politikur movlenas erTnairi sizustiT axsnis. aris raRac molenebi,

romlebsac esa Tu is Teoria xsnis ufro ukeT vidre sxva romelime Teoria,

magram sxva movlenebis axsnaSi es Teoria ufro moikoWlebs, an saerTodac ver

xsnis. uolcisave TqmiT, “nebismieri Teoria tovebs raRacas auxsnels”. 13

socialur mecnierebebSi da gansakuTrebiT politikur mecnierebebSi is

Teoriebi fasobs, romlebic yvelaze met movlenas xsnis da amave dros aris

martivi Teoria. aseT Teoriebs socialur mecnierebebSi parsimoniuli

ewodebaT. magaliTad, demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, anu is, rom

demokratiuli reJimebi erTmaneTs ar ebrZvian umartivesi da mokle Teoriaa,

magram faqtobrivad xsnis Zalian bevr movlenas. sxvadasxva Teoriebi

parsimoniulobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT gamoirCeva.

meore garemoeba, romelzec minda gavamaxvilo Tqveni yuradReba is aris, rom

SeiZleba sxvadasxva Teoriebma erTi da igive movlena axsnan sxvadasxvagvarad da

movlenis sruliad gansxvavebuli analizi SemogvTavazon.

magaliTad, rodesac civi omis dasasrulis Semdeg natos identurobas

safrTxe Seeqmna da politikosebi da gadawyvetilebis mimRebni dadgnen arCevanis

winaSe, aliansi daeSalaT Tu moexdinaT misi modifikacia axali realiebis

mixedviT. rodesac 1990-91 wlebSi naTeli gaxda, rom aliansi transformaciis

gzas daadga, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplines farglebSi es procesi

sxvadasxvagvarad iqna axsnili da momavlis prognozebic Teoriidan Teoriamde

iyo sxvadasxvanairi. magaliTad, realistebis TvalsazrisiT, natos gafarToeba

iyo dasavleTis Zalisxmeva gaezarda Tavisi gavlenis sfero tradiciuli

gavlenis sferoebis miRma maSin, rodesac ruseTi iyo susti. realizmis

mimdevrebi ambobdnen, rom es qmedeba aucileblad gamoiwvevda mwvave reaqcias

moskovis mxridan. liberaluri perspeqtividan natos gafarToeba iyo da aris

stabilurobis sferos gafarToebis instrumenti, romelic gaaZlierebs axlad-

gamoCekil demokratiebs centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi da amavdroulad

natos konfliqtebis menejmentis meqanizms xelmisawvdoms gaxdis am arastabi-

luri regionisaTvis. mesame mosazreba, romelsac ZiriTadad konstruqti-

vistebi iziareben aris is, rom nato farTovdeba imdenad ramdenadac axlad

gaTavisuflebulma saxelmwifoebma aiTvises da gaiTavises is faseulobebi da

principebi, romelsac iziareben natoSi Semavali wevri saxelmwifoebi da

Sesabamisad, isini erTiandebian erTgvarovnad moazrovne qveynebis klubSi.

amavdroulad, vinc ufro male gaiziarebs evroatlantikur faseulobebs,

romlebsac efuZneba nato, miT ufro male gaxdeba is saxelmwifo natos wevri.

Cven vxedavT, rom erTidaimave movlenas sami sxvadasxva Teoria xsnis

sxvadasxvagvarad. amavdroulad, arc erTi axsnaganmarteba ar aris moklebuli

logikur azrs. daskvna aq mxolod erTia: arc erT Teorias ar SeuZlia

Tanamedrove movlenebis sirTuleebis srulad axsna, magram es ar niSnavs imas,

rom esaTu is Teoria unda uarvyoT. piriqiT, Cven ufro meti ramis axsnis

saSualeba gveZleva roca gvaqvs mravali sxvadasxva Teoria vidre maSin, rodesac

gveqneboda mxolod erTi universaluri Teoria. am garemoebis Sesaxeb volti

aRniSnavs, rom “konkurencia Teoriebs Soris warmoaCens maT Zlierebas da

12 Waltz, “Realist Thought . . .,” p. 24 13 iqve, ..., p. 34

15

sisustes, warmoSobs siaxleebs da amavdroulad amJRavnebs xarvezebs ukve

kargad damkvidrebul sibrZneSi.”14

zemoT naxseneb statiaSive volti gvTavazobs Teoriebs da maT mokle aRweras

dalagebuls sqematurad ukeT aRqmisaTvis, rac am sami Tanamedrove da ZiriTadi

Teoriis (realizmi, liberalizmi, konstruqtivizmi) sisusteebis da siZlieris

Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.

mTavari Teoriebi da maTi ZiriTadi principebi

konkretuli

paradigmebi realizmi liberalizmi konstruqtivizmi

ZiriTadi

Teoriuli

principebi

egoisti

saxelmwifo

mudmivad

ibrZvis Zalisa

da

usafrTxoebisa

Tvis

ekonomikuri da

politikuri

mosazrebebi ufro

maRla dganan vidre

ltolva Zalisa

Zlierebisaken

saxelmwifos qceva

ganisazRvreba

elituri nawilis

rwmenebis, koleqtiuri

normebis da

socialuri

identurobis

safuZvelze.

analizis

mTavari

elementebi

saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi

individebi

(gansakuTrebiT elitis

warmomadgenlebi)

ZiriTadi

instrumente

bi

ekonomikuri da

gansakuTrebiT

samxedro Zala

sxvadasxva (mag., saerT.

institutebi, ek.

TanamSromloba,

demokratiis

xelSewyoba)

ideebi da dialogi

TvalsaCino

warmomadgen

lebi

uolci,

mirSaimeri koheni, fukuiama vendti

post civi

omiseuli

prognozebi

axali/faruli

konkurencia

did

saxelmwifoebs

Soris

gazrdili

TanamSromloba

liberaluri

faseulobebis,

Tavisufali bazrebis

da saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis

moRvaweobis zrdis

gavrcelebis fonze

ar SeuZlia ideebis

winaswar gansazRvra

es Teoria aris

agnostikuri*

mTavari

SezRudvebi

kargad ver

asaxavs

cvlilebebs

saerTaSoriso

doneze

midrekileba aqvs Zalis

da Zlierebis rolis

ugulebelyofisadmi

ufro Zlieria

warsulis

gansazRvra/aRweraSi,

vidre momavlis

ganWvretaSi. 15

*agnostika aris idealisturi moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac SeuZlebelia

obieqturi samyaros Secnoba. a-uaryofas niSnavs, gnosos-codnas.

14 Walt, “International Relations: One World…” p. 30 15 iqve,…, p. 38

16

ekonomikuri liberalizmi. ekonomikuri liberalizmi iyo kritika

saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis kontrolis sawinaaRmdegod.

ekonomikuri liberalizmis warmomadgenlebi uaryofen Teoriebs, romlebic

ekonomikas politikas uqvemdebareben. am Teoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels,

adam smits swamda, rom bazrebi farTovdebian spontanurad adamianuri

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu mTavrobebi ar

Caerevian am ekonomikur procesSi. smitis mixedviT ekonomikuri bazari aris

progresis, TanamSromlobis da keTildReobis ZiriTadi wyaro. amis sapiris-

pirod, maT swamT, rom politikuri Careva da saxelmwifoebrivi regulaciebi aris

araekonomikuri, retrograciuli da SeiZleba konfliqtamdec migviyvanos.

gilpini ekonomikur liberalizms uwodebs im principebis erTobliobas,

romlebic emsaxurebian ekonomikuri zrdis da individualuri keTildReobis

organizacias da menejments. es mimdinareoba eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom Tu

mivuSvebT, sabazro ekonomika Tavisive wesebis mixedviT, spontanurad

ganviTardeba. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikuri liberalizmis

mimdevrebi centralur aqtorebad aRiareben individebs, romlebic arian

momxmareblebi, an mimwodeblebi. Sesabamiad, ekonomikuri gacvlebi bazris

gamoyenebiT aris dadebiT jamovani, nulovan jamovanis sapirispirod, romlis

Sedegad yvela igebs ufro mets vidre gascems, mzardi efeqturobis wyalobiT.

miuxedavad zemoTmoyvanili arguemtnebisa, ekonomikuri liberalizmis

SigniT arsebobs debatebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxis Careva aris dasaSvebi

mTavrobis mxridan. adreuli ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi rogorc

viciT ’laissez-faire’ politikas emxrobodnen. es politika iTvaliswinebda

ekonomikuri saqmianobebis srul siTavisufles yvelanairi politikuri

SezRudvebis da regulaciebisgan. Tumca, igi aseve iTvaliswinebda mTavrobebis

mier minimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas, Tundac iuridiuli CarCoebis Camoyalibebas,

romelSic bazarma unda ifunqcioniros.

ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi aseve Tavidanve aRiarebdnen im faqts,

rom bazari yovelTvis ver imoqmedebs efeqturad da yvelasTvis sasargeblod.

aseT SemTxvevebs bazris Cavardna ewodeba da amis Tavidan asacileblad

politikuri regulaciebi, an SezRudvebia saWiro. jon stuart mili Tavisi

mrwamsiT aseve leizez fearis mimdevari iyo, magram amavdroulad akritikebda

mzard qonebriv uTanasworobas da mouwodebda saxelmwifos mier SezRuduli

rolis TamaSs calkeul sferoebSi situaciis gamosaworeblad, magaliTad

ganaTlebasa da siRaribis daZlevis sferoSi. meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze

gamoCenili ekonomisti, jon meinard keinsi ganavrcobs milis mosazrebas da

emxroba ekonomikuri procesebis saxelmwifos mier ”Wkvianurad” marTvas. keinsis

ideebma dasabami daudo reformirebul liberalur Teorias, romelic

Zveleburad sabazro ekonomikas efuZneba, magram aseve iTvaliswinebs

saxelmwifos mier Carevis da ekonomikisTvis mimarTulebis micemis gzebs.

marqsizmi. es Teoria efuzneba mecxramete saukunis germaneli filosofosis

da ekonomistis karl marqsis mosazrebebs. marqsizmi fundamentur

winaaRmdegobaSia ekonomikur liberalizmTan radgan is ekonomikas ganixilavs

ara rogorc dadebiT jamovan TamaSs aramer rogorc adamianebis eqpluataciis da

klasobrivi upiratesobis asparezs. marqsistebi ufro merkantilistebis

Sexedulebas emxrobian, magram saxelmwifoebis magivrad urTierTobebs

ganaogadeben klasebs Soris. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT ekonomikas

pirvel adgilze ayenebn da politikas meoreze. kapitalisturi ekonomika

85

rac saswrafod unda Sewyvetiliyo. es gadawyvetileba miiRo prezidentma

niqsonma roca man oqros standardis arseboba Sewyvita da igi mcuravi savaluto

kursiT Caanacvla. anu moxda is, rom politikurma gadawyvetilebam Secvala

bazris da ekonomikis TamaSis wesebi. amave periodSi iyo vietnamis omiT

gamowveuli ekonomikuri problemebi da aseve navTobis krizisiT gamowveuli

Soki. daskvna am situaciebidan ki is iyo, rom krizisebis dros politika da

ekonomika ganuyofeli arian.

meore faqtori, ramac politka da ekonomika erTmans daukavSira, jeqsonis da

sorensenis azriT, iyo dekolonizaciis meore talRa, romlis Sedegad warmoiSva

bevri ekonomikurad Raribi da politikurad susti saxelmwifo, romlebic

ukmayofilebas gamoxatavdnen arsebul ekonomikur sistemaSi subordinirebuli

rolis qonis gamo. amas mohyva mTeli rigi moTxovnebi da Semdeg mcdelobebi da

politikuri SeTanxmemebi Tu gadawyvetilebebi raTa “mesame samyaros” qveynebis

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesebuliyo. am yovelivem kidev erTxel

warmoaCina Tu rogor aris zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

damokidebuli zogierTi qveynis politikur saqcielze. mesame faqtori, ramac

politikuri ekonomika win wamoswia iyo civi omis dasasruli. anu, vinaidan da

radganac axlad gaTavisuflebul saxelmwifoebs surdaT politikuri

integracia (dasavlur organizaciebSi gawevrianeba) da aseve ekonomikuri

integracia (ufro intensiuri ekonomikuri kavSirebi) politika da ekonomika

saerTaSoriso doneze kidev ufro gadaixlarTa erTmaneTSi.

rogorc aqamde ganxiluli bevri saerTaSorsio urTierTobebis Teoriebi,

politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebic iyofian klasikur da Tanamedrove Teoriebad.

klasikuri Teoriebidan ganvixiloT merkantilizmi, ekonomikuri liberalizmi,

marqsizmi da Sesabamisad neo-marqsizmi. xolo ufro Tanamedrove Teoriebidan

ganvixiloT hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria, damokidebulebis Teoria da

ekonomikuri globalizacia.

merkantilizmi. merkantilizmi iyo politikuri elitebis Sexeduleba,

romlebic Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes upirveles

mizans, rac aris Zlieri saxelmwifos aRmSenebloba. sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika,

merkantilistebis azriT aris politikuri instrumenti, politikuri Zlierebis

safuZveli. merkantilistebis xedviT saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris konfliqtis

arena konkurentul erovnul itneresebs Soris. robert gilpinis azriT qveynebs

Soris ekonomikur konkurencias SeiZleba hqondes orgvari forma. pirveli

SeiZleba iyos TavdacviTi, anu keTili merkantilizmi: saxelmwifoebi iRwvian

TavianTi ekonomikuri interesebis uzrunvelsayofad magram ar aris aucilebeli

rom am RonisZiebebs gansakuTrebulad negatiuri gavlena hqondeT sxva

saxelmwifoebze. meore forma ki ufro agresiulia da boroti merkantilizmis

saxeliT aris cnobili. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomikis uzurpacias eqspansiuri qmedebebis saSualebiT.

merkantilizmi ganixilavs ekonomikas rogorc politikaze, kerZod ki

mTavrobaze daqvemdebarebul instruments. ekonomikuri saqmianoba ganixileba

saxelmwifos Zlierebis gazrdis konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo, romelic

aris erovnuli interesebis gamtarebeli da masze pasuxismgebeli, warmarTavs

kerZo ekonomikur interesebs am miznebis misaRwevad. merkantilistebis

TvalsazrisiT, rodesac ekonomikuri da usafrTxoebis interesebi erTmaneTs

ewinaaRmdegebian, usafrTxoebis interesebs aqvT upiratesoba.

84

leqcia III

klasikuri realizmi

ganasxvaveben klasikur da Tanamedrove anu struqturul realizms, igive

neorealizms. klasikuri (tradiciuli) realizmi batonobda meoce saukunis

biheivioristul revoluciamde. klasikuri realizmi ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda

iseT normatiul faseulobebs rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoeba da

saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. amasTanave, klasikuri realizmis ZiriTadi

ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris is, rom am skolis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic

aRsaniSnavia rom cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva droebSi, Zveli saberZneTiT dawyebuli

meoce saukuniT damTavrebuli, TavianT politikur xedvas afuZnebdnen adamianis

bunebis Tandayolil borotebaze da mzakvrobaze, egreT wodebul bnel mxareze

(dark side of the human nature). klasikuri realizmis TvalsazrisiT, swored adamianis

xasiaTis bneli mxare ganpirobebs politikuri realobis xifaTianobas.

qvemoT ganvixilavT klasikuri realizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs da

maT naSromebs, romlebmac udidesi gavlena iqonies realizmis rogorc

saerTaSoriso politikis Teoriis Camoyalibebaze.

Tukidide

Zveli saberZneTis istorikosma Tukididem Tavis naSromSi “istoria”,

romelic peloponesis oms eZRvneba (431-404) aRwera omi saberZneTis polisebs

Soris. man Tavis naSromSi yuradReba gaamaxvila saxolmwifoTa uTanasworobaze.

zogierTi saxelmwifo iyo didi da Zlieri, rogoricaa aTeni, sparta da sparseTis

imperia, zogi patara da susti. Tukidide am uTanasworobas ganixilavda rogorc

bunebrivs da gardauvals. misi daskvna da gamosavali am situaciidan ki iyo is,

rom yvela saxelmwifom, didma Tu pataram, unda SeZlos adaptaciis moxdena

mocemuli realobisadmi da moiqces mis Sesabamisad. Tu saxelmwifoebi SeZleben

amas isini gadarCebian, Tu ara isini TavianT arsebobas eWvis qveS daayeneben da

SeiZleba ganadgurdnen kidec.

misi filosofia yvelaze kargad Cans epizodidan, romelSic aRwerilia

dialogi aTensa da meloss Soris. meloselebis liderebma mimarTes

samarTlianobis princips, romlis mixedviTac Zlevamosil aTenelebs pativi unda

ecaT maTi damoukideblobisaTvis, SeenarCunebinaT maTi reputacia da uari

eTqvaT maT dapyrobaze. mis pasuxad aTenelebis piriT Tukidide gadmogvcems

Tavis filosofias romelic naTlad asaxavs faqts, rom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi aris anarqiuli, sadac calkeul saxelmwifoebs ar aqvT sxva

gamosavali garda imisa, rom moiqcnen Zalismieri politikis principebis

Tanaxmad. amasTanave TviTgardarCna aris upirvelesi faseuloba, romelic

pativsa da reputaziaze maRla dgas da omi aris yovelives saboloo arbitri.

amgvarad, aTenelebis pasuxi susti melosisadmi aris is, rom samarTlianoba

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli mcnebaa. igi ar gulisxmobs

Tanosworuflebianobas aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad ici sakuTari kuTvnili

adgili da ramdenad SegiZlia adaptacia moaxdino samyaroSi romlis realoba

aris ZalTa uTanasworoba. “samarTlis standarti damokidebulia Zalis

Tanasworobaze... Zlierni akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian

17

imas, rasac unda Seurigdnen.”16

nikolo makiaveli

renesansis droindeli italieli moRvawe nikolo makiaveli iTvleba po-

litikuri realizmis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil warmomadgenlad. makiaveli

cxovrobda da moRvaweobda florenciaSi, im dros, rodesac italia daquc-

macebuli iyo ramodenime metoqe qalaq saxelmwifod, romlebsac axasiaTebdaT

arastabiluroba da religiuri konfliqtebi. misi wigni “mTavari,” (The Prince),

romelic misi gardacvalebidan 5 wlis Semdeg, 1532 wels gamoica, warmoadgens

sakuTari gamocdilebis da mis mier uZvelesi istoriis Seswavlis nayofs.

makiaveli am naSromSi gvaZlevs realizmis erT-erT dromouWmel normas,

romlis mixedviTac politikis warmoeba, romelic gulisxmobs xalxisadmi

pasuxismgeblobas, ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes morals, rogorc es kerZo

urTierTobs Seefereba. makiavels sjeroda, rom grZnobebis gareSe, moralze

daufuZneblad moqmedeba aris warmatebis sawindari. es gakveTili man misi

batonis, cezare borgias qmedebebis Sesawvlisas SeiZina.

makiaveli Tavis “mTavarSi” qadagebs, rompasuxismgebeli lideri ar unda

sargeblobdes qristianuli eTikis mixedviT, imdenad ramdenadac aseT

SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba yvelaferi dakargos: sakuTreba, Tavisufleba da misi

moqalaqeebis sicocxle. moraliT sargeblboba politikaSi upasuxismgeblobis

tolfasia. mmarTvels amis ufleba ar aqvs, radgan mas xalxis bedi abaria. sxva

sityvebiT rom iTqvas, politikuri pasuxismgebloba sul sxva gziT miemarTeba,

vidre kerZo morali. politikaSi fundamenturi, uzenaesi faseuloba aris

usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. politikaSi zneobrivi normebi da

morali emorCileba saxelmwifo interesebs. es aris is, ramac unda marTos

sagareo politika. mmarTvelebis mTavari pasuxismgebloba ki isaa, rom yovelTvis

iyos upiratesobis ZiebaSi, daicvas Tavisi saxelmwifos interesebi da

uzrunvelyos misi gadarCena.

makiavelis naSromis mTavari ganmasxvavebili niSani isic aris, rom igi

mmarTvels ayenebs xalxis da qveynis samsaxurSi da ara sakuTari Tavis, an reJimis

samsaxurSi. is, rom mmarTvelebi unda iyvnen rogorc lomebi (Zala, Zliereba)

aseve meliebi (cbiereba) aris makiavelis realizmis dedaazri. maT es orive

Tviseba sWirdebaT radgan maTi xalxis bedi maTi simamacisa da sazrianobis

xelSia.

is faqti, rom xalxis bedi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mmarTvelis da

Sesabamisad saxelwifos bedTan aris makiavelis, da saerTod, politikuri

realizmis erT-erTi fundamenturi mosazreba.

16 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, chapter xvii. Sixteenth year of the war - the melian conference - fate of melos. ixileT internet gamocema, misamarTze: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm

18

Semdeg dolari 50 % daeca, magram deficiti mTeli es dro izrdeboda 1987

wlamde. xolo 1988-90-ian wlebSi monacemebi mxolod 1984 wlis monacemebis

donemde gaumjobesda. arsebobs Zalian martivi mizezebi imisaTvis, Tu ratom ver

axdens kursis dacema sasurvel gavlenas deficitze, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi

miuxedavad dolaris kursis dacemisa importi mainc izrdeboda. arsebobs amis

ramodenime mizezi. pirveli albaT is aris, rom amerikelebi upiratesobas

aniWeben mTel rig importul saqonels; meore, biznesmenebi xSirad ar sweven fass

TavianT produqciaze, aramed Tavad iziareben dolaris dacemis gamo moyenebul

zarals. ase iqcevian radgan surT SeinarCunon bazari da aseve aqvT dolaris

momavalSi gaZlierebis imedi an SesaZlebelia biznesmenebma es fuli ar

gadacvalon da daabandon aSS-Si. marTlac, dResdReobiT multierovnuli

korporaciebis zrda, romelTac permanentuli saqmianobis areali aris

sazRvargareT amis saSualebas iZleva.

politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebi

Cveni arseboba fundamentalurad damokidebulia politikur ekonomikaze da

ara calkeulad politikaze, an ekonomikaze. imisTvis, rom gadarCnen, adamianebs

sWirdebaT sakvebi, Casacmeli da bevri sxva ram, rasac adamianebis umravlesoba

SeiZens fulis saSualebiT, romelsac gamoimuSaveben. Tanamedrove bazari ki

politikur wesebs efuZneba. politikuri wesebi da regulaciebi gansazRvraven im

CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac funqcionirebs bazari. amavdroulad, ekonomikuri

siZliere politikuri Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. rogorc

robert gilpini ambobs, ekonomika aris swrafva simdidrisken xolo politika

Zalauflebisken da am or fenomens Soris urTierTqmedeba aris rTuli da

gamaognebeli. swored es rTuli urTierTqmedeba politikas da ekonomikas,

saxelmwifoebs da bazrebs Soris saerTaSoriso konteqstSi aris saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomikis Seswavlis sagani.

niSandoblia is faqti, rom politikuri ekonomika aRmocenda saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis disciplinis farglebSi rogorc sfero, romelsac damou-

kideblad arsebobis safuZveli aqvs. zogierTi imasac ki ambobs, rom politikuri

ekonomika ufro farTo da yovlismomcveli disciplinaa da amitom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi unda iyos misi qvesfero. xolo suzan stranJi fiqrobs, rom orive,

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba

CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis Seswavlebis (international studies) qve- sfe-

roebad. ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom is meTodebi, romlebic ekonomikaSi gamoi-

yeneba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes politikaSic da saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebSic, xolo politkuri mecnierebi sastikad ewinaaRmdegebian politikis

Seswavlis sxva romelime Teoriis donemde dayvanas da mas damoukidebel

disciplinad aRiareben.

ormocdaaTian da samocian wlebSi Seiqmna iseTi situacia, rom politika da

ekonomika absoliturad izolirebuli iyo. xarisxobrivad araerTgvarovani

sakiTxebi iswavleboda aseve araerTgvarovani meTodebiT. magram 1970-ni

wlebidan aseTi mkveTri dapirispirebis arsebobis marTebuloba eWvis qveS dadga.

am yovelives jeqsonis da sorensenis azriT xels uwyobda ramodenime faqtori.

pirveli iyo breton vudsis sistemis krizisi, romelic imaSi gamoixateboda, rom

Warbi dolaris mozRvavebis Sedegad xdeba amerikis oqros rezervebis gadineba

83

aqvs ase Tu ise motivtive gacviliTi kursis politika anu, mTavrobebi

drodadro erevian bazris saqmianobaSi, rom zemoqmedeba moaxdinon garkveul

procesebze. 20-mde qveyanas aqvs politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs mudmiv

gacvliT kurss qveynebis jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. qveynebis umravlesobas ki

(susti da patara saxelmwifoebi) mimagrebuli aqvT TavianTi valutis Rire-

buleba sxva ufro Zlier valutasTan. amasTan, mniSvnelovania ganvasxvaoT myari

(stabiluri da usafrTxo, romelic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso transaqciebis

dros) da susti (gamoiyeneba mxolod qveynis SigniT) valutis tipebi.

jerjerobiT ar arsebobs valuta, romelic mxolod bazris mier aris

regulirebadi. centraluri bankebi xSirad erTvebian savaluto bazris

operaciebSi raTa gavlena moaxdinon maTi valutis moTxovna miwodebaze. amas

imitom akeTeben, rom erovnuli fulis faseuloba pirdapir kavSirSia am qveynis

saqonlis RirebulebasTan saerTaSoriso bazarze da saerTaSoriso saqonlis

Rirebulebaze Sida bazarze. sakuTari erovnuli valutis Rirebulebis SecvliT

mTavrobebs, rogorc wesi, surT Secvalon fasebi importze da eqsportze da

Sedegad zegavlena moaxdinon saboloo savaWro balansze.

rogor axdens savaluto kursi zegavlenas vaWrobaze

rogorc mogexsenebaT, rodesac xalxi awarmoebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobas maT

unda Seafason TavianTi saqoneli im bazris valutiT, romelzec saqoneli

iyideba, magram sabolood maT sWirdebaT sakuTari qveynis valuta. es imas

niSnavs, rom gayidvidan miRebuli fuli unda gadaicvalos erovnul valutaze.

amgvarad, savaluto kursi axdens pirdapir zegavlenas fasebze.

ganivixiloT es magaliTis mixedviT. warmovidginoT, rom amerikeli

eqsportiori yidis kompiuteris disk draiverebs did britaneTSi. am periodSi

savaluto kursi am or valutas Soris aris 1 funt sterlingi 2 aSS dolarTan. es

disk draivebi aSS-Si iyideba 500 dolarad. eqsportiori mzad aris

transportaciis xarjebi Tavad gaiRos raTa daimkvidros Tavi inglisis bazarze.

Sesabamisad is Tavis produqts afasebs 250 funt sterlingad da miiRebs 500

amerikul dolars. axla warmovidginoT, rom sterligis kursma aiwia da 1 funt

sterlingi udris 3 amerikul dolars. amis Sedegad, eqsportiors saSualeba aqvs

gaaiafos Tavisi produqti (daimaxsovreT, rom mas mxolod 500 dolaris miReba

ainteresebs) da gaxados 166.67 funt sterlingi, rom miiRos 500 dolari (166.67

gamravlebuli 3-ze). Sesabamisad, Sesustebuli dolaris kursi saSualebas aZlevs

(magram ar aris aucilebeli) rom amerikelma eqsportiorebma gaaiafon fasebi

sazRvargareT. Tu aris sapirispiro situacia, anu Zvirdeba dolari da ecema

funt sterlingis kursi, magaliTad 1 funt sterlingi udris 1 amerikul

dollars, maSin eqsportiorebs didi problema aqvT. imisTvis, rom maT miiRon

saWiro 500 dolari unda gazardon produqtis fasi ucxo bazarze 500 funt

sterlingamde raTa maTi biznesi wamgebiani ar gaxdes.

dolaris kursis dagdebis xerxs xSirad mimarTavs amerikis mTavroba raTa

aRmofxvras uzarmazari savaWro defici. magram, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic,

rom kursis dagdebis zegavlenas savaWro deficitis amovsebaze aqvs Tavisi

limitebi. istoriulad cnobilia, rom dolaris gaiafebam mxolod zRvruli

zegavlena iqonia aSS-s savaWro deficitze. 1971 - 1980 wlebSi miuxedavad imisa,

rom dolaris kursi daeca, amerikis savaWro deficiti gauaresda. 1985 wlis

82

Tomas hobsi

ingliseli filosofosis, Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebi iTvleba realizmis

fundamentad. Tavis “leviaTanSi,” filosofiuri deduqciis saSualebiT hobsi

cdilobs axsnas politkuri sinamdvilis buneba. SesavalSive hobsi ambobs, rom

saxelmwifo aris xelovnuri adamiani, mxolod ufro didi da ufro Zlieri, vidre

bunebrivi adamiani, romlis usafrTxoebisa da dacvisaTvisac aris igi Seqmnili.

am did manqanas hobsi uwodebs leviaTans, romelic misi TqmiT, aris igive

Tanamegobroba, igive saxelmwifo.

misi naSromis mizania axsnas am xelovnuri adaminis, saxelmwifos, buneba.

risgan Sedgeba da ras warmoadgens igi. rogoria suverenis uflebebi, samarTali

da xelisufleba. ra Slis da ra asazrdoebs suverenitets.

imisaTvis, rom gaigos politikuri cxovrebis fundamenturi arsi hobsi

warmoidgens adamianebs, qalebsa da kacebs, sawyis mdgomareobaSi, garemoSi, sadac

jer ar aris gamogonebuli suverenuli saxelmwifo. igi am mdgomareobas uwodebs

“bunebriv mdgomareobas” (state of nature). misi aRwerilobiT, bunebriv pirobebSi

yoveli mamakaci, qali da bavSvi safrTxeSia yvela sxva danarCenis mxridan.

adamianebs aqvT erTmaneTisadmi mudmivi SiSi, radgan maTi sicocxle mudvivad

safrTxis qveSaa da aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis garantia. aseT situaciaSi,

romelsac hobsi aRwers rogorc “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,”

bunebrivi mdgomareobaa “yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.”

am “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,” situaciidan hobsi xedavs

erTaderT gamosavals, rac aris suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmna da amoqmedeba.

hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi instinqturad uerTebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben

usafrTxoebis paqtebs, romelic uzrunvelyofs TiToeulis usafrTxoebas. es

sayovelTao SiSi da usafrTxoebis SegrZneba aiZulebT maT gamovidnen bunebrivi

mdgomareobidan sadac sufevs yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg. sxvanairad rom

iTqvas hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi qmnian suverenul saxelmwifoebs ara

gonierebaze, aramed instinqtze dayrdnobiT. isini nebiT deben socialur

kontraqts erTmaneTTan da qmnian suverenul mTavrobas, romelsac gaaCnia

saWiro Zliereba, raTa daicvas isini sagareo Tu saSinao mtrebisa da

xelisSemSleli faqtorebisgan. aseT civilur pirobebSi romelsac hobsi

“mSvidobasa da wesrigs” uwodebs adamainebi Tavisufldebian SiSisgan da aqvT

saSualeba iRvawon bednierebisaTvis.

saxelmwifos Seqmna marTalia adamianebs aZlevs gamosavals bunebrivi

mdgomareobidan, magram warmoSobs axal politikur problemas saxelmwifoTa

doneze. erTi sityviT, bunebrivi mdgomareoba pirovnuli donidan gadadis

saxelmwifoTa doneze da warmoiqneba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis

problema rac gamowveulia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobiT. faqtiurad,

saxeze gvaqvs fenomeni, romelic politikaSi cnobilia rogorc “usafrTxoebis

dilema.” hobsi ambobs, rom erTi usafrTxoebis problemis gadaWriT adamianebi

Zalauneburad iwveven meores. 17

am usafrTxoebis dilemidan gamosavali aRar arsebobs, radgan ar aris

saSualeba imisa, rom Seiqmnas msoflio mTavroba. suverenul saxelmwifoebs

aranairi survili ar gaaCniaT rom TavianTi damoukidebloba daTmon sxva,

globaluri mTavrobis sasargeblod. am situacias hobsi imiT xsnis, rom

17 usafrTxoebis dilema mokled aris aRwerili aleqsandre rondelis wignSi

“saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,” Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti, 1996, gv. 95.

19

bunebrivi mdgomareoba saerTaSoriso doneze ar aris iseTi saSiSi da muqaris

momgvreli rogorc pirovnul doneze. saxelmwifoebs ufro advilad SeuZliaT

erTmaneTi daicvan gareSe safrTxisgan, vidre es calkeul adamianebs SeuZliaT.

bolo suraTi rasac hobsi aRwers aris saerTaSoriso anarqia, romelic

dafuZnebulia suverenul saxelmwifoebze. radganac suverenitets dacva

sWirdeba, avtomaturad anarqiuli sistema gulisxmobs faqtobriv, an

potenciuri omis mdgomareobas. hobsi ambobs, rom omi aris ukanaskneli

saSualeba imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma Seajeron SeuTanxmebeli problemebi.

neoklasikuri realizmi: hans morgenTau

1948 wels gamocemuli germanuli warmoSobis amerikeli politikuri

mecnieris hans morgenTaus naSromi “qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauflebisa

da mSvidobisaTvis” miCneulia politikuri naSromebis mwvervalad. am naSromma

didi xniT ganszaRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli

interesebi da mTeli am dargis ganviTarebis Semdgomi xasiaTi. 18

morgenTaus qveynebis politika aris Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis ideebis

gagrZeleba, Tumca ufro Tanamedrove eniT dawerili da gajerebuli dagrovili

istoriuli gamocdilebiT da politikuri sibrZniT. Tavis safuZvelSi es wigni

igive fundamentzea daarsebuli rogorc zemoT ganxiluli naSromebi, kerZod is,

rom adamianis buneba aris mtacebluri, bunebrivad mzakvari da bneli, da rom es

faqti aisaxeba politikur urTierTobebze. politika da eTika erTmaneTisgan

Sors dganan da, rom politikuri Zala da Zliereba aris mSvidobis erTaderTi

garanti. amitom aris, rom morgenTaus realizms uwodeben neoklasikur

realizms, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi realizmi aris meoce saukunis ganaxlebuli

klasikuri tradicia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.

morgenTau, iseve rogorc misi ideuri winamorbedebi, Tvlida, rom qalebi da

kacebi bunebiT arian politikuri cxovelebi, isini dabadebulni arian, raTa

moipovon Zala da datkbnen Zlierebis nayofiT. igi ambobda, rom adamianebs

axasiaTebT Zalisadmi ltolva (lust) da amas uwodebda animus dominandi, romelic

iwvevs gardauval politikur brZolas adamianebs Soris.

adamianebs aqvT survili, rom iyvnen sxvebis politikuri zegavlenisgan

damoukedebeli. es qmnis saWiroebas imisas, rom Seiqmnas iseTi politikuri

sfero, sadac Tavisufuli iqnebian sxvisi politikuri diqtatisgan. saboloo

varianti aseTi sferosi, romlis SigniTac iqneba usafrTxoeba, aris suverenuli

saxelmwifo. mis gareT ki usafrTxoebis miRweva SeuZlebelia. 19

meores mxriv, sistema, romelic efuZneba damoukidebel elementebs,

romlebsac gaaCniaT kerZo interesebi da survili, daicvan es interesebi,

warmoSobs saWiroebas imisas, rom saxelmwifos SigniT moxdes Zalis mobilizeba

da saWiro SemTxvevaSi gamoyeneba. erTi sityviT, saxelmwifoebze dafuZnebul

sistemas mivyavarT anarqiamde da konfliqtamde.

rogorc misi azrobrivi winamorbedebi, aseve morgenTauc avlebs mkveTr xazs

pirad eTikasa da politikas Soris da mkacrad akritikebs meore msoflio omamde

damkvidrebul vilsoniseul liberalur politikas, romelic qadagebda, rom

saxelmwifoTa qmedebebic igive moraluri da eTikuri standartebiT unda

18 iqve, . . ., gv. 41. 19 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 76.

20

fiskaluri politika

ekonomikis menejmentis meore umniSvnelovanesi instrumentia fiskaluri

politika — gadasaxadebis da danaxarjebis warmoeba mTavrobis mier ekonomikaze

zemoqmedebis mizniT. fiskaluri politikis fundamentur mosazrebebs mivyavarT

gavlenian britanel ekonomistamde, jon meinard keinsamde, romelic ambobda,

rom ar aris aucilebeli fiskaluri politika emsaxurebodes dakanonebul da

dabalansebul biujets, aramed SeiZleba igi gamoyenebul iqnas ekonomikuri

ciklebis samarTavad da procesis gasaadvileblad.

1960 wlamde miRebuli iyo e.w. deficituri gadaxarjvebi, anu mTavroba

xarjavda ufro mets, vidre mas Semosavali hqonda gadasaxadebis saxiT. amis

principi iyo is, rom mTavroba fuls debda isev ekonomikaSi da amiT aCqarebda

ekonomikuri aqtivobis tempebs. 1964 wels miRebul iqna kenedi-jonsonis

gadasaxadebis Semcirebis aqti da amiT es principi Seicvala. imis magivrad, rom

dayrdnobodnen gazrdil samTavrobo danaxarjebs, ekonomistebma mxari dauWires

gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da danaxarjebis igive doneze datovebas, raTa

warmoqmniliyo mastimulirebeli deficiti. anu, idea is aris, rom is pirovnebebi,

romlebsac gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sedegad gauCndaT zedmeti Semosavali am

fuls isev ekonomikaSi daabandeben da igive rezultati iqneboda miRweuli.

fiskalur politikas axasiaTebs sistute, radgan igi aris sxvadasxva

jgufebis da Tavad politikosebis uzurpaciis sagani. magaliTad, 1966 wels

prezidentma jonsonma gadawyvita ar gaezarda gadasaxadebi vietnamis omSi

gaweuli xarjebis asanazRaureblad, radgan es kidev ufro Seasustebda misdami

saxalxo mxardaWeras. aseTi qmedebebi SeiZleba racionaluri iyos mokle vadaSi,

magram hqondes savalalo Sedegebi grZelvadian periodSi. xSirad gadasaxadebis

Semcirebas mivyavarT ekonomikis zedmetad stimulaciisaken, rasac Sedegad

inflacia mosdevs. swored es mohyva jonsonis gadawyvetilebas.

savaluto kursi da savaWro deficitebi

darCenili koncefciebis nakrebi, romelic mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomikis gasagebad exeba urTierTobebs savaluto kurssa da

saerTaSoriso vaWrobas Soris. imisaTvis, rom vaWroba Sedges, fulma patroni

unda gamoicvalos. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi erTi qveynis valuta unda gaicvalos

meoreze. Sesabamisad, savaluto kurss aqvs didi zegavlena vaWrobis pirobebze.

savaluto kursi martivad rom vTqvaT aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba

gavcvaloT erTi valuta meoreze. savaluto kursi ganisazRvreba amaTu im

valutaze moTxovnis doniT da am valutis miwodebis doniT. savaluto kurss aqvs

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba mTavrobebisaTvis. isini gamoiyeneben ramodenime

saSualebas raTa zegavlena iqonion valutis kursze. erT-erTi aris mudmi-

vi/myari savaluto kursis (fixed exchange rate) daweseba. tipiurad, aseTi kursis

SenarCunebas Wirdeba mTavrobis mniSvnelovani Careva valutis bazarze, raTa es

kursi SenarCunebuli iqnas. mudmivi gacviliTi kursis politika tardeboda

msoflios umetes nawilSi 1958 wlidan 1973 wlamde da pirvel msoflio omamdec

ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi. amis sapirispiro aris motivtive gacvliTi kursi

(floating exchange rate), romlis mixedviTac valutis fasi ganisazRvreba bazris mier

mTavrobis Caurevlad. dRevandeli mdgomareoba Zalian rTulia. 50-mde qveynas

81

miwodebas, an gamowovs fuls sabanko sistemidan saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis

yidva-gayidvis gziT. rodesac ramdenime miliardi dolaris fasiani qaRaldebi

iyideba, maSin am qaRaldebis gamyidveli institutebi (rogorc wesi bankebi da

sadazRvevo kompaniebi), iReben didi raodenobiT fuls Cekis saxiT fedisgan, rac

zrdis fulis miwodebas. sabanko sistemaSi fulis CadebiT da Sesabamisad bankebis

sesxis gacemis unarianobis amaRlebiT fedi awarmoebs gafarToebaze orien-

tirebul monetarul/finansur politikas (expansionary monetary policy). amis

sapirispiro aris xelmomWirneobaze orientirebuli monetaruli politika (tight monetary policy), romlis drosac fedi yidis fasian qaRaldebs da miRebuli fulis

Sedegad efeqturad gamoswovs fuls sabanko sistemidan.

sawyisi procenti/diskonti (discount rate) aris aseve Zlieri instrumenti fulis

miwodebis samarTavad. es aris is procenti, romelsac fedi uwesebs wevr bankebs,

rodesac isini fuls sesxuloben fedisgan. sawyisi procenti aseve aris erTgvari

procenti, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens danarCeni procentebis odenobaze da

misi cvalebadoba iwvevs cvlilebebs sxva procentebSic. Sesabamisad, kidev

erTxel, mizani aris fulis miwodebis gafarToeba da Semcireba. sawyisi

procentis gazrda aZvirebs fulis Rirebulebas, sesxis aRebis survils amcirebs

da Sesabamisad unda Seanelos ekonomikuri eqspansiac. misi Semcireba aqezebs

sesxis aRebas da Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobac unda gaizardos.

fedis roli aSS-Si aris SeunarCunos stabiluroba finansur bazars

krizisebis dros da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas da amave dros akontrolos

inflacia, anu ekonomikuri zrda dabali inflaciis TanxlebiT. meoce saukunis

dasawyisSi finasuri panika Zalian gaizarda da amitomac Seiqmna fedi. panika aris

periodi, rodesac SeSinebuli investorebi cdiloben saswrafod gayidon

TavianTi fasiani qaRaldebi, raTa TavianTi fuli ukan daibrunon.

fedi aseve aris fulis saboloo gamsesxebeli raTa uzrunvelyos

likviduroba (saWiro odenobis fuli, raTa ganxorcieldes yvela transaqcia,

romlis ganxorcielebac xalxs surs) rodesac danarCeni gamsesxebeli

institutebi arian panikiT paralizebulebi. fedis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

roli aris inflaciis kontroli ekonomikuri aqtivobis mxardaWerasTan erTad.

inflacia gansakuTrebiT saSiSia imaTvTvis vin gascems fuls, an imaTTvis visi

Semosavalic ganisazRvreba mudmivi Semosavalis saxiT (fixed income). es

Semdeganairad aixsneba: mudmivi Semosavlis Rirebuleba mcirdeba inflaciis

gamo, radgan mzardi fasebis pirobebSi momavali Semosavali, romlis odenoba

warsulSi daigegma, gamoirCeva dabali msyidvelobiTi unarianobiT. rodesac

fedi cdilobs gaakontrolos inflacia igi icavs gamsesxeblebis da sxvaTa

interesebs, romlebic zaraldebian gazrdili fasebis Sedegad.

Tu monacemebi aCvenebs, rom ekonomika farTovdeba Zalian swrafad da

sainflacio wneva izrdeba, fedi aucileblad moqmedebas iwyebs. Cumi da

moklevadiani qmedeba inflaciis SesaCereblad iqneba operaciebi Ria bazarze rac

Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas da aswevs ganakveTs. ufro sajaro moqmedeba iqneba

ukve sawyisi procentis gazrda. situaciis sirTulidan gamomdinare am politikis

kombinaciebi SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes. 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis

ganmavlobaSi, rodesac inflaciuri wneva maRali iyo fedi axorcielebda “mkacr

monetarul” politikas da saprocento ganakveTic uprecedentod gazarda. 1994

wels, rodesac inflaciuri wneva iyo mosalodneli, fedma winaswar gazarda

saprocento ganakveTi da Seanela amerikis ekonomika.

80

ganisajos rogorc civilzebul adamianTa urTierTobebi. morgenTau am

yovelives damRupvelad da upasuxismgeblobad miiCnevda. misi azriT, es iyo

udidesi inteleqtualuri Secdoma, radgan aseTi midgoma ver xedavda

gansxvavebas pirad sferosa da saxalxo sferos Soris. rogorc ukve ganvixileT,

politikuri realistebisaTvis am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba fundamenturia.

morgenTau miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos marTvis fundamenturi safuZvelia imis

naTeli SegrZneba, rom politikuri eTika da piradi eTika erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdeba. saWiroa am faqtis ara ugulebelyofa, aramed misi naTlad gaazreba

da cda, rom am gamouvali garemoebidan Seecado da saukeTeso Sedegi miiRo.

morgenTau Tavis naSromis SesavalSive ayalibebs politikuri realzmis 6

princips, raTa gaaqarwylos gaugebrobebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris

politikuri realizmi. 20

1. politika fesvgadgmulia adamianis permanentulad ucvlel bunebaSi,

romelic aris egoisturi da egocentruli.

2. politika aris avtonomiuri sfero da ar SeiZleba misi dayvana ekonomikamde

(rogorc amas marqsizmis mimdevrebi akeTeben), an moralamde (rogorc amas

kantis liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi akeTeben xolme). saxelmwifo

meTaurebma unda imoqmedon politikuri sibrZnis diqtatis mixedviT.

maTTvis gzis gagnebis mTavari saSualeba erovnuli interesebis koncefciaa.

3. piradi interesebi aris adamianuri arsebis gamomxatveli faqti. yvela

adamianis piradi interesebis minimumi aris TviTgadarCena da usafrTxoeba.

politika aris arena, sadac es interesebi gamoixateba da es interesebi

aucileblad erTmaneTs Seejaxeba rac adre Tu gvian gamoiwvevs konfliqts.

saerTaSorsio politikac aseve aris saxelmwifoTa interesebis Sejaxebis

arena. saxelmwifoTa interesebi ki icvleba droSi da garemoSi. realizmi

aris doqtrina, romelic reagirebas axdens cvalebad politikur

realobaze.

4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eTika aris politikuri da situaciuri eTika,

rac Zalzed gansxvavdeba piradi moralisagan. politikur liders ar aqvs

Tavisufleba moiqces moralur principebze dayrdnobiT rigiTi

moqalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, radgan igi pasuxismgebelia xalxis winaSe da mis

xelSia maTi usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba. SesaZlebeli Sedegebidan

yvelaze momgebianis SerCeva politikosis umaRlesi miRwevaa.

5. realizmi miiCnevs, rom arc erTi eris da saxelmwifos zneobrivi miznebi ar

SeiZleba miviCnioT sayovelTao zneobriv kanonebad (TviT iseTi

demokratiuli erisac ki, rogoric aris aSS) da ar SeiZleba isini Zalis

gamoyenebiT dakisrebuli iqnes sxva saxelmwifoze. realistebi gamodian amis

sawinaaRmdegod, radgan es safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebas.

SesaZlebelia, rom raRac momentSi ZaliT dakisrebulma ideologiam

sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos da TviT “jvarosan” qveyanas safrTxe Seeqmnas.

6. politikosis umaRlesi zneoba da morali aris misi qveynis interesebi. 21

20 Hans J. Morgenthau. Politics Among nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1985, p. 4. 21 realizmis eqvsi principis mokle anotacia aseve ixileT aleqsandre rondelis

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, gverdi 41-42 da Jackson and Sorensen, p. 79-80.

21

leqcia IV

neorealizmi

politikuri realizmi: zogadi mimoxilva

politikuri realizmi sxva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebisgan gan-

sxvavebiT xatavs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sevdian suraTs. saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi danaxulia rogorc mkacri konkurencia qveynebs Soris, rom-

lebsac aranairi mizezi ar aqvT erTmaneTs miendon maSin, rodesac maTi arsebobis

arsi TviTgadarCenaa iseT garemoSi sadac erTis danakargi meoris monapovaria

(zero sum game).

jon mirSaimeri gvTavazobs realizmis yvelaze naTel da amomwurav

daxasiaTebas. igi gamoyofs xuT ZiriTad mosazrebas romelic aRwers realizmis

midgomas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi. 22

1. pirveli mosazreba isaa, rom saerTaSoriso sistema anarqiulia. anu,

saerTaSoriso sistemis mowyobis principi aris anarqiuli, rac imas niSnavs,

rom sistema Sedgeba damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulebisgan

(saxelmwifoebi), romlebsac ar hyavT zemdgomi xelisufleba. sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobs umaRlesi mmarTveli organo, zesaxelmwifo, maSin

rodesac suvereniteti saxelmwifoTa Tandayolili Tvisebaa.

2. meore mosazereba isaa, rom saxelmwifoebs bunebrivad TandayvebaT agresiis

iaraRi, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg.

rogorc wesi, es aris samxedro SeiaraReba. Tumca, rom ar iyos iaraRi,

realizmi ambobs rom indivdebi saomrad xel-fexs gamoiyenebdnen.

3. mesame mosazreba isaa, rom saxelmwifoebi arasdros ar arian darwmunebulni,

Tu ra ganzraxva amoZravebs sxva saxelmwifos. kerZod, arc erT saxelmwifos

ar aqvs garantia imisa, rom mis winaaRmdeg agresiul iaraRs ar gamoiyenebs

meore saxelmwifo. SeiZleba es meore saxelmwifo iyos keTilmosurne da

saimedo, magram am mosazrebaze dayrdnoba SeuZlebelia, radgan

SeuZlebelia ganzraxvis asi procentiT gansazRvra. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, gaurkvevlobis (uncertainty) Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia rodesac

xdeba ganzraxvis Sefaseba, es ki martivad ganapirobebs imas, rom

saxelmwifoebi verasdros iqnebian darwmunebulni, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs

agresiul iaraRebTan erTad agresiuli ganzraxvebic ar aqvT.

4. meoTxe mosazreba isaa, rom saxelmwifoTa ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli motivi

aris TviTgadarCena, radgan maT surT suverenitetis SenarCuneba.

5. mexuTe mosazreba ambobs rom saxelmwifoebi fiqroben strategiulad imaze,

Tu rogor gadarCnen saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. saxelmwifoebi arian

umetesad racionalurebi. Tumca, zogjer SeiZleba ver gansazRvron

saqcieli, radgan isini moqmedeben arasruli informaciis samyaroSi, sadac

potenciur mowinaaRmdeges gaaCnia sababi imisa, rom damalos Tavisi

namdvili Zala, an sisuste da damalos Tavisi namdvili ganzraxvebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, mirSaimeri gamoyofs saxelmwifoTa saqcielis sam ZirTad

22 John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/1995), pp. 5-49.

22

monetaruli da fiskaluri politika

fiskaluri politika exeba mTavrobis politikas danaxarjebis, gadasaxadebis

da sesxebis Sesaxeb. monetaruli politika exeba centraluri bankis politikas

daareguliros fulis miwodeba da sesxis ganakveTi. am ori politikidan

monetaruli politika rogorc wesi ufro institucionalizebuli da efeqturia.

fiskaluri politika ki ufro politizirebulia. Sesabamisad, fiskaluri

politikis gamoyeneba makroekonomikis erT-erT instrumentad cota ufro

nakleb efeqturia.

magaliTad, amerikis centraluri banki Seiqmna 1913 wels. konservatorma

jgufebma federaluri rezervic ki Seqmnes. aSS-mde bevr wamyvan qveyanas ukve

hqonda centraluri bankebi. mag: did britaneTs 1840-ian wlebSi, germanias 1870-

ian wlebSi da iaponias 1880-ian wlebSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganamsxvavebeli

niSani centraluri bankebisa isaa, Tu ramdenad damoukideblebi arian isini

politikuri diqtatisagan. am gagebiT, germaniis centraluri banki, bundesbanki,

yvelaze damoukidebelia. Semdeg modis inglisis banki da safrangeTis banki.

federaluri rezervi am ori ukiduresobis SuaSi eqceva. anu mas aqvs

damoukideblad moqcevis saSualeba, magram amavdroulad xSirad pasuxobs

politikur zewolas da zrdis fulis miwodebas, an amcirebs ganakveTis

procents.

monetaruli politika

magaliTisTvis, ganvixiloT Tu rogor axorcielebs monetarul politikas

fedi. mas aqvs ori instrumenti, romliTac ekonomikaze axdens zegavlenas: Ria

sabazro operaciebi (open market operations) da procenti (discount rate). orive

instrumentis mizania gavlena moaxdinos kreditis xelmisawvdomobaze anu

bankebis survili gascen sesxi da individebis da korporaciebis survili aiRon

sesxi.

rogorc cnobilia, fulis brunvis didi nawili aris uxilavi fuli, anu Cekebi

da gadaricxvebi da ara naRdi fuli. amerikaSi ufro metad gamoiyeneba sabanko

transferebi angariSsworebisas. ufro metic, fulis nakadis moculoba ufro

metad damokidebulia bankebis mier kreditis gamoyofaze vidre saxelmwifos

mier fulis dabeWdvaze. fedi axdens fulis miwodebis menejments swored am

procesebze zegavleniT. rodesac banki gamouyofs sesxs Tavis klientebs es

zrdis ekonomiur aqtivobas. saqonlis da servisebis warmoebis zrda gazrdili

moTxovnis dasakmayoflileblad iwvevs dasaqmebis zrdas. es damatebiTi

muSaxeli ki Tavis Semosavals xarjavs, an sulac Tavad iRebs sesxs SenaZenis

gasakeTeblad. es procesi Sebrunebadia: rodesac bankebi amcireben sesxis

gacemas, saqonlis da momsaxureobis SeZena mcirdeba, umuSevroba ki izrdeba,

rasac mosdevs danaxarjebis Semcireba, Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobis

dacema.

am yoveliveze zemoqmedebs da aregulirebs federaluri rezervi. fedi

gansazRvravs im qonebis proporciebs, romelic unda imyofebodes rezervSi. mas

aqvs inspeqciis ufleba winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSe da aseve SeuZlia

daaZalos cvlilebebi sesxis gacemis politikaSi. yvelaze gavrcelebuli teqnika

fulis miwodebis samarTavad aris Ria sabazro operaciebi. fedi an zrdis fulis

79

investicias. es procesi Cans kapitalis eqsportis mkveTri dacemiT da kapitalis

importis mkveTri zrdiT meoTxe weliwadSi. es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom qveyanas

aqvs SesaZlebloba daabandos investicia sazRvargareT da miiRos sargebeli ori

Semdgomi wlis ganmavlobaSi. magram, meoTxe wels deficitis gaCena iwvevs

investiciebis Semcirebas da amis sapirispirod moizidavs ucxour investiciebs.

es procesi Cans im faqtiT, rom kapitalis eqsporti mkveTrad ecema meoTxe

weliwadSi da kapitalis importi izrdeba.

es SeiZleba dadebiT faqtad gveCvenos, radgan sxva qveynebs aqvT survili

daabandon investicia Cvens qveyanaSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, am situacias

SeiZleba eqnes potenciurad savalalo Sedegebi momavalSi. kapitalis importis

zrda niSnavs, rom Cvens qveyanas mouwevs Semosavlis gadaxda ucxoeli

investorebisaTvis momavalSi, maSin rodesac Semosavali sazRvargareTidan

daecema, radgan am droisaTvis am qveynis kapitalis investiciebi sazRvargareT

Semcirda. Tu savaWro deficitis da kapitalis importis zrdis kombinacia

didxans gagrZeldeba, aman SeiZleba qveyana mZime arCevanis winaSe daayenos. erT-

erTi gamosavali, SeiZleba iyos mimdinare angariSis deficitis Semobruneba

importis Semcirebis xarjze, rom SesaZlebeli iyos kapitalis importis

Semosavlis gadaxda ucxoelebisaTvis. amis alternativa aris is, rom xangrZlivi

mimdinare angariSis deficiti aiZulebs qveyanas aiRos ufro meti sagareo vali

imasaTvis, rom gadaixados sargebeli adrindel investiciebze.

magram SesaZlebloba, rom sagareo vali gamoiyeno deficitis dasafaravad

damokidebulia ucxoelebis survilze undaT Tu ara investireba. isini ar arian

valdebuli ase moiqcnen. es imas niSnavs, rom is specifiuroba, rom yvela unda

gaswordes (yvelam Tavisi miiRos) niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom unda gadadgas

nabijebi mimdinare angariSis deficitis gasasworeblad. Sesworebebs SeiZleba

hqondeT sabazro operaciebis, an politikuri qmedebebis saxe.

msgavsi maCvenebeli aris eris roli saerTaSoriso arenaze, anu debitoria igi

Tu kreditori. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, meoTxe wlis monacemebis mixedviT qveyana aris

debitori im gagebiT, rom ucxoelebi floben am qveynis ufro met simdidres

vidre am qveynis moqalaqebi ucxours. es aris Sedegi imisa, rom didi xnis

manZilze deficiti mimdinare angariSSi finansdeboda ucxouri investiciebiT.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom debitor qveyanas uwevs interesebis da dividendebis

saxiT ufro meti Tanxis gadaxda vidre is Rebulobs (mag. me-4 weliwadSi Semo-

savali aris 20. 2 miliardi da gasavali 23. 1 miliardi) rac aris kidev erTi

uaryofiTi punqti balansSi). es situacia gagrZeldeba sanam mimdinare balansi ar

gadava plusebSi ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. es rom piriqiT yofiliyo, anu

qveyanas hqonoda ufro meti qoneba sazRvargareT, vidre ucxoelebi floben sim-

didres am qveyanaSi, maSin qveyana iqneboda kreditori qveyana da maSin igi miiReb-

da jamur Semosavals ucxoeTidan, anu dadebiTi punqti gadasaxadebis balansSi.

Tu davukvirdebiT, gadasaxadebis balansi yvelaze ufro metad mniS-

vnelovania imisTvis, Tu ras gvimxels is disbalansebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT

ganmeorebad disbalansebze mimdinare angariSebis balansSi. magram sakiTxavi is

aris, Tu rogor zegavlenas axdens deficiti an froficiti qveynis keTil-

dReobaze da mis finansur mdgomareobaze? ra saSualebebs flobs saxelmwifo,

rom gamoasworos es problemebi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa

ganvixiloT urTierTobebi msoflio da saSinao ekonomikebs Soris, rac moiTxovs

makroekonomikis elementaruli mcnebebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa sesxis

ganakveTi, fulis miwodeba, monetaruli da fiskaluri politika.

78

formas:

1. saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTis eSiniaT, radgan mudmivad saSiSroebis molodinSi

arian sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan;

2. saxelmwifoebi damokidebulni arian mxolod sakuTar Tavze, radgan sxva

saxelmwifoebi potenciur safrTxes warmoadgenen. rogorc kenet uolci

ambobs saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben “TviT daxmarebis” reJimSi. Sesabamisad

aliansebi ganixileba rogorc droebTi movlena da SeiZleba dReis mokavSire

gaxdes xvalis metoqe da dReis mteri xvalis mekavSire. aqedan gamomdinare,

realistebi askvnian rom saxelmwifoebi unda iyvnen egoisturebi da

izrunon sakuTar erovnul interesebze. es mosazreba ucvleli rCeba

rogorc moklevadian aseve grZelvadian pirobebSi;

3. saxelmwifoebi cdiloben gazardon TavianTi fardobiTi Zliereba (relative power) sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. 23 radgan rac meti aqvs samxedro

upiratesoba, miT ufro usafrTxoa qveyana. TiToel saxelmwifos aqvs

survili iyos Zlieri samxedro Zala radgan es aris yvelaze saukeTeso gza

uzrunvelyo sakuTari usafrTxoeba saSiS garemoSi. igive motivi logikurad

ganapirobebs imas, rom saxelmwifoebma wamoiwyon omi rodesac amis

saSualeba arsbobs da rodesac mogeba savaraudoa. idealuri gamosavali

aris iyo hegemoni sistemaSi. maSin TviTgadarCena TiTqmis uzrunvelyofili

iqneboda.

realizmis centraluri mosazreba, razec yuradRebis gamaxvileba

aucilebelia isaa, rom anarqia iwvevs konkurencias da konfliqts saxelmwifoebs

Soris da axSobs maTSi TanamSromlobis survils maSinac ki, rodesac arsebobs

saerTo interesi. es mosazreba mimarTulia neoliberaluri Teoriebis sapi-

rispirod, romelebic amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT iTanamSromlon.

realizmis azriT, arsebobos ori mizezi rac xels uSlis TanamSromlobas. esenia:

fardobiTi mogeba (relative gains) da Ralatis saSiSroeba.

saxelmwifoebi, romlebic fiqroben TanamSromlobaze unda gansazRvron, Tu

rogor ganawildeba mogeba monawileTa Soris. aris mogebis aRqmis ori gza:

absoluturi, an fardobiTi mogeba. absoluturi mogeba (absolute gains) niSnavs,

rom TiToeuli mxare mxolod dainteresebulia maqsimaluri mogebiT da ar

adardebs sxvisi monapovari. TiToeul mxares adardebs meoris qmedebebi mxolod

imdenad, ramdenadac meoris saqcielma SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos mis mier

maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis perspeqtivaze. amis sapirispirod fardobiTi

mogeba (relative gains) niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoebi saTvalavSi iReben ara marto

sakuTar individualur mogebas, aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad aqvs mas saqme

sxvasTan SedarebiT. realizmis samyaroSi saxelmwifoebi yuradRebas aqceven

fardobiT mogebas, radgan saxelmwifoebis mTavari mizania TviTgadarCena da

suverenintetis SenarCuneba. amitom, saxlemwifoebs aqvT SiSi, rom dRevandeli

megobari SeiZleba gaxdes xvalindeli mteri. amitom TanamSromloba, romelic

orives xels aZlevs arasasurvelia, radganac es mis potenciur mters aZlierebs.

aqidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebi mkacrad akvirdebian maTi partniorebis

23 am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT realizmi iyofa or ganStoebad: TavdasxmiT (mirSaimeri)

da TavdacviT realizmad (jervisi, van evera, volti). debatebi da gansxvavebebi am or

ganStoebas Soris ganxiluli iqneba Semdgom leqciebSi.

23

mogebas, rac zRudavs maT Soris TanamSromlobas. 24

Ralati aseve zRudavs TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs. saxelmwifoebs

eSiniaT, rom SeiZleba meore partniorma moityus da amiT misi fardobiTi Zala

gaizardos. radganac, relizmis TvalTaxedviT saxelmwifoebi zrunaven ZalTa

balansis SenarCunebaze isini gansakuTrebiT frTxiloben, rom ar motyuvdnen

sxva saxelmwiofoebis mier da aseve zrunaven fardobiT mogebaze. es yovelive

arTulebs TanamSromlobas.

struqturuli realizmi

60-70 wlebSi wamoWrilma meore debatebma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

pozitivistebsa da biheivioristebs Soris gardamtexi gavlena iqonia realizmze,

rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriaze. am periodSi saTave daedo

neorealizms, romlis midgoma realizmisadmi rogorc Teoriisadmi iyo ufro

meTodologiuri, ufro mecnieruli, da ara normatiuli, rogorc es klasikur

realizms axasiaTebda.

neorealizmis mamaTavrad iTvleba qeneT uolci, romlis sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli naSromi “saerTaSoriso politikis Teoria” (1979) ganaviTarebs

sruliad gansxvavebul realizms. uolcis meTodologia ganmsWvaluli iyo

ambiciebiT, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gamxdariyo samecniero dis-

cpilina.

maSasadame, uolcis mTavari mcdeloba is iyo, rom Camoeyalibebina kanonis

magvari mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da amiT am disciplinisaTvis

mecnieruli elferi mieca. uolci ambobs rom saerTaSoriso politikis Teoria

iseve SeiZleba Camoyalibdes rogorc sxva nebismieri Teoria. amisaTvis,

upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa:

- saerTaSoriso politika aRviqvaT rogorc gancalkevebuli sfero an areali,

- unda aRmovaCinoT kanonzomierebaTa magvari wesebi masSi (law like statements) da,

- SevimuSavoT dakvirvebis Sedegad gamovlenili kanonzomierebis axsnis gze-

bi. 25

aseT kanonzomierebebad uolcma miiCnia saxelmwifoTa saqcieli, romelic

yvelaze kargad e.w. Realpolitik-iT aris axsnili. kerZod, saxelmwifo interesebis

uzenaesoba, konkurenciis daregulireba (raSic ZalTa balansi moiazreba), Zalis

primati da ase Semdeg. anu, esenia meTodebi, romlebic ar icvlebian miuxedavad

imisa, rom maT gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben. 26 am

meTodebis ganmeorebiTobas uolci xsnis saerTaSoriso sistemis xasiaTiT.

amiT igi avlebs mtkice zRvars klasikur/neoklasikur da neorealizms Soris.

klasikuri realistebis da morgenTausgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic saubroben

saxelmwifos marTvis eTikaze, adamianis bunebaze, sagareo politikis warmo-

ebisas wamoWril moralur dilemaze, uolci ar axsenebs arc erT maTgans da

,

24 Joseph M. Grieco, “Anarcy and the Limits of Cooperation,” International Organization, Volume 42, Issue 3, (Summer 1988): 492-499. 25 zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo

iniciativebis instituti, 2004. gv. 71. 26 iqve, .., gv. 71

24

c. daxmareba (jamSi) 0.7

5. mimdinare angariSebis balansi 213.5 173.6

+39.9

6. kapitaluri angariSi

a. eqsporti 58.4

(grZeli da mokle vadiani)

b. importi 31.7

(grZeli da mokle vadiani)

c. kapitaluri angariSis balansi -26.7

7. oficialuri rezervebi 7.0 -7.0

8. statistikuri uzustoba 6.2 -6.2

cxrili 1.2

weli 1 2 3 4

saqoneli/momsaxureoba

eqsporti 102.2 156.7 185.4 191.4

importi 119.9 140.1 148.9 227.5

investiciebi

Semosavali 3.2 3.7 14.6 20.2

gasavali 8.4 11.9 21.4 23.1

mTavroba 1.5 11.8 10.2 8.1

mimdinare angariSebis balansi -21.4 20.2 39.9 -30.9

kapitaluri angariSi

exporti 12.2 32.6 58.4 27.7

importi 26.8 29.1 31.7 50.3

kapitaluri angariSebis balansi 14.6 -3.5 -26.7 22.6

sarezervo angariSi 3.2 -11.0 -7.0 4.1

statistikuri uzustoba 3.6 -5.7 -6.2 4.2 138

davakvirdeT cxrils 1.2, romelSic gamogonili qveynis gadasaxadTa balansia

mocemuli 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc Cans, es qveyana ganicdis eqsportis

zrdas, magram amave dros importi ufro swrafad izrdeba. es sxvadasxva sixSiris

zrdis tempebi iwvevs mimdinare angariSis cvalebadobas deficitidan siWarbemde

da Semdeg isev deficitamde. Cven amas vxedavT mimdinare angariSebis balansSi

21. 4 miliardian deficitidan orwlian Semosavalze gadasvliT da Semdeg isev

30. 9 miliardi dolaris deficitis arsebobiT.

kapitaluri angariSi TiTqos sarkiseburad aireklavs am garemoebas, anu,

gvaqvs Tanxebis jamuri Semosvla pirvel wels da Semdegi ori wlis manZilze

jamuri gasvla da Semdeg isev vubrundebiT Semosvlas. anu, es imas niSnavs, rom

qveyanam SeZlo ufro meti investiciebi gaetana sazRvargareT da samagierod naxa

sargebeli Semosavlis saxiT Semdgomi ori wlis manZilze. magram, xelmeore

deficiti sagrZnoblad amcirebs am investicias da samagierod izidavs ucxour

138 cxrili adaptirebulia tomas larsonis da devid skidmoris wignidan “saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomika”

77

daxmarebas.

5. mimdinare angariSebis balansi

es punqti aris 1-4 punqtebis jamuri punqti. anu, saqonlis,

momsaxureobis, sainvesticio Semosavlebis da mTavrobis.

6. kapitaluri angariSi

es punqti Seexeba im investiciebs, romlebic dabandebulia sazRvargareT

an am qveyanaSi, ucxoelebis mier. rogorc wesi, ganasxvaveben moklevadian

(romlis simwifis periodia erT weliwadze naklebi) da grZelvadian

investiciebs (welze meti). magaliTad, rodesac iaponiis banki yidulobs

obligaciebs aSS-s mTavrobisgan, romelic mwifdeba 180 dReSi, es iwereba

moklevadian kapitalur angariSSi, magram rodesac mTavroba uxdis

iaponiis banks procents es iwereba sainvesticio Semosavlebis da

gasavlebis punqtSi.

7. oficialuri rezervebi

qveynis centralur banks gaaCnia ucxouri valutis da oqros rezervi,

romelsac igi iyenebs maSin, rodesac is awarmoebs transaqciebs sxva

qveynis centralur bankebTan, an rodesac igi erTveba ucxouri valutis

bazarSi valutis gasayidad an SesaZenad. am operaciebis saboloo efeqti

aris is, rom daabalansos sxva punqtebis jamuri sxvaoba.

8. statistikuri uzustoba

gadasaxadebis balansis gazomva arazusti procesia misi sirTulis gamo

da aseve imis gamo, rom zogierTi transaqciebi damalulia (magaliTad

narkotikebiT aralegaluri vaWroba). es punqti aris statistikuri

xriki, romelic gamoiyeneba uzustobis gasazomad da Semdeg saboloo

kreditebis da debitebis balansSi mosayvanad.

ufro martivad rom warmovidginoT, gadasaxadebis balansi

aRniSnavs or rames: transaqciis Sedegad ucxoels uxdis Tanxas qveyana

(debiti), Tu ucxoeli uxdis Tanxans qeyanas (krediti).

cxrili 1.1

krediti debiti balansi

miliardi dolari

1. saqoneli

a. eqsporti 164.3

b. importi 129.6

2. momsaxureoba

a. eqsporti 21.1

b. importi 19.3

c. savaWro balansi 185.4 148.9 +36.5

3. sainvesticio Semosavlebi

da gasavlebi

a. Semosavali 14.6

b. gasavali 21.4

4. mTavroba

a. eqsporti 13.5

b. importi 2.6

76

mTlianad axdens fokusirebas saerTaSoriso politikis struqturaze da am

struqturis zegavlenaze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. igi saerTaSoriso

politikas, masSi arsebul kanonzomierebebs da saxelmwifoTa qcevis wesebs xsnis

struqturis TaviseburebiT.

rogorc ukve iTqva, uolcis Teoriuli fokusi iyo ganecalkevebina

saerTaSoriso politika sxva sferoebisgan. amisaTvis man Camoayaliba

saerTaSoriso politikis (sp) struqturis, sistemis da sistemis elementebis

mcneba. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT uolciseuli neorealizmi, saTiTaod avxsnaT is

ZiriTadi koncefciebi, romlebsac uolci gvTavazobs:

sistema Sedgeba struqturisa da urTierTmomqmedi elementebisagan.

struqtura moicavs mTels sistemas da saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT

sistemaze, rogorc mTlianobaze.

sruqtura gansazRvravs Tu rogor arian mowyobili sistemis Semadgeneli

nawilebi, elementebi.

amavdroulad, uolcis mixedviT am SemTxvevaSi struqtura ar niSnavs poli-

tikuri institutebis erTobliobas, aramed imas Tu rogor arian isini mow-

yobilni. maSasadame, uolci saerTaSoriso politikis struqturas gansazRvravs

sam elementze dayrdnobiT:

1. mowyobis principi;

2. Semadgeneli elementebis xasiaTi;

3. ZalTa ganawileba. 27

1. mowyobis principis mixedviT sp sistema aris decentralizebuli da

anarqiuli. es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ar arsebobs uzenaesi mmar-

Tveloba/mTavroba, romelic daaregulirebda urTierTobebs sistemis Semad-

genel elementebs Soris.

uolci xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba wesrigis ararseboba, e.i. anarqiuloba

CaiTvalos wesrigad, pozitivisturi ekonomikis modelis gamoyenebiT.

magaliTad, ekonomikaSi saubroben ekonomikur adamianze, romelic mimarTulia

mogebis maqsimizaciisaken da saubroben bazrebze. magram bazrebi warmoiSoba

spontanurad, winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe. igi warmoiSoba individualuri

elementebis: adamianebis da firmebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. SeqmnisTanave

bazrebi gvelinebian rogorc calke Zala, romlis gakontroleba sistemis

elementebs aRar ZaluZT. bazrebi zRudaven da ganapirobeben elementebis qcevis

wesebs, rac ganapirobebs maT beds. zogi kotrdeba, zogi ki mdidrdeba.

sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, “individualuri elementebi iqcevian TviT-

neburad. msgavi elementebis erTgvarovani qmedebebisas warmoiqmneba struq-

tura, romelic zRudavs TiToeul maTgans. Camoyalibebis Semdeg bazari xdeba

calke Zala, Zala, romelsac misi Semadgeneli elementebis calkeuli, an Tundac

patara jgufebad moqmedeba ver akontrolebs. amis magivrad, mcire Tu didi

masStabiT imdenad ramdenadac sabazro pirobebi gansxvavdeba, Semqmnelebi,

romelTa saqmianobamac Seqmna bazari xdebian misi qmnilebebi.” 28

igivenairad, saerTaSoriso politika iqmneba misi Semadgeneli, TavisTavze

mzrunavi elementebis Tanaqmedebis Sedegad. es elementebi arian amaTuim epoqis

27 Robert J. Art and Robert Jervis, International Politics, Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues, Eddison-Wesley, 2003, p. 49. 28 Art and Jervis. p. 51

25

wamyvani politikuri monawileebi: qalq-saxelmwifo iqneba es, imperia, Tu

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo. struqtura warmoiSoba saxelmwifoTa Tanaarsebobi-

dan. saerTaSoriso politikuri sistema, rogorc bazrebi arian individualuri,

spontanurad Seqmnili da ucabedi. orive sistemaSi struqtura iqmneba maTi

Semadgeneli elementebis Tanamoqmedebis gamo. 29

uolci Tvlis, rom yvela saxelmwifos mizania gadarCena. igi aRiarebs, rom

saxelmwifoebs aqvT uamravi sxva mizani, magram aRniSnavs, rom TviTgadarCena

aris yvela sxva miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro prerekviziti.

2. elementebis xasiaTi

uolcis mTavari amosavali wertili aris is, rom struqtura ganisazRvreba

ara yvela moqmedi elementis mier, aramed mTavari moqmedi elementebis mier,

romlebic arian saxelmwifoebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom neorealizmi aRiarebs sxva

ara-saxelmwifo aqtorebis arsebobas, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso organi-

zaciebi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da sxva monawileebi, misi midgoma

saerTasoriso politikisadmi aris saxelmwifo-centruli. uolci amtkicebs, rom

saxelmwifoebi qmnian TamaSis wesebs yvelasaTvis. SeiZleba isini umniSvnelod

Caerion arasaxelmwifo monawileTa saqmianobaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, magram,

miuxedavad amisa saxelmwifoebi aweseben urTierTqmedebis wesebs, an pasiurobiT,

romelic uflebas iZleva araformaruli wesebis ganviTarebisa, an aqtiuri

CareviT da im wesebis SecvliT, romlebic maT, saxelmwifoebs, aRar awyobT.

rodesac amis saWiroeba iqmneba saxelmwifoebi cvlian wesebs, romlebic

aregulirebs monawileTa urTierTobebs.

aqidan gamomgdinare, uolci askvnis, rom saxelmwifoebi arian is elementebi,

romelTa urTierTqmedeba qmnis saerTaSoriso politikis struqturas da rom es

ase iqneba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.

uolci aseve amtkicebs, rom saxlemwifoebi arian msgavsni, imdenad

ramdenadac TiToeuli saxlemwifo aris suverenuli. misi TqmiT, suvereniteti

ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi ar ganicdian sxva saxelmwifoebis an

aqtorebis zegavlenas. suvereniteti da sxvaze damokidebuleba ar aris

SeuTavsebeli da dapirispirebuli mcnebebi. saxelmwifos suverenuloba niSnavs,

rom mas aqvs arCevani gadawyvitos rogor gaumklavdes saSinao, Tu sagareo

problemebs. es arCevani aseve gulisxmobs sxivsTvis daxmarebis Txovnas da amiT

sakuTari Tavisuflebis SezRudvas.

“TiToeuli saxelmwifo, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni saxelmwifo, aris

suverenuli politikuri erTeuli.” miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, saxelmwifoebi

gansxvavdebian kidevac. magram isini gansxvavdebian ara funqciebis, aramed

SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. TiToeuli saxelmwifo asrulebs msgavs funqciebs,

magram TavianTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi.

mokled rom iTqvas, saerTaSoriso sistemis mTavari moqemdi elementebi arian

erTi da imave funqciebis mqone suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romlebic

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian TavianTi SesaZleblobebiT.

29 iqve, .., gv. 52.

26

xorbali rkina

buSeli tona

britaneTi 10,000 25,000

aSS 20,000 15,000

mTliani warmoeba 30,000 40,000

TvalnaTelia, rom britaneTs aqvs specializacia rkinis warmoebaSi da aSS-s

xorblis warmoebaSi. Tu isini gadaisvrian mTels TavianT samuSao Zalas im

produqciis sawarmoeblad, romlis warmoebis absolituri upiratesobac

gaaCniaT, maSin orives mTliani warmoebuli produqcia gaizrdeba. Sesabamisad,

britaneTs SeeZleba awarmoos 50,000 tona rkina da aSS-s 40,000 buSeli xorbali.

amis Sedegad maT SeeZlebaT erTmaneTSi ivaWron. 4 buSel xorbalSi mova 5 tona

rkina da orive qveyana miiRebs sargebels. ra Tqma unda, vaWrobis moculoba

imazea damokidebuli Tu ramdeni produqcia gWirdeba. magram, miaqcieT

yuradReba im faqts, rom britaneTs SeuZlia 5 tona rkina gacvalos 4 buSel

xorbalSi, maSin rodesac Tu britaneTs mouwevs xorblis sakuTari ZalebiT

warmoeba man unda daTmos 10 tona rkina. anu, iqmneba situacia, sadac Tavisufali

vaWroba ufro momgebiania vidre izolacionizmi.

gadasaxadebis balansi

gadasaxadebis balansi aris erTgvari sabuRaltro meqanizmi, romelic

aRricxavs saqonlis, momsaxureobis da kapitalis moZraobas drois garkveul

periodSi (Tve, meoTxedi, weli). TviTon balansis mcneba am SemTxvevaSi cota ar

iyos arazustia, radganac sinamdvileSi Cven disbalansi ufro gvainteresebs,

romelic sxvadasxva punqtebSi iCens xolme Tavs. ganvixiloT, Tu romeli

punqtebisagan Sedgeba gadasaxadebis balansi:

1. saqonlis eqsport-importi

es punqti aRniSnavs im saqonels, romelic Seiqmna qveynis SigniT da

gaiyida qveynis gareT (eqsporti) da im saqonels, romelic Seiqmna qveynis

gareT da gaiyida qveynis SigniT (importi).

2. momsaxureobis eqsporti da importi

es exeba ufro araxelSesaxeb momsaxureobas, rogoricaa transportaciis

xarjebi, dazRveva, informacia, Tanamgzavruli gadacemebi, sabanko

danaxarjebi.

3. sainvesticio Semosavlebi da gadasaxadebi/gasavlebi

rodesac viRac akeTebs investicias ama Tu im qveyenaSi, igi moelis

mogebis dividendebs an procentebs am investiciidan. es punqti exeba

sainvesticio mogebis gadasaxads gadaxdils investorebis mier am qveynis

moqalaqeTaTvis da piriqiT, am qveynis mier ucxoelebisaTvis micemul

gadasaxadebs.

4. samTavrobo eqsporti/importi da ucxouri daxmareba

is saqoneli, romelsac mTavroba yidis saerTaSoriso bazarze,

magaliTad SeiaraReba. seve, mTavrobebi Rebuloben an gascemen ucxour

75

leqcia XII

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia

yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris davinaxoT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebaSi arian

erTmaneTTan saerTaSoriso da saSinao ekonomikebi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

is garemoebebi, rodesac saerTaSoriso garemo zRudavs da mimarTulebas aZlevs

erovnul gadawyvetilebebs. mTavrobebi miiltvian imisaken, rom SeinarCunon

kontroli erovnul ekonomikaze da amave dros cdiloben miiRon saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis Sedegad SesaZlo sargebeli. mzardi globaluri urTierTdamoki-

debuleba am Zalisxmevas kidev ufro arTulebs da saTuos xdis. imisaTvis, rom

gavigoT Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben es ekonomikuri sferoebi, saWiroa vicodeT

elementaruli ekonomikuri koncefciebi.

upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT Tu saerTod ratom vaWroben

qveynebi urTierTSoris. amis gasagebad saWiroa gadavxedoT Tavisufali

vaWrobis Teorias da am Teoriis ZiriTad elementebs. meore, unda viswavloT Tu

rogor gavzomoT sazRvrebs gareT saqonlis, momsaxureobis da fulis

moZraoba/brunva. mesame, unda verkveodeT Tu ra instrumentebi gaaCnia

mTavrobas saSinao politikuri ekonomikis samarTavad. am instrumentebidan

yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris fiskaluri da monetaruli politika. meoTxe,

valutis konvertaciis saWiroeba qmnis garkveul problemebs. magaliTad,

savaluto kursis cvalebadoba ara marto gavlenas axdens eqspor-importze,

aramed qmnis politikuri Carevis saSualebas da saWiroebasac ki. maSasadame, sanam

politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebs ganvixilavdeT, saWiroa zemoT CamoTvlili

mcnebebis codna.

Tavisufali vaWroba

Tavisufali vaWroba eyrdnoba im faqts, rom yvela qveyanas aqvs saqonlis da

momsaxureobis warmoebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebi. Zalian xSirad erT

romelime saxelmwifos aqvs xolme raRac produqtis warmoebaSi absolituri

upiratesoba. anu, am qveyanas SeuZlia es produqcia awarmoos ufro iafad, vidre

sxva danarCen saxlemwifoebs.

absolituri upiratesoba SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegi gamartivebuli

magaliTiT. warmovidginoT ori qveyana, aSS da didi britaneTi da ori saxis

produqti: rkina da xorbali. TiToeuli qveyana erT-erTi tipis produqts ufro

efeqturad awarmoebs.

xorbali rkina

buSeli tona

britaneTi 100 250

aSS 200 150

naTelia, rom britaneTs aqvs absolituri upiratesoba rkinis warmoebaSi

da aSS-s xorblis warmoebaSi. warmovidginoT, rom TiToeul qveyanas yavs 200

muSaxeli. Tu orive qveyana awarmoebs orive tipis produqcias da Tavidan

aicilebs vaWrobas, isini miiReben Semdegi saxis Sedegs:

74

3. SesaZleblobaTa ganawileba

saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis damaxasiaTebeli mesame elementi aris

ZalTa gadanawileba. funqciurad monawileebi ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.

maTi ganmasxvaveebeli niSania maTi gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi Seasrulon

erTi da igive amocana. sistemis es mesame elementi umniSvnelovanesia, radgan igi

Zalaze da Zlierebazea dafuZnebuli. uolcis TqmiT, “struqturebs

gansazRvravs ara maTSi warmodgenili yvela monawile, aramed monawileTa Soris

yvelaze ufro Zlierebi.” politikuri sistemebi erTmaneTisgan gasnxvavdebian

imis da mixedviT, Tu ramdeni Zlieri saxelmwifoa masSi. politikuri sistema

icleba, rodesac icvleba ZalTa ganawileba elementebs Soris. struqturis

cvlileba aseve cvlis TamaSis wesebs da misi Semadgeneli elementebis saqciels,

romelTa urTierTqmedebac ukve sxvagvar Sedegebs iZleva.

maSasadame, neorealizmis Teoriidan gamodinare arsebobs kanonzomi-

erebebi/meTodebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi, romlebic meoredeba miuxedavad

imisa, rom maT sxvadasxva adamianebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben. es gamowveulia

imiT, rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben erovnuli interesebis Sesabamisad, anu

“TiToeuli saxelmwifo awesebs moqmedebis kurss, romelic misi azriT

saukeTesod moemsaxureba mis erovnul interesebes.”

uzenaesi erovnuli interesi ki aris usafrTxoeba da TviTgadarCena rac

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ZalasTan da ZlierebasTan. “saerTaSoriso politi-

kaSi Zala da Zliereba igive rols asrulebs, rasac sabazro ekonomikaSi fuli.”30

politikis warmatebuloba uolcis TvalsazrisiT, ganisazRvreba saxel-

mwifos SenarCunebiT da gaZlierebiT da vinaidan da radganac saerTaSoriso

politikuri sistema aris anarqiuli, romelic aris misi Semadgeneli erTeulebis

moqmedebis ganmsazRvreli, amitom aris, rom saxelmwifoebi droisa da

pirovnebebis cvlis miuxedavad qcevis erTgvarovan meTodebs iyeneben.

anarqiis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebma TviTon unda mixedon sakuTar Tavs. amis

gamoa, rom saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri saxelmwifoebi iRwvian

sistemaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansis SesanarCuneblad.31 Tu ZalTa balansi

Seicvla, maSin Seicvleba sistemac. sistemis cvlilebis tipiuri gamomwvevi

mizezi aris did saxelmwifoebs Soris omi. ZalTa balansis miRweva SesaZlebelia,

magram anarqiul sistemaSi yovelTvis aris omis saSiSroeba.

uolci gamoyofs ori saxis sitemas, bipolaruls, romelic arsebobda civi

omis dros da multipolaruls, romelic arseboboda civ omamde da civi omis

Semdeg. uolcis azriT, bipolaruli sistema aris ufro stabiluri, mSvidobiani

da usafrTxo, vidre multipolaruli, radgan “mxolod ori Zlieri saxelmwifos

arsebobisas mosalodnelia, rom orive imoqmedebs sistemis SesanarCuneblad,”

vinaidan da radganac sistemis SenarCunebiT isini aseve inarCuneben sakuTar

statuss.

30 A. Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. citata amoRebulia aleqsandre rondelis, saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebidan, gv. 71. 31 ZalTa balansisaTvis ixileT aleqsandre rondeli “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi” gv.

109-119.

27

neorealizmi civi omis Semdeg

civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg neorealizmi kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca.

yvelaze Zlieri dartyma neorealizms miayena im faqtma, rom miuxedavad

neorealistebis mtkicebisa Crdilo atlantikur alianss arseboba araTu ar

Seuwyvetia, aramed transformacia ganicada da axali wevrebic miierTa. mwvave

kritikis sagani gaxda aseve is faqti, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg did

saxelmwifoebs Soris omi ar yofila miuxedavad uolcis da sxva neorealistebis

mtkicebisa. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTerTobebis ganviTarebam warmoSva

sxva, aranakleb mwvave kritikis safuZvlebi. magaliTad, bevri amtkicebs, rom

xdeba saerTaSoriso politikis gardaqmna da realizmis mniSvneloba afsurduli

xdeba demokratiis gavrcelebis fonze (democratic peace theory). asve, kompleqsuri

urTierTdamokidebuleba did saxelmwifoTa Soris oms warmoudgenels xdis

(complex interdependence) da rom institutebi aadvileben TanamSromlobas rac

problemebis Zaladobis gareSe mogvarebis saSualebas iZleva (liberal institutionalism).

yvela es Teoria realizmis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da mwvave debatebi am

Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris ar wydeba.

am kritikis sapasuxod da Tavisi struqturuli realizmis dasacavad uolcma

gamoaqveyna sapasuxo statia erT-erT cnobil akademiur JurnalSi: saerTaSoriso

usafrTxoeba, saxelwodebiT “struqturuli realizmi civi omis Semdeg.”32

uolcis amosavali wertili aris is, rom struqturuli realizmi jer kidev

aqtualuria, vinaidan da radganac saerTaSoriso politikuri sistema ar

Secvlila. igi ambobs, rom cvlilebebi moxda sistemis SigniT, magram TviTon

sitema ar Secvlila. struqturuli realizmi gaqarwyldeba maSin, rodesac

Seicvleba saerTaSoriso politika. es ki manam ar moxdeba, sanam saerTaSoriso

sistema Sedgeba saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebsac mxolod TviTdaxmarebis imedi

aqvT. 33 “yovelTvis, rodesac mSvidoba myardeba, xalxi Tavs wamoyofs da

amtkicebs, rom realizmi mkvdaria. es igivea, rom Tqva, saerTaSoriso politikam

transformacia ganicada, magram msoflios transformacia ar ganucdia.

saerTaSoriso politikis struqtura mxolod gadakeTda sabWoTa kavSiris

gaqrobiT, da cotaxniT mogviwevs unipolarulSi cxovreba.”34

uolci amtkicebs, rom struqturuli Teoriis mixedviT unipolaruli

sistema yvelaze xanmoklea ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, dominanturi Zalebi

TavisTavze Zalian bevrs iReben da sabolood TavianT Tavs asusteben da meore,

rac ar unda rbilad da mozomilad moiqces dominaturi Zala susti

saxelmwifoebi mainc ecdebian misi Zlierebis dabalansebas. 35 adre Tu gvian

ZalTa balansi aRsdgeba. neorealizmis erTaderTi minusi aris is, rom ver ambobs

zustad rodis. uolci amtkicebs, rom damabalansebeli tendenciebi ukve

SeimCneva. uolcis TqmiT momavali Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic aRadgenen

ZalTa balanss arian evrokavSiri an germania, romelic koalicias Caudgeba

saTaveSi; aseve CineTi, iaponia da ufro Soreul momavalSi ruseTi. 36

neorealizmis kidev erTi damcveli aris jon mirSaimeri, romelmac Tavis

32 Kenneth Waltz. “Structural Realism After the End of the Cold War,” International Security, 25(1), 2000, pp. 5-41. 33 iqve, .., gv. 39 34 iqve, .., gv. 39 35 iqve, .., gv. 28 36 iqve, .., gv. 30

28

didi debatebi globalizaciaze

skeptikosebi globalistebi

1 koncefciebi internacionalizacia

da ara globalizacia

msoflio iZerweba Zlieri

eqstensiuri, intensiuri da

swrafi dinebebiT, romlebic

kveTen regionebs da

kontinentebs

2 Zala saxelmwifo aris

mTavari aqtori

intergavernmentalizmi

saxelmwifos suverenulobis

erozia, avtonomia da

legitimuroba

saxelmwifos gavlenis Semcireba

multilateralizmis aRzeveba

3 kultura nacionalizmis da

nacionaluri

identurobis aRzeveba

globaluri popularuli

kulturis aRzeveba

mudmivi politikuri

identurobis erozia

hibridizacia

4 ekonomika regionaluri blokebis

ganviTareba

triadizacia

axali imperializmi

globaluri sainformacio

kapitalizmi

transnacionaluri ekonomia

samuSaos axali, globaluri

dayofa

5 uTanasworoba mzardi CrdieloeT

samxreT ganxeTqileba

interesTa

konfliqtebis

SeuTavsebloba

mzardi uTanasworoba

sazogadoebebs Soris da SigniT

Zveli ierarqiebis erozia

6 wesrigi sax. saerTaSoriso

sazogadoeba

politikuri

konfliqtebis

gardauvaloba

saerT. mmarTveloba da

geopolitika

komunitarianizmi

multi Sreebiani globaluri

mmarTveloba

globaluri samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba

globaluri sazogadoeba

kosmopolitanizmi

73

mniSvnelovan dilemas efeqturobas da samarTlianobas Soris. Sesabamisad,

ekonomikuri globalizacia, garda sikeTis motanisa, qveynebs Soris mzardi

uTanasworobis gamomwvevicaa.

kulturuli globalizacia, hofmanis azriT, teqnlogiuri progresis da

ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aq dilema dgas uniformizacias da

mravalgvarobas Soris. Sedegad xdeba msoflios danawevrebac (disenchantment of the world – Webber) da erTgvarovnebis winaaRmdegi reaqciis warmoSobac. ukanasknelis

dasturia adgilobrivi kulturebis renesansi da adgilobrivi enebis aRorZineba,

aseve dasavleTis kulturis winaaRmdeg momravlebuli galaSqrebebi.

mesame forma, hofmanis azriT, aris politikuri globalizacia, romelic wina

ori globalizaciis produqtia. aq gamoirCeva amerikis politikuri insti-

tutebis da politikis dominireba, aseve, arasaxelmwifo institutebis

momravleba da gaaqtiureba msoflio asparezze.

hofmanis azriT globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania ramdenime

momenti:

1) globalizacia aris amerikuli nawarmi, romelic meore msoflio omis

Semdeg gaxda popularuli;

2) globalizacia ar aris yovlismomcveli, radgan masSi ar monawileobs

uamravi patara Raribi qveyana. bazrebi ar aris integrirebuli;

3) saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea mxolod embrionul for-

maSia. arasamTavroboebi xSirad mTavrobebis wanazardebs warmoadgenen;

4) individualuri emansipacia ar aris aucilebeli TansarTi demokrati-

zaciis gzaze myof reJimebSi. aseve saerTaSoriso institutebi xSirad

mikerZoebulni arian rac xels uSlis emansipacias da demokratizacias;

5) adamianebis sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba barierebis moSlis

Sedegad sakmaod saeWvo ideaa. hofmanis azriT, globalziacia mxolod

sxvadasxva teqnikebis (audio da videokasetebi, interneti, komunikaciebi)

jamia, romlebic saxelmwifoebis da kerZo seqtoris xelSia. es aqtorebi ki

moZraoben sakuTari interesebis da ideologiis ZaxiliT da ara

humanitaruli mosazrebebiT. maTi qmedebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba

globalizaciis im xedvisgan, romelic globalizacias aRiqvams rogorc

ganmanaTleblur fenomens, romelic erTdroulad mecnieruli, racio-

naluri da universaluria.

qvemoT mocemulia cxrili, romelic aRwers did debatebs globalistebs da

skeptikosebs Soris maT mier wamoyenebul ZiriTad Tezisebze dayrdnobiT.

72

farTod ganxilul statiaSi, “momavalSi dabruneba: arastabiluroba evropaSi

civi omis Semdeg,”37 gaagrZela uolcis neorealisturi argumenti da gamoTqva

pretenzia, rom neorelizmi aris Teoria, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

momavali movlenebis gansaWvretad.

mirSaimerma ganamtkica mosazreba, rom bipolaruli sistema aris ufro

stabiluri, vidre multipolaruli. mirSaimeris azriT, rodesac sistema

icvleba bipolarulidan multipolaruliT, unda movelodeT gaxSirebul

Zaladobas da omebs. igi ambobs, rom super saxelmwifos ararseboba evropaSi

gamoiwvevs Zaladobisadmi gazrdil midrekilebas vidre gasuli 45 wlis

ganmavlobaSi, Tumca ara iseT mwvaves, rogorc es saukunis pirveli 45 wlis

ganmavlobaSi iyo. 38 Zlieri saxelmwifoebis gamosvla evropis Suagulidan gzas

gauxsnis axali multipolaruli sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic Sedgeba xuTi

Zlieri saxelmwifos da ramodenime patara saxelmwifosgan. am sistemas

midrekileba eqneba arastabilurobisaken. aseve, atomuri arsenalis Semcireba

gamoiwvevs atomuri iaraRis Semakavebeli efeqtis Semcirebas, rac gamoiwvevs

arastabilurobas. mirSaimeri akeTebs cota ar iyos sensaciur gancxadebas, rom

radgan dasavleTi dainteresebulia mSvidobis da stabilurobis SenarCunebiT

evropaSi, igi dainteresebulia civi omis droindeli konfrontaciis

SenarCunebiT.

rogorc jeksoni da sorenseni askvnian, mirSaimeris winaswarmetyvelebebidan

zogierTi gamrTlda, magaliTad evropaSi adgili hqonda gazrdil Zaladobas

(balkaneTi, ruseTi, kavkasiis qveynebi), magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom arc erTi

es konfliqti ar momxda centralur evropaSi rogorc es mirSaimerma moiazra.

37 John J. Mearsheimer, “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War,” International Security, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer 1990), pp. 5-56. 38 iqve, .., gv. 5-56.

29

leqcia V

TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi

wina leqciebSi ganvixileT realizmi rogorc erT-erTi dominanturi Teoria

saeraSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic saerTaSoriso politikaSi bevr

saWirboroto sakiTxebs gascems pasuxs. Cven gansxvaveba movaxdineT, rogorc es

sayovelTaod miRebulia, klasikur da struqturul realizms Soris da

ganvixileT struqturuli realizmi, rogorc dominanturi Teoria saeraSoriso

urTierTobebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom struqturuli realizmi ase Tu ise

ganixileba rogorc Sekruli Teoria, masSi mainc gamoyofen or mimdinareobas,

TavdacviT da TavdasxmiT realizms. TavdacviTi realizmis apologetebad

iTvlebian upirveles yovlisa kenet uolci, Tavisi saerTaSoriso politikis

TeoriiT, aseve robert jervisi, jek snaideri da stiven van evera. TavdasxmiT

realizms arc ise bevri momxreebi hyavs. misi yvelaze TvalsaCino da erTguli

warmomadgeneli aris jeims mirSaimeri, romlis wigni, “Zlieri saxelmwifoebis

politikis tragedia,” TavdasxmiTi realizmis gaRrmavebas da Seswavlas eZRvneba.

rogorc ukve iqna ganxiluli, realizmi eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad mosazrebas.

pirveli is aris, rom saxelmwifoebi arian ZiriTadi aqtorebi, da maTgan

realistebi fokuss axdenen Zlier saxelmwifoebze, radganac isini dominireben

saerTaSoriso politikas da xSirad udidesi movlenebis iniciatorebi arian.

meore principi - saxelmwifoebis qmedebebi ganpirobebulia sistemis struq-

turiT da ar aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos Sinagan xasiaTze. sxva sityvebiT

rom iTqvas, ar arsebobs cudi da kargi saxelmwifo, radgan saboloo jamSi yvela

saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa Tu ra tipis reJimi marTavs mas da ra kultura da

politikuri sistema gaaCnia, erTi da igive logikiT xelmZRvanelobs, romelic

aris TviTgadarCena. mesame, realistebs miiCniaT, rom saxelmwifoebisTvis

yvelaze mniSnelvania Zala da Zliereba da saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian

ZalauflebisaTvis. am konkurencias xSirad omamde mivyavarT, rac realiste-

bisaTvis Tumc arasasiamovno, magram mainc bunebrivi movlenaa. karl fon

klauzevicis kargad cnobil sityvebs Tu gavimeorebT, omi aris politikis

gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebiT. struqturuli realizmis mixedviT saxelmwifoebi

iltvian Zalauflebisaken radgan igi aris gadarCenis erTaderTi sando

saSualeba anarqiis pirobebSi. Zalaufleba udris usafrTxoebas.

TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi, ra Tqma unda aris saerTaSoriso

politikis struqturuli Teoria. isini iziareben zemoT CamoTvlil funda-

mentur ideebs saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb. mxolod, maTi gzebi iyreba,

rodesac jeri midgeba Zalaze da Zalauflebaze. TavdasxmiTi realizmi gamo-

eyofa TavdacviT realizms imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdeni Zala esaWiroeba, an

yofnis saxelmwifoebs. TavdacviTi realizmis apologetebi Tvlian, rom

saerTaSoriso struqtura ise aris mowyobili, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT cota

sababi (incentive) imisaTvis, rom maT ufro meti Zalaufleba moixveWon. nacvlad

amisa, TavdacviTi realizmi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi ibrZvian status-kvos

SesanarCuneblad da did yuradRebas aqceven ZalTa balanss sistemaSi. aqedan

gamomdinare, TavdacviTi realizmis mixedviT saxelmwifoTa mTavari mizania

Zalis SenarCuneba da ara gazrda. TavdasxmiTi realizmi ki amis sapirispirod

amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs status-kvo saxelmwifoebi. saerTaSorsio sistema

qveynebs sTavazobs sakmaris mizezebs/SesaZleblobebs imisaTvis, rom isini

yovelTvis iltvodnen TavianTi Zlierebis gazrdisaken sxva saxelmwifoebis

30

leqcia XIII

globalizacia

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis da globalizaciis urTierTmimarTebaze

saintereso Tezisebi aqvs wamoyenebuli harvardel profesors ernst hofmans.

hofmanis azriT, 90-iani wlebSi dominirebda Setakeba saxelmwifoebis da

saxelmwifoTa sistemis fragmentacias da mzard globalizacias anu ekonomikur,

kulturul da politikur integracias Soris. swored amis gamo wina aTwleulSi

mravlad warmoiSva Teoriebi, romlebic saubrobdnen saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebze globalizaciis gavlenaze.

1990-ian wlebSi warmoiSva ramdenime Teoria, romelic saubrobda globa-

lizaciis Sedegebze msoflio politikasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze.

pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, frensis fukuiama da misi Tezisi istoriis

dasasrulis Sesaxeb, sadac avtorma iwinaswarmetyvela ideologiuri

konfliqtebis aRmofxvra da politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizmis mTels

msoflioSi gavrceleba, rac msolfioSi konfliqtebis gauCinarebis sawindarad

miiCnia.

meore mxriv, fukuiamas statiis sapasuxod semuel hanTingtonma Tavis

naSromSi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” xazi gausva civilizaciebs Soris momavali

dapirispirebis gardauvalobas da momavali konfliqtebis kerebad

civilizaciebs Soris gamyofi xazebi miiCnia. hanTingtoni varaudobda, rom

msgavsi kulturis, enis da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis saxelmwifoebi

gaerTiandebodnen civilizaciis niSnis qveS da daupirispirdebodnen sxva

civilizaciebs, rasac msoflioSi axali tipis konfliqtebi mohyveboda.

miuxedavad amisa, hanTingtonma ver moaxerxa civilizaciis zusti gansazRvra da

gadametebiT didi roli mianiWa religias, ar gaiTvaliswina ra, rom

aradasavluri elitebi xSirad iviwyeben religias da vesternizebuli da saero

meTodebiT marTaven saxelmwifos. seve, ver gasca hantingtonma pasuxi kiTxvas,

Tu ratom mimdinareobda dapirispirebi Tavad civilizaciebs SigniT.

hofmani aseve aRniSnavs sxva modelebs. realistebs isev sjeraT, rom

msoflioSi araferi Secvlila Tukidides droidan, da rom saxelmwifo isev

akontrolebs msoflioSi mimdinare procesebs. am modelis udavo sisuste isaa,

rom igi ver axerxebs cvlilebebis, ufro zustad ki globalizaciis integrirebas

Tavis realobaSi. am Teoriis mixedviT aseve ugulebelyofilia is, rasac raimon

aroni “samyaros cnobierebis nawils” uwodebs. es, misi azriT, dReisaTvis

saxelmwifoebis umetesi nawilisaTvis Rirebulebas warmoadgens.

seve, arian mecnierebi, romelTac dRevandeli msoflio globalizaciis

triumfis asparezad miaCniaT. am mecnierebs Soris aRsaniSnavia “niu iork

taimsis” Jurnalisti tomas fridmani, romlis azriT globalizacia aris

dRevandeli epoqis gadamrCeneli, radgan mas aucileblad moaqvs mSvidoba da

demokratia. omi globalizaciis upirvelesi xelisSemSlelia da Sesabamisad xels

uSlis progressac, xolo axali teqnologiebi xels uwyobs individualur

avtonomias da iniciativebs, rac demokratiis upirvelesi mamoZravebelia.

hofmanis azriT globalizacia mTlad iseTi vardisferi ar aris, rogorc es

fridmans warmoudgenia. misi azriT globalizacias aqvs sami forma, romelTagan

TiToeuls Tavisi problemebi gaaCnia. pirvel rigSi esaa ekonomikuri

globalizacia, rac dakavSirebulia teqnologiur, sainformacio, savaWro da

sxva saxis ukanaskneli drois aqtivobasTan. kapitalizmis aseTi zrda warmoSobs

71

saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben Tavi Sors daiWiron msoflio politikisgan

da SeinarCunon TavianTi usafrTxoeba yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT. 136

Sveleris ganmartebiT, sustia saxelmwifo Tu “maT gaaCniaT SedarebiT susti

SesaZleblobebi an aqvT cudi sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobebi

ama Tu im mizezebis gamo. maTi elitebi da institutebi ganicdian legitimurobis

simcires masebTan mimarTebaSi; isini SeiZleba dayofili iyvnen Signidan

eTnikuri, politikuri, klasobrivi, religiuri Tu tomobrivi maCvenebelbis

mixedviT; saxelmwifo ideologia SesaZloa konfliqtSi iyos da ZaliT iyos Tavs

moxveuli popularul kulturaze; an SesaZlebelia isini iyvnen, rasac

hanTigtoni uwodebs, gaxleCili saxelmwifoebi: saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac

gaaCniaT sakmao donis kulturuli homogenuroba, magram ganxeTqilebaa imasTan

dakavSirebiT, Tu romel civilizacias ekuTvnis maTi sazogadoeba.” 137

136 iqve, . . ., gv. 99-100. 137 iqve, . . ., gv. 102.

70

xarjze da gamoiyenon iseTi situaciebi, rodesac wamowyebis Rirebuleba/Sedegi

aRemateba danaxarjebs (cost-benefit calculation). amrigad, TavdasxmiTi realizmis

TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifoTa saboloo da uzenaesi mizania iyos hegemoni

sistemaSi. 39

realizmis am or mimdinareobad dayofas SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes,

radganac orive - TavdasxmiTi da TavdacviTi Teoria, cdilobs pasuxi gasces

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis iseT fundamentur sakiTxebs, rogoricaa omi da

mSvidoba. magaliTad, bevri ram aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu marTla rogor aris

saerTaSoriso politika mowyobili. ra ufro adardebT saxelmwifoebs: TavianTi

status-kvos da Sesabamisad sistemaSi ZalTa balansis SenarCuneba, Tu TavianTi

Zalauflebis gazrda nebismieri saSualebebiT da imdeni Zlierebis damateba

ramdenic xel ewifebad. am or gansxvavebul Teoriul xedvas CvenTvis ra Tqma

unda aqvs is ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, rom maTi saSualebiT udna avxsnaT

saxelmwifoTa saqcieli warsulSi da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, momavalSi.

isini sakuTar Teoriul principebze dayrdnobiT xsnian, Tu ratom xdeba omebi,

rodis ufro SesaZlebelia saxelmwifoebi wavidnen omSi da rodis ara. marTla

iyeneben Tu ara saxlemwifoebi yvela moments imisaTvis, rom gazardon TavianTi

Zliereba da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom msoflio ufro stabiluri

gaxdes da ase Semdeg.

zogierTi Teoretikosebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa robert jervisi, jek

snaideri da stiven van evera yuradRebas amaxvileben erTgvar struqturul

koncefciaze, romelsac uwodeben Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balanss (offense-defense balance). am ideis dedaazri is aris, rom samxedro Zliereba nebismier dros

SeiZleba iqnes klasificirebuli an Tavdasxmis sasargeblod, an Tavdacvis

sasargeblod. Tu Tavdacvas aqvs naTeli upiratesoba TavdasxmasTan SedarebiT

dapyrobis warmoeba aris ufro rTuli da Sesabamisad did saxelmwifoebs aqvT

naklebi motivi, rom gamoiyenon Zala. amis nacvlad isini yuradRebas gadaitanen

imis SenarCunebaze, rac maT ukve gaaCniaT. da piriqiT, Tu Tavdasxma aris ufro

ioli, saxelmwifoebi ganicdian cdunebas daipyron erTmaneTi Zlierebis gazrdis

mizniT. es xdeba sistemaSi uamravi omebis gamomwvevi mizezi.

van everas mixedviT, omis saSiSroeba aris ufro maRali rodesac dapyrobis

warmoeba aris advili da Sesabamisad cvlileba Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis

balansSi did zegavlenas axdens omis albaTobaze.40 igi gamohyofs omis gamomwvev

10 mizezs, rodesac Tavdasxma aris dominanturi:

1. oportunisturi eqspansia;

2. TavdacviTi eqspansia;

3. Tavdasxmisagan aqtiuri Tavisdacva;

4. pirveli dartyma ufro momgebiania — preventiuli omebis saSiSroeba;

5. meti Sansebi — meti sirTuleebi;

6. diplomatiuri taqtikebi romlebic omis gamomwvev mizezebad

gvevlinebian;

7. saxelmwifoebi naklebad Sedian molaparakebebSi da aRweven ufro nakleb

SeTanxmebebs;

39 John j. Mearsheimer , Tragedy of Great Power Politics, p. 21 40 Stephen Van Evera, “Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War,” International Security, Vol 22, No. 4 (Spring 1998), 5.

31

8. saxelmwifoebi ufro gasaidumloebis politikas misdeven;

9. saxelmwifoebi ufro aqtiur da swraf SeiaraRebas ewevian;

10. Tavdasxma ufro da ufro advildeba.

van evera fiqrobs, rom Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balansis cvalebadobaze

zegavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: samxedro teqnologia da doqtrina,

geografia, erovnul-socialuri struqtura da diplomatiuri garemoebebi

(kerZod, TavdacviTi aliansebi da damabalansebeli aqtebi xmeleTsgaRma Zlieri

saxelmwifoebis mier). Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis jamuri balansi am faqtorebis

saerTo jamzea damokidebuli.

samxedro faqtorebi

samxedro teqnologiebi, doqtrina, ZalTa struqtura da ganlageba, es

yvelaferi gavlenas axdens Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balansze. magaliTisTvis

van evera ambobs, rom pirvel msoflio omamde Tavdacvas qonda upiratesoba,

radgan am dros gamoigones mcire zomis iaraRebi, rkinigza da mavTulxlarTi,

romlebic Tavdacvis saSualebebad gamoiyeneboda. 1919-1945 wlebSi Tavdasxmis

potenciali aRsdga motomsroleli brigadebis da Tavdasxmis doqtrinis —

blickrigis SemoRebis Sedegad. am yovelivem daZlia zemoT mocemuli Tavdacvis

saSualebebi. 1945 wlis Semdeg Termoatmouri iaraRebis gamogonebis Sedegad

Tavdacvis potenciali aRsdga, amjerad, didi upiratesobiT.

van evera aseve aRniSnavs, rom teqnologia da doqtrina kombinirebulad

sazRvraven Tavdasxmis da Tavdacvis moqcevebs, magram zogjer doqtrina da

teqnologia erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba. magaliTad, 1945-1991 wlebSi, super

saxelmwifoebs hqondaT TavdasxmiTi doqtrinebi, magram ver moZebnes efeqturi

kontr-iaraRi atomuri iaraRis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, maTi moqmedebebi ar iyo

TavdasxmiTi.

geografia

geografiulad Znelad misadgomi sazRvrebi aris ufro Znelad dasapyrobi.

Tu saxelmwifo sazRvrebi emTxveva okeanes, tbebs, mTebs, farTo mdinareebs,

junglebs, udabnoebs da sxva bunebriv barierebs es aferxebs Tavdamsxmelebs da

zurgs umagrebs Tavdamcvelebs. aseTive efeqti aqvs adamianis mier Seqmnil

sazRvrebs da buferul zonebs (mesame saxelmwifoebi an demilitarizebuli

zonebi) sadac verc erTi mxare ver Seva mSvidobis pirobebSi. aseve, dapyroba

ferxdeba, roca saxelmwifo aris vrceli. miT umetes, Tu misi ekonomika aris

TviTmyofadi da ar reagirebs izolaciaze.

magaliTad, dasavleT evropa ufro daculia am mxriv vidre aRmosavleTi. aris

qveynebi, magaliTad rogorc israeli, romelsac gaaCnia patara teritoria da

bunebrivad gaSlili sazRvrebi ris gamoc mTeli misi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis

obieqtebi da mosaxleobis umetesoba ganlagebulia Ria teritoriaze. amis

sapirispirod, TavdacviTi geografiis TvalsaCino qveyanaa aSS, uzarmazari

teritoriiT, romelsac gars artyia okeaneebi da gaaCnia damoukidebeli,

TviTmyofadi ekonomika.

32

sxva saxelmwifoTa daxmarebas, institutebs, procesebs, an garemoebebs rom

uzrunvelyos usafrTxoeba. aseve, patara qveynis rwmena sakuTar uZlurebaSi

aRiarebuli unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikaSi Cabmuli sxva saxelmwifoebis

mier”. 127

neorealizmis skola iyenebs patara qveynebis fardobiT definiciebs. maTTvis

Zala, Zliereba aris umniSvnelovanesi determinanti da faqtori saerTaSoriso

politikisa. 128 Zlierni arian qveynebi, romelTac SeuZliaT zegavlena iqonion

saerTaSoriso arenaze. Sesabamisad, patarani arian qveynebi, romlebsac ar

ZaluZT raime mniSvnelovani zegavlenis moxdena saerTaSoriso arenaze. kenet

uolcisaTvis zustad es kriteriumi, anu qveynis SeuZlebloba Secvalos raime

saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, warmoadgens qveynis sisustis ganmsazRvrel faqtors. 129

neorealistebisaTvis patara qveynebi ufro fsonebi arian vidre moTamaSeebi.130

amvdroulad, isini arian usafrTxoebis momxmareblebi da ara mwarmoeblebi. 131

zogierTi avtori ufro Sors midis da patara qveynebs saerTaSoriso sistemis

‘anaqronizmebad’ aRiqvams. “patara saxelmwifo aris vakuumi maRali wnevis

arealSi. is cocxlobs ara imitom, rom is Zlieria, aramed imitom, rom aravis surs

misi teritoria, an imitom rom misi SenarCuneba rogorc buferul saxelmwifod,

an zewolis iaraRad ZalTa balansSi Sedis Zlieri saxelmwifos interesebSi.

rodesac balansi qreba, rogorc wesi patara saxelmwifo masTan erTad

qreba.” 132

erT-erTi yvelaze miRebuli definicia patara qveynisa ekuTvnis kioheins,

romelic aerTianebs rotsteinis subieqtur elements da neorealistur

sistemur elements. Sedegad igi askvnis, rom sisuste, an siZliere,

damokidebulia am qveynis lideris aRqmaze, Tu ra rols asrulebs misi qveyana

sistemur TamaSSi. 133 fsiqologiuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis SejerebiT

kioheini askvnis, rom “pataraa saxelmwifo, romlis liderebi Tvlian, rom mas

arasodes ar SeeZleba marto, an sxva patara jgufTan erTad, mniSvnelovani

zegavlenis moxdena sistemaze.” 134

Sveleri saxelmwifoebs yofs lomebad, cxvrebad, qurcikebad da mglebad.

pirveli ori arian status-kvo qveynebi, xolo bolo ori revizionisti qveynebi. 135

lomebi arian didi saxlemwifoebi, romlebic marTaven sistemas da axorcieleben

sakuTar erovnul interesebs, xSirad Zalismieri saSualebebiTac ki. qurcikebi

airan is qveynebi, romlebic ufro afaseben imas rac gaaCniaT, vidre imas rac

SeiZleba miiRon sistemisgan, magram romlebic yovel mizez gareSe Caebmebodnen

konfliqtSi Tuki raimes mopovebis Sansi aris sagrZnoblad maRali. mglebi

afaseben imas, rac maT SeuZliaT moipovon ufro metad, vidre rac maT gaaCniaT.

rogorc wesi, es qveynebi mudmivi agresorebi arian. cxvrebi ki arian susti

127 Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, 29. 128 Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations. (New York, Knopf. 1967), 5. 129 Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1979): 184-185, 195. 130 Vandenbosch, “The Small States”, 294. 131 Ibid., 301. 132 Nicholas John Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics, (New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1942): 20; quoted in Vandenbosch, “The Small States,” 294-5 133 Robert O. Keohane, “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Relations”, International Organization, 23:.2 (1969), 295 134 iqve, . . ., gv. 296. 135 Randall Schweller, “Bandwagonning for Profit, Bringing the Revisionist State back in”, International Security, 19:1 (Summer, 1994): p. 100.

69

da “Zliereba” unda ganisazRvros samxedro SesaZleblobebis mixedviT.

vandenboxisaTvis “pataraa qveyana, romelsac ar ZaluZs Seejibros omSi Zlier

qveynebs Tanabari ZalebiT.” 118 gotCeli ki ambobs, rom civi omis Semdgomi

periodis saerTaSoriso garemos cvlilebasTan erTad “ricxobrivma Zalismierma

atributebma” dakarges TavianTi mniSvneloba. samxedro Zala rCeba mxolod

rogorc erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili Zalisa, magram amisda miuxedavad,

avtomaturad ar aris siZlieris maCvenebeuli. 119

iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa

saerTaSoriso institutebis roli, 120

institucionalizebuli ideebi, 121 an

diplomatiuri korpusis siZliere, 122 SeiZleba CaiTvalos gadamwyvetad amaTu im

qveynisaTvis sustis, an Zlieris statusis miniWebisas.

saqarTvelos magaliTSic mxolod absolituri ganamrtebebiT sargebloba

SecdomaSi Segviyvanda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im ambiciebs, romlebic

saqarTvelos gaaCnia regionSi da mis mezobel somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan

urTierTobebs, maSin mxolod ricxobrivi midgoma araswori iqneboda. zogierTi mkvlevari ambobs, rom ‘sisute’ damokidebulia imaze, Tu vis adareb.

es gansazRvrebebi ganixilaven ‘pataraobas’ SesaZleblobebis, da aseve imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba es SesaZleblobebi, vis winaaRmdeg,

rodis da ra miznebis misaRwevad. 123 knudseni Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo sustia

maSin, rodesac misi sagareo politikuri efeqturoba da Zliereba sagrZnoblad

mcirea mis Tundac erT mezobelTan SedarebiT. 124

ufro mogvianebiT knudsenma patara saxelmwifos aseTi ganmarteba misca

“nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelic aris SesamCnevad susti sxva saxelmwifosTan

mimarTebaSi.” 125 zogierTi mkvlevarebi ki iziriaben azrs, rom ‘pataraoba’ niSnavs

qveynis SeuZleblobas ganaxorcielos sakuTari erovnuli interesebi saerTa-

Soriso arenaze. magaliTad, godhameri xazs usvams, rom patarani arian is

saxlemwifoebi, romlebic ar erevian msoflio mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso

saqmianobebSi. 126

arsebobs agreTve subieqturi gansazRvrebebi, romlebic eyrdnobian qveynis

sakuTar mosazrebas sakuTari Zlierebis Sesaxeb. rotSteini ambobos, rom

“pataraa is saxelmwifo, romelic aRiarebs rom mas ar SeuZlia moipovos

usafrTxoeba sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT, da rom is unda daeyrdnos ZiriTadad

118 Amry Vandenbosch, “The Small States in International Politics and Organization”, The Journal of Politics, 26:2, (May 1964): 294. 119 Goetschell, “Small States and the CFSP”, 4. 120 Karoliina Honkanen, “The Influence of Small States on NATO Decision-Making: The Membership Experiences of Denmark, Norway, Hungary and Czech Republic”, (Totalförsvarets Orskningsinstitut, Stockholm, November 2002); Michael W. Mosser, “Engineering Influence”; Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity”. 121 Judith Goldstein, and Robert O. Keohane, Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change,” (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993). 122 Alexander Rondeli, “patara qveynis diplomatiuri saqmianoba” (Diplomatic Activity of a Small Country), "Georgian Diplomacy," Annual, No 7. (Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, 2000): 5-20; Bengt Sundelius, "Independence and Foreign Policy”, Cooperation and Conflict, 15 (1980): 202 123 Miriam Fendius Elman, “The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Neorealism in its own Backyard”, British Journal of Political Science, No 25 (1995): 172 124 Olaf Knutsen “Patara Sakhelmtsifo: Usafrtxoebis Problema” (Small State, the Problem of Security), Politics, No. 7, (Tbilisi, 1991): 27; quoted in - Alexander Rondeli, Saertashoriso Urtiertobebi, (International Relations), (Independent University of Tbilisi, 1996), 216. 125 Olaf Knudsen, “Small States: Latent and Extant,” 184 126 H. Goldhammer, The Foreign Powers in Latin America, (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1972): 237

68

socialuri da politikuri wyoba

dResdReobiT, demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebis dapyroba ufro rTulia,

vidre arademokratiulis, magram warsulSi sapirispiro ufro Seesabameboda

simarTles. dResdReobiT arapopularuli mTavrobis mqone qveynis dapyroba

Tundac sazRvargareTidan marTuli revoluciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli.

subvercia igive Tavdasxmis formaa, radgan es movlenebi iseTive zegavlenas

axdenen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze, rogorsac TavdasxmiTi omebi. 1792 wels

safrangeTis revoluciur reJims da avstriis oligarqiul reJims urTierT SiSi

hqondaT, rom romelimes meoris subvercia ar moexdina, ramac gamoiwvia orive

mxaris agresiuloba. ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg igive SiSi warmoiSva ruseTsa da

dasavleTs Soris, ramac dasabami misca konfliqts sabWoTa kavSirsa da

dasavleTs Soris, radgan TiToeul mxares eSinoda ar gamxdariyo meoris mier

ideologiuri subverciis sagani.

daaxloebiT 1800 wlamde reJimebis popularuloba Tavdasxmis wisqvilze

asxamda wyals, 1800 wlis Semdeg ki ufro Tavdacvis samsaxurSia. es cvalebadoba

gamowveulia iafi da masobrivad warmoebadi iaraRebis arsebobiT, romlebic

aqtiurad gamoiyeneba partizanul brZolebSi, ris Sedagadac moxda demok-

ratiulad arCeuli reJimebis Tavdacvis gaZliereba.

zemoT mocemul Tavdacvisa da Tavdasxmis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT van evera

gvTavazobs sam ZiriTad prognozs:

1. omi aris ufro gavrcelebuli maSin, rodesac dapyroba advilia, an

roca saxelmwifoebs hgoniaT rom es asea. nakleb gavrcelebuli maSin,

rodesac dapyroba Znelia, an hgoniaT rom Znelia;

2. saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac hgoniaT, rom maT SeuZliaT Tavdasxmis

ganxorcieleba an saxelmwifoebi, romelTa Tavdacvac aris susti,

wamoiwyeben ufro met omebs vidre nebismieri sxva saxelmwifoebi;

3. nebismieri saxelmwifo wamoiwyebs omebs da ibrZolebs ufro meti

sixSiriT im periodebSi, rodesac mas aqvs an fiqrobs, rom aqvs

Tavdasxmis didi SesaZleblobebi da TavdacviTi saSualebebi. 41

41 Van Evera, gv. 22

33

leqcia VI

liberalizmi

liberalizmis skolis ganviTareba saerTaSoriso urierTobebSi mWidrod

aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove liberaluri saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebasTan

da iseT liberalur moazrovneebTan rogorebic arian jon loki, jeremi benTami

da emanuel kanti.

realizmisgan gansxvavebiT liberalizmi fokuss axdens adamianis dadebiT

mxareebze, Tumca ki, ar uaryofs maT av Tvisebebsac. liberalizmi zogadad

aRiarebs, rom adamianis bunebas aqvs bneli mxare, magram amave dros maTi Teoriis

safuZvels qmnis mosazreba, rom adamianebi arian racionalurebi da rom

racionalurobis principi SeiZleba aseve gamoyenebul iqnas saerTaSoriso

saqmianobaSic. racionaluroba liberalizmis gagebiT ki imaSi gamoixateba, rom

adamainebs aqvT saerTo interesebi da maT misaRwevad isini TanamSromlobaze da

dialogze wavlen rogorc urTierTSoris, aseve saerTaSoriso da saxel-

mwifoTaSoriso doneze. liberalebis rwmeniT, TanamSromlobas moaqvs sargebeli

yvelasaTvis. es principebi, ra Tqma unda didad ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis Zireul

principebs, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifoebi arian racionalurebi da

egoistebi da rom isini did yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT mogebas rac Zalian

zRudavs TanamSromlobas.

liberalizmis amosavali wertili isaa, rom adamianuri goniereba dasZlevs

SiSs da miT gamowveul ltolvas Zalisa da Zlierebisadmi. am process isini

kacobriobis progresad aRiqvamen. mxolod, liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi ver

Tanxmdebian im siZneleebis sirTulisa da xangrZlivobis xarisxze, romelic

kacobriobam unda gadalaxos.

kidev erTi mTavari gansxvaveba realizmsa da liberalizms Soris aris am ori

Teoriis mosazrebebi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. realizmi saxelmwifos ganixilavs

rogorc Zalis da Zlierebis koncentracias, xolo liberalebi rogorc

konstituciur warmonaqmns, romelic awesebs da meTvalyureobs kanonis

uzenaesobas. aseTi saxelmwifoebi pativs scemen urTmaneTs da emorCilebian

saerTaSoriso samarTals, romelic emyareba urTierTgebis (reciprocity) princips.

swored es ideaa gadmocemuli jeremi benTamis naSromSi, romelic iTvleba

liberaluri Teoriis erT-erT fuZemdeblad da romelmac, rogorc cnobilia

pirvelma gamoiyena cneba saerTaSoriso samarTali. igive argumenti ufro

farTod aris gadmocemuli emanuel kantis mier, romelic Tvlida, rom

konstituciuri da urTierTpativismcemeli respublikebi sabolood daamya-

rebdnen “samudamo mSvidobas” (perpetual peace). marTalia, dRevandeli msoflio rogorc yovelTvis Sorsaa samudamo

mSvidobis epoqidan, gansakuTrebiT 9/11 Semdeg gaxSirebuli teroristuli

Semotevebis da mas moyolili reaqciebis Semdeg, magram liberaluri Teoriis

principi igive rCeba: modernizacia ganapirobebs progress adamianuri cxovrebis

yvela sferoSi da afarToebs asparezs TanamSromlobisaTvis. pasuxgasacemi

mxolod is rCeba ra xarisxis modernizacia da progresia saWiro imisaTvis, rom

msoflio mSvidobiani gaxdes.

liberaluri Teoriac, iseve rogorc ukve ganxiluli realizmi, iyofa

ramodenime mTavar mimdinareobad. maT Soris yvelaze gamokveTili Teoriebi aris

demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis Teoria

sociologiuri liberalizmi, urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoria da

,

34

belyofda im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic iyvnen susti, magram ar ekuTvnodnen

mesame samyaros. amas garda dgResdReobiT ufro da ufro meti mecnieri uTmobs

yuradRebas iseTi patara qveynebis Seswavlas romlebic ekonomikurad uaResad

ganviTarebulni arian, arian saerTaSoriso da regionaluri organizaciebis

wevrebi, magram amavdroulad iTvlebian “patara” qveynebad. 113

koncefciis ganmartebiTi sirTuleebi naTeli gaxdeba Tuki SevxedavT

ramodenime magaliTs. saqarTvelo bunebrivia patara qveyanaa amerikis Seer-

Tebul StatebTan SedarebiT, magram Tuki gvinda misi Sedareba tuvalus an

vanuatusTan mimarTebaSi mainc patarad CaiTvleba igi? meore mxriv, saqarTvelos

hyavs TiTqmis imdenive mosaxleoba da aqvs TiTqmis igive teritoriuli sidide

rogorc niderlandebs, an belgias, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT rom igi iseve

Zlieria rogorc es qveynebi? igivenairad, sqarTvelosTan SedarebiT ruseTi

aris Zlieri qveyana yvela monacemebiT, magram Tuki mas SevadarebT amerikis

SeerTebul Statebs, an CineTs maSin igives Tqmas SevZlebT? es yovelive imaze

miuTiTebs, rom pataris da sustis gansazRvrebebi fardobiTi mcnebebia da ara

absolituri.

am mcnebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi gaxdad mizezi imisa,

rom bevri mkvlevari skeptikurad uyurebs patara qveynebis gamoyenebas rogorc

kvlevis sagans saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. amave mizeziT bevri ar cdilobs

pata da sustis mcnebebis Sesabamisi definiciis mofiqrebas. gotCeli ambobs, rom

“ am qveynebis analizis kategoriad gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba kiTxvis niSnis

qveS dadga” da maTi ganmartebebi didad aris damokidebuli avtorebis Teoriul

safuZvelze, meTodologiur midgomaze da msofxedvelobaze. 114 magram miuxe-

davad am skepticizmisa im avtorebis ricxvi, romlebic patara qveynebis

problematikas Seiswavlian TandaTan izrdeba.

Tavdapirvelad ganmarteba efuZneboda iseT kriteriumebs, rogoricaa

mosaxleoba, mTliani Sida produqti da teritoria. istma patara qveynebi

gansazRvra Semdegi kriteriumebis mixedviT: 1) patara saxmeleTo teritoria, 2)

mcire adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, 3) mcire mTliani erovnuli produqti, 4) da

samxedro SesaZleblobebis dabali done. 115 rogorc moserma aRniSna, absolituri gansazRvreba “rogorc wesi, efuZneba

zRurbls,” da rogorc ki qveyana maCveneblis zRurbls gadascdeba igi aRar

iTvleba sust an patara qveyanad. 116 Sesabamisad es kategoriebi zustad ver

gadmoscemen “pataris” bunebas. rogorc biolma aRniSna “belgia SeiZleba pataraa

safrangeTTan mimarTebaSi, magram luqsemburgi patara qveyanaa belgiasTan

mimarTebaSi da safrangeTi patara qveyanaa aSS-sTan mimarTebaSi.” 117

arsebobs fardobiTi kriteriumebic. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT “sisuste”

113 Peter J. Katzenstein, Corporatism and Change: Austria, Switzerland and The Politics of Industry, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1984); Peter J. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1985); Risto Alapuro et al., eds., Small States in Comparative Perspective: essays for Erik Allardt, (Oslo, Norwegian University Press, 1985) 114 Laurent Goetschel, “Small States and the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU: A Comparative Analysis”; Working Paper No. 14, Nationales Forschungsprogramm, Berne, May 2000: 42, available from http://www.snf.ch/NFP/nfp42/working/WP14GoetschelPDF.pdf; Internet. accessed June 01, 2003 115 East, “Size and Foreign Policy”, 558 116 Michael W. Mosser, “Engineering Influence: the Subtle Power of Small States in the CSCE?OSCE”, paper presented at the workshop on “Small States and Alliances”, Austrian Defense Academy, Vienna, 25-27 November 1999, p. 3 117 Erling Bjol, “Small States in International Politics”, in Schou et al., Small States, 9.

67

leqcia XII

patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

gasuli saukune unikaluri iyo warmoqmnili axali saxelmwifoebis simravlis

mxriv. dekolonizaciam da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi axali warmonaqmnebis Seqmna, romelTaganac umravlesoba iyo

patara da susti. patara qveynebis mniSvneloba SemCneuli da aRiarebuli iyo jer

kidev meore msoflio omamde radganac erTa liga Sedgeboda patara da susti

saxelmwifoebisgan. 105

miuxedavad amisa, patara qveynis mcnebam rogorc anali-

tikurma koncefciam mniSvneloba SeiZina mxolod omis Semdeg. 106

a. b. foqsis,

david vitalis, Su da brudtlandis, rotsteinis, matisenis da istis nawerebma

Seqmnes patara qveynebis Seswavlis mecnieruili fundamenti. 107

axladwarmoqmnil disciplinas Tavisi winaRobebic gaaCnda radgan zogierTi

avtorebi, magaliTad piter baeri 108

da nils 109

amstrumi ambobobdnen, rom

koncefciis Seswavla unda Sewyvetiliyo misi gamousadegarobis da sirTulis

gamo. 110

miuxedavad am koncefciasTan dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebebisa, misma mniSvne-

lobam win wamoiwia 80 da 90-ian wlebSi, civi omis dasasrulis da axali msoflio

wesrigis warmoqmnis Semdgom. ukanaskneli mcdeloba imisa, rom patara qveynebis

Seswavlas SeeZina sistemuri xasiaTi gaxldaT olav knudsenis mier gamo-

qveynebuli statia. knudsenma gamoyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba patara qveynebis

Seswavlis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi. man aseve rCeva misca mkvlevarebs waremarTaT

TavianTi saqmianoba ise, rom Camoyalibebuliyo ufro mWidro subdisciplina

ufro Sesaferisi TeoriebiT patara qveynebis Sesaxeb. 111

debatebi patara qveynis mniSvnelobaze kidev ufro mZafri xdeba, rodesac

jeri midgeba “sustis” da “pataris” gansazRvraze. zogierTi avtori am terminebs

erTgvarovnad iyenebs xolo zogi patara qveynebad moiazrebs mTels “mesame

samyaros.” 112

es ukanaskneli gansazRvreba warmatebuli ar iyo, radganac igi ugele-

105 William E. Rappard, “Small States in the League of Nations”, Political Science Quarterly, 49:4 (Dec. 1934). 106 Werner Bauwens, Armand Clesse & Olav Knudsen, eds., Small States and the Security Challenge in the New Europe, (London, Washington, Brasey’s, 1996), p. 4 107 ixileT, Anette Fox, The Power of the Small States, Diplomacy in World War II, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1959). David Vital, The Inequality of States, (New Work, Oxford University Press, 1967); David Vital, The Survival of Small States; Studies of Small Power/Great Power Conflict, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1971). August Schou, and Arne Brundtland, eds., Small States in International Relations, (Nobel Symposium No 17, Stockholm, 1971). Robert L. Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1968); Robert L. Rothstein. “Alignment, Non-Alignment and Small Powers: 1945-1965”, International Organization, 20:3 (Summer 1966). Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the Strategies of the Great Powers, (Oslo, Bergen Tromso, 1971). Maurice A. East, “Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models”, World Politics, 25:4 (1973). 108 Peter R. Baehr, “Small States: A Tool for Analysis?”, World Politics, No. 27:3, (1975). 109 Niels Amstrup, “The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts”, Cooperation and Conflict, 11:3, (1976). 110 Bauwers et al, Small States and Security Challenge, 4. 111 Olav F. Knudsen. “Small States, Latent and Extant: Towards a General Perspective”, Journal of International Relations and Development, 5:2 (June 2002): 182 112 Mohammed Ayoob, “The Security Problematique of the Third World”, World Politics, 43:2 (Jan. 1991); Bahgat Korany, “The Take-off of Third World Studies? The Case of Foreign Policy”, World Politics, 35:3 (April 1983); Tony Smith, “Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies”, World Politics, 37:4 (July 1985); Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity; Group of 77 in the UN General Assembly”, International Organization, 42:2 (Spring 1988).

66

instituciuri liberalizmi. imisaTvis, rom ukeT gavigoT liberaluri skolis

arsi da am skolis mier realuri movlenebis Sefasebis da axsnis SesaZleblobebi,

saWiroa es Teoriebi ganvixiloT calcalke. amavdroeulad, isic unda aRiniSnos,

rom liberaluri skolis yvela mimdinareoba erTnairi warmatebiT ar

sargeblobs. zogierTma Teoriam ver gauZlo movlenaTa ganviTarebas da bevri

kritika daimsaxura, zogi ki jer kidev winaaRmdegobas uwevs realizmis

gabatonebul skolas da gvTavazobs msoflio politikis axsnis angariSgasawev

gzebs.

sociologiuri liberalizmi

sociologiuri liberalizmis amosavali wertili aris is, rom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebi, aramed igi

moicavs transnacionalur urTierTobebs, anu, urTierTobebs adamianebs,

jgufebs, organizaciebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebs ganekuTvnebian. es,

ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis skolas, romelic saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebs ganixilavs rogorc mkacrad saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs

da sxva danarCeni meorexarisxovnad miaCnia. imis gamo, rom liberalizmi

yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara marto saxelmwifoze da erovnul mTavrobaze, aramed

sxvadasxva saxis aqtorebze, mas xSirad moixsenieben terminiT “pluralizmi.”

transnacionaluri urTierTobebi jeims ruzenaus ganmartebiT aris

“procesi, romelSic mTavrobaTaSorisi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gajerda

kerZo pirebis, jgufebis, da sazogadoebaTaSorisi urTierTobebiT, romlebsac

SeuZliaT da aqvT kidevac mniSvnelovani zegavlena movlenaTa msvlelobaze.” 42

bevri fiqrobs, rom transnacionaluri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva qveynis

moqalaqeebs Soris qmnis sruliad axlebur sazogadoebriv formirebebs,

romlebic Tanacxovroben da zogjer konkurenciasac ki uweven saxelmwifos.

am mravalmimarTulebiani urTierTobebis asaRwerad jon bartonma gamoiyena

egreT wodebuli “obobas qselis” transnacionaluri urTierTobebis modeli. es

modeli demonstrirebas ukeTebs im faqts, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo Sedgeba

bevri sxvadasxva jgufebisagan, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva tipis sagareo

kavSirebi da sxvadasxva interesebi. magaliTad, religiuri jgufebi, biznes

wreebi, profesiuli kavSirebi da ase Semdeg. es modeli mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba

realizmis skolis mier damkvidrebul “biliardis burTis” models, romelic

saxelmwifoTa sistemas xatavs rogorc biliardis burTebis nakrebs. biliardis

burTi gamoxatavs erTian da Sekrul saxelmwifos. bartonis mizania gvaCvenos,

rom msoflios axasiaTebs urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromleba vidre anta-

gonizmi da konfliqtebi.

Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi jeims ruzenaum kidev ufro gaaRrmava Tavisi

transnacionaluri urTierTobebis Teoria imiT, rom amjerad yuradReba

gaamaxvila adamianebis urTierTobaze makro doneze. misi TqmiT individualur

operaciebs didi gavlena aqvT msoflio saqmeebze. dRevandelobis ukeT

informirebuli, ukeT ganaTlebuli da ufro mobiluri adamianebi naklebad

arian damokidebuli TavianT saxelmwifoze. aqdan gamomdinare, ruzenau

gvamcnobs, rom saxelmwifo-centruli da anarqiuli sistema marTalia ar

42 James Rosenau, The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays on the Transnationalism of World Affairs. New York: Nichols. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen, p. 109

35

gadagvarebula, magram masTan erTad Tanaarsebobs multi-centruli msoflio,

romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva “suverenitetisgan Tavisufali” (sovereignity free) koleqtivebisgan, romlebic arseboben saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad da

konkurenciaSi arian saxelmwifo centruli samyaros “suverenitetiT SezRu-

dul” (sovereignity bound) aqtorebTan. 43 ruzenau fiqrobs, rom pluralistuli

msoflio, romelsac axasiaTebs individebisa da jgufebis transnacionaluri

qselebi ufro mSvidobiani iqneba, magram aseve dasZens, rom aseTi msoflio aseve

ufro arastabiluri iqneba, radgan Zveli wyoba romelic saxelmwifoebs efuZneba

ngrevis procesSia. miuxedavad amisa, konfliqtebi iSviaTad migviyvanen omamde,

radgan bevri kosmopolitani pirovnebebi, romlebic gawevrianebuli iqnebian

bevr sxvadasxva organizaciaSi advilad ar gaxdebian antagonistur banakebad

dayofili mtrebi.

mokled rom SevajamoT, sociologiuri liberalizmi ganixilavs saerTa-

Soriso urTierTobebs ara marto rogorc urTierTobebs qveynebs Soris, aramed

rogorc urTierTobebs individebs, jgufebs da sazogadoebebs Soris. dedaazri

ki is aris, rom urTierTgadamfaravi urTierTobebi xalxebs Soris aris ufro

TanamSromluri vidre saxelmwifoebs Soris vinaidan da radganac saxelmwifoebi

arian eqskluziurebi da maTi interesebi erTmaneTs iSviaTad gadakveTen da

faraven. maSasadame, sociologiuri liberalizmis azriT, rac ufro xSiria

transnacionaluri urTierTobebi miT ufro mSvidobiani iqneba msoflio.

urTierTdamokidebulebis liberaluri Teoria

urTierTdamokidebuleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi niSnavs, rom mTav-

robebi da xalxebi ganicdian sxva qveyanaSi momxdari movlenebis zegavlenas. erT-

erTi gavrcelebuli xatovani gamonaTqvamiT “peplis afrena erT qveyanaSi iwvevs

qariSxals meore qveyanaSi.” am gamonaTqvamis dedaazri aris swored is, rom cvli-

lebebi erT qveyanaSi ama Tu im doneze, iqneba es ekonomikis Tu samxedro

politikuri sfero, axdens zegavlenas sxva qveynebzec. magaliTad, aziis finan-

suri krizisis negatiuri zegavlena igrZnoboda Soreul braziliaSic ki, rom

araferi vTqvaT ruseTze.

jozef naim da robert kiohanma Camoayalibes kompleqsuri urTierT-

damokidebulebis Teoria (complex interdependence) TavianT gaxmaurebul naSromSi

Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba (1977). isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg aris gacilebiT ufro rTuli, vidre

iyo omamde. adre urTierTobebi warmoebda saxelmwifos liderebs Soris da

Zalis gamoyeneba yovelTvis moiazreboda rogorc erT-erTi saSualeba qveynis

liderebs Soris wamoWrili konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad. usafrTxoebis da

TviTgadarCenis “maRal politikas” hqonda upiratesoba ekonomikis da socia-

luri sakiTxebis “mcire politikasTan” SedarebiT. 44 kompleqsuri urTierT-

damokidebulebis xanaSi es ukve ase aRar aris ori mizezis gamo: pirveli,

dResdReobiT qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod urTierTobebi

qveynis liderebs Soris, aramed arsebobs urTierTobebi bevr sxvadasxva doneze

43 James Rosenau, “Citizenship in a Changing Global Order,” in J. N. Rosenau and E. O. Czempiel (eds) Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 272-94. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen. gv. 115. 44 Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 114.

36

ratifikaciis prcedurebi TvalnaTlad axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebze.

magaliTad, Tu ori mesamedia saWiro ratifikaciisaTvis vinseti iqneba ufro

mcire vidre iseT SemTxvevaSi rodesac mxolod martivi umravlesobaa saWiro.

magaliTad, aSS-Si 100 dan 33 senators SeuZlia nebismieri xelSekrulebis Cagdeba.

arsebobs iseTi institutebic, romlebic moiTxoven ratifikacias ramdenime

doneze. es kidev ufro arTulebs molaparakebas da amcirebs vinsets. magaliTad,

molaparakebebi aSS-sa da evrokavSirs Soris agrovaWrobis sakiTxebze. SeTanxmeba

unda iqnes ratificirebuli komisiis mier da erovnuli mTavrobebis mierac.

amerikaSi ki ratifikacia unda moxdes mTavari agro organizaciebis da am

organizaciebs Soris mTavar interesTa jgufebis mier.

3. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia pirveli donis momlaparakeblebis

strategiaze

TiToeul momlaparakebels pirvel doneze surs, rom gazardos misi

oponentis vinseti, magram sakuTari vinsetisadmi mas Sereuli grZnobebi aqvs.

erTis mxriv, rac ufro didia misi vinseti ufro advilad SeuZlia mas SeTanxmebis

dadeba, magram amavdroulad ufro sustia misi diplomatiuri pozicia sxva

momlaparakeblis fonze. momlaparakebels SeuZlia sxvadasxva strategiebs

mimarTos. magaliTad, imisTvis rom daamtkicos mxardaWera Tavisi poziciisadmi

pirvel doneze mas SeuZlia Sin moawyos gamosvlebi am poziciis mxardasaWerad da

ase Semdeg, magram amavdroulad aseT taqtikas SeiZleba qondes Seuqcevadi

uaryofiTi Sedegebi amomrCevelTa damokidebulebebze, anu Seaferxos SesaZ-

lebloba imisa, rom xeli moeweros alternatiul, kompromisul xelSekrule-

bas/SeTanxmebas. igivenairad, Tu molaparakebamde lideri/momlaparakebeli

ecdeba Searbilos amomrCevelTa simkacre sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ratifikaciis

periodSi sirTuleebis molodinSi igi ver SeZlebs SeinarCunos mtkice pozicia

sazRvargareT.

miuxedavad amisa, Tu liders surs gazardos Tavisi vinseti mas SeuZlia

gamoiyenos sxvadasxva saSualebebi, rogoricaa “piris moqonva” da an gulrwfeli

“keTili survilebi.” garda amisa, Tu momlaparakebels Sin aqvs maRali

politikuri reitingi igi ufro advilad moipovebs mxardaWeras da Sesabamisad

ratifikacias Tavis sagareo wamowyebebze.

65

1. meore doneze upiratesobebi da koaliciebi;

2. meore donis institutebi;

3. pirveli donis molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis

strategiebi.

1. vinsetebis sidide damokidebulia ZalTa gadanawilebaze, upiratesobebze

(vis/ras aniWebs uporatesobas) da SesaZlo koaliciebze meore donis amomr-

Cevlebs Soris.

eWvgareSea, rom nebismier Teorias, romelsac aqvs pretenzia axsnas or

doneze TamaSi fesvebi unda hqondes saSinao politikaSi. magram am etapze saWiro

ar aris gadavvardeT saSinao politikis Teoriul morevSi (marqsizmi, interesTa

jgufebis pluralizmi, biurokratiuli politika da neo korporatizmi). Cven

SegviZlia movaxdinoT abstragireba Teoriisgan da movxazoT zogadi principebi,

romlebic gansazRvraven vinsetebis zomas. magaliTad, rac ufro dabalia

“SeuTanxmeblobis” Rirebuleba miT ufro pataraa vinseti. aseve, zog

dajgufebebs SeiZleba ufro meti interesi aqvT pirvel doneze mimdinare

molaparakebebisadmi vidre sxva dajgufebebs, rac aris winapiroba maTi

sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebisa am SeTanxmebisadmi. aqedan meore principi:

vinsetis zoma damokidebulia izolacionistebis zomaze (romlebic rogorc wesi

gamodian saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis winaaRmdeg) da internacionalistebis

(mxars uWeren aseT SeTanxmebebs) zomaze. internacionalistebi ufro meti arian

patara da damokidebul qveynebSi, romlebasc Ria ekonomika aqvT vidre did

TviTuzrunvelyofad qveynebSi, rogoric aris magaliTad, aSS.

zogierT SemTxvevebSi erTaderTi mniSvnelovani ganxeTqilebis sagani

amomrCevlebs Soris meore doneze SeiZleba iyos “SeuTanxmeblobis saSiSroeba”

vinaidan da radganac aseT situaciebSi maTi interesebi aris erTgvarovani, anu

homogenuri ( magaliTad qarTuli mxaris mier warmoebul molaparakebebs bazebis

gayvanis Taobaze hqonda TiTqmis homogenuri mxardaWera amomrCevlebisagan. sxva

magaliTebia, panamis arxis xelSekruleba, saltis molaparakebebi, arab-izraelis

konfliqti da ase Semdeg.)

amis sapirispiro SemTxvevaa arahomogenuri amomrCeveli. aseT situaciaSi

SeTanxmebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva vnebaTaRelvani qveynis SigniT imisda

mixedviT, Tu ra preferenciebi aqvT sxvadasxva jgufebs.

am or SemTxvevaSi molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis problemebic sxvadasxvaa.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi rac ufro mets miaRwevs molaparakebebis dros pirvel

doneze miT ufro meti Sansi aqvs mas, rom mis SeTanxmebas Sin xels moaweren. am

SemTxvevebSi momlaparakebels pirdapir SeuZlia gamoiyenos misi Sinauri

“Zerebi” (Hawk), rom maqsimalurad gazardos misi mogeba an minimumamde daiyvanos

misi danakargi pirvel doneze.

momlaparakeblis saqme ufro rTulad aris roca mas saqme aqvs heterogenul

amomrCevelTan, magram am dros situacia potenciurad ufro sainteresocaa. aseT

SemTxvevebSi saSinao ganxeTqilebebma SeiZleba gaaumjobeson saerTaSoriso

TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.

2. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia meore doneze arsebul politikur

institutebze.

64

bevri sxvadasxva aqtorebis da samTavrobo ganStoebis gavliT. meore, warmoebs

xSiri urTierTobebi adamianebs da jgufebs Soris saxelmwifos Caurevlad.

kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi samxedro Zala politikis

warmoebis naklebad gamoyenebadi instrumentia.

am damokidebulebis Sedegia is, rom xdeba sxvadasxva jgufebis formireba

ama Tu im sakiTxis irgvliv, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT da am

sakiTxebs axasiaTebT sxvadasxva xarisxis konfliqturoba. am konfliqtebis

umravlesobisTvis samxedro Zala Seuferebeli instrumentia, rac imaze miuTi-

Tebs, rom am epoqaSi Zalas ufro naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba da sxva resursebi

ufro fasobs, magaliTad, rogoricaa molaparakebis warmoebis unarCvevebi

(negotiating skills). da bolos, martivi urTierTdamokidebulebis xanisgan gansxva-

vebiT kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis xanaSi saxelmwifoebi ufro did

yuradRebas aqceven socialur sferos vidre erovnul usafrTxoebas. mokled

rom iTqvas, realizmis sapirispirod, kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis

Teoria moiazrebs gacilebiT ufro mSvidobian da usafrTxo msoflios.

kompleqsur urTierTdamokidebulebas aqvs Semdegi Sedegebi:

1. saxelmwifoebi sinqronulad ganaxorcieleben sxvadasxva interesebs da

transnacionaluri aqtorebi, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

da transnacionaluri korporaciebi Seecdebian sakuTari interesebis

ganxorcielebas saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad;

2. Zala da Zliereba ganisazRvreba calkeuli sferoebis mixedviT. magali-

Tad, nais da kioheins mohyavT daniis da norvegiis magaliTi, rom maT aqvT

SesamCnevi Zliereba saerTaSoriso naosnobaSi, radgan hyavT didi savaWro

da tvirTmzidi flotiliebi, magram es gavlena sxva sferoebze ar

vrceldeba;

3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba gaizrdeba, radgan mxolod

isini arian patara qveynebis politikuri qmedebebis asparezi da amav-

droulad isini meTvalyureoben dRis wesrigis dagegmvas saerTaSoriso

doneze.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba homogenuri ar aris

da is mxolod msoflios zogierT regionebze vrceldeba, rogoricaa dasavleT

evropa, CrdiloeT amerika, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia. anu, aseTi

urTierTobebi aReniSnebaT pluralistul, industriul saxelmwifoebs. kom-

pleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba

modernizaciasTan erTad da kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.

swored am modernizaciis gavlenis gamoZaxilia nais da kioheinis uaxlesi

naSromi am Temaze, “Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba sainformacio saukuneSi,”

romelic avtorebma 1998 wels statiis saxiT dabeWdes cnobil Jurnal sagareo

urTierTobebSi (Foreign Affairs). am statiis siaxle isaa, rom nai da kiohenma

yuradReba miapyres saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi informaciis mniSvnelobas da

gvamcnes, rom “savaraudoa rom axal saukuneSi sinformacio teqnologia iqnes

yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursi (power resource).”45 maTi TqmiT, ukve daiwyo axali

45 Robert O. Keohane, Joseph Nye Jr. “Power and interdependence in the information age,” Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 1998, pp. 77 -75.

37

xana, e.w. “sainformacio revolucia” romelic jer kidev sawyis etapzea, magram

ukve iqonia didi zegavlena kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis sam ZiriTad

komponentebze:

1. sazogadoebaTaSorisi kontaqtebi;

2. samxedro Zlierebis rolis Sesusteba;

3. usafrTxoeba, rogorc nakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.

sainformacio revoluciam sagrZnoblad Secvala kompleqsuri urTierT-

damokidebulebis pirveli komponenti, radganac internetma da informaciis

gacvlis sxvadasxva saSualebebma mniSvnelovnad gaaxSires da gaaRrmaves

kontaqtebi qveynebs Soris. samxedro Zala da usafrTxoeba ki jer kidev

inarCuneben mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. avtorebi asaxeleben

or mizezs, Tu ratom ver gardaqmna sainformacio revoluciam msoflio

politika:

1. informacia gaedineba ara vakuumSi, aramed politikur sivrceSi, romelic

ukve dakavebulia. politika Zerwavs sainformacio revolucias da piriqiT

(revolucia politikas);

2. mSvidobis demokratiuli zonis gareT saxelmwifoebis msoflio ar aris

kompleqsuri urTierTdamokdiebulebis msoflio.

nai da kioheini gamoyofen ori tipis Zalas: qceviTi Zala (behavioral power) da

saresurso Zala (resource power). - qceviTi Zala gaZlevs saSualebas miiRo is Sedegi, romelic Sen gsurs.

arsebobs ori tipis qceviTi Zala:

- rbili Zala (soft power) — SesaZlebloba miaRwio sasurvel Sedegebs radgan

sxvebs undaT is, rac ginda Sen; anu SesaZlebloba miaRwio Sens mizans mozidvis da

ara Zaldatanebis saSualebiT;

- xisti Zala (hard power) - SesaZlebloba gaakeTebino sxvebs is, rasac isini

sxvagvarad ar gaakeTebdnen jildoebis an sasjelis gamoyenebiT;

- saresurso Zala niSnavs im resursebis qonas, romlebic rogorc wesi

gamoiyenebian Sedegebis misaRwevad. rogorc zemoT iTqva, nai da kioheni Tvlian,

rom sainformacio teqnologia iqneba axali saukunis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

resursi.

nai da kioheni aseve aRniSnaven, rom axal saukeneSi informaciis siWarbes

mivyavarT yuradRebis modunebasTan. yuradReba xdeba iSviaTi resursi da Zalas

ixveWen isini visac SeuZliaT ganasxvaon mniSvnelovani signalebi fuWi

xmaurisgan. am movlenas nai da kioheni siWarbis paradoqss (paradox of plenty) uwodeben. isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom aseT garemoSi e.w. sandoobis reputacia

(reputation for credibility) rac gamoixateba sando informaciis miwodebaSi, Tundac es

Seni qveynisaTvis arasaxarbielo informacia iyos, xdeba Zalian mniSvnelovani.

amitom aris, rom BBC msoflioSi aRiarebul informaciis mimwodeblad iTvleba.

38

kompleqti) aris yvela is SesaZlo SeTanxmemebi pirvel doneze, romlebsac

SeuZliaT moipovon saWiro mxardaWera amomrCevelTa Soris, rodesac jeri

midgeba arCevaze an ar arCevaze. meore donis vinsetebis konturebi Zalian

mniSvnelovania pirvel doneze miRweuli SeTanxmebebis TaviseburebebSi

gasarkvevad ori mizezis gamo:

pirveli: didi vinseti pirvel doneze SeTanxmebebis miRwevis albaTobas

zrdis, roca yvelaferi danarCeni Tanasworia: ceteris paribus. realurad, nebismieri

warmatebuli SeTanxmeba unda eqceodes orive mxaris meore donis vinsetebs

Soris. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmeba miiRweva mxolod maSin, Tu sxvadasxva mxaris

vinsetebi erTmaneTs gadafaraven. da Sesabamisad, rac ufro didia vinseti miT

ufro savaraudoa, rom isini erTmaneTs gadakveTen. amavenairad, Tu pataraa

TiToeuli mxaris vinsetebi maSin saTuoa, rom molaparakeba CaiSleba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom CaSlili molaparakebis albaTobis gaTvalis-

winebisas unda ganvasxvaoT ori tipis mizezi: nebayoflobiTi Cavardna da

aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna. nebayoflobiTi Cavardna exeba SeTanxmebis

Cavardnas racionaluri egoistis mier, romelic pirobebs ar asrulebs roca ar

aris ZaldatanebiTi kontraqti. (es problema xSirad iCens Tavs da kargad aris

gadmocemuli koleqtiuri moqmedebebis dilemaSi, an patimris dilemaSi).

aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna ki exeba situacias, rodesac agents ar aqvs

saSualeba piroba Seasrulos warumatebeli ratifikaciis procesis gamo.

meore: vinsetebis fardobiTi zoma gansazRvravs molaparakebebis Sedegad

miRebul sargebels. magaliTad, rac ufro didia ama Tu im mxaris vinseti, miT

ufro advilad SeiZleba misiT manipulireba molaparakebebis dros. amavenairad,

patara saSinao vinseti SeiZleba gaxdes molaparakebis dros upiratesoba: “me

didi siamovnebiT miviRebdi Tqvens SemoTavazebas, magram am gadawyvetilebas Sin

mxars ar dauWeren.” xSir SemTxvevaSi, am situaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT

oponentebi winaswar moiTxoven meore mxarisgan, rom gaafarTovon asparezi

manevrirebisaTvis pirvel doneze, sanam daiwyeben molaparakebas meore doneze.

vinsetebis dedaazrs putnami gadmoscems figuralurad. warmovidginoT

martivi nulovani urTierToba X da Y Soris. X max da Y max warmoadgenen maqsimum

Sedegs X da Y Tvis. maSin, rodesac X1 da Y1 warmoadgenen im Sedegebis minimums,

romelzec orive mxare moaxdens ratificirebas. an, Sesabamisad, nebismieri

SeTanxmeba, romelic eqceva X1 da Y1 Soris, xelmoweril iqneba orive mxaris mier.

magram Tu Y vinseti Semcirdeba Y2-mde maSin urTierTgadamfaravi vinsetebi

Semcirdeba sasargeblod. Tu warmatebiT Tavbrudaxveulma Y gadawyvita kidev

ufro Seamciros Tavisi vinsetebi Y3-mde, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom ucabedad

molaparakebebi CixSi eqceva, radganac ukve vinsetebi saerTod ar gadakveTaven

erTmaneTs.

vinsetebis determinantebi

aucilebelia gavarkvioT, Tu ra garemoebebi axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebis

zomaze. putnami gamoyofs sam faqtors:

63

leqcia XI

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika

saSinao politika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xSirad erTmaneTSia

gadajaWvuli. bunebrivia, isini erTmaneTs gansazRvraven da erTmaneTze zegav-

lenas axdenen. magram, ufro sainteresoa gavarkvioT “rodis” da “rogor”

gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saerTaSoriso politika

erTmaneTs. amaze pasuxi mogvca robert putnamma Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil

statiaSi “diplomatia da saSinao politika, or doneze TamaSis logika,” romelic

1988 wels daibeWda Jurnal saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. 103

saerTaSoriso da saSinao urTierTqmedebis asaRwerad putnamma pirvelad

SemoiRo metafora - TamaSi or doneze, romelic zustad asaxavs mocemul

situacias. putnamis TqmiT, “saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis politika SeiZleba

miviCnioT rogorc TamaSi or doneze. erovnul doneze Sida jgufebi cdiloben

TavianTi interesebis ganxorcielebas mTavrobaze zewoliT, rom maT gaataron

maTTvis sasargeblo politika da politikosebi moixveWen Zalas am jgufebs

Soris koaliciebis CamoyalibebiT. saerTaSoriso doneze erovnuli mTavrobebi

cdiloben, rom maqsimalurad gazardon sakuTari SesaZlebloba daakmayofilon

Sida zewola da amave dros minimumade daiyvanon sagareo movlenebis savalalo

Sedegebi. arc erTi donis TamaSis ignorireba ar SeuZliaT centralur figurebs

manmade, sanam maTi qveynebi arian urTierTdamokidebulni da amavdroulad

suverenulebi.”104 TiToeuli erovnuli politikuri lideri or dafaze

moqmedebs: saerTaSorisoze, sadac mis irgvliv dganan diplomatebi da saer-

TaSoriso mrCevelebi da saSinao dafaze, sadac gverdSi hyavT partia,

parlamenti, mrCevelebi, spikerebi da interesTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.

putnami ambobs, rom or dafaze TamaSi Zalian rTulia da did politikur

riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram, zogjer Wkviani moTamaSeebi SeniSnaven

xolme moZraobas erT dafaze, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios gadaadgilebebi

meore dafaze, rac saSualebas aZlevs mas miaRwios sxvagvarad miuRwevel

Sedegebs.

analizisaTvis putnami akeTebs or doneze TamaSis danawevrebas raTa ufro

advilad iqnas aRqmuli maT Soris urTierTqmedeba da kavSiri:

1. dialogi molaparakebis mwarmoeblebs Soris, romelsac mivyavarT winaswar

SeTanxmebamde. done I.

2. calkeuli ganxilvebi amomrCevlebs Soris moaweron Tu ar moaweron xeli

SeTanxmebas. done II.

anu, gvaqvs ori faza, molaparakebis da ratifikaciis. is garemoeba, rom

nebismieri SeTanxmeba pirvel doneze ratificirebuli unda iqnas meore doneze

awesebs mniSvnelovan Teoriul kavSirs am or dones Soris.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, meore donis amomrCevlebis vinseti (mogebebis

103 Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” International Organizations, Vol. 3, Issue 42, Summer 1988: 427-460 104 Robert D. Putnam “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” in Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson and Robert D. Putnam ed. International Bargaining and Domestic Politics: Double-Edged Diplomacy, University of California Press, 1993: 436

62

aqedan gamomdinare, politikuri bataliebi imarTeba ara informaciis gadacemis

saSualebebisaTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom Seqmna an gaanadguro ndoba. avtorebi

aseve aRniSnaven faqts, rom informaciis saukuneSi demokratiul qveynebs aqvT

upiratesoba.

Tu SevajamebT zemoT Tqmuls gamodis, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamo-

kidebuleba sainformacio xanaSi niSnavs komunikaciis ufro met arxebs

msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, sainformacio

revolucia jer kidev adreul fazaSia da Zalismieri politika (power politics) jer

kidev dominirebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. amavdroulad, kompleqsuri

urTierTdamokidebuleba ar aris globaluri movlena da mxolod industriul-

demokratiul saxelmwifoebze vrceldeba, romlebic aSkara upiratesobiT

sargebloben.

39

leqcia VII

reJimebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

saerTaSoriso reJimebis yvelaze farTo gansazRvrebas gvaZlevs stiven

krazneri, romelic reJimebs Semdegnairad aRwers “im principebis, normebis,

wesebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebis erToblioba, romelTa

Taobazec Tanxvdeba moqmed pirTa molodinebi ama Tu im sferoSi.” igi aseve

iZleva TiToeuli terminis ganmartebas, rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania. principebi —

esaa warmodgenebi faqtze, mizezobriobasa da sisworeze. normebi — uflebebisa

da movaleobebis safuZvelze gansazRvruli qcevis standartebi, wesebi — qcevis

garkveuli direqtivebi an akrZalvebi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi ki —

koleqtiuri arCevnis gakeTebisa da ganxorcielebis gabatonebuli meTodebia.

ganasxvaveben reJimebsa da SeTanxmebebs. reJimebi ufro metia vidre droebiTi

SeTanxmebebi. SeTanxmebebi sagangebo da xSirad erTjeradi xasiaTisaa, xolo

reJimebis mizania SeTanxmebebis xelSewyoba. krazneris mier zemoT mocemuli

reJimebis ganmarteba yvelaze gavrcelebuli da parsimoniulia da sxva bevr

danarCen gansazRvrebasTan modis SesabamisobaSi. reJimebze saubrisas

aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT erTis mxriv principebi da normebi da meores mxriv,

wesebi da procedurebi. principebi da normebi reJimis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli

maxasiaTeblebia. mravali wesi da procedura SeiZleba Seesabamebodes erTsa da

imave principebsa da normebs. wesebsa da procedurebSi momxdari cvlilebebi

reJimebis Sida cvlilebebia im pirobiT, rom principebi da normebi ucvlelia.

principebsa da normebSi momxdari cvlilebebi Tavad reJimis cvlilebas niSnavs.

rodesac arsebul principebs da normebs ugulebelyofen an axali reJimi iqmneba,

an arsebuli reJimi mocemuli sferodan qreba. aqve unda aRiniSnos is

mniSvnelovani faqti, rom fundamenturi politikuri davebi ufro normebsa da

principebs Seexeba, vidre wesebsa da procedurebs.

rodesac reJimis principebi, normebi, wesebi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procedurebi naklebad SeTanxmebuli xdeba an Tu arsebuli praqtika sul ufro

metad aRar Seesabameba principebs, normebsa da procedurebs, maSin reJimi

dasustebulia. magaliTad, ganviTarebuli qveynebisadmi gansakuTrebuli da

diferencirebuli damokidebuleba imis mauwyebelia, rom liberaluri reJimi

dasustda, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Canacvleba ar momxdara.

amrigad, krazneri askvnis, rom reJimis Sida cvlileba gulisxmobs wesebisa da

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procedurebis, da ara normebisa da principebis

Secvlas; sakuTriv reJimebis cvlileba ki normebisa da principebis Secvlas

niSnavs, xolo reJimis dasusteba — reJimis komponentebs Soris SeTanxmebulobis

darRvevas an reJimisa da Sesabamisi qcevis SeuTavseblobas.

arsebobs didi debatebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra rols asruleben

reJimebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi da aqvT Tu ara maT damoukidebeli zegavlena

saxelmwifoTa saqcielze. krazneri Tavis statiaSi gamoyofs sam midgomas

reJimebisadmi.

pirveli midgomis warmomadgenelia suzan stranJi. mas reJimebis cnebis

Rirebulebis Taobaze seriozuli eWvebi gaaCnia. misi azriT, aRniSnuli

koncefcia damRupvelia, vinaidan is bundovans da gaurkvevels xdis interesebisa

da Zalis urTierTmimarTebas, romelic saerTaSoriso sistemaSi qcevis uSualo

da upirveles mizezad gvevlineba. stranJis azriT reJimebs, Tu saerTod

SesaZlebelia maT arsebobaze saubari, mxolod umniSvnelo gavlena aqvs an

40

multilateruli normebi.

zemoT naxsenebi “socializaciis” da “swavlebis” mcnebebze dayrdnobiT erT-

erTi konstruqtivisti, frank Simelfeningi askvnis, rom saxelmwifo xdeba

saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri, Tuki igi realurad gaiTavisebs am

sazogadoebis faseulobebs da normebs. rac ufro swrafad iswavlis esa Tu is

saxelmwifo, ufro adre gaxdeba is am organizaciis wevri. 102 Sesabamisad,

konstruqtivistebi Tvlian, rom is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic natos wevri

gaxdnen civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg miRebul iqnen organizaciaSi imisda gamo,

rom maT aramarto gaiTavises natos faseulobebi, aramed TviTon dasavlurma

sazogadoebam dainaxa da aRiara, rom isini arian erTi da igive faseulobebis da

normebis matareblebi.

102 Frank Shimmelfenning, “NATO Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2/3, (1999): 211.

61

saqciels. Sesabamisad, konstruqtivistebs sjeraT, rom realoba aris socia-

lurad Seqmnili/konstruirebuli. socialuri da politikuri samyaro ar aris

bunebis nawili, arc istoria, sazogadoebis, ekonomikis da politikis kanonebi

arian TviTmyofadi. isini arian maT SeqmnaSi CarTuli adamianebis fiqrebis da

ideebis nayofi, da es ideebi warmoadgenen istoriis mamoZravebel Zalas. 98

konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom vinaidan da radganac realizmi didi xnis

manZilze iyo dominaturi Teoria saerTaSoriso politikaSi, man iqonia SesamCnevi

gavlena saxelmwifoTa saqcielze. maSasadame, konstruqtivistebis mizania

moaxdinon realizmis mier mowodebuli depresiuli da bneli ideebis da fiqrebis

dekonstruqcia. 99 amis mcdelobisas konstruqtivistebi uaryofen saxelmwifos

im mcnebas romelsac orive, realistebic da liberalistebic ase upirobod

iziareben da amboben, rom saxelmwifoebic socialuri qmnilebebi arian, amitomac

maTi saqcieli eqvemedbareba socialur cvlilebas. Sesabamisad, konstruqti-

vistebi Tavs uflebas aZleven amtkicon, rom ar arsebobs iseTi mudmivi mcnebebi,

rogoricaa “saxelmwifoebis racionaluri egoizmi” an “anarqiuli sistema.”

konstruqtivistebi uaryofen egoizmis mcnebas da amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso

aqtorebi arian faseulobebis da normebis erTgulebi da isini irCeven Sesaferis

(appropriate) da ara qmediT/momgebian (efficient) qcevis formebs.

rac Seexeba institutebs, konstruqtivistebis mixedviT isini arian “saerTa-

Sorisod gaziarebuli normebis da faseulobebis instituciuri gamoxatulebani,

romelTa ganmartebebi, wesebi da principebi Cadebulia qcevis im receptebSi,

romlebsac isini ayalibeben saxelmwifoTaTvis. 100 Sesabamisad, institutebis

gafarToeba miiCneva rogorc ‘socializaciis” procesi, romlis drosac saerTa-

Soriso sazogadoeba da misi organizaciebi “aswavlian” sakuTar normebs da

faseulobebs saxelmwifoebsa da sazogadoebebs.” 101 organizacia daintere-

sebulia normebis da faseulobebis gavrcelebiT da Sesabamisad “swavlebis”

danaxarjebs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. magram, swavlebis danaxarjebi ar unda

aRematebodes wevri saxelmwifoebis SesaZleblobebs imisaTvis, rom safrTxe ar

Seeqmnas TviT am organizaciis arsebobas.

maSasadame, konstruqtivistebisaTvis nato mxolod samxedro organizacia ki

ar aris, rogorc amas realistebi miiCneven. arc mxolod funqciuri datvirTvis

mqone saerTaSoriso institutia, rogorc amas liberaluri instituciona-

listebi amboben. maTTvis nato aris saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, romelsac

gaaCnia saerTo normebi da faseulobebi. es organizacia Tavismxriv Caqsovilia

meore, kidev ufro did evro-atlantikur anu, dasavlur sazogadoebaSi da

warmoadgens mis samxedro mklavs. maSasadame, natos gafarToebis procesi iwyeba

maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo iTxovs masSi gawevrianebas, rac igiva, rom am

saxelmwifos aqvs survili gaiziaros am organizaciis normebi da faseulobebi.

realuri wevroba gaicema mxolod maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba dainaxavs, rom am

saxelmwifom gaiziara dasavluri sazogadoebis liberaluri faseulobebi da

98 Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy is What States Make of It,” International Organization, 46, (1992). 99 Richard K. Ashley, “The Poverty of Neorealism,” International Organization, Vol. 12, No. 4 (October 1987): 286. Quoted in Mearsheimer’s “False Promise of International Institutions,” 38. 100 Connie L. McNeely, Constructing the Nation-state. International Organization and Prescriptive Action (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1995), 27, quoted in Frank Shimmelfenning, “NATO Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2/3, (1999): 211. 101 Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 11-12.

60

saerTod araviTari. isini Tanamdevi movlena ufroa. stranJis pozicia emTxveva

struqturul midgomebs, romlebic pirad sargebelzea orientirebuli da

yuradRebas amaxvilebs racionaluri moqmedi pirebisagan Semdgar msoflioze.

reJimebisadmi meore, modificirebuli struqturuli midgoma yvelaze

naTlad kioheinisa da stainis naSromebSia mocemuli. es orive avtori

tradiciuli struqturuli realizmis xedvidan gamodis (msoflio Sedgeba

suverenuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebic sakuTari interesebisa da Zalis

maqsimizacias eswrafian). suverenuli saxelmwifoebisgan Semdgar msoflioSi

reJimebis ZiriTadi funqciaa saxelmwifoTa qcevis koordinacia, garkveul

sferoSi sasurveli Sedegebis misaRwevad. staini da kioheinis azriT, reJimebs

SeuZliaT zegavlenis moxdena maSin, rodesac piradi interesis individualuri,

arakoordinirebuli gaTvlebiT pareto-optimaluri Sedegebi ver miiRweva.

patimris dilema aris amis klasikuri magaliTi.

reJimebisadmi mesame midgoma grociusiseul tradicias efuZneba, romelic

reJimebs yvela politikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel fenomenad miiCnevs. am

midgomis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi arian reimond hopkinsi, donald puCala

da oran iangi. maTi azriT, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi TiTqmis yovelTvis

SezRudulad grZnoben Tavs im principebiT, normebiTa da wesebiT, romlebic

gansazRvravs an krZalavs sxvadasxvagvar qcevas. maTi mosazreba scdeba

realistur TvalTaxedvas. puCala da hopkinsi TavianT arguments ara mxolod im

sferoebs ukavSireben sadac xdeba interesTa Tanxvedra (sursaTi) aramed im

sferosac, romelic, zogadad, bevrad ufro konfliqturad iTvleba

(kolonializmi). iangi aseve amtkicebs, rom ganmeorebadi qceva gardauvlad

iwvevs Sesabamis molodins. interesis gaTvlebis amsaxveli ganmeorebadi qceva ki

reJimebis Seqmnas uwyobs xels, romlebic ganmeorebad qcevas aZliereben.

hopkini da puCala fiqroben, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis realuri

moqmedi pirebi elitebi arian. saxlemwifoebi mxolod iSviaTi abstraqciaa. eli-

tebs rogorc nacionaluri, ise transnacionaluri kavSirebi aqvT. suvereniteti

qceviTi cvladia da ara analitikuri varaudi. saxelmwifoTa unari, gaakon-

trolon sazRvarTamkveTi gadaadgilebani da SeinarCunon gavlena saerTaSoriso

sistemis yvela aspeqtze, SezRudulia. usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos gadarCena

erTaderT mizans ar warmoadgens. saerTaSoriso politikaSi ara marto Zalas

ukavia mniSvnelovani adgili. elitebi moqmedeben komunikaciaTa qselis far-

glebSi, romlebic wesebs, normebsa da principebs moicavs da erovnul sazRvrebs

scdeba.

grociusiseuli xedvis mimdevrebi reJimebs saerTaSoriso sistemis farTod

gavrcelebul da mniSvnelovan movlenad aRiareben. struqturuli realizmis

mimdevrebi, ki reJimebs ganixilaven fenomenad, romlis Sesaxebac varaudebis

gamoTqma SeuZlebelia da romlis arsebobac safuZvlian axsnas moiTxovs.

sabolood, krazneri mokled da Sinaarsianad ajamebs reJimebisadmi am sami

midgomis dedaazrs. tradiciuli struqturuli midgoma reJimebs seriozulad

ar aRiqvams: Tu ZiriTadi mizezobrivi cvladebi Seicvleba, reJimebic cvlilebas

ganicdis. reJimebi damoukideblad ver axdenen gavlenas qcevaze. modifi-

cirebuli struqturuli midgomis Tanaxmad, romelsac realistebi gvTavazoben,

reJimebi mniSvnelovania maSin, rodesac gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad miRebam

arasasurveli Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoiRos. da bolos, grociusiseuli midgoma

reJimebs adamianTa ganmeorebadi urTierTqmedebis, maT Soris saerTaSoriso

sistemaSi, qcevis ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevs.

41

reJimebis ganviTarebas krazneri xsnis Semdegi ZiriTadi mizezobrivi

cvladebis meSveobiT: egoisturi piradi interesi, politikuri Zala, normebi da

principebi, praqtika da Cveuleba, da codna.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom reJimebi ufro farTo mcnebaa, vidre institutebi.

anu, arsebobos iseTi reJimebi, romlebic formaluri organizaciuli xasiaTiT

ar aris gamoxatuli, magaliTad, konferenciebs sazRvao kanonebis Sesaxeb, (the law of the sea conferences), romlebic gaeros egidiT moewyo, ar aqvT formaluri

saerTaSoriso organizaca, magram am konferenciis farglebSi arsebobs gar-

kveuli molodinebi masSi gaerTianebuli wevri saxlemwifoebisa, romlebic

efuZneba normebs, wesebs da principebs da gadawyvetilebis miRebis

gansakuTrebul procedurebs.

instituciuri liberalebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso institutebs SeswevT

Zala xeli Seuwyon TanamSromlobas da ufro saTuo gaxadon igi, Tumca isini Sors

arian im azrisgan, rom institutebs SeuZliaT gardaqmnan saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi, anu Caanacvlon anarqia sxva tipis wesrigiT (gadaaqcion junglebi

zooparkad). 46 es imaze miuTiTebs, rom instituciuri liberalebi iziareben da

srulad iTaviseben realizmis postulatebs saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb,

magram saboloo jamSi cota ufro optimisturad uyureben momavals, imis

safuZvelze, rom institutebi da reJimebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.

logikurad ismeba kiTxva, Tu ra aris institutebi. institutebi igive

reJimebia, romlis ganmarteba zemoT iyo moxsenebuli, magram institutebs aqvT

ufro formaluri xasiaTi. magaliTad institutebia iseTi saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi rogoricaa gaero, euTo, nato, evro kavSiri da ase Semdeg.

insititutia aseve im wesebis erToblioba, romlebic marTaven saxelmwifoTa

saqciels garkveul sferoSi, rogoricaa aviacia, an naosnoba. es wesebi, rogorc

zemoT ukve iTqva, aseve moixseniebian rogorc reJimebi. xSirad insititutebi da

reJimebi Tanaarseboben. magaliTad, gvaqvs savaWro reJimi, magram igi

amavdroulad formaluri institutiT aris gamoxatuli, romlic aris msoflio

savaWro organizacia.

instituciuri liberalebi amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso institutebi xels

uwyoben TanamSromlobas. am sakiTxs isini biheivioristulad, anu mecnierulad

udgebian. pirvel rigSi Seiswavlian TanamSromlobis donis institucionali-

zacias qveynebs Soris da Tu ramdenad Seuwyves xeli institutebma am Tu im

sferoSi TanamSromlobas. institucionalizaciis done SeiZleba ganisazRvros

or ganzomilebad: siRrmiseulad da fokusis mixedviT. fokusi Seexeba im

sakiTxebs, romlebsac inistituti exeba. siRrme izomeba sami komponentis

meSveobiT: erTgvarovneba, konkretuloba da avtonomia. aris konkretuli fo-

kusis mqone institutebi, rogoricaa nato an farTo fokusis mqone, rogoricaa

gaero da nawilobriv evrokavSiri. aseve, aris regionuli da saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi. Tvisobrivad isini SeiZleba iyos samTavroboTaSoriso (gaero)

zesaxelmwifoebrivi (evro kavSiri) an transnacionaluri (saerTaSoriso

aministia).

instituciuri liberalebis mtkicebiT institutebi noyier niadags qmnian

TanamSromlobisaTvis, radgan isini xels uwyoben saxelmwifoTa Soris ndobas

informaciis miwodebis da molaparakebis forumis Seqmnis gziT. institutebi

aseve amcireben transaqciis danaxarjebs qveynebisaTvis.

46 Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 117.

42

volanderi uwodebs zogad saSualebebs (general assets). kidev erTi mkvlevari, robert makkala, aseve iyenebs institucionalur

liberalizms natos gafarToebis asaxsnelad. jer kidev 1996 wels, rodesac

natos transformacia ar iyo iseTi maStaburi rogoric dRes aris, makkalas

sjeroda rom “banakebis akecvis, gamarjvebis gamocxadebis da axali institutis

mSeneblobis magivrad, wevri qveynebi alianss axal mimarTulebas miscemen,

arsebuli meqanizmebis da procedurebis gamoyenebiT zeddaaSeneben warsul

warmatebebs raTa gaumklavdnen axal problemebs.”95 maSasadame, Tavis naSromSi

makkala aseve aCvenebs Tu rogor gainTavisufla Tavi natom civi omis droindeli

institutebisgan da Caanacvla isini axali meqanizmebiT, romlebic saWiro iyo

axali safrTxeebis gasamklaveblad.

miuxedavad imisa, rom makklas sjera, rom institutcionalisturi

(institutionalist) Teoriebi ufro gvexmarebian natos transformaciis procesSi

garkvevaSi, igi aseve dasZens, rom saerTaSoriso institucionalistebis axsna-

ganmarteba ar aris srulyofili axsna am procesisa. makkalas sjera, rom

instituciur mdgradobasTan erTad aseve angariSi unda gavuwioT wevr

saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinare procesebs, radganac saboloo jamSi instituts

mainc misi donori saxelmwifoebi marTaven. anu, is ambobs, rom saSinao faqtorebi

aweseben limitebs aliansebis monawileobaze, radganac wevri saxelmwifoebi

ixdian aliansis Senaxvis da marTvis Tanxebs da Sesabamisad maT mudmivad aqvT

survili, rom es danaxarjebi sxva mimarTulebiT iqnas mimarTuli. anu, makkala

varaudobs, rom advilad amosacnobi mtris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saSinao

opozicia ufro da ufro momZlavrdeba da “Sida mxardaWerasa da opozicias

Soris interaqcia Seqmnis sazRvrebs, romlis SigniTac mouwevT moqmedeba

erovnul liderebs.”96 ufro martivad rom vTqvaT, natos arseboba ararseboba

didad aris damokidebuli erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organoebis da Tundac

saxalxo azris keTilganwyobaze, vinaidan da radganac isini gamohyofen am

organizaciis Sesanax fuls. aseve unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze didi

roli natos bedis gadawyvetaSi aSS-s mTavrobas da iq arsebul saxalxo azrs aqvs,

radganac aSS aris natos yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo samxedro TvalsazrisiT da

Sesabamisad gamohyofs yvelaze met Tanxas am organizaciis saarsebod.

konstruqtivizmi

rogorc ukve iTqva, konstruqtivizmis fundamenturi mosazreba isaa, rom

adamianebi arian socialuri arsebebi da maT axasiaTebT socialuri urTi-

erTobebi. es urTierTobebi konstruirebas ukeTeben imas, Tu rogor aRviqvamT

Cven sakuTar Tavebs da Cvens samyaros. Sesabamisad, adamianebi qmnian samyaros

iseTs, rogoradac igi dResdReobiT gvevlineba imisda meSveobiT Tu rogor

iqcevian isini, ras eubnebian erTmaneTs da ras akeTeben. 97 sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, rasac vambobT da rasac vfiqrobT samyaros Sesaxeb didad gansazRvravs

95 Robert McCalla, “NATO’s persistence after the Cold War,” International Organization, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Summer, 1996): 464. 96 iqve, . . ., gv. 468. 97 V. Kubalkova, Nicholas G. Onuf and Paul Kowert, International Relations in a Constructed World (M.E. Sharpe, April, 1998), 59.

59

institutebs axasiaTebT sicocxlisunarionibis SenarCuneba, radgan ufro

advilia institutebis modificireba, vidre axlis Seqmna. Sesabamisad, rodesac

institutebis winaSe dgeba axali problemebi vidre isini, romelTa dasaZlevadac

isini Tavidan Seiqmnen, saxelmwifoebi iltvian am institutebis ara daSlis,

aramed maTi modifikaciisaken raTa maT upasuxon axal gamowvevebs. insti-

tuciuri liberalistebi aseve amtkiceben, rom institutebi mas Semdegac ki

ganagrZoben arsebobas roca hegemonis Zliereba, romlis meSveobiTac es insti-

tuti Seiqmna, sustdeba. 93

celeste volanderi gvTavazobs natos gafarToebis sakmaod yovlismomcvel

axsnas. igi eTanxmeba kiohens imaSi, rom institutebi inarCuneben arsebobas

imitom, rom maTi Seqmna Zviri jdeba da maTi Senaxva ki ufro iafi da rom amis gamo

isini inarCuneben mniSvnelobas cvalebad priobebSic ki, magram volanderi aseve

aRniSnavs, rom es argumenti arasrulia, radganac igi ar gveubneba Tu rodis da

ra pirobebSi inarCuneben arsebobas institutebi.

volanderis TqmiT, “instituti aRar iarsebebs, Tuki igi aRar emsaxureba

masSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis interesebs... instituts aqvs Tu ara adaptirebis

unari damokidebulia imaze, Tu misi saSualebebi — misi normebi, wesebi da

procedurebi — aris konkretuli Tu zogadi, da Tu am saSualebebis jami

Seesabameba wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebs.

volanderis TqmiT, nato SemorCa radgan man ganaviTara iseTi zogadi

saSualebebi civi omis periodSi, rogoricaa:

– gamWvirvaloba wevrebs Soris;

– samxedro Zalebis samoqalaqo kontroli;

– konsultaciebis procedurebi da praqtika;

– integrirebuli sardlobis struqtura;

– wevr-saxelmwifoTa Sesabamisoba;

– saerTo logistika;

– sahaero Tavdacva;

– saerTo ekonomikuri infrastruqtura. 94

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg natos wevrma qveynebma isev natos mimarTes

axali usafrTxoebis problemebis dasaZlevad natos mier ukve kargad

Camoyalibebuli zogad saSualebebze dayrdnobis da maTi axali miznebisTvis

gamoyenebis gziT. meores mxriv, natos konkretulma saSualebebma didi tran-

sformacia ganicada. Seiqmna iseTi axali instrumentebi rogoricaa partionroba

mSvidobisaTvis, partionrobis koordinaciis ganyofileba da Crdilo atlan-

tikuri sabWo SemdgomSi evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWod gardaqmnili.

volanderi ambobs, rom es instrumentebi Seiqmna axali safrTxeebis sapasuxod.

2000 wlis Semdeg, volanderis mosazrebebi kidev ufro aqtualuri da marTalia,

radganac natom ganaxorciela Tavisi konkretuli saSualebebis reforma da

Seqmna bevri axali institutebi axali safrTxeebis dasaZlevad. magram,

rasakvirvelia, aseTi adaptacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara natos kargad

Camoyalibebuli, Tavdacvis warmoebis saxelmwifoTaSorisi sistema, romelsac

93 Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Discord and Cooperation in International Political Economy, 1984 94 Celeste Wallander, “Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO after the cold war,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No 4 (Autumn 2000): 705-706.

58

institutebis es pozitiuri zegavlena saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze mud-

mivi kritikis sagani xdeba realistebis mxridan, romlebic sastikad ewina-

aRmdegebian ideas, rom institutebi arian damoukidebeli aqtorebi, romlebTac

SeswevT unari gavlena iqonion saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze da warmoqmnan

TanamSromloba.

yvelaze cnobili kritika instituciuri liberalizmisa mocemulia jon

mirSaimeris statiaSi “institutebis cru dapireba,” romelic gamoica 1994 wels

akademiur Jurnal saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi. am statiam gamoiwvia didi

vnebaTaRelva saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis Toeriis specialistebs Soris.

masze erToblivi sapasuxo statia gamosces institucionalistebma — robert

kioheinma da liza martinma imave Jurnalis Semdgom nomerSi, xolo am kontr

statias mohyva sapasuxo statia mirSaimerisgan. es Teoriuli kamaTi erT-erTi

TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rom meore debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

jer kidev mimdinareobs da Tu vis mxares gadaixreba saswori damokidebulia

Tanamedrove movlenebis mimdinare da Semdgom ganviTarebaze. 47

47 ixileT John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, (Winter 1994/5 Vol. 19, No. 3): 5-49. sapasuxo statia Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” International Security, (Summer 1995, Vol. 20, No.1): 39-51.

43

leqcia VIII

TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi

istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare naTelia, rom msoflioSi kon-

fliqtebi sWarbobs TanamSromlobas. es garemoeba Tavis mxriv xdeba dominaturi

Teoriis, realizmis arsebobis wyaro. realizmis Tanaxmad saxelmwifoTa Tana-

arseboba anarqiis pirobebSi aris mudmivi konfliqtis situacia, romelSic

saxelmwifoebi mxolod sakuTari Zalis imedze arian. aseT garemoSi Tanam-

Sromloba rTuli da warmoudgeneli xdeba. TanamSromlobis arsebuli faqtebi ki

ganixileba rogorc Zalauflebis mosapoveblad warmarTuli brZolis nawili.

xolo arsebul TanamSromlobis SemTxvevebs msoflio praqtikaSi realistebi

miaweren hegemonis mier Seqmnil wesrigs. es niSnavs imas, rom hegemoni anu

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi qmnis institutebs, romlebic xels uwyoben

TanamSromlobas. agram, es institutebi arian hegemonis interesebis matareblebi

da maTi arseboba efuZneba isevdaisev hegemonis arsebobas.

liberaluri skolis warmomadgenelbi uaryofen zemoT mocemul mosazrebebs.

isini sruliad samarTlianad mianiSneben dResdReobiT arsebul uamrav

TanamSromlobis qselebze finansebis, ekonomikis, vaWrobis, janmrTelobis,

telekomunikaciebis da garemos dacvis sferoebSi. TanamSromlobis faqtebi maT

mier ganixileba rogorc dadebiTi muxti msoflio politikaSi romelic

safuZvels uqmnis jer kidev sust, magram mainc aRiarebul mosazrebas, rom

konfliqti ar aris gardauvali garemoeba msoflio politikaSi.

anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobaze arsebobs uamravi naSromi liberaluri

skolis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebis mier, romlebic sxvadasxva kuTxidan

Seiswavlian sakiTxs da sxvadasxva TeoriebiT xsnian maT. ZiriTadad am Teoriis

xerxemali aris mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi/reJimebi xels

uwyoben TanamSromlobas.

liberaluri skolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli robert

kioheinia. misi wigni “hegemoniis Semdeg: TanamSromloba da uTanxmoeba msoflio

politikur ekonomiaSi” romelic pirvelad 1984 wels gamovida, dRemde

warmoadgens erT-erT TvalsaCino saxelmZRvanelos anarqiisa da TanamSromlobis

Sesaxeb. am wignis mecnieruli kvlevis sagani gaxlavT TanamSromloba msoflio

politikur ekonomikaSi. kioheini gamoTqvams imeds, rom mis mier mocemuli

daskvnebi SeiZleba ganzogaddes usafrTxoebaze, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis

urTierTobebze Tu sxva ekonomikur urTierTobebze.

48 kioheinis mTavari

hipotezaa - “SesaZlebelia hegemonuri reJimebis dacemis Semdeg warmoiSvas ufro

simetriuli TanamSromlobis magaliTebi, uTanxmoebis gardamavali periodis

gasvlis Semdeg.” igi magaliTad iRebs 1970-ian wlebs, rodesac amerikis

hegemonoba mcirdeba, magram TanamSromloba ar wydeba. misi wigni svams kiTxvebs:

ra pirobebSi SeiZleba damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma iTanamSromlon msoflio

politekonomiis sferoSi da kerZod SeiZleba Tu ara TanamSromloba Sedges

hegemonis gareSe, da Tu ki, rogor? 49

kioheini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs TanamSromlobis ganmartebas.

igi Tavidanve aRiarebs, rom saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaze wera gansakuTrebiT

rTuli saqmea erTi imitom, rom konfliqti da uTanxmoeba ufro sWarbobs

48 Keohane, Robert, O. “After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discowrd in the World Political Economy.” Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, p. 6 49 iqve, .., gv. 9.

44

moklebul organizaciad. 91

maSasadame, zemoTganxilulis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

realizmi natos gafarToebas da mis transformacias ganixilavs rogorc

movlenas, romelic xels aZlevs did saxelmwifoebs da ara rogorc natos

instituciuri siZlieris maniSneblad. meorenairad rom iTqvas, realizmi Tavisi

Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare miiCnevs, rom yvela instituti Tu organizacia,

samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT, emsaxurebian didi saxelmwifoebis miznebs da

arseboben manmade, sanam aseT saxelmwifoebs xels aZlevs maTi arseboba.

liberalizmi

instituciuri liberalebis msoflxedveloba efuZneba msoflios libe-

ralur xedvas, romlis mixedviTac konfliqtebi da omebi ar aris gardauvali.

miuxedavad imisa, rom instituciuri liberalistebi iziareben realizmis

ZiriTad debulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi

saerTaSoriso sistemaSi da isini arian racionaluri egoistebi, maT aseve swamT,

realistebisgan gansxvavebiT, rom aris sakmarisi sivrce TanamSromlobisaTvis da

sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.

instituciur liberalistebs sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi

SesamCnevad arbileben/amcireben anarqiis destrqciul gavlenas wevr saxel-

mwifoebs Soris informaciis gavrcelebis da mimdinareobis gziT, rac imas

ganapirobebs, rom saxelmwifoebi nakleb nerviuloben sxvaTa qcevebis moulod-

nelobis Sesaxeb. institutebi aseve qmnian molaparakebaTa forums saxelm-

wifoebisaTvis, zrdian SesaZleblobas, rom saxelmwifoebma monitoringi gauwion

erTmaneTis saqciels da maT mier aRebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebis xarisxs. 92

instituciuri liberalistebi aRniSnaven, rom institutebi gvaZleven wesebs

da normebs, “romelTa irgvlivac xdeba aqtorebis interesTa Tanxvedra.” wesebi

exmarebian saxelmwifoebs dasZlion Ralatis da informaciis naklebobis

problema. isini exmarebian saxelmwifoebs, raTa gaiRon mokle vadiani msxverpli

anu gadalaxon patimris dilema, samagierod, miiRon grZelvadiani mogeba.

mokled, institutebs SeuZliaT warmoSvan TanamSromloba.

instituciur liberalistebs, realistebisgan gansxvavebiT sjeraT, rom

institutebi emsaxurebian ufro maRal interesebs vidre es did saxelmwifoTa

viwro interesebia. saerTaSoriso institutebi, samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT,

uadvileben saxelmwifoebs gzebs datkbnen TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli

saerTo sargebliT, amcireben momsaxureobis danaxarjebs da aweseben wesebs da

normebs, romliTac isjeba cudi saqcieli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom insti-

tutebi aferxeben Ralatis SesaZleblobas, isini xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.

isini amcireben molaparakebebTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs, uzrunvelyofen

gamWvirvalobas, riTac amcireben undoblobas saxelmwifoebs Soris, rac xels

uwyobs urTierTmomgebiani xelSekrulebebis dadebas.

institucionalistebis centraluri argumentia, rom Camoyalibebis Semdeg

91 ixileT: M. McGwire “NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance,” Review of International Studies, 24 (January, 1998), aseve Robert J. Art, “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, 113, No. 3 (Fall 1998). 92 Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), 2.

57

rom hegemonma es procesi SeaCeros, rogorc es evropaSi moxda.

uolci asaxelebs sam mizezs, romelmac gamoiwvia natos gafarToebis

gadawyvetilebis miReba. irveli - organizaciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki did

organizaciebs xangrZlivi sicocxlisunarianoba axasiaTebT. meore da ufro

mniSvnelovani faqtori misi TqmiT aris is, rom natos gafarToeba aris erT-erTi

saSualeba imisaTvis, rom amerikam Tavisi roli da arseboba SeinarCunos evropis

samxedro da sagareo saqmeebSi. mesame mizezi aris amerikis Sida politikis

zegavlena aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. sxva

sityvebiT rom iTqvas, uolcis mizania gvaCvenos, rom institutebi emsaxurebian

erovnul da ara saerTaSoriso interesebs, gansxvavebiT qvemoT ganxiluli ori

Teoriisgan. ufro metic, uolci amtkicebs, rom “nato arsebobda rogorc

samxedro kavSiri imdeni xani ramdeni xanic sabWoTa kavSiri warmoadgenda

pirdapir safrTxes misi wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi. is arsebobs da farTovdeba

axla ara misi instituciebis wyalobiT aramed imitom, rom ase surs amerikis

SeerTebul Statebs.” 88

miuxedavad imisa, rom realistebi natos gafarToebas xsnian realizmze

dayrdnobiT, isini ar miiCneven, rom gadawyvetileba natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb

racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo amerikis mxridan. maSasadame, arseobs ori

gansxvavebuli midgoma natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb. erTi mxaris argumenti aris,

rom gafarToeba aris racionaluri gadawyvetileba, meore ki Tvlis, rom es aris

Secdoma. pirveli mxaris argumenti aris is, rom natos gafarToeba xels uwyobs

regionalur usafrTxoebas da amkvidrebs im demokratiul da sabazro ekonomikis

reformebs, romlebic amJamad mimdinareoben yofil komunistur qveynebSi. rac

ufro aRsaniSnavia, natos gafarToeba winaswar gvicavs ruseTis savaraudo

eqspansionisturi qmedebebisagan momavalSi. 89

realistebis meore jgufi ambobs, rom natos gafarToeba iyo “fataluri

Secdoma.” 90 isini amboben, rom natos gafarToebis xarjebi bevrad aRemateba misi

gafarToebidan gamomdinare dadebiT mxareebs orive, materialuri da

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. am jgufSi Semavali politikosebi, mkvlevarebi da

oficialuri pirebi Tvlian, rom natos gafarToeba iwvevs axali gamyofi kedlis

aRmarTvas evropaSi, maSin rodesac TviTon am procesis, anu gafarToebis

ritorika da principi aris swored rom sapirispiro. meore, nebiT Tu uneblieT,

natos gafarToeba aris mimarTuli ruseTis winaaRmdeg. pirveli imitom, rom

natos axal wevr saxlemwifoebs aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi da

Sesabamisad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom isini Secvlian aliansis ruseTisadmi

damokidebulebas da meore, Tuki nato darCeba Tavdacvis organizaciad, ruseTi

misi wevri verasodes ver gaxdeba, rac yovelTvis ganapirobebs uxerxulobas

natosa da ruseTs Soris. mesame mizezi aris is, rom gafarToeba safrxes uqmnis

natos erTianobas da erTpirovnulobas saerTo mtris ararsebobis pirobebSi da

meoTxe is, rom axali wevrebis damateba alianss aqcevs ufro zogad da simtkices

88 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 95. 89 ixileT: Ball, “Nattering NATO Negativism? Reasons Why Expansion May be a Good Thing,” Review of international Studies, 24 (January, 1998): 43-68. aseve ixileT fundamenturi naSromi natos

gafarToebis dadebiT mxareebze: Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and Stephen F. Larabee, “Building a New NATO,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 72 (September/October 1993): 28-40. amerikis poziciis

da gafarToebis pirveli talRis mxardasaWeri argumentebisTvis ixileT: Madeline Albright, “Why Bigger is Better,” The Economist, February 15, 1997, 21-23. 90 George F. Kennan, “A Fateful Error,” New York Times, 5 February, 1997

56

msoflio politikur arenaze da meore imitom, rom rTulia misi mecnieruli

Seswavla, vinaidan da radganac TanamSromloba sakmaod efemeruli koncefciaa,

romelsac mravalmxrivi da mravalgvari waxnagebi gaaCnia. misi TqmiT,

politikosebi xSirad TanamSromlobas ganixilaven ara rogorc saSualebad Tavis

TavSi, aramed rogorc instruments sxva miznebis misaRwevad. magaliTad, didi da

Zlieri qveynebis TanamSromloba raTa daCagron an gamoiyenon sustni. aseT

TanamSromlobas kioheini mxars ar uWers. igi aseve aRiarebs, rom Tana-

mSromlobam SeiZleba yovelTvis ar migviyvanos saukeTeso Sedegebamde, magram

TanamSromlobis gareSe msoflio marTlac momakvdinebeli iqneboda. 50

kioheini ganasxvavebs TanamSromlobas, harmonias da uTanxmoebas. harmonia

aris situacia, rodesac aqtorebis qmedebebi (romlebic ganxorcielda sakuTari

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvisis gauTvaliswineblad) avtomaturad xels

uwyobs sxvisi miznebis miRwevas. amis klasikuri magaliTi aris warmosaxviTi

msoflio ekonomika sadac uxilavi xelis meSveobiT sakuTari interesebis

ganxorcieleba saboloo jamSi xels uwyobs yvelas keTildReobas. harmonia

msoflio politikaSi Zalian iSviaTi movlenaa. harmoniisgan gansxvavebiT

TanamSromloba moiTxovs, rom calkeuli individebis an organizaciebis

qmedebebi — romlebic ar imyobebian harmoniul situaciaSi — moyvanil iqnas

SesabamisobaSi molaparakebis procesis saSualebiT. anu, TanamSromlobas adgili

aqvs rodesac aqtorebi TavianT qmedebebs uxameben sxvebis interesebs qmedebebis

koordinaciis procesis meSveobiT. Tu ar moxda qmedebebis Sejereba, maSin

adgili aqvs diskords/konfliqts. es aris situacia, rodesac mTavrobebi

ganixilaven erTmaneTis politikas rogorc maTi interesebis SemzRudvels da

erTmaneTs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas am SezRudvebis gamo. harmonia aris

sruliad apolitikuri movlena, xolo TanamSromloba Zlier politikuri.

amasTanave, TanamSromloba ar niSnavs konfliqtis ararsebobas, aramed igi

SeiZleba moicavdes konfliqtebs, magram amasTanave moicavdes konfliqtebis

gadaWris nawilobriv warmatebul Zalisxmevebs. 51

liberaluri institucionalistebi TanamSromlobas xsnian TamaSis Teoriis

meSveobiT. isini Tvlian, rom TanamSromlobas yvelaze metad xels uSlis

Ralatis saSiSroeba. Tu Ralatis saSiSroeba nawilobriv mainc gadalaxul iqna,

maSin SeiZleba adgili eqnes TanamSromlobas.

TanamSromlobis sirTuleebi kargad aris ilustrirebuli e.w. “patimris

dilemis” TeoriiT. istoria Seexeba or damnaSaves, romlebic daiWires da

calcalke hyavT dakiTxvaze. patimprebma ician, rom Tu isini ar gamotydebian

maSin prokurors sakmarisi samxili ar eqneba da SeeZleba TiToeuli maTgani

cixeSi Casvas mxolod wesrigis darRvevisaTvis, rac gamoixateba 30 dRiani

patimrobiT. magram, Tuki orive gamotydeba, TiToeuls miusjian 1 wels. es

perspeqtiva TiTqos orives aZlevs sababs, rom ar gamotydnen. magram cbieri

prokurori orives calcalke sTavazobs rom Tu gamotydeba cixeSi saerTod ar

Casvams, xolo mis partniors miusjian 5 wels. am situaciaSi TiToeulisTvis

marTebuli iqneboda gamotydoma imisda miuxedavad Tu meore partniori ras

moimoqmedebs. anu, Tu gamotydeba, movlenebi ase ganviTardeba: Tu TviTon

gamotyda da amave dros meore patimaric gamotyda isini oriveni 1 wliT

daisjebian, magram amiT Tavs daizRvevs 5 wliani patimrobisgan. Tu TviTon

gamotyda da meore patimari ar gamotyda, mas gaaTavisufleben meore patimris

50 iqve, .., gv. 11. 51 iqve, .., gv. 51-53.

45

xarjze. anu, ori racionaluri pirovneba arCevs Ralats imisaTvis, rom Tavidan

aicilos uaresi sasjeli, maSin rodesac TanamSromlobiT orive aicilebda

sasjels mTlianobaSi. am TamaSSi gamotydoma, anu Ralati partniorisaTvis

gamodis rom aris dominanturi strategia orive moTamaSisaTvis. es TamaSis

Teoria kargad aris gamoxatuli cifruli matriciT:

patimris dilema

kevinis arCevani

TanamSromloba Ralati

jeimsis arCevani TanamSromloba j,j (3,3) s, g (1,4)

Ralati g, s (4, 1) c,c (2,2)

j — jildo

s — sasjeli

g — gaTavisufleba

c — cixe

patimris dilema ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba imis saCveneblad, Tu ratom aris

konfliqti da uTanxmoeba xSiri da TanamSromloba iSviaTi. magram, kioheini

iyenebs am magaliTs sapirispiros dasamtkiceblad. ganmeorebadi patimris

dilemis magaliTis mixedviT partniorebi ufro TanamSromlobas arCeven,

radganac momavalSi maT kidev mouwevT erTmaneTTan saqmis daWera da Sesabamisad

imijis gafuWeba ar uRirT moklevadian mogebad. aqidan gamomdinare kioheini

askvnis, rom TanamSromloba aqtorebs Soris SeiZleba ganviTardes hegemonis

ararsebobis pirobebSic ki.

kioheini ambobs, rom reJimebis CamoyalibebaSi hegemonis arseboba ar aris

gadamwyveti. saerTaSoriso reJimebis arseboba imazea damokidebuli arsebobs Tu

ara saerTo, an SeTavsebadi interesebi, romlebic aRqmulia an SeiZleba iqnes

aRqmuli politikuri aqtorebis mier. amis Sedegad, saerTo interesebis

misaRwevad warmarTuli saerTo qmedebebi racionaluri xdeba. marTalia,

hegemons SeuZlia Seqmnas saxarbielo garemoeba TanamSromlobisaTvis,

jildoebis da sasjelebis dawesebis gziT, magram igive SeiZleba moxdes hegemonis

ararsebobisasac Tuki amisaTvis saWiro pirobebi arsebobs. es SeiZleba miRweul

iqnes qveynebis patara jgufis mierac ki, romlebic erTmaneTs gauweven

monitorings raTa pativi scen dawesebul normebs da qcevis wesebs da maTi

samTavrobo strategia iqneba sxva mTavrobebis keTildReoba damokidebuli

gaxadon maT mier gangrZobad TanamSromlobaze reJimis SigniT. Sesabamisad,

intensiuri interaqcia ramodenime moTamaSes Soris iZleva saSualebas

Caanacvlos hegemonis ararseboba. rogorc ki hegemonis Zalaufleba dakninebas

ganicdis, TandaTanobiT TanamSromloba gadava post hegemonur fazaSi. am fazaSi

TanamSromloba ganpirobebuli iqneba ara marto hegemonis waxalisebebze, aramed

sxva mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifoebze. aseTi gardamavali

46

leqcia X

natos gafarToeba da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi

neorealizmi

samxedro aliansebi, romlis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia nato, mxolod

aireklaven saxelmwifoTa interesebs. isini Seqmnili arian safrTxis winaaRmdeg

da rodesac safrTxe, romlis winaaRmdegac isini Seiqmna aRar arsebobs isini

iSlebian. 83 aliansebs aqvT simtkicis sxvadasxva doneebi, rac ufro didia

safrTxe, miT ufro mtkicea aliansi. magram, aseT SemTxvevaSic ki realistebi

nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben guliTadi TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas,

radganac miaCniaT rom saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT

mogebas da arasdros ar arian darwmunebulebi Tu ra ganzraxvebi amoZravebT sxva

saxelmwifoebs.”84 Sesabamisad, Ralatze da fardobiT mogebaze gamudmebiT fiqri

arTulebs TanamSromlobas aliansis farglebSic ki.

institutebis Sesaxeb am warmodgenaSi iyo fesvgadgmuli realistebis

winaswarmetyveleba, rom nato daiSleboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan erTad an

moxdeboda misi rekonstruqcia evropaSi ZalTa axali gadanawilebis safuZvelze. 85 Sesabamisad, realistebma mkacri kritika daimsaxures imis gamo, rom ver

ganWvrites natos bedi, romelic araTu ar daiSala civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg,

aramed gaxda msoflioSi erTerTi, Tu ara erTaderTi yvelaze dinamiuri

samxedro organizacia. miuxedavad TavianTi kraxisa, realistebi amboben, rom

maTi mosazrebebi arc Tu ise mcdari iyo. magaliTad, kenet uolci, Tavis statiaSi

“ZalTa balansi da natos gafarToeba” amtkicebs, rom misi winaswarmetyveleba

ukve axda, radgan dResdReobiT kaci ver ityvis vis winaaRmdeg icavs Tavs nato. 86

uolci natos gafarToebas xsnis ZalTa balansis Teoriis mixedvT. igi ambobs,

rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg msoflio politikuri sistema gaxda

unipolaruli, da aSS gaxda erTaderTi yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo msoflioSi.

uolcis mixedviT “iseve rogorc buneba ver itans vakuums, aseve saerTaSoriso

politika ver itans daubalansebel Zalas.” 87 magram jerjerobiT amerikis

Zliereba aravis daubalansebia da sanam es moxdebodes amerika miiltvis Zalisa

da Zlierebis maqsimizaciisaken. uolci asaxelebs or mizezs Tu jerjerobiT

ratom aris, rom danarCen msoflios ar hqonia amerikis Zlierebis dabalansebis

mcdeloba: pirveli, zogierTi samxelmwifo amerikas aRiqvams rogorc keTil

liders da ar grZnobs Tavs im donemde SeSinebulad, rom raime qmediTi

ganaxorcielos da meore, sxvebs ar aqvT survili Caeban ZviradRirebul ZalTa

gadanawilebis TamaSebSi. magram, uolci Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom

sabolood ZalTa balansi aRdgeba. igi asaxelebs evrokavSirs, CineTs da iaponias

momaval did saxelmwifoTa ampluaSi. igi aseve dasZens, rom Teorias ar ZaluZs

imis ganWvreta Tu rodis moxdeba ZalTa balansis aRdgena da asve ambobs, rom

dabalanseba saxelmwifoTa Soris ar aris aucilebeli movlena. SesaZlebelia,

83 Kenneth N. Waltz’s Theory of International Politics and Stephen Walt’s The Origins of Alliances propose the argument that once victory is secured, the war-winning coalition typically dissolves. 84 Mearsheimer, 1994, 10 85 See, Gunther Hellmann and Reinhard Wolf, “Neorealism, Neoliberal Institutionalism, and the Future of NATO,” Security Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Autumn 1993): 3-43 86 Kenneth Waltz, “NATO Expansion: a Realist’s View,” in Explaining NATO enlargement, ed. Robert W. Rauchhaus, (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 22. 87 iqve, . . ., gv. 25

55

uSiSroebis ritorika iyo omisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba da am damo-

kidebulebis institucionalurad gamyareba, istoriulma movlenebma aCvena, rom

koleqtiuri uSiSroebis koncefcia gamoyenebul iqna rogorc iaraRi raTa

uzrunveleyoT jgufis uSiSroeba sxva potenciuri Tu pirdapiri safrTxisagan.

mokled rom iTqvas, Znelia daaskvna, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT altruistuli

gadaxrebi da miznebi. maSinac ki, Tu identurobas aqvs mniSvneloba saxelmwifoTa

moqedebebis CamoyalibebaSi, es ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba

aRmoCdnen sxva TviTdaxmarebisagan gansxvavebul sistemaSi.

vendtis Teoriis yvelaze gavrcelebuli kritika ki is aris, rom mas ar aqvs

empiriuli mtkicebulebebi da aseve misi Teoria imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom

igi ar baTildeba. 82

82 Tu Teoria imdenad yovlismomcmelia rom misi gabaTileba SeuZlebelia, igi ar iTvleba

Teoriad (imre lakato).

54

periodi rTuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, magram kioheinis azriT SeuZlebeli ar aris52

robert jervisi agreTve wers anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobis

sirTuleebis Sesaxeb. robert jervisi iyenebs e.w. iremze nadirobis TamaSis

Teorias. es TamaSi aris monadireebze. Tu isini iTanamSromleben da iremze

inadireben, maSin yvela kargad danayrdeba. magram, Tu erTi gamoakldeba da

kurdRels dauwyebs devnas, romelic mas sinamdvileSi irmis xorcze naklebad

moswons, maSin danarCenebi mSivrebi darCebian. anu, es TamaSi patimris dilemisgan

imiT gansxvavdeba, rom yvela moTamaSes gaaCnia erTi da igive interesTa sfero —

yvelas uyvars irmis xorci. aris ramodenime varianti: 1) TanamSromloba da irmis

daWera (saerTaSoriso analogi iqneboda TanamSromloba da ganiaraReba); 2)

kurdRlis monadireba maSin, rodesac sxvebi TavianT postebze rCebian

(SeinarCuno SeiaraRebis maRali done rodesac sxvebi ganiaraRebuli arian); 3)

yvelas mier kurdRelze nadiroba (gamalebuli SeiaraReba da omis maRali riski);

da 4) Tavdapirvel poziciaze darCena, rodesac sxvebi misdeven kurdRels

(ganiaraRebuli yofna, rodesac sxvebi SeiaraRebulni arian). 53 aqidan logikuri

dasvna aris is, rom moqmedma pirebma SeiZleba icodnen, rom maT saerTo mizani

aqvT, magram ver moaxdinon maTi erToblivad miRweva, radgan maT erTmaneTis ar

sjeraT da arian mudmivi SiSis qveS, rom sxvebi gandgebian saerTo saqmisgan da

amiT isini ormagad dazaraldebian vidre Tavidanve TanamSromlobaze uaris

TqmiT. anu, vidre TiToeuli pirovneba ar darwmundeba, rom sxvebi

iTanamSromleben, igi ar daTanxmdeba TanamSromlobaze.

garda im garemoebebisa, romlebic “iremze nadirobis” TamaSiT aris

gadmocemuli, jervisi gamoyofs 3 dabrkolebas, romelic ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli iremze nadirobis magaliTSi. pirveli is, rom gandgomis SiSis

gamomwvev mizezebs unda davumatoT is faqtori, rom Tu dRes meore saxelmwifo

mxars uWers status-kvos, mogvianebiT SeiZleba ar dakmayofildes am garemoebiT

da gadawyvitos arCeuli gzidan gadaxveva.

meore problema exeba qveynebis mudmiv survils gazardon sakuTari

teritoriebi, raTa hqondeT saWiro resursebi. mesame problema aris

usafrTxoebis dilema, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom erTi saxelmwifos mier

gazrdili usafrTxoeba warmoadgens safrTxes meore saxlemwifosaTvis.

52 iqve, .., gv. 75-76. 53 Robert Jervis, “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics, 30, no. 2 (January 1978): 167

47

leqcia IX

konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika

konstruqtivizmi fokuss axdens adamianis Semecnebaze da mis adgilze

msoflio politikaSi. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom rogorc aseTi, ar

arsebobs garegani, obieqturi socialuri realoba. socialuri da politikuri

samyaro ar aris fizikuri arseba an materialuri sagani, romelic arsebobs

adamianuri Semecnebis gareT. isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso sistema ar aris

raRac sivrceSi arsebuli, rogorc magaliTad mzis sistema. is ar arsebobs

TavisTavad. is arsebobs mxolod xalxTa interdisciplinaruli gagebis/Semec-

nebis safuZvelze. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso politika aris

adamianuri qmnileba, magram ara fizikuri da materialuri, aramed wminda

inteleqtualuri da ideuri. saerTaSoriso sistema maTi TqmiT aris ideaTa kona,

garkveuli naazrevebi, normaTa sistemebi, romlebic mowesrigebul iqna

garkveuli xalxis mier garkveul droSi da garkveul adgilas. aqidan logikuri

daskvna aris is, rom Tu fiqrebi da ideebi, romlebic Seadgenen saerTaSoriso

sistemas Seicvlebian, maSin Seicvleba TviTon sistemac. es xdeba imitom, rom

sistema arsebobs naazrevSi da ideebSi.

konstruqtivizms zogjer uwodeben axal midgomasac, (approach) magram

sinamdvileSi aseTi meTodologia jer kidev XVIII saukunidan aris Semonaxuli.

italieli filosofosi jambatista viko amtkicebda, rom bunebrivi samyaro

RmerTis Seqmnilia, magram istoriuli samyaro kacis qmnilebaa. istoria ar aris

TviTqmnadi procesi, igi Seqmnilia kacebis da qalebis mier. isini aseve qmnian

saxelmwifoebs, romlebic realurad warmoadgenen istoriul konstruqciebs.

saxelmwifoebi arian xelovnuri qmnilebebi da aqedan gamomdinare saxelmwifoTa

sistemac xelovnuria.

konstruqtivizmis ZiriTadi midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi

SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad:

1. admianuri urTierTobebi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis CaTvliT, Sed-

geba ZiriTadad ideebisa da azrebisagan da ara materialuri mdgo-

mareobis an Zalisagan;

2. ZiriTadi ideuri elementebi, romlebsac konstruqtivistebi eyrdnobian

aris is rwmenebi (ideebi, koncefciebi, mosazrebebi), romlebic farTod

aris gaziarebuli xalxis mier;

3. es saerTo rwmenebi (beliefes) gamoxataven xalxis interesebs da iden-

turobas;

4. konstruqtivistebi Seiswavlian im gzebs, romlis meSveobiTac yalib-

debian da gamoixatebian urTierTobebi. magaliTad iseTi koleqtiuri

socialuri institutis saSualebiT, rogoric aris saxelmwifos suve-

renteti, romelsac ar gaaCnia aranairi materialuri realoba, magram

arsebobs imdenad ramdenadac adamainebs koleqtiurad swamT misi

arsebobisa da moqmedeben am rwmenis Sesabamisad.

,

54

konstruqtivistebi msoflios warmoidgenen rogorc socialur konstruq-

54 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 254.

48

sistemebi vendtis TeoriaSi da Tqva, rom vendtis mTeli Teoria logikuria

mxolod maSin Tuki sxva-daxmarebis sistema egoistur miswrafebebze maRalia da

mxolod maSin, Tuki am sxva-daxmarebis sistemaSi, rogorc es vendtma aRniSna,

“erovnuli interesebi aris saerTaSoriso interesebi”77 da uSiSroebisadmi

mimarTuli qmedebebi aris “altruistuli da prosocialuri.” 78

vendtis merseriseuli kritika raRac momentSi aris vendtis argumentis

ukuqceva vendtisave sityvebis gamoyenebiT. merseri aCvenebs, rom sakuTari Tavis

sxvasTan identifikacia da koleqtiuri prosocialuri sistemis warmoqmna ar

aris aucilebeli simarTles Seesabamebodes. merseri Tvlis, rom sawyis

mdgomareobaSi adamianebi sakuTari Tavis win wamowevas ewevian eqskluziurad

Zalismieri saSualebebiT. mokled, buneba jabnis process. 79

uolcisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia gamowveulia

struqturiT da vendtisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia

gamowveulia procesiT, merseri ambobs, rom konkurencias warmoSobs “Cveni

cnobiereba da survili, davimkvidroT pozitiuri socialuri identuroba.” 80

maSasadame, alteric da egoc winaswarmidrekili arian konkurenciisaken

Sexvedramde. amis saCveneblad merseri iyenebs henri tajfelis da jon terneris

Zalzed gavlenian socialuri identurobis Teorias (siT). 81 merseri pirdapir

welsqveviT urtyams vendtis arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebma

SeiZleba warmoSvan sxva-daxmarebis sistema garda TviT-daxmarebisa. igi akeTebs

evrokavSiris analizs siT Teoriis gamoyenebiT da aCvenebs, rom is evropuli

saxelmwifoebic ki, romlebic TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan diskriminacias

uweven sxva arawevr saxelmwifoebs. mokled rom iTqvas, rodesac saxelwifoebi

akeTeben TavianTi jgufis sxva jgufis winaaRmdeg identifikacias isini aseve

qmnian TviTdaxmarebis sistemas, romelic Sors dgas altruistuli sxva-

daxmarebis sistemisagan. jgufis SigniT SeiZleba xdebodes identurobis Serwyma,

magram maT mainc aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba sxva jgufebis mimarT. amis

magaliTia evrokavSiris imigraciis da TavSesafris politika, aseve iseTi

koncefciebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa usafrTxo mesame qveynebi da xelmeored

daSvebis SeTanxmebebis momravleba, rac imas adasturebs, rom evrokavSirs aqvs

diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba Tavis wevr da arawevr saxelmwifoebTan.

merseris mier siT Teoriis gamoyeneba da vendtis kritika imisken ar aris

mimarTuli, rom vendtis Teoria uvargisad gamoacxados. merseri miiCnevs, rom

yuradRebis gamaxvileba identurobaze mniSvnelovania, Tumca is ar xsnis Tu

rogor Seicvleba sistema, da arc imas xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba rom procesma

Secvalos identuroba da Semdeg sistema. koleqtiuri uSiSroebis idea, romelic

vendtma wamoayena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis sistemis alternativa istoriulad

ganxorcielda mxolod jgufis farglebSi. maSasadame, koleqtiuri uSiSroeba

SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod rogorc jgufuri egoizmis forma. rogorc mauris

burkinma Tqva “saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen uSiSroebis mopovebas, da

misi mopovebis gzebi moicavs rogorc individualur uSiSroebis strategias,

aseve koleqtiuri uSiSroebis strategias.” miuxedavad imisa, rom koleqtiuri

77 iqve, .., gv. 400 78 iqve, .., gv. 401 79 Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity,” p. 236 80 iqve,…, p. 242. 81 Tajfel, Henry and John C. Turner, “The Social identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior” in Worchel, Stephen and William G. Austin, eds. Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986), pp. 7-24.

53

dakargva” SeiZleba sazianoc ki iyos identurobisaTvis/meobisaTvis da SeiZleba

warmoSvas mowinaaRmdegis ‘rekonstruqciis’ saWiroeba imisaTvis, rom gadaar-

Cinos sakuTari identuroba. samuel hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia amerikis identurobis gadaxaliseba (redefinition). 72 giorgi arbatovis gamonaTqvamis konteqstSi, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT isini

akeTebdnen yvelaze ufro did saSinelebas radgan isini sakuTar Tavs mters

aclidnen, hanTingtoni Seecada eCvenebina identurobis krizisi, romelSic

amerikam amohyo Tavi oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. harvardis profesorma isic ki

iwinaswarmetyvela, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uaxloes momavalSi

ecdeboda misi erovnuli interesebis redefinicias da axali mtris

konstruirebas. marTlac, dResdReobiT amerika mogvevlina rogorc lideri

saerTaSoriso terorizmis da e.w. “borotebis RerZis” winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

zemoTmoyvanili damatkicebelia imisa, rom saWiroa mtris arseboba raTa

moaxdino sakuTari identurobis konstruireba (construct). meore argumenti vendtis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTulia misi mtkicebule-

bisadmi, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian mtrulad ganwyobilni. vendti warmoidgens

sawyis mdgomareobas Semdegnairad: “warmovidginoT ori moqmedi piri — ego da

alteri — romlebic pirvelad xvdebian erTmaneTs. TiToeul maTgans gadarCena

surs da mowinaaRmdegis msgavsi materialuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia, magram arc

erT maTgans ar axasiaTebs gandidebis an dapyrobis biologiuri Tu Sinagani

imperativi; maT arc usafrTxoebis an safrTxis saerTo istoria aqvT. rogor unda

moiqcnen isini?” 73

vendti askvnis, rom radganac arc alters da arc egos aqvs identuroba,

usafrTxoebis interesebi da molodinebi, isini ar Caebmebian Zalismier urTier-

TobebSi dasawyisidanve. aseT siatuaciaSi ar arsebobs mizezi, rom es garemoeba

moviazroT rogorc TviTdaxmarebis msoflio.” sxvagvarad mosazreba vendtis

azriT niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebs, romlebic arian sawyis mgomareobaSi

vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, romelic maT SeiZleba hqondeT mxolod sazogadoebaSi.

“TviTdaxmareba institutia, da ara anarqiis Semadgeneli nawili.” 74 vendti

ambobs, rom “Tu saxelmwifoebi aRmoCndebian TviTdaxmarebad samyaroSi es

ganpirobebulia maTi sakuTari qmedebebiT. moqmedebebis Secvla Secvlis

intersubieqtur codnas, romlic Seadgens sistemas.”75 amis Semdeg vendti akeTebs

imis demonstrirebas, rom radganac ar aris aucilebeli da gardauvali, rom

saxelmwifoebi Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi sadac TviTdaxmarebis principi

sufevs, savaraudoa, rom isni Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi, romelic SegviZlia

davaxasiaToT rogorc prosocialuri an TanamSromluri. 76

zemoTmocemuli gancxadeba, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian belikozurebi

bunebrivad da rom isini aseTebi xdebian erTmaneTTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan

urTierTobis Semdeg Zalian didi davis sagani xdeba. sainteresoa, rom jonaTan

merserma es argumenti uaryo, romelmac aCvena rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi alteri

da ego savaraudod ufro TviTdaxmarebis stilSi daiwyeben urTierTobas vidre

prosocialuris. merserma ganasxvava TviTdaxmareba da sxva-daxmarebis

72 Huntington, Samuel, “The Erosion of American National Interests” Foreign Affairs, Volume 76, No 5, Sept/Oct 1997 73 Wendt, “Anarchy is …..”. p. 404. 74 iqve, .., gv.. 401-402 75 iqve, .., gv. 407 76 iqve, .., gv. 405

52

cias, romelic Seqmnilia adamianebis mier, maTi azrebis da ideebis meSveobiT.

nebismier konstruqcias aqvs materialuri mxare magram igi mxolod meore-

xarisxovania. anu, fizikuri elementi arsebobs magram igi arafers warmoadgens

inteleqtualuri elementis gareSe, romelic mas aZlevs mniSvnelobas, gegmavs,

organizebas ukeTebs da warmarTavs. azrs ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs saer-

TaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi vidre fizikur sagnebs, isini arafers warmoadgenen

inteleqtualuri komponentis gareSe. vendtis mixedviT, socialur konstruq-

ciebs aqvT sami elementi: saerTo codna, materialuri resursebi, da

praqtika. 55

konstruqtivistebi aseve amboben, rom eri da erovnebac socialuri kons-

truqciaa, romlebic Seiqmna droSi da sivrceSi. maT argumentad mohyavT is, rom

erovnuloba gavrcelda XIX saukuneSi ganaTlebis da beWdviTi kulturis gavr-

celebasTan erTad da gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faseuloba. Sesabamisad,

kidev erTi Tavisebureba konstruqtivizmisa isaa, rom konstruqtivizmi

yuradRebas aqcevs ara marto ideebis da rwmenebis gaziarebis faqts, aramed imas,

Tu ramdenadaa isini gaziarebuli.

vendti da `anarqia~

aleqandre vendtma daiwyo axali era saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.

Tumca ki, termini “konstruqtivizmi” misi mogonili ar aris, dResdReobiT es

termini aucileblad asocirdeba vendtis saxelTan. jeqsonis da sorensenis

mixedviT “gasuli dekadis ganmavlobaSi vendti gaxda disciplinis erT-erTi

totema, erT-erTi im mweralTagani visi ideebic aRebeWdebaT saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis studentebs aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, visi ideebic SeiZleba

zogs moswondes, zogi ki ver itandes, magram veravin ugulebelyofs.” 56

aleqsandre vendtis mier saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi 1992 wels

gamoqveynebuli statia “anarqia aris iseTi rogoradac mas saxelmwifoebi

aRiqvamen” gaxda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi erT- erTi yvelaze popularuli

statia, xolo misi saTauri erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad moxseniebadi fraza

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis konteqstSi. statiis popularobis

utyuari mizezi aris is, rom igi Riad upirispirdeba ukve fesvebgadgmul da

mZlavr struqturuli realizmis Teorias da mis mamamTavars, kenet uolcs.

vendtis argumentebi eyrdnoba e.w. konstruqtivizms, kerZod ki sociologiur

konstruqtivizm, romlis mizania axsnas identurobis da interesebis Camo-

yalibeba, rogorc procesi (an maTi Camoyalibebis procesi). miuxedavad am

statiis mzardi popularobisa, kritikosebi mravlad hyavs statiasac da Tavad

sociologiur konstruqtivizmsac. maSasadame, saWiroa ganvixiloT statiac da

misi kritikac imisaTvis rom srulad CavwvdeT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

yvelaze gacxarebul, Tanamedrove debatebs.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, vendti Tavis statiaSi akritikebs uolcis fesvgam-

dgar Teorias sistemis anarqiulobis da Sesabamisad aqidan gamomdinare

TviTdaxmarebis msoflios arsebobis gardauvalobis Teorias. maSasadame, jer

mokled davaxasiaToT uolcis ZiriTadi argumenti da Semdeg ganvixiloT

vendtis kritika.

55 iqve, .., gv. 255. 56 Martin Shaw. “Waltzing Alexander: Constructing the new American Ideology”.

49

wignSi “adamiani saxelmwifo da omi,” uolci ambobs, rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi

(State of nature) saxelmwifoebma sakuTari Tavdacva unda uzrunvelyon.

saerTaSoriso sistema aris anarqiuli, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom ar arsebobs

zemdgomi xelisufleba, romelic saxelmwifoze maRla dgas. “anaqiis pirobebSi ar

arsebobs avtomaturi harmonia” 57 rasac mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom “saxlemwifo

gamoiyenebs Zalas raTa miaRwios Tavis mizans.” 58 uolci axasiaTebs sistemas

sadac aseTi damokidebuleba dominaturia da Camoyalibebulia rogorc TviT-

daxmarebis sistema da amtkicebs, rom “TviTdaxmarebis sistemaSi elementebi

fiqroben TviTgadarCenaze da es wuxili ganapirobebs maT moqmedebas . . . yvelas

aqvs survili, rom gazardos sakuTari mogeba.” 59 saxelmwifoTa qcevas Zerwavs is

garemoeba, rom msoflioSi moqmedebs TviTdaxmarebis principi, xolo es principi

warmoSobilia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobisgan.

vendtis strategia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas unda gaabaTilos neorea-

listebis mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom “TviTdaxmareba” anarqiuli sistemis

pirdapiri, maSasadame procesisagan egzogenurad miRebuli Sedegia. anu, misi

argumentis dedaazri is aris, rom TviTdaxmareba da Zalismieri politika ar aris

arc logikuri da arc mizezobrivi Sedegi anarqiisa da Tuki dRes Cven vcxovrobT

TviTdaxmarebis samyaroSi es aris procesis Sedegi da ara struqturis. 60

maSasadame, vendti akritikebs uolcis warmodgenebs. igi marTalia aRiarebs

mTavar ontologiur daskvnebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa

sistema efuZneba TviTdaxmarebas, 61 magram igi uaryofs uolcis tradiciul

gagebas anarqiis Sesaxeb, eWvis qveS ayenebs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs anarqiasa da

TviTdaxmarebas Soris da cdilobs aCvenos, rom ar aris aucilebeli anarqiam

warmoSvas TviT-daxmarebiToba. statiaSi igi akeTebs arguments imis Taobaze,

rom TviTdaxmareba da Zalismieri politika aris socialuri konstruqcia

anarqiis pirobebSi. 62

vendti amtkicebs, rom TviTdaxmareba mxolod institutia da ara anarqiis

bunebrivi danamati. 63 igi saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes da saxelmwifoebsve SeuZliaT

Secvalon. vendtis mtkicebiT neorealistebi apriori daskvnebs akeTeben

saxelmwifos identurobis Sesaxeb da es misTvis yovlad miuRebelia. anu,

neorealistebis TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifos identuroba aris upirvelesad

msoflios warmodgena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis samyaro, romelSic saxelm-

wifoebi avtomaturad ganwyobilni arian Zalis gamoyenebisaken. 64 vendtis

mixedviT ar arsebobs aranairi mizezi imisaTvis rom TviTdaxmarebiTobas aseTi

“egzaltirebuli pozicia”65 mivaniWoT, miTumetes, Tu neorealistebi ver

axerxeben axsnan rogor mivyavarT anarqias TviTdaxmarebis sistemasTan.

Tavismxriv vendti ambobs, rom saxelmwifoebis identuroba (meoba) yalibdeba

ara struqturis, aramed procesis da saxelmwifoebis urTierTSoris

57 Waltz, Kenneth N. Man, State and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press. 1954 p. 160 58 iqve, 59 iqve, 60 Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The social construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, 46/2, Spring 1992 : 394 61 iqve, .., gv. 396 62 iqve, .., gv. 395 63 iqve, .., gv. 399 64 iqve, .., gv. 407 65 Mercer, Jonathan, “Anarchy and Identity”, International Organization, 49:2, Spring 1995, p. 232

50

interaqciis Sedegad. uolcis mier ganmartebuli saerTaSoriso sistemebis

struqtura mowyobis principis, ZalTa gadanawilebis da elementebis xasiaTis

mixedviT ver xsnis, Tu ratom cxovroben saxelmwifoebi samyaroSi, sadac

TviTdaxmarebiTobis principi sufevs. vendits mixedviT, elementebis iden-

turoba/meoba (iqneba es TviTdaxmarebiToba, Tu sxva ram) SeiZleba aixsnas

elementebis urTierTqmedebis procesiT. 66

fundamentaluri argumenti, romelic vendts mohyavs isaa, rom adamianebi

iqcevian sagnebis mimarT imisda mixedviT Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvT am sagnebs

maTTvis. alteri egos mimarT gamoiyenebs Zalas da Seecdeba mis dakninebas

mxolod maSin, Tu isini arian mtrebi da ara megobrebi, mowinaaRmdegeni da ara

mokavSireebi. es koleqtiuri mniSvnelobebi warmoadgenen struqturebs,

romlebic Semdeg ganapirobeben saxelmwifoTa qmedebebs. 67

vendti ar uaryofs iseTi saxelmwifoTa sistemis arsebobas, romelSic

saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT mxolod TviTdaxmarebis imedze iyvnen. vendti ambobs,

rom mxolod am tipis sistemaze fokusireba ar iZleva saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis srul suraTs. isi TqmiT saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sistemebi

SeiZleba iyos konkurentuli, individualisturi an TanamSromluri, 68 rom-

lebsac man cota mogvianebiT Tavis wignSi uwoda hobsiseuli, lokiseuli da

kantiseuli sistemebi. 69 am sami sistemidan mxolod pirvel or sistemas

axasiaTebs TviTdaxmarebiToba, xolo mesame aris TanamSromlobis sistema, sadac

wina planze koleqtiuri, prosocialuri interesebi dgas. 70

maSasadame, uolcis TviTdaxmarebis sistemisadmi unilateruli midgomis

gasakritikeblad vendtma win wamoswia egreT wodebuli prosocialuri sistema,

sadac saxelmwifoebs ar amoZravebT egoisturi motivaciebi da isini koleqtiur

interesebze ufro metad zrunaven vidre individualurze. es Zalze saintereso

argumentia, radganac aq vendti sargeblobs kantiseuli midgomiT, rom

adamianebis buneba (am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebis) ar aris belikozuri.

miuxedavad amisa, vendts rCeba mxedvelobidan ori mniSvnelovani garemoeba.

pirveli is, rom identuroba xSirad, Tu ara yovelTvis, yalibdeba sxvisi aRqmis

da am sxvis sapirispirod da ara masTan TviT-identifikaciis safuZvelze. meore,

rogorc zogierTma fsiqologma aCvena, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi adamianebi

ufro ixrebian ego-centruli saqcielis da Zalis gamoyenebisaken, vidre

TanamSromlobisaken.

sxva-oba, anu TviTidentifikacia sxvanairis sapirispirod, sxvagvari jgufis,

an obieqtis sapirispirod, aris identurobis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani

nawili. vendti amis sapirispirod askvnis, rom Tu alteri da ego pirvelad

xvdebian erTmaneTs, isini erTurTis mier gaakeTeben identifikacias da Tu maT

Soris gaugebrobas ar eqneba adgili isini TanamSromlobisaken ufro gadaix-

rebian vidre mowinaaRmdegobisaken. es Zalzed sadavo daskvnaa, radgan bevri

amtkicebs, rom imisaTvis rom Seiqmnas vinmes identuroba saWiroa mtris, an

yvelaze cota, mowinaaRmdegis arseboba mainc. 71 faqtiurad, “meoris/sxvisi

66 Wendt, “Anarchy is ……”, p. 395. 67 iqve, .., gv. 397 68 am sistemebis daxasiaTeba ixileT qrestomaTiaSi gv. 444-445. 69 Wendt, Alexander, “Three Cultures of Anarchy” (Chapter 6) in Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 246-307 70 iqve, .., 71 Volkan, Vamik D. The Need To Have Enemies and Allies :From Clinical Practice to International Relationships, Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1994.

51

wignSi “adamiani saxelmwifo da omi,” uolci ambobs, rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi

(State of nature) saxelmwifoebma sakuTari Tavdacva unda uzrunvelyon.

saerTaSoriso sistema aris anarqiuli, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom ar arsebobs

zemdgomi xelisufleba, romelic saxelmwifoze maRla dgas. “anaqiis pirobebSi ar

arsebobs avtomaturi harmonia” 57 rasac mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom “saxlemwifo

gamoiyenebs Zalas raTa miaRwios Tavis mizans.” 58 uolci axasiaTebs sistemas

sadac aseTi damokidebuleba dominaturia da Camoyalibebulia rogorc TviT-

daxmarebis sistema da amtkicebs, rom “TviTdaxmarebis sistemaSi elementebi

fiqroben TviTgadarCenaze da es wuxili ganapirobebs maT moqmedebas . . . yvelas

aqvs survili, rom gazardos sakuTari mogeba.” 59 saxelmwifoTa qcevas Zerwavs is

garemoeba, rom msoflioSi moqmedebs TviTdaxmarebis principi, xolo es principi

warmoSobilia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobisgan.

vendtis strategia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas unda gaabaTilos neorea-

listebis mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom “TviTdaxmareba” anarqiuli sistemis

pirdapiri, maSasadame procesisagan egzogenurad miRebuli Sedegia. anu, misi

argumentis dedaazri is aris, rom TviTdaxmareba da Zalismieri politika ar aris

arc logikuri da arc mizezobrivi Sedegi anarqiisa da Tuki dRes Cven vcxovrobT

TviTdaxmarebis samyaroSi es aris procesis Sedegi da ara struqturis. 60

maSasadame, vendti akritikebs uolcis warmodgenebs. igi marTalia aRiarebs

mTavar ontologiur daskvnebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa

sistema efuZneba TviTdaxmarebas, 61 magram igi uaryofs uolcis tradiciul

gagebas anarqiis Sesaxeb, eWvis qveS ayenebs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs anarqiasa da

TviTdaxmarebas Soris da cdilobs aCvenos, rom ar aris aucilebeli anarqiam

warmoSvas TviT-daxmarebiToba. statiaSi igi akeTebs arguments imis Taobaze,

rom TviTdaxmareba da Zalismieri politika aris socialuri konstruqcia

anarqiis pirobebSi. 62

vendti amtkicebs, rom TviTdaxmareba mxolod institutia da ara anarqiis

bunebrivi danamati. 63 igi saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes da saxelmwifoebsve SeuZliaT

Secvalon. vendtis mtkicebiT neorealistebi apriori daskvnebs akeTeben

saxelmwifos identurobis Sesaxeb da es misTvis yovlad miuRebelia. anu,

neorealistebis TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifos identuroba aris upirvelesad

msoflios warmodgena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis samyaro, romelSic saxelm-

wifoebi avtomaturad ganwyobilni arian Zalis gamoyenebisaken. 64 vendtis

mixedviT ar arsebobs aranairi mizezi imisaTvis rom TviTdaxmarebiTobas aseTi

“egzaltirebuli pozicia”65 mivaniWoT, miTumetes, Tu neorealistebi ver

axerxeben axsnan rogor mivyavarT anarqias TviTdaxmarebis sistemasTan.

Tavismxriv vendti ambobs, rom saxelmwifoebis identuroba (meoba) yalibdeba

ara struqturis, aramed procesis da saxelmwifoebis urTierTSoris

57 Waltz, Kenneth N. Man, State and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press. 1954 p. 160 58 iqve, 59 iqve, 60 Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The social construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, 46/2, Spring 1992 : 394 61 iqve, .., gv. 396 62 iqve, .., gv. 395 63 iqve, .., gv. 399 64 iqve, .., gv. 407 65 Mercer, Jonathan, “Anarchy and Identity”, International Organization, 49:2, Spring 1995, p. 232

50

interaqciis Sedegad. uolcis mier ganmartebuli saerTaSoriso sistemebis

struqtura mowyobis principis, ZalTa gadanawilebis da elementebis xasiaTis

mixedviT ver xsnis, Tu ratom cxovroben saxelmwifoebi samyaroSi, sadac

TviTdaxmarebiTobis principi sufevs. vendits mixedviT, elementebis iden-

turoba/meoba (iqneba es TviTdaxmarebiToba, Tu sxva ram) SeiZleba aixsnas

elementebis urTierTqmedebis procesiT. 66

fundamentaluri argumenti, romelic vendts mohyavs isaa, rom adamianebi

iqcevian sagnebis mimarT imisda mixedviT Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvT am sagnebs

maTTvis. alteri egos mimarT gamoiyenebs Zalas da Seecdeba mis dakninebas

mxolod maSin, Tu isini arian mtrebi da ara megobrebi, mowinaaRmdegeni da ara

mokavSireebi. es koleqtiuri mniSvnelobebi warmoadgenen struqturebs,

romlebic Semdeg ganapirobeben saxelmwifoTa qmedebebs. 67

vendti ar uaryofs iseTi saxelmwifoTa sistemis arsebobas, romelSic

saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT mxolod TviTdaxmarebis imedze iyvnen. vendti ambobs,

rom mxolod am tipis sistemaze fokusireba ar iZleva saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis srul suraTs. isi TqmiT saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sistemebi

SeiZleba iyos konkurentuli, individualisturi an TanamSromluri, 68 rom-

lebsac man cota mogvianebiT Tavis wignSi uwoda hobsiseuli, lokiseuli da

kantiseuli sistemebi. 69 am sami sistemidan mxolod pirvel or sistemas

axasiaTebs TviTdaxmarebiToba, xolo mesame aris TanamSromlobis sistema, sadac

wina planze koleqtiuri, prosocialuri interesebi dgas. 70

maSasadame, uolcis TviTdaxmarebis sistemisadmi unilateruli midgomis

gasakritikeblad vendtma win wamoswia egreT wodebuli prosocialuri sistema,

sadac saxelmwifoebs ar amoZravebT egoisturi motivaciebi da isini koleqtiur

interesebze ufro metad zrunaven vidre individualurze. es Zalze saintereso

argumentia, radganac aq vendti sargeblobs kantiseuli midgomiT, rom

adamianebis buneba (am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebis) ar aris belikozuri.

miuxedavad amisa, vendts rCeba mxedvelobidan ori mniSvnelovani garemoeba.

pirveli is, rom identuroba xSirad, Tu ara yovelTvis, yalibdeba sxvisi aRqmis

da am sxvis sapirispirod da ara masTan TviT-identifikaciis safuZvelze. meore,

rogorc zogierTma fsiqologma aCvena, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi adamianebi

ufro ixrebian ego-centruli saqcielis da Zalis gamoyenebisaken, vidre

TanamSromlobisaken.

sxva-oba, anu TviTidentifikacia sxvanairis sapirispirod, sxvagvari jgufis,

an obieqtis sapirispirod, aris identurobis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani

nawili. vendti amis sapirispirod askvnis, rom Tu alteri da ego pirvelad

xvdebian erTmaneTs, isini erTurTis mier gaakeTeben identifikacias da Tu maT

Soris gaugebrobas ar eqneba adgili isini TanamSromlobisaken ufro gadaix-

rebian vidre mowinaaRmdegobisaken. es Zalzed sadavo daskvnaa, radgan bevri

amtkicebs, rom imisaTvis rom Seiqmnas vinmes identuroba saWiroa mtris, an

yvelaze cota, mowinaaRmdegis arseboba mainc. 71 faqtiurad, “meoris/sxvisi

66 Wendt, “Anarchy is ……”, p. 395. 67 iqve, .., gv. 397 68 am sistemebis daxasiaTeba ixileT qrestomaTiaSi gv. 444-445. 69 Wendt, Alexander, “Three Cultures of Anarchy” (Chapter 6) in Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 246-307 70 iqve, .., 71 Volkan, Vamik D. The Need To Have Enemies and Allies :From Clinical Practice to International Relationships, Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1994.

51

dakargva” SeiZleba sazianoc ki iyos identurobisaTvis/meobisaTvis da SeiZleba

warmoSvas mowinaaRmdegis ‘rekonstruqciis’ saWiroeba imisaTvis, rom gadaar-

Cinos sakuTari identuroba. samuel hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia amerikis identurobis gadaxaliseba (redefinition). 72 giorgi arbatovis gamonaTqvamis konteqstSi, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT isini

akeTebdnen yvelaze ufro did saSinelebas radgan isini sakuTar Tavs mters

aclidnen, hanTingtoni Seecada eCvenebina identurobis krizisi, romelSic

amerikam amohyo Tavi oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. harvardis profesorma isic ki

iwinaswarmetyvela, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uaxloes momavalSi

ecdeboda misi erovnuli interesebis redefinicias da axali mtris

konstruirebas. marTlac, dResdReobiT amerika mogvevlina rogorc lideri

saerTaSoriso terorizmis da e.w. “borotebis RerZis” winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

zemoTmoyvanili damatkicebelia imisa, rom saWiroa mtris arseboba raTa

moaxdino sakuTari identurobis konstruireba (construct). meore argumenti vendtis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTulia misi mtkicebule-

bisadmi, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian mtrulad ganwyobilni. vendti warmoidgens

sawyis mdgomareobas Semdegnairad: “warmovidginoT ori moqmedi piri — ego da

alteri — romlebic pirvelad xvdebian erTmaneTs. TiToeul maTgans gadarCena

surs da mowinaaRmdegis msgavsi materialuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia, magram arc

erT maTgans ar axasiaTebs gandidebis an dapyrobis biologiuri Tu Sinagani

imperativi; maT arc usafrTxoebis an safrTxis saerTo istoria aqvT. rogor unda

moiqcnen isini?” 73

vendti askvnis, rom radganac arc alters da arc egos aqvs identuroba,

usafrTxoebis interesebi da molodinebi, isini ar Caebmebian Zalismier urTier-

TobebSi dasawyisidanve. aseT siatuaciaSi ar arsebobs mizezi, rom es garemoeba

moviazroT rogorc TviTdaxmarebis msoflio.” sxvagvarad mosazreba vendtis

azriT niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebs, romlebic arian sawyis mgomareobaSi

vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, romelic maT SeiZleba hqondeT mxolod sazogadoebaSi.

“TviTdaxmareba institutia, da ara anarqiis Semadgeneli nawili.” 74 vendti

ambobs, rom “Tu saxelmwifoebi aRmoCndebian TviTdaxmarebad samyaroSi es

ganpirobebulia maTi sakuTari qmedebebiT. moqmedebebis Secvla Secvlis

intersubieqtur codnas, romlic Seadgens sistemas.”75 amis Semdeg vendti akeTebs

imis demonstrirebas, rom radganac ar aris aucilebeli da gardauvali, rom

saxelmwifoebi Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi sadac TviTdaxmarebis principi

sufevs, savaraudoa, rom isni Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi, romelic SegviZlia

davaxasiaToT rogorc prosocialuri an TanamSromluri. 76

zemoTmocemuli gancxadeba, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian belikozurebi

bunebrivad da rom isini aseTebi xdebian erTmaneTTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan

urTierTobis Semdeg Zalian didi davis sagani xdeba. sainteresoa, rom jonaTan

merserma es argumenti uaryo, romelmac aCvena rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi alteri

da ego savaraudod ufro TviTdaxmarebis stilSi daiwyeben urTierTobas vidre

prosocialuris. merserma ganasxvava TviTdaxmareba da sxva-daxmarebis

72 Huntington, Samuel, “The Erosion of American National Interests” Foreign Affairs, Volume 76, No 5, Sept/Oct 1997 73 Wendt, “Anarchy is …..”. p. 404. 74 iqve, .., gv.. 401-402 75 iqve, .., gv. 407 76 iqve, .., gv. 405

52

cias, romelic Seqmnilia adamianebis mier, maTi azrebis da ideebis meSveobiT.

nebismier konstruqcias aqvs materialuri mxare magram igi mxolod meore-

xarisxovania. anu, fizikuri elementi arsebobs magram igi arafers warmoadgens

inteleqtualuri elementis gareSe, romelic mas aZlevs mniSvnelobas, gegmavs,

organizebas ukeTebs da warmarTavs. azrs ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs saer-

TaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi vidre fizikur sagnebs, isini arafers warmoadgenen

inteleqtualuri komponentis gareSe. vendtis mixedviT, socialur konstruq-

ciebs aqvT sami elementi: saerTo codna, materialuri resursebi, da

praqtika. 55

konstruqtivistebi aseve amboben, rom eri da erovnebac socialuri kons-

truqciaa, romlebic Seiqmna droSi da sivrceSi. maT argumentad mohyavT is, rom

erovnuloba gavrcelda XIX saukuneSi ganaTlebis da beWdviTi kulturis gavr-

celebasTan erTad da gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faseuloba. Sesabamisad,

kidev erTi Tavisebureba konstruqtivizmisa isaa, rom konstruqtivizmi

yuradRebas aqcevs ara marto ideebis da rwmenebis gaziarebis faqts, aramed imas,

Tu ramdenadaa isini gaziarebuli.

vendti da `anarqia~

aleqandre vendtma daiwyo axali era saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.

Tumca ki, termini “konstruqtivizmi” misi mogonili ar aris, dResdReobiT es

termini aucileblad asocirdeba vendtis saxelTan. jeqsonis da sorensenis

mixedviT “gasuli dekadis ganmavlobaSi vendti gaxda disciplinis erT-erTi

totema, erT-erTi im mweralTagani visi ideebic aRebeWdebaT saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis studentebs aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, visi ideebic SeiZleba

zogs moswondes, zogi ki ver itandes, magram veravin ugulebelyofs.” 56

aleqsandre vendtis mier saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi 1992 wels

gamoqveynebuli statia “anarqia aris iseTi rogoradac mas saxelmwifoebi

aRiqvamen” gaxda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi erT- erTi yvelaze popularuli

statia, xolo misi saTauri erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad moxseniebadi fraza

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis konteqstSi. statiis popularobis

utyuari mizezi aris is, rom igi Riad upirispirdeba ukve fesvebgadgmul da

mZlavr struqturuli realizmis Teorias da mis mamamTavars, kenet uolcs.

vendtis argumentebi eyrdnoba e.w. konstruqtivizms, kerZod ki sociologiur

konstruqtivizm, romlis mizania axsnas identurobis da interesebis Camo-

yalibeba, rogorc procesi (an maTi Camoyalibebis procesi). miuxedavad am

statiis mzardi popularobisa, kritikosebi mravlad hyavs statiasac da Tavad

sociologiur konstruqtivizmsac. maSasadame, saWiroa ganvixiloT statiac da

misi kritikac imisaTvis rom srulad CavwvdeT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

yvelaze gacxarebul, Tanamedrove debatebs.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, vendti Tavis statiaSi akritikebs uolcis fesvgam-

dgar Teorias sistemis anarqiulobis da Sesabamisad aqidan gamomdinare

TviTdaxmarebis msoflios arsebobis gardauvalobis Teorias. maSasadame, jer

mokled davaxasiaToT uolcis ZiriTadi argumenti da Semdeg ganvixiloT

vendtis kritika.

55 iqve, .., gv. 255. 56 Martin Shaw. “Waltzing Alexander: Constructing the new American Ideology”.

49

leqcia IX

konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika

konstruqtivizmi fokuss axdens adamianis Semecnebaze da mis adgilze

msoflio politikaSi. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom rogorc aseTi, ar

arsebobs garegani, obieqturi socialuri realoba. socialuri da politikuri

samyaro ar aris fizikuri arseba an materialuri sagani, romelic arsebobs

adamianuri Semecnebis gareT. isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso sistema ar aris

raRac sivrceSi arsebuli, rogorc magaliTad mzis sistema. is ar arsebobs

TavisTavad. is arsebobs mxolod xalxTa interdisciplinaruli gagebis/Semec-

nebis safuZvelze. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso politika aris

adamianuri qmnileba, magram ara fizikuri da materialuri, aramed wminda

inteleqtualuri da ideuri. saerTaSoriso sistema maTi TqmiT aris ideaTa kona,

garkveuli naazrevebi, normaTa sistemebi, romlebic mowesrigebul iqna

garkveuli xalxis mier garkveul droSi da garkveul adgilas. aqidan logikuri

daskvna aris is, rom Tu fiqrebi da ideebi, romlebic Seadgenen saerTaSoriso

sistemas Seicvlebian, maSin Seicvleba TviTon sistemac. es xdeba imitom, rom

sistema arsebobs naazrevSi da ideebSi.

konstruqtivizms zogjer uwodeben axal midgomasac, (approach) magram

sinamdvileSi aseTi meTodologia jer kidev XVIII saukunidan aris Semonaxuli.

italieli filosofosi jambatista viko amtkicebda, rom bunebrivi samyaro

RmerTis Seqmnilia, magram istoriuli samyaro kacis qmnilebaa. istoria ar aris

TviTqmnadi procesi, igi Seqmnilia kacebis da qalebis mier. isini aseve qmnian

saxelmwifoebs, romlebic realurad warmoadgenen istoriul konstruqciebs.

saxelmwifoebi arian xelovnuri qmnilebebi da aqedan gamomdinare saxelmwifoTa

sistemac xelovnuria.

konstruqtivizmis ZiriTadi midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi

SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad:

1. admianuri urTierTobebi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis CaTvliT, Sed-

geba ZiriTadad ideebisa da azrebisagan da ara materialuri mdgo-

mareobis an Zalisagan;

2. ZiriTadi ideuri elementebi, romlebsac konstruqtivistebi eyrdnobian

aris is rwmenebi (ideebi, koncefciebi, mosazrebebi), romlebic farTod

aris gaziarebuli xalxis mier;

3. es saerTo rwmenebi (beliefes) gamoxataven xalxis interesebs da iden-

turobas;

4. konstruqtivistebi Seiswavlian im gzebs, romlis meSveobiTac yalib-

debian da gamoixatebian urTierTobebi. magaliTad iseTi koleqtiuri

socialuri institutis saSualebiT, rogoric aris saxelmwifos suve-

renteti, romelsac ar gaaCnia aranairi materialuri realoba, magram

arsebobs imdenad ramdenadac adamainebs koleqtiurad swamT misi

arsebobisa da moqmedeben am rwmenis Sesabamisad.

,

54

konstruqtivistebi msoflios warmoidgenen rogorc socialur konstruq-

54 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 254.

48

sistemebi vendtis TeoriaSi da Tqva, rom vendtis mTeli Teoria logikuria

mxolod maSin Tuki sxva-daxmarebis sistema egoistur miswrafebebze maRalia da

mxolod maSin, Tuki am sxva-daxmarebis sistemaSi, rogorc es vendtma aRniSna,

“erovnuli interesebi aris saerTaSoriso interesebi”77 da uSiSroebisadmi

mimarTuli qmedebebi aris “altruistuli da prosocialuri.” 78

vendtis merseriseuli kritika raRac momentSi aris vendtis argumentis

ukuqceva vendtisave sityvebis gamoyenebiT. merseri aCvenebs, rom sakuTari Tavis

sxvasTan identifikacia da koleqtiuri prosocialuri sistemis warmoqmna ar

aris aucilebeli simarTles Seesabamebodes. merseri Tvlis, rom sawyis

mdgomareobaSi adamianebi sakuTari Tavis win wamowevas ewevian eqskluziurad

Zalismieri saSualebebiT. mokled, buneba jabnis process. 79

uolcisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia gamowveulia

struqturiT da vendtisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia

gamowveulia procesiT, merseri ambobs, rom konkurencias warmoSobs “Cveni

cnobiereba da survili, davimkvidroT pozitiuri socialuri identuroba.” 80

maSasadame, alteric da egoc winaswarmidrekili arian konkurenciisaken

Sexvedramde. amis saCveneblad merseri iyenebs henri tajfelis da jon terneris

Zalzed gavlenian socialuri identurobis Teorias (siT). 81 merseri pirdapir

welsqveviT urtyams vendtis arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebma

SeiZleba warmoSvan sxva-daxmarebis sistema garda TviT-daxmarebisa. igi akeTebs

evrokavSiris analizs siT Teoriis gamoyenebiT da aCvenebs, rom is evropuli

saxelmwifoebic ki, romlebic TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan diskriminacias

uweven sxva arawevr saxelmwifoebs. mokled rom iTqvas, rodesac saxelwifoebi

akeTeben TavianTi jgufis sxva jgufis winaaRmdeg identifikacias isini aseve

qmnian TviTdaxmarebis sistemas, romelic Sors dgas altruistuli sxva-

daxmarebis sistemisagan. jgufis SigniT SeiZleba xdebodes identurobis Serwyma,

magram maT mainc aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba sxva jgufebis mimarT. amis

magaliTia evrokavSiris imigraciis da TavSesafris politika, aseve iseTi

koncefciebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa usafrTxo mesame qveynebi da xelmeored

daSvebis SeTanxmebebis momravleba, rac imas adasturebs, rom evrokavSirs aqvs

diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba Tavis wevr da arawevr saxelmwifoebTan.

merseris mier siT Teoriis gamoyeneba da vendtis kritika imisken ar aris

mimarTuli, rom vendtis Teoria uvargisad gamoacxados. merseri miiCnevs, rom

yuradRebis gamaxvileba identurobaze mniSvnelovania, Tumca is ar xsnis Tu

rogor Seicvleba sistema, da arc imas xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba rom procesma

Secvalos identuroba da Semdeg sistema. koleqtiuri uSiSroebis idea, romelic

vendtma wamoayena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis sistemis alternativa istoriulad

ganxorcielda mxolod jgufis farglebSi. maSasadame, koleqtiuri uSiSroeba

SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod rogorc jgufuri egoizmis forma. rogorc mauris

burkinma Tqva “saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen uSiSroebis mopovebas, da

misi mopovebis gzebi moicavs rogorc individualur uSiSroebis strategias,

aseve koleqtiuri uSiSroebis strategias.” miuxedavad imisa, rom koleqtiuri

77 iqve, .., gv. 400 78 iqve, .., gv. 401 79 Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity,” p. 236 80 iqve,…, p. 242. 81 Tajfel, Henry and John C. Turner, “The Social identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior” in Worchel, Stephen and William G. Austin, eds. Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986), pp. 7-24.

53

uSiSroebis ritorika iyo omisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba da am damo-

kidebulebis institucionalurad gamyareba, istoriulma movlenebma aCvena, rom

koleqtiuri uSiSroebis koncefcia gamoyenebul iqna rogorc iaraRi raTa

uzrunveleyoT jgufis uSiSroeba sxva potenciuri Tu pirdapiri safrTxisagan.

mokled rom iTqvas, Znelia daaskvna, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT altruistuli

gadaxrebi da miznebi. maSinac ki, Tu identurobas aqvs mniSvneloba saxelmwifoTa

moqedebebis CamoyalibebaSi, es ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba

aRmoCdnen sxva TviTdaxmarebisagan gansxvavebul sistemaSi.

vendtis Teoriis yvelaze gavrcelebuli kritika ki is aris, rom mas ar aqvs

empiriuli mtkicebulebebi da aseve misi Teoria imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom

igi ar baTildeba. 82

82 Tu Teoria imdenad yovlismomcmelia rom misi gabaTileba SeuZlebelia, igi ar iTvleba

Teoriad (imre lakato).

54

periodi rTuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, magram kioheinis azriT SeuZlebeli ar aris52

robert jervisi agreTve wers anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobis

sirTuleebis Sesaxeb. robert jervisi iyenebs e.w. iremze nadirobis TamaSis

Teorias. es TamaSi aris monadireebze. Tu isini iTanamSromleben da iremze

inadireben, maSin yvela kargad danayrdeba. magram, Tu erTi gamoakldeba da

kurdRels dauwyebs devnas, romelic mas sinamdvileSi irmis xorcze naklebad

moswons, maSin danarCenebi mSivrebi darCebian. anu, es TamaSi patimris dilemisgan

imiT gansxvavdeba, rom yvela moTamaSes gaaCnia erTi da igive interesTa sfero —

yvelas uyvars irmis xorci. aris ramodenime varianti: 1) TanamSromloba da irmis

daWera (saerTaSoriso analogi iqneboda TanamSromloba da ganiaraReba); 2)

kurdRlis monadireba maSin, rodesac sxvebi TavianT postebze rCebian

(SeinarCuno SeiaraRebis maRali done rodesac sxvebi ganiaraRebuli arian); 3)

yvelas mier kurdRelze nadiroba (gamalebuli SeiaraReba da omis maRali riski);

da 4) Tavdapirvel poziciaze darCena, rodesac sxvebi misdeven kurdRels

(ganiaraRebuli yofna, rodesac sxvebi SeiaraRebulni arian). 53 aqidan logikuri

dasvna aris is, rom moqmedma pirebma SeiZleba icodnen, rom maT saerTo mizani

aqvT, magram ver moaxdinon maTi erToblivad miRweva, radgan maT erTmaneTis ar

sjeraT da arian mudmivi SiSis qveS, rom sxvebi gandgebian saerTo saqmisgan da

amiT isini ormagad dazaraldebian vidre Tavidanve TanamSromlobaze uaris

TqmiT. anu, vidre TiToeuli pirovneba ar darwmundeba, rom sxvebi

iTanamSromleben, igi ar daTanxmdeba TanamSromlobaze.

garda im garemoebebisa, romlebic “iremze nadirobis” TamaSiT aris

gadmocemuli, jervisi gamoyofs 3 dabrkolebas, romelic ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli iremze nadirobis magaliTSi. pirveli is, rom gandgomis SiSis

gamomwvev mizezebs unda davumatoT is faqtori, rom Tu dRes meore saxelmwifo

mxars uWers status-kvos, mogvianebiT SeiZleba ar dakmayofildes am garemoebiT

da gadawyvitos arCeuli gzidan gadaxveva.

meore problema exeba qveynebis mudmiv survils gazardon sakuTari

teritoriebi, raTa hqondeT saWiro resursebi. mesame problema aris

usafrTxoebis dilema, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom erTi saxelmwifos mier

gazrdili usafrTxoeba warmoadgens safrTxes meore saxlemwifosaTvis.

52 iqve, .., gv. 75-76. 53 Robert Jervis, “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics, 30, no. 2 (January 1978): 167

47

xarjze. anu, ori racionaluri pirovneba arCevs Ralats imisaTvis, rom Tavidan

aicilos uaresi sasjeli, maSin rodesac TanamSromlobiT orive aicilebda

sasjels mTlianobaSi. am TamaSSi gamotydoma, anu Ralati partniorisaTvis

gamodis rom aris dominanturi strategia orive moTamaSisaTvis. es TamaSis

Teoria kargad aris gamoxatuli cifruli matriciT:

patimris dilema

kevinis arCevani

TanamSromloba Ralati

jeimsis arCevani TanamSromloba j,j (3,3) s, g (1,4)

Ralati g, s (4, 1) c,c (2,2)

j — jildo

s — sasjeli

g — gaTavisufleba

c — cixe

patimris dilema ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba imis saCveneblad, Tu ratom aris

konfliqti da uTanxmoeba xSiri da TanamSromloba iSviaTi. magram, kioheini

iyenebs am magaliTs sapirispiros dasamtkiceblad. ganmeorebadi patimris

dilemis magaliTis mixedviT partniorebi ufro TanamSromlobas arCeven,

radganac momavalSi maT kidev mouwevT erTmaneTTan saqmis daWera da Sesabamisad

imijis gafuWeba ar uRirT moklevadian mogebad. aqidan gamomdinare kioheini

askvnis, rom TanamSromloba aqtorebs Soris SeiZleba ganviTardes hegemonis

ararsebobis pirobebSic ki.

kioheini ambobs, rom reJimebis CamoyalibebaSi hegemonis arseboba ar aris

gadamwyveti. saerTaSoriso reJimebis arseboba imazea damokidebuli arsebobs Tu

ara saerTo, an SeTavsebadi interesebi, romlebic aRqmulia an SeiZleba iqnes

aRqmuli politikuri aqtorebis mier. amis Sedegad, saerTo interesebis

misaRwevad warmarTuli saerTo qmedebebi racionaluri xdeba. marTalia,

hegemons SeuZlia Seqmnas saxarbielo garemoeba TanamSromlobisaTvis,

jildoebis da sasjelebis dawesebis gziT, magram igive SeiZleba moxdes hegemonis

ararsebobisasac Tuki amisaTvis saWiro pirobebi arsebobs. es SeiZleba miRweul

iqnes qveynebis patara jgufis mierac ki, romlebic erTmaneTs gauweven

monitorings raTa pativi scen dawesebul normebs da qcevis wesebs da maTi

samTavrobo strategia iqneba sxva mTavrobebis keTildReoba damokidebuli

gaxadon maT mier gangrZobad TanamSromlobaze reJimis SigniT. Sesabamisad,

intensiuri interaqcia ramodenime moTamaSes Soris iZleva saSualebas

Caanacvlos hegemonis ararseboba. rogorc ki hegemonis Zalaufleba dakninebas

ganicdis, TandaTanobiT TanamSromloba gadava post hegemonur fazaSi. am fazaSi

TanamSromloba ganpirobebuli iqneba ara marto hegemonis waxalisebebze, aramed

sxva mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifoebze. aseTi gardamavali

46

leqcia X

natos gafarToeba da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi

neorealizmi

samxedro aliansebi, romlis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia nato, mxolod

aireklaven saxelmwifoTa interesebs. isini Seqmnili arian safrTxis winaaRmdeg

da rodesac safrTxe, romlis winaaRmdegac isini Seiqmna aRar arsebobs isini

iSlebian. 83 aliansebs aqvT simtkicis sxvadasxva doneebi, rac ufro didia

safrTxe, miT ufro mtkicea aliansi. magram, aseT SemTxvevaSic ki realistebi

nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben guliTadi TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas,

radganac miaCniaT rom saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT

mogebas da arasdros ar arian darwmunebulebi Tu ra ganzraxvebi amoZravebT sxva

saxelmwifoebs.”84 Sesabamisad, Ralatze da fardobiT mogebaze gamudmebiT fiqri

arTulebs TanamSromlobas aliansis farglebSic ki.

institutebis Sesaxeb am warmodgenaSi iyo fesvgadgmuli realistebis

winaswarmetyveleba, rom nato daiSleboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan erTad an

moxdeboda misi rekonstruqcia evropaSi ZalTa axali gadanawilebis safuZvelze. 85 Sesabamisad, realistebma mkacri kritika daimsaxures imis gamo, rom ver

ganWvrites natos bedi, romelic araTu ar daiSala civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg,

aramed gaxda msoflioSi erTerTi, Tu ara erTaderTi yvelaze dinamiuri

samxedro organizacia. miuxedavad TavianTi kraxisa, realistebi amboben, rom

maTi mosazrebebi arc Tu ise mcdari iyo. magaliTad, kenet uolci, Tavis statiaSi

“ZalTa balansi da natos gafarToeba” amtkicebs, rom misi winaswarmetyveleba

ukve axda, radgan dResdReobiT kaci ver ityvis vis winaaRmdeg icavs Tavs nato. 86

uolci natos gafarToebas xsnis ZalTa balansis Teoriis mixedvT. igi ambobs,

rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg msoflio politikuri sistema gaxda

unipolaruli, da aSS gaxda erTaderTi yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo msoflioSi.

uolcis mixedviT “iseve rogorc buneba ver itans vakuums, aseve saerTaSoriso

politika ver itans daubalansebel Zalas.” 87 magram jerjerobiT amerikis

Zliereba aravis daubalansebia da sanam es moxdebodes amerika miiltvis Zalisa

da Zlierebis maqsimizaciisaken. uolci asaxelebs or mizezs Tu jerjerobiT

ratom aris, rom danarCen msoflios ar hqonia amerikis Zlierebis dabalansebis

mcdeloba: pirveli, zogierTi samxelmwifo amerikas aRiqvams rogorc keTil

liders da ar grZnobs Tavs im donemde SeSinebulad, rom raime qmediTi

ganaxorcielos da meore, sxvebs ar aqvT survili Caeban ZviradRirebul ZalTa

gadanawilebis TamaSebSi. magram, uolci Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom

sabolood ZalTa balansi aRdgeba. igi asaxelebs evrokavSirs, CineTs da iaponias

momaval did saxelmwifoTa ampluaSi. igi aseve dasZens, rom Teorias ar ZaluZs

imis ganWvreta Tu rodis moxdeba ZalTa balansis aRdgena da asve ambobs, rom

dabalanseba saxelmwifoTa Soris ar aris aucilebeli movlena. SesaZlebelia,

83 Kenneth N. Waltz’s Theory of International Politics and Stephen Walt’s The Origins of Alliances propose the argument that once victory is secured, the war-winning coalition typically dissolves. 84 Mearsheimer, 1994, 10 85 See, Gunther Hellmann and Reinhard Wolf, “Neorealism, Neoliberal Institutionalism, and the Future of NATO,” Security Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Autumn 1993): 3-43 86 Kenneth Waltz, “NATO Expansion: a Realist’s View,” in Explaining NATO enlargement, ed. Robert W. Rauchhaus, (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 22. 87 iqve, . . ., gv. 25

55

rom hegemonma es procesi SeaCeros, rogorc es evropaSi moxda.

uolci asaxelebs sam mizezs, romelmac gamoiwvia natos gafarToebis

gadawyvetilebis miReba. irveli - organizaciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki did

organizaciebs xangrZlivi sicocxlisunarianoba axasiaTebT. meore da ufro

mniSvnelovani faqtori misi TqmiT aris is, rom natos gafarToeba aris erT-erTi

saSualeba imisaTvis, rom amerikam Tavisi roli da arseboba SeinarCunos evropis

samxedro da sagareo saqmeebSi. mesame mizezi aris amerikis Sida politikis

zegavlena aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. sxva

sityvebiT rom iTqvas, uolcis mizania gvaCvenos, rom institutebi emsaxurebian

erovnul da ara saerTaSoriso interesebs, gansxvavebiT qvemoT ganxiluli ori

Teoriisgan. ufro metic, uolci amtkicebs, rom “nato arsebobda rogorc

samxedro kavSiri imdeni xani ramdeni xanic sabWoTa kavSiri warmoadgenda

pirdapir safrTxes misi wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi. is arsebobs da farTovdeba

axla ara misi instituciebis wyalobiT aramed imitom, rom ase surs amerikis

SeerTebul Statebs.” 88

miuxedavad imisa, rom realistebi natos gafarToebas xsnian realizmze

dayrdnobiT, isini ar miiCneven, rom gadawyvetileba natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb

racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo amerikis mxridan. maSasadame, arseobs ori

gansxvavebuli midgoma natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb. erTi mxaris argumenti aris,

rom gafarToeba aris racionaluri gadawyvetileba, meore ki Tvlis, rom es aris

Secdoma. pirveli mxaris argumenti aris is, rom natos gafarToeba xels uwyobs

regionalur usafrTxoebas da amkvidrebs im demokratiul da sabazro ekonomikis

reformebs, romlebic amJamad mimdinareoben yofil komunistur qveynebSi. rac

ufro aRsaniSnavia, natos gafarToeba winaswar gvicavs ruseTis savaraudo

eqspansionisturi qmedebebisagan momavalSi. 89

realistebis meore jgufi ambobs, rom natos gafarToeba iyo “fataluri

Secdoma.” 90 isini amboben, rom natos gafarToebis xarjebi bevrad aRemateba misi

gafarToebidan gamomdinare dadebiT mxareebs orive, materialuri da

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. am jgufSi Semavali politikosebi, mkvlevarebi da

oficialuri pirebi Tvlian, rom natos gafarToeba iwvevs axali gamyofi kedlis

aRmarTvas evropaSi, maSin rodesac TviTon am procesis, anu gafarToebis

ritorika da principi aris swored rom sapirispiro. meore, nebiT Tu uneblieT,

natos gafarToeba aris mimarTuli ruseTis winaaRmdeg. pirveli imitom, rom

natos axal wevr saxlemwifoebs aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi da

Sesabamisad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom isini Secvlian aliansis ruseTisadmi

damokidebulebas da meore, Tuki nato darCeba Tavdacvis organizaciad, ruseTi

misi wevri verasodes ver gaxdeba, rac yovelTvis ganapirobebs uxerxulobas

natosa da ruseTs Soris. mesame mizezi aris is, rom gafarToeba safrxes uqmnis

natos erTianobas da erTpirovnulobas saerTo mtris ararsebobis pirobebSi da

meoTxe is, rom axali wevrebis damateba alianss aqcevs ufro zogad da simtkices

88 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 95. 89 ixileT: Ball, “Nattering NATO Negativism? Reasons Why Expansion May be a Good Thing,” Review of international Studies, 24 (January, 1998): 43-68. aseve ixileT fundamenturi naSromi natos

gafarToebis dadebiT mxareebze: Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and Stephen F. Larabee, “Building a New NATO,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 72 (September/October 1993): 28-40. amerikis poziciis

da gafarToebis pirveli talRis mxardasaWeri argumentebisTvis ixileT: Madeline Albright, “Why Bigger is Better,” The Economist, February 15, 1997, 21-23. 90 George F. Kennan, “A Fateful Error,” New York Times, 5 February, 1997

56

msoflio politikur arenaze da meore imitom, rom rTulia misi mecnieruli

Seswavla, vinaidan da radganac TanamSromloba sakmaod efemeruli koncefciaa,

romelsac mravalmxrivi da mravalgvari waxnagebi gaaCnia. misi TqmiT,

politikosebi xSirad TanamSromlobas ganixilaven ara rogorc saSualebad Tavis

TavSi, aramed rogorc instruments sxva miznebis misaRwevad. magaliTad, didi da

Zlieri qveynebis TanamSromloba raTa daCagron an gamoiyenon sustni. aseT

TanamSromlobas kioheini mxars ar uWers. igi aseve aRiarebs, rom Tana-

mSromlobam SeiZleba yovelTvis ar migviyvanos saukeTeso Sedegebamde, magram

TanamSromlobis gareSe msoflio marTlac momakvdinebeli iqneboda. 50

kioheini ganasxvavebs TanamSromlobas, harmonias da uTanxmoebas. harmonia

aris situacia, rodesac aqtorebis qmedebebi (romlebic ganxorcielda sakuTari

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvisis gauTvaliswineblad) avtomaturad xels

uwyobs sxvisi miznebis miRwevas. amis klasikuri magaliTi aris warmosaxviTi

msoflio ekonomika sadac uxilavi xelis meSveobiT sakuTari interesebis

ganxorcieleba saboloo jamSi xels uwyobs yvelas keTildReobas. harmonia

msoflio politikaSi Zalian iSviaTi movlenaa. harmoniisgan gansxvavebiT

TanamSromloba moiTxovs, rom calkeuli individebis an organizaciebis

qmedebebi — romlebic ar imyobebian harmoniul situaciaSi — moyvanil iqnas

SesabamisobaSi molaparakebis procesis saSualebiT. anu, TanamSromlobas adgili

aqvs rodesac aqtorebi TavianT qmedebebs uxameben sxvebis interesebs qmedebebis

koordinaciis procesis meSveobiT. Tu ar moxda qmedebebis Sejereba, maSin

adgili aqvs diskords/konfliqts. es aris situacia, rodesac mTavrobebi

ganixilaven erTmaneTis politikas rogorc maTi interesebis SemzRudvels da

erTmaneTs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas am SezRudvebis gamo. harmonia aris

sruliad apolitikuri movlena, xolo TanamSromloba Zlier politikuri.

amasTanave, TanamSromloba ar niSnavs konfliqtis ararsebobas, aramed igi

SeiZleba moicavdes konfliqtebs, magram amasTanave moicavdes konfliqtebis

gadaWris nawilobriv warmatebul Zalisxmevebs. 51

liberaluri institucionalistebi TanamSromlobas xsnian TamaSis Teoriis

meSveobiT. isini Tvlian, rom TanamSromlobas yvelaze metad xels uSlis

Ralatis saSiSroeba. Tu Ralatis saSiSroeba nawilobriv mainc gadalaxul iqna,

maSin SeiZleba adgili eqnes TanamSromlobas.

TanamSromlobis sirTuleebi kargad aris ilustrirebuli e.w. “patimris

dilemis” TeoriiT. istoria Seexeba or damnaSaves, romlebic daiWires da

calcalke hyavT dakiTxvaze. patimprebma ician, rom Tu isini ar gamotydebian

maSin prokurors sakmarisi samxili ar eqneba da SeeZleba TiToeuli maTgani

cixeSi Casvas mxolod wesrigis darRvevisaTvis, rac gamoixateba 30 dRiani

patimrobiT. magram, Tuki orive gamotydeba, TiToeuls miusjian 1 wels. es

perspeqtiva TiTqos orives aZlevs sababs, rom ar gamotydnen. magram cbieri

prokurori orives calcalke sTavazobs rom Tu gamotydeba cixeSi saerTod ar

Casvams, xolo mis partniors miusjian 5 wels. am situaciaSi TiToeulisTvis

marTebuli iqneboda gamotydoma imisda miuxedavad Tu meore partniori ras

moimoqmedebs. anu, Tu gamotydeba, movlenebi ase ganviTardeba: Tu TviTon

gamotyda da amave dros meore patimaric gamotyda isini oriveni 1 wliT

daisjebian, magram amiT Tavs daizRvevs 5 wliani patimrobisgan. Tu TviTon

gamotyda da meore patimari ar gamotyda, mas gaaTavisufleben meore patimris

50 iqve, .., gv. 11. 51 iqve, .., gv. 51-53.

45

leqcia VIII

TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi

istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare naTelia, rom msoflioSi kon-

fliqtebi sWarbobs TanamSromlobas. es garemoeba Tavis mxriv xdeba dominaturi

Teoriis, realizmis arsebobis wyaro. realizmis Tanaxmad saxelmwifoTa Tana-

arseboba anarqiis pirobebSi aris mudmivi konfliqtis situacia, romelSic

saxelmwifoebi mxolod sakuTari Zalis imedze arian. aseT garemoSi Tanam-

Sromloba rTuli da warmoudgeneli xdeba. TanamSromlobis arsebuli faqtebi ki

ganixileba rogorc Zalauflebis mosapoveblad warmarTuli brZolis nawili.

xolo arsebul TanamSromlobis SemTxvevebs msoflio praqtikaSi realistebi

miaweren hegemonis mier Seqmnil wesrigs. es niSnavs imas, rom hegemoni anu

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi qmnis institutebs, romlebic xels uwyoben

TanamSromlobas. agram, es institutebi arian hegemonis interesebis matareblebi

da maTi arseboba efuZneba isevdaisev hegemonis arsebobas.

liberaluri skolis warmomadgenelbi uaryofen zemoT mocemul mosazrebebs.

isini sruliad samarTlianad mianiSneben dResdReobiT arsebul uamrav

TanamSromlobis qselebze finansebis, ekonomikis, vaWrobis, janmrTelobis,

telekomunikaciebis da garemos dacvis sferoebSi. TanamSromlobis faqtebi maT

mier ganixileba rogorc dadebiTi muxti msoflio politikaSi romelic

safuZvels uqmnis jer kidev sust, magram mainc aRiarebul mosazrebas, rom

konfliqti ar aris gardauvali garemoeba msoflio politikaSi.

anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobaze arsebobs uamravi naSromi liberaluri

skolis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebis mier, romlebic sxvadasxva kuTxidan

Seiswavlian sakiTxs da sxvadasxva TeoriebiT xsnian maT. ZiriTadad am Teoriis

xerxemali aris mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi/reJimebi xels

uwyoben TanamSromlobas.

liberaluri skolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli robert

kioheinia. misi wigni “hegemoniis Semdeg: TanamSromloba da uTanxmoeba msoflio

politikur ekonomiaSi” romelic pirvelad 1984 wels gamovida, dRemde

warmoadgens erT-erT TvalsaCino saxelmZRvanelos anarqiisa da TanamSromlobis

Sesaxeb. am wignis mecnieruli kvlevis sagani gaxlavT TanamSromloba msoflio

politikur ekonomikaSi. kioheini gamoTqvams imeds, rom mis mier mocemuli

daskvnebi SeiZleba ganzogaddes usafrTxoebaze, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis

urTierTobebze Tu sxva ekonomikur urTierTobebze.

48 kioheinis mTavari

hipotezaa - “SesaZlebelia hegemonuri reJimebis dacemis Semdeg warmoiSvas ufro

simetriuli TanamSromlobis magaliTebi, uTanxmoebis gardamavali periodis

gasvlis Semdeg.” igi magaliTad iRebs 1970-ian wlebs, rodesac amerikis

hegemonoba mcirdeba, magram TanamSromloba ar wydeba. misi wigni svams kiTxvebs:

ra pirobebSi SeiZleba damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma iTanamSromlon msoflio

politekonomiis sferoSi da kerZod SeiZleba Tu ara TanamSromloba Sedges

hegemonis gareSe, da Tu ki, rogor? 49

kioheini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs TanamSromlobis ganmartebas.

igi Tavidanve aRiarebs, rom saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaze wera gansakuTrebiT

rTuli saqmea erTi imitom, rom konfliqti da uTanxmoeba ufro sWarbobs

48 Keohane, Robert, O. “After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discowrd in the World Political Economy.” Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, p. 6 49 iqve, .., gv. 9.

44

moklebul organizaciad. 91

maSasadame, zemoTganxilulis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

realizmi natos gafarToebas da mis transformacias ganixilavs rogorc

movlenas, romelic xels aZlevs did saxelmwifoebs da ara rogorc natos

instituciuri siZlieris maniSneblad. meorenairad rom iTqvas, realizmi Tavisi

Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare miiCnevs, rom yvela instituti Tu organizacia,

samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT, emsaxurebian didi saxelmwifoebis miznebs da

arseboben manmade, sanam aseT saxelmwifoebs xels aZlevs maTi arseboba.

liberalizmi

instituciuri liberalebis msoflxedveloba efuZneba msoflios libe-

ralur xedvas, romlis mixedviTac konfliqtebi da omebi ar aris gardauvali.

miuxedavad imisa, rom instituciuri liberalistebi iziareben realizmis

ZiriTad debulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi

saerTaSoriso sistemaSi da isini arian racionaluri egoistebi, maT aseve swamT,

realistebisgan gansxvavebiT, rom aris sakmarisi sivrce TanamSromlobisaTvis da

sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.

instituciur liberalistebs sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi

SesamCnevad arbileben/amcireben anarqiis destrqciul gavlenas wevr saxel-

mwifoebs Soris informaciis gavrcelebis da mimdinareobis gziT, rac imas

ganapirobebs, rom saxelmwifoebi nakleb nerviuloben sxvaTa qcevebis moulod-

nelobis Sesaxeb. institutebi aseve qmnian molaparakebaTa forums saxelm-

wifoebisaTvis, zrdian SesaZleblobas, rom saxelmwifoebma monitoringi gauwion

erTmaneTis saqciels da maT mier aRebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebis xarisxs. 92

instituciuri liberalistebi aRniSnaven, rom institutebi gvaZleven wesebs

da normebs, “romelTa irgvlivac xdeba aqtorebis interesTa Tanxvedra.” wesebi

exmarebian saxelmwifoebs dasZlion Ralatis da informaciis naklebobis

problema. isini exmarebian saxelmwifoebs, raTa gaiRon mokle vadiani msxverpli

anu gadalaxon patimris dilema, samagierod, miiRon grZelvadiani mogeba.

mokled, institutebs SeuZliaT warmoSvan TanamSromloba.

instituciur liberalistebs, realistebisgan gansxvavebiT sjeraT, rom

institutebi emsaxurebian ufro maRal interesebs vidre es did saxelmwifoTa

viwro interesebia. saerTaSoriso institutebi, samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT,

uadvileben saxelmwifoebs gzebs datkbnen TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli

saerTo sargebliT, amcireben momsaxureobis danaxarjebs da aweseben wesebs da

normebs, romliTac isjeba cudi saqcieli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom insti-

tutebi aferxeben Ralatis SesaZleblobas, isini xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.

isini amcireben molaparakebebTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs, uzrunvelyofen

gamWvirvalobas, riTac amcireben undoblobas saxelmwifoebs Soris, rac xels

uwyobs urTierTmomgebiani xelSekrulebebis dadebas.

institucionalistebis centraluri argumentia, rom Camoyalibebis Semdeg

91 ixileT: M. McGwire “NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance,” Review of International Studies, 24 (January, 1998), aseve Robert J. Art, “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, 113, No. 3 (Fall 1998). 92 Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), 2.

57

institutebs axasiaTebT sicocxlisunarionibis SenarCuneba, radgan ufro

advilia institutebis modificireba, vidre axlis Seqmna. Sesabamisad, rodesac

institutebis winaSe dgeba axali problemebi vidre isini, romelTa dasaZlevadac

isini Tavidan Seiqmnen, saxelmwifoebi iltvian am institutebis ara daSlis,

aramed maTi modifikaciisaken raTa maT upasuxon axal gamowvevebs. insti-

tuciuri liberalistebi aseve amtkiceben, rom institutebi mas Semdegac ki

ganagrZoben arsebobas roca hegemonis Zliereba, romlis meSveobiTac es insti-

tuti Seiqmna, sustdeba. 93

celeste volanderi gvTavazobs natos gafarToebis sakmaod yovlismomcvel

axsnas. igi eTanxmeba kiohens imaSi, rom institutebi inarCuneben arsebobas

imitom, rom maTi Seqmna Zviri jdeba da maTi Senaxva ki ufro iafi da rom amis gamo

isini inarCuneben mniSvnelobas cvalebad priobebSic ki, magram volanderi aseve

aRniSnavs, rom es argumenti arasrulia, radganac igi ar gveubneba Tu rodis da

ra pirobebSi inarCuneben arsebobas institutebi.

volanderis TqmiT, “instituti aRar iarsebebs, Tuki igi aRar emsaxureba

masSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis interesebs... instituts aqvs Tu ara adaptirebis

unari damokidebulia imaze, Tu misi saSualebebi — misi normebi, wesebi da

procedurebi — aris konkretuli Tu zogadi, da Tu am saSualebebis jami

Seesabameba wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebs.

volanderis TqmiT, nato SemorCa radgan man ganaviTara iseTi zogadi

saSualebebi civi omis periodSi, rogoricaa:

– gamWvirvaloba wevrebs Soris;

– samxedro Zalebis samoqalaqo kontroli;

– konsultaciebis procedurebi da praqtika;

– integrirebuli sardlobis struqtura;

– wevr-saxelmwifoTa Sesabamisoba;

– saerTo logistika;

– sahaero Tavdacva;

– saerTo ekonomikuri infrastruqtura. 94

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg natos wevrma qveynebma isev natos mimarTes

axali usafrTxoebis problemebis dasaZlevad natos mier ukve kargad

Camoyalibebuli zogad saSualebebze dayrdnobis da maTi axali miznebisTvis

gamoyenebis gziT. meores mxriv, natos konkretulma saSualebebma didi tran-

sformacia ganicada. Seiqmna iseTi axali instrumentebi rogoricaa partionroba

mSvidobisaTvis, partionrobis koordinaciis ganyofileba da Crdilo atlan-

tikuri sabWo SemdgomSi evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWod gardaqmnili.

volanderi ambobs, rom es instrumentebi Seiqmna axali safrTxeebis sapasuxod.

2000 wlis Semdeg, volanderis mosazrebebi kidev ufro aqtualuri da marTalia,

radganac natom ganaxorciela Tavisi konkretuli saSualebebis reforma da

Seqmna bevri axali institutebi axali safrTxeebis dasaZlevad. magram,

rasakvirvelia, aseTi adaptacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara natos kargad

Camoyalibebuli, Tavdacvis warmoebis saxelmwifoTaSorisi sistema, romelsac

93 Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Discord and Cooperation in International Political Economy, 1984 94 Celeste Wallander, “Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO after the cold war,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No 4 (Autumn 2000): 705-706.

58

institutebis es pozitiuri zegavlena saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze mud-

mivi kritikis sagani xdeba realistebis mxridan, romlebic sastikad ewina-

aRmdegebian ideas, rom institutebi arian damoukidebeli aqtorebi, romlebTac

SeswevT unari gavlena iqonion saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze da warmoqmnan

TanamSromloba.

yvelaze cnobili kritika instituciuri liberalizmisa mocemulia jon

mirSaimeris statiaSi “institutebis cru dapireba,” romelic gamoica 1994 wels

akademiur Jurnal saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi. am statiam gamoiwvia didi

vnebaTaRelva saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis Toeriis specialistebs Soris.

masze erToblivi sapasuxo statia gamosces institucionalistebma — robert

kioheinma da liza martinma imave Jurnalis Semdgom nomerSi, xolo am kontr

statias mohyva sapasuxo statia mirSaimerisgan. es Teoriuli kamaTi erT-erTi

TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rom meore debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

jer kidev mimdinareobs da Tu vis mxares gadaixreba saswori damokidebulia

Tanamedrove movlenebis mimdinare da Semdgom ganviTarebaze. 47

47 ixileT John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, (Winter 1994/5 Vol. 19, No. 3): 5-49. sapasuxo statia Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” International Security, (Summer 1995, Vol. 20, No.1): 39-51.

43

reJimebis ganviTarebas krazneri xsnis Semdegi ZiriTadi mizezobrivi

cvladebis meSveobiT: egoisturi piradi interesi, politikuri Zala, normebi da

principebi, praqtika da Cveuleba, da codna.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom reJimebi ufro farTo mcnebaa, vidre institutebi.

anu, arsebobos iseTi reJimebi, romlebic formaluri organizaciuli xasiaTiT

ar aris gamoxatuli, magaliTad, konferenciebs sazRvao kanonebis Sesaxeb, (the law of the sea conferences), romlebic gaeros egidiT moewyo, ar aqvT formaluri

saerTaSoriso organizaca, magram am konferenciis farglebSi arsebobs gar-

kveuli molodinebi masSi gaerTianebuli wevri saxlemwifoebisa, romlebic

efuZneba normebs, wesebs da principebs da gadawyvetilebis miRebis

gansakuTrebul procedurebs.

instituciuri liberalebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso institutebs SeswevT

Zala xeli Seuwyon TanamSromlobas da ufro saTuo gaxadon igi, Tumca isini Sors

arian im azrisgan, rom institutebs SeuZliaT gardaqmnan saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi, anu Caanacvlon anarqia sxva tipis wesrigiT (gadaaqcion junglebi

zooparkad). 46 es imaze miuTiTebs, rom instituciuri liberalebi iziareben da

srulad iTaviseben realizmis postulatebs saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb,

magram saboloo jamSi cota ufro optimisturad uyureben momavals, imis

safuZvelze, rom institutebi da reJimebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.

logikurad ismeba kiTxva, Tu ra aris institutebi. institutebi igive

reJimebia, romlis ganmarteba zemoT iyo moxsenebuli, magram institutebs aqvT

ufro formaluri xasiaTi. magaliTad institutebia iseTi saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi rogoricaa gaero, euTo, nato, evro kavSiri da ase Semdeg.

insititutia aseve im wesebis erToblioba, romlebic marTaven saxelmwifoTa

saqciels garkveul sferoSi, rogoricaa aviacia, an naosnoba. es wesebi, rogorc

zemoT ukve iTqva, aseve moixseniebian rogorc reJimebi. xSirad insititutebi da

reJimebi Tanaarseboben. magaliTad, gvaqvs savaWro reJimi, magram igi

amavdroulad formaluri institutiT aris gamoxatuli, romlic aris msoflio

savaWro organizacia.

instituciuri liberalebi amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso institutebi xels

uwyoben TanamSromlobas. am sakiTxs isini biheivioristulad, anu mecnierulad

udgebian. pirvel rigSi Seiswavlian TanamSromlobis donis institucionali-

zacias qveynebs Soris da Tu ramdenad Seuwyves xeli institutebma am Tu im

sferoSi TanamSromlobas. institucionalizaciis done SeiZleba ganisazRvros

or ganzomilebad: siRrmiseulad da fokusis mixedviT. fokusi Seexeba im

sakiTxebs, romlebsac inistituti exeba. siRrme izomeba sami komponentis

meSveobiT: erTgvarovneba, konkretuloba da avtonomia. aris konkretuli fo-

kusis mqone institutebi, rogoricaa nato an farTo fokusis mqone, rogoricaa

gaero da nawilobriv evrokavSiri. aseve, aris regionuli da saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi. Tvisobrivad isini SeiZleba iyos samTavroboTaSoriso (gaero)

zesaxelmwifoebrivi (evro kavSiri) an transnacionaluri (saerTaSoriso

aministia).

instituciuri liberalebis mtkicebiT institutebi noyier niadags qmnian

TanamSromlobisaTvis, radgan isini xels uwyoben saxelmwifoTa Soris ndobas

informaciis miwodebis da molaparakebis forumis Seqmnis gziT. institutebi

aseve amcireben transaqciis danaxarjebs qveynebisaTvis.

46 Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 117.

42

volanderi uwodebs zogad saSualebebs (general assets). kidev erTi mkvlevari, robert makkala, aseve iyenebs institucionalur

liberalizms natos gafarToebis asaxsnelad. jer kidev 1996 wels, rodesac

natos transformacia ar iyo iseTi maStaburi rogoric dRes aris, makkalas

sjeroda rom “banakebis akecvis, gamarjvebis gamocxadebis da axali institutis

mSeneblobis magivrad, wevri qveynebi alianss axal mimarTulebas miscemen,

arsebuli meqanizmebis da procedurebis gamoyenebiT zeddaaSeneben warsul

warmatebebs raTa gaumklavdnen axal problemebs.”95 maSasadame, Tavis naSromSi

makkala aseve aCvenebs Tu rogor gainTavisufla Tavi natom civi omis droindeli

institutebisgan da Caanacvla isini axali meqanizmebiT, romlebic saWiro iyo

axali safrTxeebis gasamklaveblad.

miuxedavad imisa, rom makklas sjera, rom institutcionalisturi

(institutionalist) Teoriebi ufro gvexmarebian natos transformaciis procesSi

garkvevaSi, igi aseve dasZens, rom saerTaSoriso institucionalistebis axsna-

ganmarteba ar aris srulyofili axsna am procesisa. makkalas sjera, rom

instituciur mdgradobasTan erTad aseve angariSi unda gavuwioT wevr

saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinare procesebs, radganac saboloo jamSi instituts

mainc misi donori saxelmwifoebi marTaven. anu, is ambobs, rom saSinao faqtorebi

aweseben limitebs aliansebis monawileobaze, radganac wevri saxelmwifoebi

ixdian aliansis Senaxvis da marTvis Tanxebs da Sesabamisad maT mudmivad aqvT

survili, rom es danaxarjebi sxva mimarTulebiT iqnas mimarTuli. anu, makkala

varaudobs, rom advilad amosacnobi mtris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saSinao

opozicia ufro da ufro momZlavrdeba da “Sida mxardaWerasa da opozicias

Soris interaqcia Seqmnis sazRvrebs, romlis SigniTac mouwevT moqmedeba

erovnul liderebs.”96 ufro martivad rom vTqvaT, natos arseboba ararseboba

didad aris damokidebuli erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organoebis da Tundac

saxalxo azris keTilganwyobaze, vinaidan da radganac isini gamohyofen am

organizaciis Sesanax fuls. aseve unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze didi

roli natos bedis gadawyvetaSi aSS-s mTavrobas da iq arsebul saxalxo azrs aqvs,

radganac aSS aris natos yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo samxedro TvalsazrisiT da

Sesabamisad gamohyofs yvelaze met Tanxas am organizaciis saarsebod.

konstruqtivizmi

rogorc ukve iTqva, konstruqtivizmis fundamenturi mosazreba isaa, rom

adamianebi arian socialuri arsebebi da maT axasiaTebT socialuri urTi-

erTobebi. es urTierTobebi konstruirebas ukeTeben imas, Tu rogor aRviqvamT

Cven sakuTar Tavebs da Cvens samyaros. Sesabamisad, adamianebi qmnian samyaros

iseTs, rogoradac igi dResdReobiT gvevlineba imisda meSveobiT Tu rogor

iqcevian isini, ras eubnebian erTmaneTs da ras akeTeben. 97 sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, rasac vambobT da rasac vfiqrobT samyaros Sesaxeb didad gansazRvravs

95 Robert McCalla, “NATO’s persistence after the Cold War,” International Organization, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Summer, 1996): 464. 96 iqve, . . ., gv. 468. 97 V. Kubalkova, Nicholas G. Onuf and Paul Kowert, International Relations in a Constructed World (M.E. Sharpe, April, 1998), 59.

59

saqciels. Sesabamisad, konstruqtivistebs sjeraT, rom realoba aris socia-

lurad Seqmnili/konstruirebuli. socialuri da politikuri samyaro ar aris

bunebis nawili, arc istoria, sazogadoebis, ekonomikis da politikis kanonebi

arian TviTmyofadi. isini arian maT SeqmnaSi CarTuli adamianebis fiqrebis da

ideebis nayofi, da es ideebi warmoadgenen istoriis mamoZravebel Zalas. 98

konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom vinaidan da radganac realizmi didi xnis

manZilze iyo dominaturi Teoria saerTaSoriso politikaSi, man iqonia SesamCnevi

gavlena saxelmwifoTa saqcielze. maSasadame, konstruqtivistebis mizania

moaxdinon realizmis mier mowodebuli depresiuli da bneli ideebis da fiqrebis

dekonstruqcia. 99 amis mcdelobisas konstruqtivistebi uaryofen saxelmwifos

im mcnebas romelsac orive, realistebic da liberalistebic ase upirobod

iziareben da amboben, rom saxelmwifoebic socialuri qmnilebebi arian, amitomac

maTi saqcieli eqvemedbareba socialur cvlilebas. Sesabamisad, konstruqti-

vistebi Tavs uflebas aZleven amtkicon, rom ar arsebobs iseTi mudmivi mcnebebi,

rogoricaa “saxelmwifoebis racionaluri egoizmi” an “anarqiuli sistema.”

konstruqtivistebi uaryofen egoizmis mcnebas da amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso

aqtorebi arian faseulobebis da normebis erTgulebi da isini irCeven Sesaferis

(appropriate) da ara qmediT/momgebian (efficient) qcevis formebs.

rac Seexeba institutebs, konstruqtivistebis mixedviT isini arian “saerTa-

Sorisod gaziarebuli normebis da faseulobebis instituciuri gamoxatulebani,

romelTa ganmartebebi, wesebi da principebi Cadebulia qcevis im receptebSi,

romlebsac isini ayalibeben saxelmwifoTaTvis. 100 Sesabamisad, institutebis

gafarToeba miiCneva rogorc ‘socializaciis” procesi, romlis drosac saerTa-

Soriso sazogadoeba da misi organizaciebi “aswavlian” sakuTar normebs da

faseulobebs saxelmwifoebsa da sazogadoebebs.” 101 organizacia daintere-

sebulia normebis da faseulobebis gavrcelebiT da Sesabamisad “swavlebis”

danaxarjebs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. magram, swavlebis danaxarjebi ar unda

aRematebodes wevri saxelmwifoebis SesaZleblobebs imisaTvis, rom safrTxe ar

Seeqmnas TviT am organizaciis arsebobas.

maSasadame, konstruqtivistebisaTvis nato mxolod samxedro organizacia ki

ar aris, rogorc amas realistebi miiCneven. arc mxolod funqciuri datvirTvis

mqone saerTaSoriso institutia, rogorc amas liberaluri instituciona-

listebi amboben. maTTvis nato aris saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, romelsac

gaaCnia saerTo normebi da faseulobebi. es organizacia Tavismxriv Caqsovilia

meore, kidev ufro did evro-atlantikur anu, dasavlur sazogadoebaSi da

warmoadgens mis samxedro mklavs. maSasadame, natos gafarToebis procesi iwyeba

maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo iTxovs masSi gawevrianebas, rac igiva, rom am

saxelmwifos aqvs survili gaiziaros am organizaciis normebi da faseulobebi.

realuri wevroba gaicema mxolod maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba dainaxavs, rom am

saxelmwifom gaiziara dasavluri sazogadoebis liberaluri faseulobebi da

98 Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy is What States Make of It,” International Organization, 46, (1992). 99 Richard K. Ashley, “The Poverty of Neorealism,” International Organization, Vol. 12, No. 4 (October 1987): 286. Quoted in Mearsheimer’s “False Promise of International Institutions,” 38. 100 Connie L. McNeely, Constructing the Nation-state. International Organization and Prescriptive Action (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1995), 27, quoted in Frank Shimmelfenning, “NATO Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2/3, (1999): 211. 101 Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 11-12.

60

saerTod araviTari. isini Tanamdevi movlena ufroa. stranJis pozicia emTxveva

struqturul midgomebs, romlebic pirad sargebelzea orientirebuli da

yuradRebas amaxvilebs racionaluri moqmedi pirebisagan Semdgar msoflioze.

reJimebisadmi meore, modificirebuli struqturuli midgoma yvelaze

naTlad kioheinisa da stainis naSromebSia mocemuli. es orive avtori

tradiciuli struqturuli realizmis xedvidan gamodis (msoflio Sedgeba

suverenuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebic sakuTari interesebisa da Zalis

maqsimizacias eswrafian). suverenuli saxelmwifoebisgan Semdgar msoflioSi

reJimebis ZiriTadi funqciaa saxelmwifoTa qcevis koordinacia, garkveul

sferoSi sasurveli Sedegebis misaRwevad. staini da kioheinis azriT, reJimebs

SeuZliaT zegavlenis moxdena maSin, rodesac piradi interesis individualuri,

arakoordinirebuli gaTvlebiT pareto-optimaluri Sedegebi ver miiRweva.

patimris dilema aris amis klasikuri magaliTi.

reJimebisadmi mesame midgoma grociusiseul tradicias efuZneba, romelic

reJimebs yvela politikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel fenomenad miiCnevs. am

midgomis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi arian reimond hopkinsi, donald puCala

da oran iangi. maTi azriT, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi TiTqmis yovelTvis

SezRudulad grZnoben Tavs im principebiT, normebiTa da wesebiT, romlebic

gansazRvravs an krZalavs sxvadasxvagvar qcevas. maTi mosazreba scdeba

realistur TvalTaxedvas. puCala da hopkinsi TavianT arguments ara mxolod im

sferoebs ukavSireben sadac xdeba interesTa Tanxvedra (sursaTi) aramed im

sferosac, romelic, zogadad, bevrad ufro konfliqturad iTvleba

(kolonializmi). iangi aseve amtkicebs, rom ganmeorebadi qceva gardauvlad

iwvevs Sesabamis molodins. interesis gaTvlebis amsaxveli ganmeorebadi qceva ki

reJimebis Seqmnas uwyobs xels, romlebic ganmeorebad qcevas aZliereben.

hopkini da puCala fiqroben, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis realuri

moqmedi pirebi elitebi arian. saxlemwifoebi mxolod iSviaTi abstraqciaa. eli-

tebs rogorc nacionaluri, ise transnacionaluri kavSirebi aqvT. suvereniteti

qceviTi cvladia da ara analitikuri varaudi. saxelmwifoTa unari, gaakon-

trolon sazRvarTamkveTi gadaadgilebani da SeinarCunon gavlena saerTaSoriso

sistemis yvela aspeqtze, SezRudulia. usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos gadarCena

erTaderT mizans ar warmoadgens. saerTaSoriso politikaSi ara marto Zalas

ukavia mniSvnelovani adgili. elitebi moqmedeben komunikaciaTa qselis far-

glebSi, romlebic wesebs, normebsa da principebs moicavs da erovnul sazRvrebs

scdeba.

grociusiseuli xedvis mimdevrebi reJimebs saerTaSoriso sistemis farTod

gavrcelebul da mniSvnelovan movlenad aRiareben. struqturuli realizmis

mimdevrebi, ki reJimebs ganixilaven fenomenad, romlis Sesaxebac varaudebis

gamoTqma SeuZlebelia da romlis arsebobac safuZvlian axsnas moiTxovs.

sabolood, krazneri mokled da Sinaarsianad ajamebs reJimebisadmi am sami

midgomis dedaazrs. tradiciuli struqturuli midgoma reJimebs seriozulad

ar aRiqvams: Tu ZiriTadi mizezobrivi cvladebi Seicvleba, reJimebic cvlilebas

ganicdis. reJimebi damoukideblad ver axdenen gavlenas qcevaze. modifi-

cirebuli struqturuli midgomis Tanaxmad, romelsac realistebi gvTavazoben,

reJimebi mniSvnelovania maSin, rodesac gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad miRebam

arasasurveli Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoiRos. da bolos, grociusiseuli midgoma

reJimebs adamianTa ganmeorebadi urTierTqmedebis, maT Soris saerTaSoriso

sistemaSi, qcevis ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevs.

41

leqcia VII

reJimebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

saerTaSoriso reJimebis yvelaze farTo gansazRvrebas gvaZlevs stiven

krazneri, romelic reJimebs Semdegnairad aRwers “im principebis, normebis,

wesebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebis erToblioba, romelTa

Taobazec Tanxvdeba moqmed pirTa molodinebi ama Tu im sferoSi.” igi aseve

iZleva TiToeuli terminis ganmartebas, rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania. principebi —

esaa warmodgenebi faqtze, mizezobriobasa da sisworeze. normebi — uflebebisa

da movaleobebis safuZvelze gansazRvruli qcevis standartebi, wesebi — qcevis

garkveuli direqtivebi an akrZalvebi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi ki —

koleqtiuri arCevnis gakeTebisa da ganxorcielebis gabatonebuli meTodebia.

ganasxvaveben reJimebsa da SeTanxmebebs. reJimebi ufro metia vidre droebiTi

SeTanxmebebi. SeTanxmebebi sagangebo da xSirad erTjeradi xasiaTisaa, xolo

reJimebis mizania SeTanxmebebis xelSewyoba. krazneris mier zemoT mocemuli

reJimebis ganmarteba yvelaze gavrcelebuli da parsimoniulia da sxva bevr

danarCen gansazRvrebasTan modis SesabamisobaSi. reJimebze saubrisas

aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT erTis mxriv principebi da normebi da meores mxriv,

wesebi da procedurebi. principebi da normebi reJimis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli

maxasiaTeblebia. mravali wesi da procedura SeiZleba Seesabamebodes erTsa da

imave principebsa da normebs. wesebsa da procedurebSi momxdari cvlilebebi

reJimebis Sida cvlilebebia im pirobiT, rom principebi da normebi ucvlelia.

principebsa da normebSi momxdari cvlilebebi Tavad reJimis cvlilebas niSnavs.

rodesac arsebul principebs da normebs ugulebelyofen an axali reJimi iqmneba,

an arsebuli reJimi mocemuli sferodan qreba. aqve unda aRiniSnos is

mniSvnelovani faqti, rom fundamenturi politikuri davebi ufro normebsa da

principebs Seexeba, vidre wesebsa da procedurebs.

rodesac reJimis principebi, normebi, wesebi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procedurebi naklebad SeTanxmebuli xdeba an Tu arsebuli praqtika sul ufro

metad aRar Seesabameba principebs, normebsa da procedurebs, maSin reJimi

dasustebulia. magaliTad, ganviTarebuli qveynebisadmi gansakuTrebuli da

diferencirebuli damokidebuleba imis mauwyebelia, rom liberaluri reJimi

dasustda, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Canacvleba ar momxdara.

amrigad, krazneri askvnis, rom reJimis Sida cvlileba gulisxmobs wesebisa da

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procedurebis, da ara normebisa da principebis

Secvlas; sakuTriv reJimebis cvlileba ki normebisa da principebis Secvlas

niSnavs, xolo reJimis dasusteba — reJimis komponentebs Soris SeTanxmebulobis

darRvevas an reJimisa da Sesabamisi qcevis SeuTavseblobas.

arsebobs didi debatebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra rols asruleben

reJimebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi da aqvT Tu ara maT damoukidebeli zegavlena

saxelmwifoTa saqcielze. krazneri Tavis statiaSi gamoyofs sam midgomas

reJimebisadmi.

pirveli midgomis warmomadgenelia suzan stranJi. mas reJimebis cnebis

Rirebulebis Taobaze seriozuli eWvebi gaaCnia. misi azriT, aRniSnuli

koncefcia damRupvelia, vinaidan is bundovans da gaurkvevels xdis interesebisa

da Zalis urTierTmimarTebas, romelic saerTaSoriso sistemaSi qcevis uSualo

da upirveles mizezad gvevlineba. stranJis azriT reJimebs, Tu saerTod

SesaZlebelia maT arsebobaze saubari, mxolod umniSvnelo gavlena aqvs an

40

multilateruli normebi.

zemoT naxsenebi “socializaciis” da “swavlebis” mcnebebze dayrdnobiT erT-

erTi konstruqtivisti, frank Simelfeningi askvnis, rom saxelmwifo xdeba

saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri, Tuki igi realurad gaiTavisebs am

sazogadoebis faseulobebs da normebs. rac ufro swrafad iswavlis esa Tu is

saxelmwifo, ufro adre gaxdeba is am organizaciis wevri. 102 Sesabamisad,

konstruqtivistebi Tvlian, rom is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic natos wevri

gaxdnen civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg miRebul iqnen organizaciaSi imisda gamo,

rom maT aramarto gaiTavises natos faseulobebi, aramed TviTon dasavlurma

sazogadoebam dainaxa da aRiara, rom isini arian erTi da igive faseulobebis da

normebis matareblebi.

102 Frank Shimmelfenning, “NATO Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2/3, (1999): 211.

61

leqcia XI

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika

saSinao politika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xSirad erTmaneTSia

gadajaWvuli. bunebrivia, isini erTmaneTs gansazRvraven da erTmaneTze zegav-

lenas axdenen. magram, ufro sainteresoa gavarkvioT “rodis” da “rogor”

gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saerTaSoriso politika

erTmaneTs. amaze pasuxi mogvca robert putnamma Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil

statiaSi “diplomatia da saSinao politika, or doneze TamaSis logika,” romelic

1988 wels daibeWda Jurnal saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. 103

saerTaSoriso da saSinao urTierTqmedebis asaRwerad putnamma pirvelad

SemoiRo metafora - TamaSi or doneze, romelic zustad asaxavs mocemul

situacias. putnamis TqmiT, “saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis politika SeiZleba

miviCnioT rogorc TamaSi or doneze. erovnul doneze Sida jgufebi cdiloben

TavianTi interesebis ganxorcielebas mTavrobaze zewoliT, rom maT gaataron

maTTvis sasargeblo politika da politikosebi moixveWen Zalas am jgufebs

Soris koaliciebis CamoyalibebiT. saerTaSoriso doneze erovnuli mTavrobebi

cdiloben, rom maqsimalurad gazardon sakuTari SesaZlebloba daakmayofilon

Sida zewola da amave dros minimumade daiyvanon sagareo movlenebis savalalo

Sedegebi. arc erTi donis TamaSis ignorireba ar SeuZliaT centralur figurebs

manmade, sanam maTi qveynebi arian urTierTdamokidebulni da amavdroulad

suverenulebi.”104 TiToeuli erovnuli politikuri lideri or dafaze

moqmedebs: saerTaSorisoze, sadac mis irgvliv dganan diplomatebi da saer-

TaSoriso mrCevelebi da saSinao dafaze, sadac gverdSi hyavT partia,

parlamenti, mrCevelebi, spikerebi da interesTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.

putnami ambobs, rom or dafaze TamaSi Zalian rTulia da did politikur

riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram, zogjer Wkviani moTamaSeebi SeniSnaven

xolme moZraobas erT dafaze, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios gadaadgilebebi

meore dafaze, rac saSualebas aZlevs mas miaRwios sxvagvarad miuRwevel

Sedegebs.

analizisaTvis putnami akeTebs or doneze TamaSis danawevrebas raTa ufro

advilad iqnas aRqmuli maT Soris urTierTqmedeba da kavSiri:

1. dialogi molaparakebis mwarmoeblebs Soris, romelsac mivyavarT winaswar

SeTanxmebamde. done I.

2. calkeuli ganxilvebi amomrCevlebs Soris moaweron Tu ar moaweron xeli

SeTanxmebas. done II.

anu, gvaqvs ori faza, molaparakebis da ratifikaciis. is garemoeba, rom

nebismieri SeTanxmeba pirvel doneze ratificirebuli unda iqnas meore doneze

awesebs mniSvnelovan Teoriul kavSirs am or dones Soris.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, meore donis amomrCevlebis vinseti (mogebebis

103 Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” International Organizations, Vol. 3, Issue 42, Summer 1988: 427-460 104 Robert D. Putnam “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” in Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson and Robert D. Putnam ed. International Bargaining and Domestic Politics: Double-Edged Diplomacy, University of California Press, 1993: 436

62

aqedan gamomdinare, politikuri bataliebi imarTeba ara informaciis gadacemis

saSualebebisaTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom Seqmna an gaanadguro ndoba. avtorebi

aseve aRniSnaven faqts, rom informaciis saukuneSi demokratiul qveynebs aqvT

upiratesoba.

Tu SevajamebT zemoT Tqmuls gamodis, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamo-

kidebuleba sainformacio xanaSi niSnavs komunikaciis ufro met arxebs

msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, sainformacio

revolucia jer kidev adreul fazaSia da Zalismieri politika (power politics) jer

kidev dominirebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. amavdroulad, kompleqsuri

urTierTdamokidebuleba ar aris globaluri movlena da mxolod industriul-

demokratiul saxelmwifoebze vrceldeba, romlebic aSkara upiratesobiT

sargebloben.

39

xana, e.w. “sainformacio revolucia” romelic jer kidev sawyis etapzea, magram

ukve iqonia didi zegavlena kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis sam ZiriTad

komponentebze:

1. sazogadoebaTaSorisi kontaqtebi;

2. samxedro Zlierebis rolis Sesusteba;

3. usafrTxoeba, rogorc nakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.

sainformacio revoluciam sagrZnoblad Secvala kompleqsuri urTierT-

damokidebulebis pirveli komponenti, radganac internetma da informaciis

gacvlis sxvadasxva saSualebebma mniSvnelovnad gaaxSires da gaaRrmaves

kontaqtebi qveynebs Soris. samxedro Zala da usafrTxoeba ki jer kidev

inarCuneben mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. avtorebi asaxeleben

or mizezs, Tu ratom ver gardaqmna sainformacio revoluciam msoflio

politika:

1. informacia gaedineba ara vakuumSi, aramed politikur sivrceSi, romelic

ukve dakavebulia. politika Zerwavs sainformacio revolucias da piriqiT

(revolucia politikas);

2. mSvidobis demokratiuli zonis gareT saxelmwifoebis msoflio ar aris

kompleqsuri urTierTdamokdiebulebis msoflio.

nai da kioheini gamoyofen ori tipis Zalas: qceviTi Zala (behavioral power) da

saresurso Zala (resource power). - qceviTi Zala gaZlevs saSualebas miiRo is Sedegi, romelic Sen gsurs.

arsebobs ori tipis qceviTi Zala:

- rbili Zala (soft power) — SesaZlebloba miaRwio sasurvel Sedegebs radgan

sxvebs undaT is, rac ginda Sen; anu SesaZlebloba miaRwio Sens mizans mozidvis da

ara Zaldatanebis saSualebiT;

- xisti Zala (hard power) - SesaZlebloba gaakeTebino sxvebs is, rasac isini

sxvagvarad ar gaakeTebdnen jildoebis an sasjelis gamoyenebiT;

- saresurso Zala niSnavs im resursebis qonas, romlebic rogorc wesi

gamoiyenebian Sedegebis misaRwevad. rogorc zemoT iTqva, nai da kioheni Tvlian,

rom sainformacio teqnologia iqneba axali saukunis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

resursi.

nai da kioheni aseve aRniSnaven, rom axal saukeneSi informaciis siWarbes

mivyavarT yuradRebis modunebasTan. yuradReba xdeba iSviaTi resursi da Zalas

ixveWen isini visac SeuZliaT ganasxvaon mniSvnelovani signalebi fuWi

xmaurisgan. am movlenas nai da kioheni siWarbis paradoqss (paradox of plenty) uwodeben. isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom aseT garemoSi e.w. sandoobis reputacia

(reputation for credibility) rac gamoixateba sando informaciis miwodebaSi, Tundac es

Seni qveynisaTvis arasaxarbielo informacia iyos, xdeba Zalian mniSvnelovani.

amitom aris, rom BBC msoflioSi aRiarebul informaciis mimwodeblad iTvleba.

38

kompleqti) aris yvela is SesaZlo SeTanxmemebi pirvel doneze, romlebsac

SeuZliaT moipovon saWiro mxardaWera amomrCevelTa Soris, rodesac jeri

midgeba arCevaze an ar arCevaze. meore donis vinsetebis konturebi Zalian

mniSvnelovania pirvel doneze miRweuli SeTanxmebebis TaviseburebebSi

gasarkvevad ori mizezis gamo:

pirveli: didi vinseti pirvel doneze SeTanxmebebis miRwevis albaTobas

zrdis, roca yvelaferi danarCeni Tanasworia: ceteris paribus. realurad, nebismieri

warmatebuli SeTanxmeba unda eqceodes orive mxaris meore donis vinsetebs

Soris. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmeba miiRweva mxolod maSin, Tu sxvadasxva mxaris

vinsetebi erTmaneTs gadafaraven. da Sesabamisad, rac ufro didia vinseti miT

ufro savaraudoa, rom isini erTmaneTs gadakveTen. amavenairad, Tu pataraa

TiToeuli mxaris vinsetebi maSin saTuoa, rom molaparakeba CaiSleba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom CaSlili molaparakebis albaTobis gaTvalis-

winebisas unda ganvasxvaoT ori tipis mizezi: nebayoflobiTi Cavardna da

aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna. nebayoflobiTi Cavardna exeba SeTanxmebis

Cavardnas racionaluri egoistis mier, romelic pirobebs ar asrulebs roca ar

aris ZaldatanebiTi kontraqti. (es problema xSirad iCens Tavs da kargad aris

gadmocemuli koleqtiuri moqmedebebis dilemaSi, an patimris dilemaSi).

aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna ki exeba situacias, rodesac agents ar aqvs

saSualeba piroba Seasrulos warumatebeli ratifikaciis procesis gamo.

meore: vinsetebis fardobiTi zoma gansazRvravs molaparakebebis Sedegad

miRebul sargebels. magaliTad, rac ufro didia ama Tu im mxaris vinseti, miT

ufro advilad SeiZleba misiT manipulireba molaparakebebis dros. amavenairad,

patara saSinao vinseti SeiZleba gaxdes molaparakebis dros upiratesoba: “me

didi siamovnebiT miviRebdi Tqvens SemoTavazebas, magram am gadawyvetilebas Sin

mxars ar dauWeren.” xSir SemTxvevaSi, am situaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT

oponentebi winaswar moiTxoven meore mxarisgan, rom gaafarTovon asparezi

manevrirebisaTvis pirvel doneze, sanam daiwyeben molaparakebas meore doneze.

vinsetebis dedaazrs putnami gadmoscems figuralurad. warmovidginoT

martivi nulovani urTierToba X da Y Soris. X max da Y max warmoadgenen maqsimum

Sedegs X da Y Tvis. maSin, rodesac X1 da Y1 warmoadgenen im Sedegebis minimums,

romelzec orive mxare moaxdens ratificirebas. an, Sesabamisad, nebismieri

SeTanxmeba, romelic eqceva X1 da Y1 Soris, xelmoweril iqneba orive mxaris mier.

magram Tu Y vinseti Semcirdeba Y2-mde maSin urTierTgadamfaravi vinsetebi

Semcirdeba sasargeblod. Tu warmatebiT Tavbrudaxveulma Y gadawyvita kidev

ufro Seamciros Tavisi vinsetebi Y3-mde, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom ucabedad

molaparakebebi CixSi eqceva, radganac ukve vinsetebi saerTod ar gadakveTaven

erTmaneTs.

vinsetebis determinantebi

aucilebelia gavarkvioT, Tu ra garemoebebi axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebis

zomaze. putnami gamoyofs sam faqtors:

63

1. meore doneze upiratesobebi da koaliciebi;

2. meore donis institutebi;

3. pirveli donis molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis

strategiebi.

1. vinsetebis sidide damokidebulia ZalTa gadanawilebaze, upiratesobebze

(vis/ras aniWebs uporatesobas) da SesaZlo koaliciebze meore donis amomr-

Cevlebs Soris.

eWvgareSea, rom nebismier Teorias, romelsac aqvs pretenzia axsnas or

doneze TamaSi fesvebi unda hqondes saSinao politikaSi. magram am etapze saWiro

ar aris gadavvardeT saSinao politikis Teoriul morevSi (marqsizmi, interesTa

jgufebis pluralizmi, biurokratiuli politika da neo korporatizmi). Cven

SegviZlia movaxdinoT abstragireba Teoriisgan da movxazoT zogadi principebi,

romlebic gansazRvraven vinsetebis zomas. magaliTad, rac ufro dabalia

“SeuTanxmeblobis” Rirebuleba miT ufro pataraa vinseti. aseve, zog

dajgufebebs SeiZleba ufro meti interesi aqvT pirvel doneze mimdinare

molaparakebebisadmi vidre sxva dajgufebebs, rac aris winapiroba maTi

sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebisa am SeTanxmebisadmi. aqedan meore principi:

vinsetis zoma damokidebulia izolacionistebis zomaze (romlebic rogorc wesi

gamodian saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis winaaRmdeg) da internacionalistebis

(mxars uWeren aseT SeTanxmebebs) zomaze. internacionalistebi ufro meti arian

patara da damokidebul qveynebSi, romlebasc Ria ekonomika aqvT vidre did

TviTuzrunvelyofad qveynebSi, rogoric aris magaliTad, aSS.

zogierT SemTxvevebSi erTaderTi mniSvnelovani ganxeTqilebis sagani

amomrCevlebs Soris meore doneze SeiZleba iyos “SeuTanxmeblobis saSiSroeba”

vinaidan da radganac aseT situaciebSi maTi interesebi aris erTgvarovani, anu

homogenuri ( magaliTad qarTuli mxaris mier warmoebul molaparakebebs bazebis

gayvanis Taobaze hqonda TiTqmis homogenuri mxardaWera amomrCevlebisagan. sxva

magaliTebia, panamis arxis xelSekruleba, saltis molaparakebebi, arab-izraelis

konfliqti da ase Semdeg.)

amis sapirispiro SemTxvevaa arahomogenuri amomrCeveli. aseT situaciaSi

SeTanxmebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva vnebaTaRelvani qveynis SigniT imisda

mixedviT, Tu ra preferenciebi aqvT sxvadasxva jgufebs.

am or SemTxvevaSi molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis problemebic sxvadasxvaa.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi rac ufro mets miaRwevs molaparakebebis dros pirvel

doneze miT ufro meti Sansi aqvs mas, rom mis SeTanxmebas Sin xels moaweren. am

SemTxvevebSi momlaparakebels pirdapir SeuZlia gamoiyenos misi Sinauri

“Zerebi” (Hawk), rom maqsimalurad gazardos misi mogeba an minimumamde daiyvanos

misi danakargi pirvel doneze.

momlaparakeblis saqme ufro rTulad aris roca mas saqme aqvs heterogenul

amomrCevelTan, magram am dros situacia potenciurad ufro sainteresocaa. aseT

SemTxvevebSi saSinao ganxeTqilebebma SeiZleba gaaumjobeson saerTaSoriso

TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.

2. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia meore doneze arsebul politikur

institutebze.

64

bevri sxvadasxva aqtorebis da samTavrobo ganStoebis gavliT. meore, warmoebs

xSiri urTierTobebi adamianebs da jgufebs Soris saxelmwifos Caurevlad.

kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi samxedro Zala politikis

warmoebis naklebad gamoyenebadi instrumentia.

am damokidebulebis Sedegia is, rom xdeba sxvadasxva jgufebis formireba

ama Tu im sakiTxis irgvliv, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT da am

sakiTxebs axasiaTebT sxvadasxva xarisxis konfliqturoba. am konfliqtebis

umravlesobisTvis samxedro Zala Seuferebeli instrumentia, rac imaze miuTi-

Tebs, rom am epoqaSi Zalas ufro naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba da sxva resursebi

ufro fasobs, magaliTad, rogoricaa molaparakebis warmoebis unarCvevebi

(negotiating skills). da bolos, martivi urTierTdamokidebulebis xanisgan gansxva-

vebiT kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis xanaSi saxelmwifoebi ufro did

yuradRebas aqceven socialur sferos vidre erovnul usafrTxoebas. mokled

rom iTqvas, realizmis sapirispirod, kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis

Teoria moiazrebs gacilebiT ufro mSvidobian da usafrTxo msoflios.

kompleqsur urTierTdamokidebulebas aqvs Semdegi Sedegebi:

1. saxelmwifoebi sinqronulad ganaxorcieleben sxvadasxva interesebs da

transnacionaluri aqtorebi, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

da transnacionaluri korporaciebi Seecdebian sakuTari interesebis

ganxorcielebas saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad;

2. Zala da Zliereba ganisazRvreba calkeuli sferoebis mixedviT. magali-

Tad, nais da kioheins mohyavT daniis da norvegiis magaliTi, rom maT aqvT

SesamCnevi Zliereba saerTaSoriso naosnobaSi, radgan hyavT didi savaWro

da tvirTmzidi flotiliebi, magram es gavlena sxva sferoebze ar

vrceldeba;

3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba gaizrdeba, radgan mxolod

isini arian patara qveynebis politikuri qmedebebis asparezi da amav-

droulad isini meTvalyureoben dRis wesrigis dagegmvas saerTaSoriso

doneze.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba homogenuri ar aris

da is mxolod msoflios zogierT regionebze vrceldeba, rogoricaa dasavleT

evropa, CrdiloeT amerika, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia. anu, aseTi

urTierTobebi aReniSnebaT pluralistul, industriul saxelmwifoebs. kom-

pleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba

modernizaciasTan erTad da kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.

swored am modernizaciis gavlenis gamoZaxilia nais da kioheinis uaxlesi

naSromi am Temaze, “Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba sainformacio saukuneSi,”

romelic avtorebma 1998 wels statiis saxiT dabeWdes cnobil Jurnal sagareo

urTierTobebSi (Foreign Affairs). am statiis siaxle isaa, rom nai da kiohenma

yuradReba miapyres saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi informaciis mniSvnelobas da

gvamcnes, rom “savaraudoa rom axal saukuneSi sinformacio teqnologia iqnes

yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursi (power resource).”45 maTi TqmiT, ukve daiwyo axali

45 Robert O. Keohane, Joseph Nye Jr. “Power and interdependence in the information age,” Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 1998, pp. 77 -75.

37

gadagvarebula, magram masTan erTad Tanaarsebobs multi-centruli msoflio,

romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva “suverenitetisgan Tavisufali” (sovereignity free) koleqtivebisgan, romlebic arseboben saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad da

konkurenciaSi arian saxelmwifo centruli samyaros “suverenitetiT SezRu-

dul” (sovereignity bound) aqtorebTan. 43 ruzenau fiqrobs, rom pluralistuli

msoflio, romelsac axasiaTebs individebisa da jgufebis transnacionaluri

qselebi ufro mSvidobiani iqneba, magram aseve dasZens, rom aseTi msoflio aseve

ufro arastabiluri iqneba, radgan Zveli wyoba romelic saxelmwifoebs efuZneba

ngrevis procesSia. miuxedavad amisa, konfliqtebi iSviaTad migviyvanen omamde,

radgan bevri kosmopolitani pirovnebebi, romlebic gawevrianebuli iqnebian

bevr sxvadasxva organizaciaSi advilad ar gaxdebian antagonistur banakebad

dayofili mtrebi.

mokled rom SevajamoT, sociologiuri liberalizmi ganixilavs saerTa-

Soriso urTierTobebs ara marto rogorc urTierTobebs qveynebs Soris, aramed

rogorc urTierTobebs individebs, jgufebs da sazogadoebebs Soris. dedaazri

ki is aris, rom urTierTgadamfaravi urTierTobebi xalxebs Soris aris ufro

TanamSromluri vidre saxelmwifoebs Soris vinaidan da radganac saxelmwifoebi

arian eqskluziurebi da maTi interesebi erTmaneTs iSviaTad gadakveTen da

faraven. maSasadame, sociologiuri liberalizmis azriT, rac ufro xSiria

transnacionaluri urTierTobebi miT ufro mSvidobiani iqneba msoflio.

urTierTdamokidebulebis liberaluri Teoria

urTierTdamokidebuleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi niSnavs, rom mTav-

robebi da xalxebi ganicdian sxva qveyanaSi momxdari movlenebis zegavlenas. erT-

erTi gavrcelebuli xatovani gamonaTqvamiT “peplis afrena erT qveyanaSi iwvevs

qariSxals meore qveyanaSi.” am gamonaTqvamis dedaazri aris swored is, rom cvli-

lebebi erT qveyanaSi ama Tu im doneze, iqneba es ekonomikis Tu samxedro

politikuri sfero, axdens zegavlenas sxva qveynebzec. magaliTad, aziis finan-

suri krizisis negatiuri zegavlena igrZnoboda Soreul braziliaSic ki, rom

araferi vTqvaT ruseTze.

jozef naim da robert kiohanma Camoayalibes kompleqsuri urTierT-

damokidebulebis Teoria (complex interdependence) TavianT gaxmaurebul naSromSi

Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba (1977). isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg aris gacilebiT ufro rTuli, vidre

iyo omamde. adre urTierTobebi warmoebda saxelmwifos liderebs Soris da

Zalis gamoyeneba yovelTvis moiazreboda rogorc erT-erTi saSualeba qveynis

liderebs Soris wamoWrili konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad. usafrTxoebis da

TviTgadarCenis “maRal politikas” hqonda upiratesoba ekonomikis da socia-

luri sakiTxebis “mcire politikasTan” SedarebiT. 44 kompleqsuri urTierT-

damokidebulebis xanaSi es ukve ase aRar aris ori mizezis gamo: pirveli,

dResdReobiT qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod urTierTobebi

qveynis liderebs Soris, aramed arsebobs urTierTobebi bevr sxvadasxva doneze

43 James Rosenau, “Citizenship in a Changing Global Order,” in J. N. Rosenau and E. O. Czempiel (eds) Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 272-94. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen. gv. 115. 44 Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 114.

36

ratifikaciis prcedurebi TvalnaTlad axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebze.

magaliTad, Tu ori mesamedia saWiro ratifikaciisaTvis vinseti iqneba ufro

mcire vidre iseT SemTxvevaSi rodesac mxolod martivi umravlesobaa saWiro.

magaliTad, aSS-Si 100 dan 33 senators SeuZlia nebismieri xelSekrulebis Cagdeba.

arsebobs iseTi institutebic, romlebic moiTxoven ratifikacias ramdenime

doneze. es kidev ufro arTulebs molaparakebas da amcirebs vinsets. magaliTad,

molaparakebebi aSS-sa da evrokavSirs Soris agrovaWrobis sakiTxebze. SeTanxmeba

unda iqnes ratificirebuli komisiis mier da erovnuli mTavrobebis mierac.

amerikaSi ki ratifikacia unda moxdes mTavari agro organizaciebis da am

organizaciebs Soris mTavar interesTa jgufebis mier.

3. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia pirveli donis momlaparakeblebis

strategiaze

TiToeul momlaparakebels pirvel doneze surs, rom gazardos misi

oponentis vinseti, magram sakuTari vinsetisadmi mas Sereuli grZnobebi aqvs.

erTis mxriv, rac ufro didia misi vinseti ufro advilad SeuZlia mas SeTanxmebis

dadeba, magram amavdroulad ufro sustia misi diplomatiuri pozicia sxva

momlaparakeblis fonze. momlaparakebels SeuZlia sxvadasxva strategiebs

mimarTos. magaliTad, imisTvis rom daamtkicos mxardaWera Tavisi poziciisadmi

pirvel doneze mas SeuZlia Sin moawyos gamosvlebi am poziciis mxardasaWerad da

ase Semdeg, magram amavdroulad aseT taqtikas SeiZleba qondes Seuqcevadi

uaryofiTi Sedegebi amomrCevelTa damokidebulebebze, anu Seaferxos SesaZ-

lebloba imisa, rom xeli moeweros alternatiul, kompromisul xelSekrule-

bas/SeTanxmebas. igivenairad, Tu molaparakebamde lideri/momlaparakebeli

ecdeba Searbilos amomrCevelTa simkacre sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ratifikaciis

periodSi sirTuleebis molodinSi igi ver SeZlebs SeinarCunos mtkice pozicia

sazRvargareT.

miuxedavad amisa, Tu liders surs gazardos Tavisi vinseti mas SeuZlia

gamoiyenos sxvadasxva saSualebebi, rogoricaa “piris moqonva” da an gulrwfeli

“keTili survilebi.” garda amisa, Tu momlaparakebels Sin aqvs maRali

politikuri reitingi igi ufro advilad moipovebs mxardaWeras da Sesabamisad

ratifikacias Tavis sagareo wamowyebebze.

65

leqcia XII

patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

gasuli saukune unikaluri iyo warmoqmnili axali saxelmwifoebis simravlis

mxriv. dekolonizaciam da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi axali warmonaqmnebis Seqmna, romelTaganac umravlesoba iyo

patara da susti. patara qveynebis mniSvneloba SemCneuli da aRiarebuli iyo jer

kidev meore msoflio omamde radganac erTa liga Sedgeboda patara da susti

saxelmwifoebisgan. 105

miuxedavad amisa, patara qveynis mcnebam rogorc anali-

tikurma koncefciam mniSvneloba SeiZina mxolod omis Semdeg. 106

a. b. foqsis,

david vitalis, Su da brudtlandis, rotsteinis, matisenis da istis nawerebma

Seqmnes patara qveynebis Seswavlis mecnieruili fundamenti. 107

axladwarmoqmnil disciplinas Tavisi winaRobebic gaaCnda radgan zogierTi

avtorebi, magaliTad piter baeri 108

da nils 109

amstrumi ambobobdnen, rom

koncefciis Seswavla unda Sewyvetiliyo misi gamousadegarobis da sirTulis

gamo. 110

miuxedavad am koncefciasTan dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebebisa, misma mniSvne-

lobam win wamoiwia 80 da 90-ian wlebSi, civi omis dasasrulis da axali msoflio

wesrigis warmoqmnis Semdgom. ukanaskneli mcdeloba imisa, rom patara qveynebis

Seswavlas SeeZina sistemuri xasiaTi gaxldaT olav knudsenis mier gamo-

qveynebuli statia. knudsenma gamoyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba patara qveynebis

Seswavlis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi. man aseve rCeva misca mkvlevarebs waremarTaT

TavianTi saqmianoba ise, rom Camoyalibebuliyo ufro mWidro subdisciplina

ufro Sesaferisi TeoriebiT patara qveynebis Sesaxeb. 111

debatebi patara qveynis mniSvnelobaze kidev ufro mZafri xdeba, rodesac

jeri midgeba “sustis” da “pataris” gansazRvraze. zogierTi avtori am terminebs

erTgvarovnad iyenebs xolo zogi patara qveynebad moiazrebs mTels “mesame

samyaros.” 112

es ukanaskneli gansazRvreba warmatebuli ar iyo, radganac igi ugele-

105 William E. Rappard, “Small States in the League of Nations”, Political Science Quarterly, 49:4 (Dec. 1934). 106 Werner Bauwens, Armand Clesse & Olav Knudsen, eds., Small States and the Security Challenge in the New Europe, (London, Washington, Brasey’s, 1996), p. 4 107 ixileT, Anette Fox, The Power of the Small States, Diplomacy in World War II, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1959). David Vital, The Inequality of States, (New Work, Oxford University Press, 1967); David Vital, The Survival of Small States; Studies of Small Power/Great Power Conflict, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1971). August Schou, and Arne Brundtland, eds., Small States in International Relations, (Nobel Symposium No 17, Stockholm, 1971). Robert L. Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1968); Robert L. Rothstein. “Alignment, Non-Alignment and Small Powers: 1945-1965”, International Organization, 20:3 (Summer 1966). Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the Strategies of the Great Powers, (Oslo, Bergen Tromso, 1971). Maurice A. East, “Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models”, World Politics, 25:4 (1973). 108 Peter R. Baehr, “Small States: A Tool for Analysis?”, World Politics, No. 27:3, (1975). 109 Niels Amstrup, “The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts”, Cooperation and Conflict, 11:3, (1976). 110 Bauwers et al, Small States and Security Challenge, 4. 111 Olav F. Knudsen. “Small States, Latent and Extant: Towards a General Perspective”, Journal of International Relations and Development, 5:2 (June 2002): 182 112 Mohammed Ayoob, “The Security Problematique of the Third World”, World Politics, 43:2 (Jan. 1991); Bahgat Korany, “The Take-off of Third World Studies? The Case of Foreign Policy”, World Politics, 35:3 (April 1983); Tony Smith, “Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies”, World Politics, 37:4 (July 1985); Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity; Group of 77 in the UN General Assembly”, International Organization, 42:2 (Spring 1988).

66

instituciuri liberalizmi. imisaTvis, rom ukeT gavigoT liberaluri skolis

arsi da am skolis mier realuri movlenebis Sefasebis da axsnis SesaZleblobebi,

saWiroa es Teoriebi ganvixiloT calcalke. amavdroeulad, isic unda aRiniSnos,

rom liberaluri skolis yvela mimdinareoba erTnairi warmatebiT ar

sargeblobs. zogierTma Teoriam ver gauZlo movlenaTa ganviTarebas da bevri

kritika daimsaxura, zogi ki jer kidev winaaRmdegobas uwevs realizmis

gabatonebul skolas da gvTavazobs msoflio politikis axsnis angariSgasawev

gzebs.

sociologiuri liberalizmi

sociologiuri liberalizmis amosavali wertili aris is, rom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebi, aramed igi

moicavs transnacionalur urTierTobebs, anu, urTierTobebs adamianebs,

jgufebs, organizaciebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebs ganekuTvnebian. es,

ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis skolas, romelic saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebs ganixilavs rogorc mkacrad saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs

da sxva danarCeni meorexarisxovnad miaCnia. imis gamo, rom liberalizmi

yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara marto saxelmwifoze da erovnul mTavrobaze, aramed

sxvadasxva saxis aqtorebze, mas xSirad moixsenieben terminiT “pluralizmi.”

transnacionaluri urTierTobebi jeims ruzenaus ganmartebiT aris

“procesi, romelSic mTavrobaTaSorisi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gajerda

kerZo pirebis, jgufebis, da sazogadoebaTaSorisi urTierTobebiT, romlebsac

SeuZliaT da aqvT kidevac mniSvnelovani zegavlena movlenaTa msvlelobaze.” 42

bevri fiqrobs, rom transnacionaluri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva qveynis

moqalaqeebs Soris qmnis sruliad axlebur sazogadoebriv formirebebs,

romlebic Tanacxovroben da zogjer konkurenciasac ki uweven saxelmwifos.

am mravalmimarTulebiani urTierTobebis asaRwerad jon bartonma gamoiyena

egreT wodebuli “obobas qselis” transnacionaluri urTierTobebis modeli. es

modeli demonstrirebas ukeTebs im faqts, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo Sedgeba

bevri sxvadasxva jgufebisagan, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva tipis sagareo

kavSirebi da sxvadasxva interesebi. magaliTad, religiuri jgufebi, biznes

wreebi, profesiuli kavSirebi da ase Semdeg. es modeli mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba

realizmis skolis mier damkvidrebul “biliardis burTis” models, romelic

saxelmwifoTa sistemas xatavs rogorc biliardis burTebis nakrebs. biliardis

burTi gamoxatavs erTian da Sekrul saxelmwifos. bartonis mizania gvaCvenos,

rom msoflios axasiaTebs urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromleba vidre anta-

gonizmi da konfliqtebi.

Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi jeims ruzenaum kidev ufro gaaRrmava Tavisi

transnacionaluri urTierTobebis Teoria imiT, rom amjerad yuradReba

gaamaxvila adamianebis urTierTobaze makro doneze. misi TqmiT individualur

operaciebs didi gavlena aqvT msoflio saqmeebze. dRevandelobis ukeT

informirebuli, ukeT ganaTlebuli da ufro mobiluri adamianebi naklebad

arian damokidebuli TavianT saxelmwifoze. aqdan gamomdinare, ruzenau

gvamcnobs, rom saxelmwifo-centruli da anarqiuli sistema marTalia ar

42 James Rosenau, The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays on the Transnationalism of World Affairs. New York: Nichols. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen, p. 109

35

leqcia VI

liberalizmi

liberalizmis skolis ganviTareba saerTaSoriso urierTobebSi mWidrod

aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove liberaluri saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebasTan

da iseT liberalur moazrovneebTan rogorebic arian jon loki, jeremi benTami

da emanuel kanti.

realizmisgan gansxvavebiT liberalizmi fokuss axdens adamianis dadebiT

mxareebze, Tumca ki, ar uaryofs maT av Tvisebebsac. liberalizmi zogadad

aRiarebs, rom adamianis bunebas aqvs bneli mxare, magram amave dros maTi Teoriis

safuZvels qmnis mosazreba, rom adamianebi arian racionalurebi da rom

racionalurobis principi SeiZleba aseve gamoyenebul iqnas saerTaSoriso

saqmianobaSic. racionaluroba liberalizmis gagebiT ki imaSi gamoixateba, rom

adamainebs aqvT saerTo interesebi da maT misaRwevad isini TanamSromlobaze da

dialogze wavlen rogorc urTierTSoris, aseve saerTaSoriso da saxel-

mwifoTaSoriso doneze. liberalebis rwmeniT, TanamSromlobas moaqvs sargebeli

yvelasaTvis. es principebi, ra Tqma unda didad ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis Zireul

principebs, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifoebi arian racionalurebi da

egoistebi da rom isini did yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT mogebas rac Zalian

zRudavs TanamSromlobas.

liberalizmis amosavali wertili isaa, rom adamianuri goniereba dasZlevs

SiSs da miT gamowveul ltolvas Zalisa da Zlierebisadmi. am process isini

kacobriobis progresad aRiqvamen. mxolod, liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi ver

Tanxmdebian im siZneleebis sirTulisa da xangrZlivobis xarisxze, romelic

kacobriobam unda gadalaxos.

kidev erTi mTavari gansxvaveba realizmsa da liberalizms Soris aris am ori

Teoriis mosazrebebi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. realizmi saxelmwifos ganixilavs

rogorc Zalis da Zlierebis koncentracias, xolo liberalebi rogorc

konstituciur warmonaqmns, romelic awesebs da meTvalyureobs kanonis

uzenaesobas. aseTi saxelmwifoebi pativs scemen urTmaneTs da emorCilebian

saerTaSoriso samarTals, romelic emyareba urTierTgebis (reciprocity) princips.

swored es ideaa gadmocemuli jeremi benTamis naSromSi, romelic iTvleba

liberaluri Teoriis erT-erT fuZemdeblad da romelmac, rogorc cnobilia

pirvelma gamoiyena cneba saerTaSoriso samarTali. igive argumenti ufro

farTod aris gadmocemuli emanuel kantis mier, romelic Tvlida, rom

konstituciuri da urTierTpativismcemeli respublikebi sabolood daamya-

rebdnen “samudamo mSvidobas” (perpetual peace). marTalia, dRevandeli msoflio rogorc yovelTvis Sorsaa samudamo

mSvidobis epoqidan, gansakuTrebiT 9/11 Semdeg gaxSirebuli teroristuli

Semotevebis da mas moyolili reaqciebis Semdeg, magram liberaluri Teoriis

principi igive rCeba: modernizacia ganapirobebs progress adamianuri cxovrebis

yvela sferoSi da afarToebs asparezs TanamSromlobisaTvis. pasuxgasacemi

mxolod is rCeba ra xarisxis modernizacia da progresia saWiro imisaTvis, rom

msoflio mSvidobiani gaxdes.

liberaluri Teoriac, iseve rogorc ukve ganxiluli realizmi, iyofa

ramodenime mTavar mimdinareobad. maT Soris yvelaze gamokveTili Teoriebi aris

demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis Teoria

sociologiuri liberalizmi, urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoria da

,

34

belyofda im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic iyvnen susti, magram ar ekuTvnodnen

mesame samyaros. amas garda dgResdReobiT ufro da ufro meti mecnieri uTmobs

yuradRebas iseTi patara qveynebis Seswavlas romlebic ekonomikurad uaResad

ganviTarebulni arian, arian saerTaSoriso da regionaluri organizaciebis

wevrebi, magram amavdroulad iTvlebian “patara” qveynebad. 113

koncefciis ganmartebiTi sirTuleebi naTeli gaxdeba Tuki SevxedavT

ramodenime magaliTs. saqarTvelo bunebrivia patara qveyanaa amerikis Seer-

Tebul StatebTan SedarebiT, magram Tuki gvinda misi Sedareba tuvalus an

vanuatusTan mimarTebaSi mainc patarad CaiTvleba igi? meore mxriv, saqarTvelos

hyavs TiTqmis imdenive mosaxleoba da aqvs TiTqmis igive teritoriuli sidide

rogorc niderlandebs, an belgias, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT rom igi iseve

Zlieria rogorc es qveynebi? igivenairad, sqarTvelosTan SedarebiT ruseTi

aris Zlieri qveyana yvela monacemebiT, magram Tuki mas SevadarebT amerikis

SeerTebul Statebs, an CineTs maSin igives Tqmas SevZlebT? es yovelive imaze

miuTiTebs, rom pataris da sustis gansazRvrebebi fardobiTi mcnebebia da ara

absolituri.

am mcnebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi gaxdad mizezi imisa,

rom bevri mkvlevari skeptikurad uyurebs patara qveynebis gamoyenebas rogorc

kvlevis sagans saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. amave mizeziT bevri ar cdilobs

pata da sustis mcnebebis Sesabamisi definiciis mofiqrebas. gotCeli ambobs, rom

“ am qveynebis analizis kategoriad gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba kiTxvis niSnis

qveS dadga” da maTi ganmartebebi didad aris damokidebuli avtorebis Teoriul

safuZvelze, meTodologiur midgomaze da msofxedvelobaze. 114 magram miuxe-

davad am skepticizmisa im avtorebis ricxvi, romlebic patara qveynebis

problematikas Seiswavlian TandaTan izrdeba.

Tavdapirvelad ganmarteba efuZneboda iseT kriteriumebs, rogoricaa

mosaxleoba, mTliani Sida produqti da teritoria. istma patara qveynebi

gansazRvra Semdegi kriteriumebis mixedviT: 1) patara saxmeleTo teritoria, 2)

mcire adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, 3) mcire mTliani erovnuli produqti, 4) da

samxedro SesaZleblobebis dabali done. 115 rogorc moserma aRniSna, absolituri gansazRvreba “rogorc wesi, efuZneba

zRurbls,” da rogorc ki qveyana maCveneblis zRurbls gadascdeba igi aRar

iTvleba sust an patara qveyanad. 116 Sesabamisad es kategoriebi zustad ver

gadmoscemen “pataris” bunebas. rogorc biolma aRniSna “belgia SeiZleba pataraa

safrangeTTan mimarTebaSi, magram luqsemburgi patara qveyanaa belgiasTan

mimarTebaSi da safrangeTi patara qveyanaa aSS-sTan mimarTebaSi.” 117

arsebobs fardobiTi kriteriumebic. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT “sisuste”

113 Peter J. Katzenstein, Corporatism and Change: Austria, Switzerland and The Politics of Industry, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1984); Peter J. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1985); Risto Alapuro et al., eds., Small States in Comparative Perspective: essays for Erik Allardt, (Oslo, Norwegian University Press, 1985) 114 Laurent Goetschel, “Small States and the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU: A Comparative Analysis”; Working Paper No. 14, Nationales Forschungsprogramm, Berne, May 2000: 42, available from http://www.snf.ch/NFP/nfp42/working/WP14GoetschelPDF.pdf; Internet. accessed June 01, 2003 115 East, “Size and Foreign Policy”, 558 116 Michael W. Mosser, “Engineering Influence: the Subtle Power of Small States in the CSCE?OSCE”, paper presented at the workshop on “Small States and Alliances”, Austrian Defense Academy, Vienna, 25-27 November 1999, p. 3 117 Erling Bjol, “Small States in International Politics”, in Schou et al., Small States, 9.

67

da “Zliereba” unda ganisazRvros samxedro SesaZleblobebis mixedviT.

vandenboxisaTvis “pataraa qveyana, romelsac ar ZaluZs Seejibros omSi Zlier

qveynebs Tanabari ZalebiT.” 118 gotCeli ki ambobs, rom civi omis Semdgomi

periodis saerTaSoriso garemos cvlilebasTan erTad “ricxobrivma Zalismierma

atributebma” dakarges TavianTi mniSvneloba. samxedro Zala rCeba mxolod

rogorc erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili Zalisa, magram amisda miuxedavad,

avtomaturad ar aris siZlieris maCvenebeuli. 119

iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa

saerTaSoriso institutebis roli, 120

institucionalizebuli ideebi, 121 an

diplomatiuri korpusis siZliere, 122 SeiZleba CaiTvalos gadamwyvetad amaTu im

qveynisaTvis sustis, an Zlieris statusis miniWebisas.

saqarTvelos magaliTSic mxolod absolituri ganamrtebebiT sargebloba

SecdomaSi Segviyvanda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im ambiciebs, romlebic

saqarTvelos gaaCnia regionSi da mis mezobel somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan

urTierTobebs, maSin mxolod ricxobrivi midgoma araswori iqneboda. zogierTi mkvlevari ambobs, rom ‘sisute’ damokidebulia imaze, Tu vis adareb.

es gansazRvrebebi ganixilaven ‘pataraobas’ SesaZleblobebis, da aseve imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba es SesaZleblobebi, vis winaaRmdeg,

rodis da ra miznebis misaRwevad. 123 knudseni Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo sustia

maSin, rodesac misi sagareo politikuri efeqturoba da Zliereba sagrZnoblad

mcirea mis Tundac erT mezobelTan SedarebiT. 124

ufro mogvianebiT knudsenma patara saxelmwifos aseTi ganmarteba misca

“nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelic aris SesamCnevad susti sxva saxelmwifosTan

mimarTebaSi.” 125 zogierTi mkvlevarebi ki iziriaben azrs, rom ‘pataraoba’ niSnavs

qveynis SeuZleblobas ganaxorcielos sakuTari erovnuli interesebi saerTa-

Soriso arenaze. magaliTad, godhameri xazs usvams, rom patarani arian is

saxlemwifoebi, romlebic ar erevian msoflio mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso

saqmianobebSi. 126

arsebobs agreTve subieqturi gansazRvrebebi, romlebic eyrdnobian qveynis

sakuTar mosazrebas sakuTari Zlierebis Sesaxeb. rotSteini ambobos, rom

“pataraa is saxelmwifo, romelic aRiarebs rom mas ar SeuZlia moipovos

usafrTxoeba sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT, da rom is unda daeyrdnos ZiriTadad

118 Amry Vandenbosch, “The Small States in International Politics and Organization”, The Journal of Politics, 26:2, (May 1964): 294. 119 Goetschell, “Small States and the CFSP”, 4. 120 Karoliina Honkanen, “The Influence of Small States on NATO Decision-Making: The Membership Experiences of Denmark, Norway, Hungary and Czech Republic”, (Totalförsvarets Orskningsinstitut, Stockholm, November 2002); Michael W. Mosser, “Engineering Influence”; Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity”. 121 Judith Goldstein, and Robert O. Keohane, Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change,” (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993). 122 Alexander Rondeli, “patara qveynis diplomatiuri saqmianoba” (Diplomatic Activity of a Small Country), "Georgian Diplomacy," Annual, No 7. (Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, 2000): 5-20; Bengt Sundelius, "Independence and Foreign Policy”, Cooperation and Conflict, 15 (1980): 202 123 Miriam Fendius Elman, “The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Neorealism in its own Backyard”, British Journal of Political Science, No 25 (1995): 172 124 Olaf Knutsen “Patara Sakhelmtsifo: Usafrtxoebis Problema” (Small State, the Problem of Security), Politics, No. 7, (Tbilisi, 1991): 27; quoted in - Alexander Rondeli, Saertashoriso Urtiertobebi, (International Relations), (Independent University of Tbilisi, 1996), 216. 125 Olaf Knudsen, “Small States: Latent and Extant,” 184 126 H. Goldhammer, The Foreign Powers in Latin America, (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1972): 237

68

socialuri da politikuri wyoba

dResdReobiT, demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebis dapyroba ufro rTulia,

vidre arademokratiulis, magram warsulSi sapirispiro ufro Seesabameboda

simarTles. dResdReobiT arapopularuli mTavrobis mqone qveynis dapyroba

Tundac sazRvargareTidan marTuli revoluciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli.

subvercia igive Tavdasxmis formaa, radgan es movlenebi iseTive zegavlenas

axdenen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze, rogorsac TavdasxmiTi omebi. 1792 wels

safrangeTis revoluciur reJims da avstriis oligarqiul reJims urTierT SiSi

hqondaT, rom romelimes meoris subvercia ar moexdina, ramac gamoiwvia orive

mxaris agresiuloba. ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg igive SiSi warmoiSva ruseTsa da

dasavleTs Soris, ramac dasabami misca konfliqts sabWoTa kavSirsa da

dasavleTs Soris, radgan TiToeul mxares eSinoda ar gamxdariyo meoris mier

ideologiuri subverciis sagani.

daaxloebiT 1800 wlamde reJimebis popularuloba Tavdasxmis wisqvilze

asxamda wyals, 1800 wlis Semdeg ki ufro Tavdacvis samsaxurSia. es cvalebadoba

gamowveulia iafi da masobrivad warmoebadi iaraRebis arsebobiT, romlebic

aqtiurad gamoiyeneba partizanul brZolebSi, ris Sedagadac moxda demok-

ratiulad arCeuli reJimebis Tavdacvis gaZliereba.

zemoT mocemul Tavdacvisa da Tavdasxmis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT van evera

gvTavazobs sam ZiriTad prognozs:

1. omi aris ufro gavrcelebuli maSin, rodesac dapyroba advilia, an

roca saxelmwifoebs hgoniaT rom es asea. nakleb gavrcelebuli maSin,

rodesac dapyroba Znelia, an hgoniaT rom Znelia;

2. saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac hgoniaT, rom maT SeuZliaT Tavdasxmis

ganxorcieleba an saxelmwifoebi, romelTa Tavdacvac aris susti,

wamoiwyeben ufro met omebs vidre nebismieri sxva saxelmwifoebi;

3. nebismieri saxelmwifo wamoiwyebs omebs da ibrZolebs ufro meti

sixSiriT im periodebSi, rodesac mas aqvs an fiqrobs, rom aqvs

Tavdasxmis didi SesaZleblobebi da TavdacviTi saSualebebi. 41

41 Van Evera, gv. 22

33

8. saxelmwifoebi ufro gasaidumloebis politikas misdeven;

9. saxelmwifoebi ufro aqtiur da swraf SeiaraRebas ewevian;

10. Tavdasxma ufro da ufro advildeba.

van evera fiqrobs, rom Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balansis cvalebadobaze

zegavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: samxedro teqnologia da doqtrina,

geografia, erovnul-socialuri struqtura da diplomatiuri garemoebebi

(kerZod, TavdacviTi aliansebi da damabalansebeli aqtebi xmeleTsgaRma Zlieri

saxelmwifoebis mier). Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis jamuri balansi am faqtorebis

saerTo jamzea damokidebuli.

samxedro faqtorebi

samxedro teqnologiebi, doqtrina, ZalTa struqtura da ganlageba, es

yvelaferi gavlenas axdens Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balansze. magaliTisTvis

van evera ambobs, rom pirvel msoflio omamde Tavdacvas qonda upiratesoba,

radgan am dros gamoigones mcire zomis iaraRebi, rkinigza da mavTulxlarTi,

romlebic Tavdacvis saSualebebad gamoiyeneboda. 1919-1945 wlebSi Tavdasxmis

potenciali aRsdga motomsroleli brigadebis da Tavdasxmis doqtrinis —

blickrigis SemoRebis Sedegad. am yovelivem daZlia zemoT mocemuli Tavdacvis

saSualebebi. 1945 wlis Semdeg Termoatmouri iaraRebis gamogonebis Sedegad

Tavdacvis potenciali aRsdga, amjerad, didi upiratesobiT.

van evera aseve aRniSnavs, rom teqnologia da doqtrina kombinirebulad

sazRvraven Tavdasxmis da Tavdacvis moqcevebs, magram zogjer doqtrina da

teqnologia erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba. magaliTad, 1945-1991 wlebSi, super

saxelmwifoebs hqondaT TavdasxmiTi doqtrinebi, magram ver moZebnes efeqturi

kontr-iaraRi atomuri iaraRis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, maTi moqmedebebi ar iyo

TavdasxmiTi.

geografia

geografiulad Znelad misadgomi sazRvrebi aris ufro Znelad dasapyrobi.

Tu saxelmwifo sazRvrebi emTxveva okeanes, tbebs, mTebs, farTo mdinareebs,

junglebs, udabnoebs da sxva bunebriv barierebs es aferxebs Tavdamsxmelebs da

zurgs umagrebs Tavdamcvelebs. aseTive efeqti aqvs adamianis mier Seqmnil

sazRvrebs da buferul zonebs (mesame saxelmwifoebi an demilitarizebuli

zonebi) sadac verc erTi mxare ver Seva mSvidobis pirobebSi. aseve, dapyroba

ferxdeba, roca saxelmwifo aris vrceli. miT umetes, Tu misi ekonomika aris

TviTmyofadi da ar reagirebs izolaciaze.

magaliTad, dasavleT evropa ufro daculia am mxriv vidre aRmosavleTi. aris

qveynebi, magaliTad rogorc israeli, romelsac gaaCnia patara teritoria da

bunebrivad gaSlili sazRvrebi ris gamoc mTeli misi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis

obieqtebi da mosaxleobis umetesoba ganlagebulia Ria teritoriaze. amis

sapirispirod, TavdacviTi geografiis TvalsaCino qveyanaa aSS, uzarmazari

teritoriiT, romelsac gars artyia okeaneebi da gaaCnia damoukidebeli,

TviTmyofadi ekonomika.

32

sxva saxelmwifoTa daxmarebas, institutebs, procesebs, an garemoebebs rom

uzrunvelyos usafrTxoeba. aseve, patara qveynis rwmena sakuTar uZlurebaSi

aRiarebuli unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikaSi Cabmuli sxva saxelmwifoebis

mier”. 127

neorealizmis skola iyenebs patara qveynebis fardobiT definiciebs. maTTvis

Zala, Zliereba aris umniSvnelovanesi determinanti da faqtori saerTaSoriso

politikisa. 128 Zlierni arian qveynebi, romelTac SeuZliaT zegavlena iqonion

saerTaSoriso arenaze. Sesabamisad, patarani arian qveynebi, romlebsac ar

ZaluZT raime mniSvnelovani zegavlenis moxdena saerTaSoriso arenaze. kenet

uolcisaTvis zustad es kriteriumi, anu qveynis SeuZlebloba Secvalos raime

saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, warmoadgens qveynis sisustis ganmsazRvrel faqtors. 129

neorealistebisaTvis patara qveynebi ufro fsonebi arian vidre moTamaSeebi.130

amvdroulad, isini arian usafrTxoebis momxmareblebi da ara mwarmoeblebi. 131

zogierTi avtori ufro Sors midis da patara qveynebs saerTaSoriso sistemis

‘anaqronizmebad’ aRiqvams. “patara saxelmwifo aris vakuumi maRali wnevis

arealSi. is cocxlobs ara imitom, rom is Zlieria, aramed imitom, rom aravis surs

misi teritoria, an imitom rom misi SenarCuneba rogorc buferul saxelmwifod,

an zewolis iaraRad ZalTa balansSi Sedis Zlieri saxelmwifos interesebSi.

rodesac balansi qreba, rogorc wesi patara saxelmwifo masTan erTad

qreba.” 132

erT-erTi yvelaze miRebuli definicia patara qveynisa ekuTvnis kioheins,

romelic aerTianebs rotsteinis subieqtur elements da neorealistur

sistemur elements. Sedegad igi askvnis, rom sisuste, an siZliere,

damokidebulia am qveynis lideris aRqmaze, Tu ra rols asrulebs misi qveyana

sistemur TamaSSi. 133 fsiqologiuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis SejerebiT

kioheini askvnis, rom “pataraa saxelmwifo, romlis liderebi Tvlian, rom mas

arasodes ar SeeZleba marto, an sxva patara jgufTan erTad, mniSvnelovani

zegavlenis moxdena sistemaze.” 134

Sveleri saxelmwifoebs yofs lomebad, cxvrebad, qurcikebad da mglebad.

pirveli ori arian status-kvo qveynebi, xolo bolo ori revizionisti qveynebi. 135

lomebi arian didi saxlemwifoebi, romlebic marTaven sistemas da axorcieleben

sakuTar erovnul interesebs, xSirad Zalismieri saSualebebiTac ki. qurcikebi

airan is qveynebi, romlebic ufro afaseben imas rac gaaCniaT, vidre imas rac

SeiZleba miiRon sistemisgan, magram romlebic yovel mizez gareSe Caebmebodnen

konfliqtSi Tuki raimes mopovebis Sansi aris sagrZnoblad maRali. mglebi

afaseben imas, rac maT SeuZliaT moipovon ufro metad, vidre rac maT gaaCniaT.

rogorc wesi, es qveynebi mudmivi agresorebi arian. cxvrebi ki arian susti

127 Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, 29. 128 Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations. (New York, Knopf. 1967), 5. 129 Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1979): 184-185, 195. 130 Vandenbosch, “The Small States”, 294. 131 Ibid., 301. 132 Nicholas John Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics, (New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1942): 20; quoted in Vandenbosch, “The Small States,” 294-5 133 Robert O. Keohane, “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Relations”, International Organization, 23:.2 (1969), 295 134 iqve, . . ., gv. 296. 135 Randall Schweller, “Bandwagonning for Profit, Bringing the Revisionist State back in”, International Security, 19:1 (Summer, 1994): p. 100.

69

saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben Tavi Sors daiWiron msoflio politikisgan

da SeinarCunon TavianTi usafrTxoeba yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT. 136

Sveleris ganmartebiT, sustia saxelmwifo Tu “maT gaaCniaT SedarebiT susti

SesaZleblobebi an aqvT cudi sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobebi

ama Tu im mizezebis gamo. maTi elitebi da institutebi ganicdian legitimurobis

simcires masebTan mimarTebaSi; isini SeiZleba dayofili iyvnen Signidan

eTnikuri, politikuri, klasobrivi, religiuri Tu tomobrivi maCvenebelbis

mixedviT; saxelmwifo ideologia SesaZloa konfliqtSi iyos da ZaliT iyos Tavs

moxveuli popularul kulturaze; an SesaZlebelia isini iyvnen, rasac

hanTigtoni uwodebs, gaxleCili saxelmwifoebi: saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac

gaaCniaT sakmao donis kulturuli homogenuroba, magram ganxeTqilebaa imasTan

dakavSirebiT, Tu romel civilizacias ekuTvnis maTi sazogadoeba.” 137

136 iqve, . . ., gv. 99-100. 137 iqve, . . ., gv. 102.

70

xarjze da gamoiyenon iseTi situaciebi, rodesac wamowyebis Rirebuleba/Sedegi

aRemateba danaxarjebs (cost-benefit calculation). amrigad, TavdasxmiTi realizmis

TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifoTa saboloo da uzenaesi mizania iyos hegemoni

sistemaSi. 39

realizmis am or mimdinareobad dayofas SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes,

radganac orive - TavdasxmiTi da TavdacviTi Teoria, cdilobs pasuxi gasces

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis iseT fundamentur sakiTxebs, rogoricaa omi da

mSvidoba. magaliTad, bevri ram aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu marTla rogor aris

saerTaSoriso politika mowyobili. ra ufro adardebT saxelmwifoebs: TavianTi

status-kvos da Sesabamisad sistemaSi ZalTa balansis SenarCuneba, Tu TavianTi

Zalauflebis gazrda nebismieri saSualebebiT da imdeni Zlierebis damateba

ramdenic xel ewifebad. am or gansxvavebul Teoriul xedvas CvenTvis ra Tqma

unda aqvs is ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, rom maTi saSualebiT udna avxsnaT

saxelmwifoTa saqcieli warsulSi da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, momavalSi.

isini sakuTar Teoriul principebze dayrdnobiT xsnian, Tu ratom xdeba omebi,

rodis ufro SesaZlebelia saxelmwifoebi wavidnen omSi da rodis ara. marTla

iyeneben Tu ara saxlemwifoebi yvela moments imisaTvis, rom gazardon TavianTi

Zliereba da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom msoflio ufro stabiluri

gaxdes da ase Semdeg.

zogierTi Teoretikosebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa robert jervisi, jek

snaideri da stiven van evera yuradRebas amaxvileben erTgvar struqturul

koncefciaze, romelsac uwodeben Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balanss (offense-defense balance). am ideis dedaazri is aris, rom samxedro Zliereba nebismier dros

SeiZleba iqnes klasificirebuli an Tavdasxmis sasargeblod, an Tavdacvis

sasargeblod. Tu Tavdacvas aqvs naTeli upiratesoba TavdasxmasTan SedarebiT

dapyrobis warmoeba aris ufro rTuli da Sesabamisad did saxelmwifoebs aqvT

naklebi motivi, rom gamoiyenon Zala. amis nacvlad isini yuradRebas gadaitanen

imis SenarCunebaze, rac maT ukve gaaCniaT. da piriqiT, Tu Tavdasxma aris ufro

ioli, saxelmwifoebi ganicdian cdunebas daipyron erTmaneTi Zlierebis gazrdis

mizniT. es xdeba sistemaSi uamravi omebis gamomwvevi mizezi.

van everas mixedviT, omis saSiSroeba aris ufro maRali rodesac dapyrobis

warmoeba aris advili da Sesabamisad cvlileba Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis

balansSi did zegavlenas axdens omis albaTobaze.40 igi gamohyofs omis gamomwvev

10 mizezs, rodesac Tavdasxma aris dominanturi:

1. oportunisturi eqspansia;

2. TavdacviTi eqspansia;

3. Tavdasxmisagan aqtiuri Tavisdacva;

4. pirveli dartyma ufro momgebiania — preventiuli omebis saSiSroeba;

5. meti Sansebi — meti sirTuleebi;

6. diplomatiuri taqtikebi romlebic omis gamomwvev mizezebad

gvevlinebian;

7. saxelmwifoebi naklebad Sedian molaparakebebSi da aRweven ufro nakleb

SeTanxmebebs;

39 John j. Mearsheimer , Tragedy of Great Power Politics, p. 21 40 Stephen Van Evera, “Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War,” International Security, Vol 22, No. 4 (Spring 1998), 5.

31

leqcia V

TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi

wina leqciebSi ganvixileT realizmi rogorc erT-erTi dominanturi Teoria

saeraSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic saerTaSoriso politikaSi bevr

saWirboroto sakiTxebs gascems pasuxs. Cven gansxvaveba movaxdineT, rogorc es

sayovelTaod miRebulia, klasikur da struqturul realizms Soris da

ganvixileT struqturuli realizmi, rogorc dominanturi Teoria saeraSoriso

urTierTobebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom struqturuli realizmi ase Tu ise

ganixileba rogorc Sekruli Teoria, masSi mainc gamoyofen or mimdinareobas,

TavdacviT da TavdasxmiT realizms. TavdacviTi realizmis apologetebad

iTvlebian upirveles yovlisa kenet uolci, Tavisi saerTaSoriso politikis

TeoriiT, aseve robert jervisi, jek snaideri da stiven van evera. TavdasxmiT

realizms arc ise bevri momxreebi hyavs. misi yvelaze TvalsaCino da erTguli

warmomadgeneli aris jeims mirSaimeri, romlis wigni, “Zlieri saxelmwifoebis

politikis tragedia,” TavdasxmiTi realizmis gaRrmavebas da Seswavlas eZRvneba.

rogorc ukve iqna ganxiluli, realizmi eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad mosazrebas.

pirveli is aris, rom saxelmwifoebi arian ZiriTadi aqtorebi, da maTgan

realistebi fokuss axdenen Zlier saxelmwifoebze, radganac isini dominireben

saerTaSoriso politikas da xSirad udidesi movlenebis iniciatorebi arian.

meore principi - saxelmwifoebis qmedebebi ganpirobebulia sistemis struq-

turiT da ar aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos Sinagan xasiaTze. sxva sityvebiT

rom iTqvas, ar arsebobs cudi da kargi saxelmwifo, radgan saboloo jamSi yvela

saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa Tu ra tipis reJimi marTavs mas da ra kultura da

politikuri sistema gaaCnia, erTi da igive logikiT xelmZRvanelobs, romelic

aris TviTgadarCena. mesame, realistebs miiCniaT, rom saxelmwifoebisTvis

yvelaze mniSnelvania Zala da Zliereba da saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian

ZalauflebisaTvis. am konkurencias xSirad omamde mivyavarT, rac realiste-

bisaTvis Tumc arasasiamovno, magram mainc bunebrivi movlenaa. karl fon

klauzevicis kargad cnobil sityvebs Tu gavimeorebT, omi aris politikis

gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebiT. struqturuli realizmis mixedviT saxelmwifoebi

iltvian Zalauflebisaken radgan igi aris gadarCenis erTaderTi sando

saSualeba anarqiis pirobebSi. Zalaufleba udris usafrTxoebas.

TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi, ra Tqma unda aris saerTaSoriso

politikis struqturuli Teoria. isini iziareben zemoT CamoTvlil funda-

mentur ideebs saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb. mxolod, maTi gzebi iyreba,

rodesac jeri midgeba Zalaze da Zalauflebaze. TavdasxmiTi realizmi gamo-

eyofa TavdacviT realizms imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdeni Zala esaWiroeba, an

yofnis saxelmwifoebs. TavdacviTi realizmis apologetebi Tvlian, rom

saerTaSoriso struqtura ise aris mowyobili, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT cota

sababi (incentive) imisaTvis, rom maT ufro meti Zalaufleba moixveWon. nacvlad

amisa, TavdacviTi realizmi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi ibrZvian status-kvos

SesanarCuneblad da did yuradRebas aqceven ZalTa balanss sistemaSi. aqedan

gamomdinare, TavdacviTi realizmis mixedviT saxelmwifoTa mTavari mizania

Zalis SenarCuneba da ara gazrda. TavdasxmiTi realizmi ki amis sapirispirod

amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs status-kvo saxelmwifoebi. saerTaSorsio sistema

qveynebs sTavazobs sakmaris mizezebs/SesaZleblobebs imisaTvis, rom isini

yovelTvis iltvodnen TavianTi Zlierebis gazrdisaken sxva saxelmwifoebis

30

leqcia XIII

globalizacia

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis da globalizaciis urTierTmimarTebaze

saintereso Tezisebi aqvs wamoyenebuli harvardel profesors ernst hofmans.

hofmanis azriT, 90-iani wlebSi dominirebda Setakeba saxelmwifoebis da

saxelmwifoTa sistemis fragmentacias da mzard globalizacias anu ekonomikur,

kulturul da politikur integracias Soris. swored amis gamo wina aTwleulSi

mravlad warmoiSva Teoriebi, romlebic saubrobdnen saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebze globalizaciis gavlenaze.

1990-ian wlebSi warmoiSva ramdenime Teoria, romelic saubrobda globa-

lizaciis Sedegebze msoflio politikasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze.

pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, frensis fukuiama da misi Tezisi istoriis

dasasrulis Sesaxeb, sadac avtorma iwinaswarmetyvela ideologiuri

konfliqtebis aRmofxvra da politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizmis mTels

msoflioSi gavrceleba, rac msolfioSi konfliqtebis gauCinarebis sawindarad

miiCnia.

meore mxriv, fukuiamas statiis sapasuxod semuel hanTingtonma Tavis

naSromSi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” xazi gausva civilizaciebs Soris momavali

dapirispirebis gardauvalobas da momavali konfliqtebis kerebad

civilizaciebs Soris gamyofi xazebi miiCnia. hanTingtoni varaudobda, rom

msgavsi kulturis, enis da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis saxelmwifoebi

gaerTiandebodnen civilizaciis niSnis qveS da daupirispirdebodnen sxva

civilizaciebs, rasac msoflioSi axali tipis konfliqtebi mohyveboda.

miuxedavad amisa, hanTingtonma ver moaxerxa civilizaciis zusti gansazRvra da

gadametebiT didi roli mianiWa religias, ar gaiTvaliswina ra, rom

aradasavluri elitebi xSirad iviwyeben religias da vesternizebuli da saero

meTodebiT marTaven saxelmwifos. seve, ver gasca hantingtonma pasuxi kiTxvas,

Tu ratom mimdinareobda dapirispirebi Tavad civilizaciebs SigniT.

hofmani aseve aRniSnavs sxva modelebs. realistebs isev sjeraT, rom

msoflioSi araferi Secvlila Tukidides droidan, da rom saxelmwifo isev

akontrolebs msoflioSi mimdinare procesebs. am modelis udavo sisuste isaa,

rom igi ver axerxebs cvlilebebis, ufro zustad ki globalizaciis integrirebas

Tavis realobaSi. am Teoriis mixedviT aseve ugulebelyofilia is, rasac raimon

aroni “samyaros cnobierebis nawils” uwodebs. es, misi azriT, dReisaTvis

saxelmwifoebis umetesi nawilisaTvis Rirebulebas warmoadgens.

seve, arian mecnierebi, romelTac dRevandeli msoflio globalizaciis

triumfis asparezad miaCniaT. am mecnierebs Soris aRsaniSnavia “niu iork

taimsis” Jurnalisti tomas fridmani, romlis azriT globalizacia aris

dRevandeli epoqis gadamrCeneli, radgan mas aucileblad moaqvs mSvidoba da

demokratia. omi globalizaciis upirvelesi xelisSemSlelia da Sesabamisad xels

uSlis progressac, xolo axali teqnologiebi xels uwyobs individualur

avtonomias da iniciativebs, rac demokratiis upirvelesi mamoZravebelia.

hofmanis azriT globalizacia mTlad iseTi vardisferi ar aris, rogorc es

fridmans warmoudgenia. misi azriT globalizacias aqvs sami forma, romelTagan

TiToeuls Tavisi problemebi gaaCnia. pirvel rigSi esaa ekonomikuri

globalizacia, rac dakavSirebulia teqnologiur, sainformacio, savaWro da

sxva saxis ukanaskneli drois aqtivobasTan. kapitalizmis aseTi zrda warmoSobs

71

mniSvnelovan dilemas efeqturobas da samarTlianobas Soris. Sesabamisad,

ekonomikuri globalizacia, garda sikeTis motanisa, qveynebs Soris mzardi

uTanasworobis gamomwvevicaa.

kulturuli globalizacia, hofmanis azriT, teqnlogiuri progresis da

ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aq dilema dgas uniformizacias da

mravalgvarobas Soris. Sedegad xdeba msoflios danawevrebac (disenchantment of the world – Webber) da erTgvarovnebis winaaRmdegi reaqciis warmoSobac. ukanasknelis

dasturia adgilobrivi kulturebis renesansi da adgilobrivi enebis aRorZineba,

aseve dasavleTis kulturis winaaRmdeg momravlebuli galaSqrebebi.

mesame forma, hofmanis azriT, aris politikuri globalizacia, romelic wina

ori globalizaciis produqtia. aq gamoirCeva amerikis politikuri insti-

tutebis da politikis dominireba, aseve, arasaxelmwifo institutebis

momravleba da gaaqtiureba msoflio asparezze.

hofmanis azriT globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania ramdenime

momenti:

1) globalizacia aris amerikuli nawarmi, romelic meore msoflio omis

Semdeg gaxda popularuli;

2) globalizacia ar aris yovlismomcveli, radgan masSi ar monawileobs

uamravi patara Raribi qveyana. bazrebi ar aris integrirebuli;

3) saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea mxolod embrionul for-

maSia. arasamTavroboebi xSirad mTavrobebis wanazardebs warmoadgenen;

4) individualuri emansipacia ar aris aucilebeli TansarTi demokrati-

zaciis gzaze myof reJimebSi. aseve saerTaSoriso institutebi xSirad

mikerZoebulni arian rac xels uSlis emansipacias da demokratizacias;

5) adamianebis sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba barierebis moSlis

Sedegad sakmaod saeWvo ideaa. hofmanis azriT, globalziacia mxolod

sxvadasxva teqnikebis (audio da videokasetebi, interneti, komunikaciebi)

jamia, romlebic saxelmwifoebis da kerZo seqtoris xelSia. es aqtorebi ki

moZraoben sakuTari interesebis da ideologiis ZaxiliT da ara

humanitaruli mosazrebebiT. maTi qmedebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba

globalizaciis im xedvisgan, romelic globalizacias aRiqvams rogorc

ganmanaTleblur fenomens, romelic erTdroulad mecnieruli, racio-

naluri da universaluria.

qvemoT mocemulia cxrili, romelic aRwers did debatebs globalistebs da

skeptikosebs Soris maT mier wamoyenebul ZiriTad Tezisebze dayrdnobiT.

72

farTod ganxilul statiaSi, “momavalSi dabruneba: arastabiluroba evropaSi

civi omis Semdeg,”37 gaagrZela uolcis neorealisturi argumenti da gamoTqva

pretenzia, rom neorelizmi aris Teoria, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

momavali movlenebis gansaWvretad.

mirSaimerma ganamtkica mosazreba, rom bipolaruli sistema aris ufro

stabiluri, vidre multipolaruli. mirSaimeris azriT, rodesac sistema

icvleba bipolarulidan multipolaruliT, unda movelodeT gaxSirebul

Zaladobas da omebs. igi ambobs, rom super saxelmwifos ararseboba evropaSi

gamoiwvevs Zaladobisadmi gazrdil midrekilebas vidre gasuli 45 wlis

ganmavlobaSi, Tumca ara iseT mwvaves, rogorc es saukunis pirveli 45 wlis

ganmavlobaSi iyo. 38 Zlieri saxelmwifoebis gamosvla evropis Suagulidan gzas

gauxsnis axali multipolaruli sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic Sedgeba xuTi

Zlieri saxelmwifos da ramodenime patara saxelmwifosgan. am sistemas

midrekileba eqneba arastabilurobisaken. aseve, atomuri arsenalis Semcireba

gamoiwvevs atomuri iaraRis Semakavebeli efeqtis Semcirebas, rac gamoiwvevs

arastabilurobas. mirSaimeri akeTebs cota ar iyos sensaciur gancxadebas, rom

radgan dasavleTi dainteresebulia mSvidobis da stabilurobis SenarCunebiT

evropaSi, igi dainteresebulia civi omis droindeli konfrontaciis

SenarCunebiT.

rogorc jeksoni da sorenseni askvnian, mirSaimeris winaswarmetyvelebebidan

zogierTi gamrTlda, magaliTad evropaSi adgili hqonda gazrdil Zaladobas

(balkaneTi, ruseTi, kavkasiis qveynebi), magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom arc erTi

es konfliqti ar momxda centralur evropaSi rogorc es mirSaimerma moiazra.

37 John J. Mearsheimer, “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War,” International Security, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer 1990), pp. 5-56. 38 iqve, .., gv. 5-56.

29

neorealizmi civi omis Semdeg

civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg neorealizmi kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca.

yvelaze Zlieri dartyma neorealizms miayena im faqtma, rom miuxedavad

neorealistebis mtkicebisa Crdilo atlantikur alianss arseboba araTu ar

Seuwyvetia, aramed transformacia ganicada da axali wevrebic miierTa. mwvave

kritikis sagani gaxda aseve is faqti, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg did

saxelmwifoebs Soris omi ar yofila miuxedavad uolcis da sxva neorealistebis

mtkicebisa. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTerTobebis ganviTarebam warmoSva

sxva, aranakleb mwvave kritikis safuZvlebi. magaliTad, bevri amtkicebs, rom

xdeba saerTaSoriso politikis gardaqmna da realizmis mniSvneloba afsurduli

xdeba demokratiis gavrcelebis fonze (democratic peace theory). asve, kompleqsuri

urTierTdamokidebuleba did saxelmwifoTa Soris oms warmoudgenels xdis

(complex interdependence) da rom institutebi aadvileben TanamSromlobas rac

problemebis Zaladobis gareSe mogvarebis saSualebas iZleva (liberal institutionalism).

yvela es Teoria realizmis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da mwvave debatebi am

Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris ar wydeba.

am kritikis sapasuxod da Tavisi struqturuli realizmis dasacavad uolcma

gamoaqveyna sapasuxo statia erT-erT cnobil akademiur JurnalSi: saerTaSoriso

usafrTxoeba, saxelwodebiT “struqturuli realizmi civi omis Semdeg.”32

uolcis amosavali wertili aris is, rom struqturuli realizmi jer kidev

aqtualuria, vinaidan da radganac saerTaSoriso politikuri sistema ar

Secvlila. igi ambobs, rom cvlilebebi moxda sistemis SigniT, magram TviTon

sitema ar Secvlila. struqturuli realizmi gaqarwyldeba maSin, rodesac

Seicvleba saerTaSoriso politika. es ki manam ar moxdeba, sanam saerTaSoriso

sistema Sedgeba saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebsac mxolod TviTdaxmarebis imedi

aqvT. 33 “yovelTvis, rodesac mSvidoba myardeba, xalxi Tavs wamoyofs da

amtkicebs, rom realizmi mkvdaria. es igivea, rom Tqva, saerTaSoriso politikam

transformacia ganicada, magram msoflios transformacia ar ganucdia.

saerTaSoriso politikis struqtura mxolod gadakeTda sabWoTa kavSiris

gaqrobiT, da cotaxniT mogviwevs unipolarulSi cxovreba.”34

uolci amtkicebs, rom struqturuli Teoriis mixedviT unipolaruli

sistema yvelaze xanmoklea ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, dominanturi Zalebi

TavisTavze Zalian bevrs iReben da sabolood TavianT Tavs asusteben da meore,

rac ar unda rbilad da mozomilad moiqces dominaturi Zala susti

saxelmwifoebi mainc ecdebian misi Zlierebis dabalansebas. 35 adre Tu gvian

ZalTa balansi aRsdgeba. neorealizmis erTaderTi minusi aris is, rom ver ambobs

zustad rodis. uolci amtkicebs, rom damabalansebeli tendenciebi ukve

SeimCneva. uolcis TqmiT momavali Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic aRadgenen

ZalTa balanss arian evrokavSiri an germania, romelic koalicias Caudgeba

saTaveSi; aseve CineTi, iaponia da ufro Soreul momavalSi ruseTi. 36

neorealizmis kidev erTi damcveli aris jon mirSaimeri, romelmac Tavis

32 Kenneth Waltz. “Structural Realism After the End of the Cold War,” International Security, 25(1), 2000, pp. 5-41. 33 iqve, .., gv. 39 34 iqve, .., gv. 39 35 iqve, .., gv. 28 36 iqve, .., gv. 30

28

didi debatebi globalizaciaze

skeptikosebi globalistebi

1 koncefciebi internacionalizacia

da ara globalizacia

msoflio iZerweba Zlieri

eqstensiuri, intensiuri da

swrafi dinebebiT, romlebic

kveTen regionebs da

kontinentebs

2 Zala saxelmwifo aris

mTavari aqtori

intergavernmentalizmi

saxelmwifos suverenulobis

erozia, avtonomia da

legitimuroba

saxelmwifos gavlenis Semcireba

multilateralizmis aRzeveba

3 kultura nacionalizmis da

nacionaluri

identurobis aRzeveba

globaluri popularuli

kulturis aRzeveba

mudmivi politikuri

identurobis erozia

hibridizacia

4 ekonomika regionaluri blokebis

ganviTareba

triadizacia

axali imperializmi

globaluri sainformacio

kapitalizmi

transnacionaluri ekonomia

samuSaos axali, globaluri

dayofa

5 uTanasworoba mzardi CrdieloeT

samxreT ganxeTqileba

interesTa

konfliqtebis

SeuTavsebloba

mzardi uTanasworoba

sazogadoebebs Soris da SigniT

Zveli ierarqiebis erozia

6 wesrigi sax. saerTaSoriso

sazogadoeba

politikuri

konfliqtebis

gardauvaloba

saerT. mmarTveloba da

geopolitika

komunitarianizmi

multi Sreebiani globaluri

mmarTveloba

globaluri samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba

globaluri sazogadoeba

kosmopolitanizmi

73

leqcia XII

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia

yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris davinaxoT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebaSi arian

erTmaneTTan saerTaSoriso da saSinao ekonomikebi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

is garemoebebi, rodesac saerTaSoriso garemo zRudavs da mimarTulebas aZlevs

erovnul gadawyvetilebebs. mTavrobebi miiltvian imisaken, rom SeinarCunon

kontroli erovnul ekonomikaze da amave dros cdiloben miiRon saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis Sedegad SesaZlo sargebeli. mzardi globaluri urTierTdamoki-

debuleba am Zalisxmevas kidev ufro arTulebs da saTuos xdis. imisaTvis, rom

gavigoT Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben es ekonomikuri sferoebi, saWiroa vicodeT

elementaruli ekonomikuri koncefciebi.

upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT Tu saerTod ratom vaWroben

qveynebi urTierTSoris. amis gasagebad saWiroa gadavxedoT Tavisufali

vaWrobis Teorias da am Teoriis ZiriTad elementebs. meore, unda viswavloT Tu

rogor gavzomoT sazRvrebs gareT saqonlis, momsaxureobis da fulis

moZraoba/brunva. mesame, unda verkveodeT Tu ra instrumentebi gaaCnia

mTavrobas saSinao politikuri ekonomikis samarTavad. am instrumentebidan

yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris fiskaluri da monetaruli politika. meoTxe,

valutis konvertaciis saWiroeba qmnis garkveul problemebs. magaliTad,

savaluto kursis cvalebadoba ara marto gavlenas axdens eqspor-importze,

aramed qmnis politikuri Carevis saSualebas da saWiroebasac ki. maSasadame, sanam

politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebs ganvixilavdeT, saWiroa zemoT CamoTvlili

mcnebebis codna.

Tavisufali vaWroba

Tavisufali vaWroba eyrdnoba im faqts, rom yvela qveyanas aqvs saqonlis da

momsaxureobis warmoebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebi. Zalian xSirad erT

romelime saxelmwifos aqvs xolme raRac produqtis warmoebaSi absolituri

upiratesoba. anu, am qveyanas SeuZlia es produqcia awarmoos ufro iafad, vidre

sxva danarCen saxlemwifoebs.

absolituri upiratesoba SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegi gamartivebuli

magaliTiT. warmovidginoT ori qveyana, aSS da didi britaneTi da ori saxis

produqti: rkina da xorbali. TiToeuli qveyana erT-erTi tipis produqts ufro

efeqturad awarmoebs.

xorbali rkina

buSeli tona

britaneTi 100 250

aSS 200 150

naTelia, rom britaneTs aqvs absolituri upiratesoba rkinis warmoebaSi

da aSS-s xorblis warmoebaSi. warmovidginoT, rom TiToeul qveyanas yavs 200

muSaxeli. Tu orive qveyana awarmoebs orive tipis produqcias da Tavidan

aicilebs vaWrobas, isini miiReben Semdegi saxis Sedegs:

74

3. SesaZleblobaTa ganawileba

saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis damaxasiaTebeli mesame elementi aris

ZalTa gadanawileba. funqciurad monawileebi ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.

maTi ganmasxvaveebeli niSania maTi gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi Seasrulon

erTi da igive amocana. sistemis es mesame elementi umniSvnelovanesia, radgan igi

Zalaze da Zlierebazea dafuZnebuli. uolcis TqmiT, “struqturebs

gansazRvravs ara maTSi warmodgenili yvela monawile, aramed monawileTa Soris

yvelaze ufro Zlierebi.” politikuri sistemebi erTmaneTisgan gasnxvavdebian

imis da mixedviT, Tu ramdeni Zlieri saxelmwifoa masSi. politikuri sistema

icleba, rodesac icvleba ZalTa ganawileba elementebs Soris. struqturis

cvlileba aseve cvlis TamaSis wesebs da misi Semadgeneli elementebis saqciels,

romelTa urTierTqmedebac ukve sxvagvar Sedegebs iZleva.

maSasadame, neorealizmis Teoriidan gamodinare arsebobs kanonzomi-

erebebi/meTodebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi, romlebic meoredeba miuxedavad

imisa, rom maT sxvadasxva adamianebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben. es gamowveulia

imiT, rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben erovnuli interesebis Sesabamisad, anu

“TiToeuli saxelmwifo awesebs moqmedebis kurss, romelic misi azriT

saukeTesod moemsaxureba mis erovnul interesebes.”

uzenaesi erovnuli interesi ki aris usafrTxoeba da TviTgadarCena rac

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ZalasTan da ZlierebasTan. “saerTaSoriso politi-

kaSi Zala da Zliereba igive rols asrulebs, rasac sabazro ekonomikaSi fuli.”30

politikis warmatebuloba uolcis TvalsazrisiT, ganisazRvreba saxel-

mwifos SenarCunebiT da gaZlierebiT da vinaidan da radganac saerTaSoriso

politikuri sistema aris anarqiuli, romelic aris misi Semadgeneli erTeulebis

moqmedebis ganmsazRvreli, amitom aris, rom saxelmwifoebi droisa da

pirovnebebis cvlis miuxedavad qcevis erTgvarovan meTodebs iyeneben.

anarqiis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebma TviTon unda mixedon sakuTar Tavs. amis

gamoa, rom saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri saxelmwifoebi iRwvian

sistemaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansis SesanarCuneblad.31 Tu ZalTa balansi

Seicvla, maSin Seicvleba sistemac. sistemis cvlilebis tipiuri gamomwvevi

mizezi aris did saxelmwifoebs Soris omi. ZalTa balansis miRweva SesaZlebelia,

magram anarqiul sistemaSi yovelTvis aris omis saSiSroeba.

uolci gamoyofs ori saxis sitemas, bipolaruls, romelic arsebobda civi

omis dros da multipolaruls, romelic arseboboda civ omamde da civi omis

Semdeg. uolcis azriT, bipolaruli sistema aris ufro stabiluri, mSvidobiani

da usafrTxo, vidre multipolaruli, radgan “mxolod ori Zlieri saxelmwifos

arsebobisas mosalodnelia, rom orive imoqmedebs sistemis SesanarCuneblad,”

vinaidan da radganac sistemis SenarCunebiT isini aseve inarCuneben sakuTar

statuss.

30 A. Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. citata amoRebulia aleqsandre rondelis, saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebidan, gv. 71. 31 ZalTa balansisaTvis ixileT aleqsandre rondeli “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi” gv.

109-119.

27

wamyvani politikuri monawileebi: qalq-saxelmwifo iqneba es, imperia, Tu

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo. struqtura warmoiSoba saxelmwifoTa Tanaarsebobi-

dan. saerTaSoriso politikuri sistema, rogorc bazrebi arian individualuri,

spontanurad Seqmnili da ucabedi. orive sistemaSi struqtura iqmneba maTi

Semadgeneli elementebis Tanamoqmedebis gamo. 29

uolci Tvlis, rom yvela saxelmwifos mizania gadarCena. igi aRiarebs, rom

saxelmwifoebs aqvT uamravi sxva mizani, magram aRniSnavs, rom TviTgadarCena

aris yvela sxva miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro prerekviziti.

2. elementebis xasiaTi

uolcis mTavari amosavali wertili aris is, rom struqtura ganisazRvreba

ara yvela moqmedi elementis mier, aramed mTavari moqmedi elementebis mier,

romlebic arian saxelmwifoebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom neorealizmi aRiarebs sxva

ara-saxelmwifo aqtorebis arsebobas, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso organi-

zaciebi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da sxva monawileebi, misi midgoma

saerTasoriso politikisadmi aris saxelmwifo-centruli. uolci amtkicebs, rom

saxelmwifoebi qmnian TamaSis wesebs yvelasaTvis. SeiZleba isini umniSvnelod

Caerion arasaxelmwifo monawileTa saqmianobaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, magram,

miuxedavad amisa saxelmwifoebi aweseben urTierTqmedebis wesebs, an pasiurobiT,

romelic uflebas iZleva araformaruli wesebis ganviTarebisa, an aqtiuri

CareviT da im wesebis SecvliT, romlebic maT, saxelmwifoebs, aRar awyobT.

rodesac amis saWiroeba iqmneba saxelmwifoebi cvlian wesebs, romlebic

aregulirebs monawileTa urTierTobebs.

aqidan gamomgdinare, uolci askvnis, rom saxelmwifoebi arian is elementebi,

romelTa urTierTqmedeba qmnis saerTaSoriso politikis struqturas da rom es

ase iqneba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.

uolci aseve amtkicebs, rom saxlemwifoebi arian msgavsni, imdenad

ramdenadac TiToeuli saxlemwifo aris suverenuli. misi TqmiT, suvereniteti

ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi ar ganicdian sxva saxelmwifoebis an

aqtorebis zegavlenas. suvereniteti da sxvaze damokidebuleba ar aris

SeuTavsebeli da dapirispirebuli mcnebebi. saxelmwifos suverenuloba niSnavs,

rom mas aqvs arCevani gadawyvitos rogor gaumklavdes saSinao, Tu sagareo

problemebs. es arCevani aseve gulisxmobs sxivsTvis daxmarebis Txovnas da amiT

sakuTari Tavisuflebis SezRudvas.

“TiToeuli saxelmwifo, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni saxelmwifo, aris

suverenuli politikuri erTeuli.” miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, saxelmwifoebi

gansxvavdebian kidevac. magram isini gansxvavdebian ara funqciebis, aramed

SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. TiToeuli saxelmwifo asrulebs msgavs funqciebs,

magram TavianTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi.

mokled rom iTqvas, saerTaSoriso sistemis mTavari moqemdi elementebi arian

erTi da imave funqciebis mqone suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romlebic

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian TavianTi SesaZleblobebiT.

29 iqve, .., gv. 52.

26

xorbali rkina

buSeli tona

britaneTi 10,000 25,000

aSS 20,000 15,000

mTliani warmoeba 30,000 40,000

TvalnaTelia, rom britaneTs aqvs specializacia rkinis warmoebaSi da aSS-s

xorblis warmoebaSi. Tu isini gadaisvrian mTels TavianT samuSao Zalas im

produqciis sawarmoeblad, romlis warmoebis absolituri upiratesobac

gaaCniaT, maSin orives mTliani warmoebuli produqcia gaizrdeba. Sesabamisad,

britaneTs SeeZleba awarmoos 50,000 tona rkina da aSS-s 40,000 buSeli xorbali.

amis Sedegad maT SeeZlebaT erTmaneTSi ivaWron. 4 buSel xorbalSi mova 5 tona

rkina da orive qveyana miiRebs sargebels. ra Tqma unda, vaWrobis moculoba

imazea damokidebuli Tu ramdeni produqcia gWirdeba. magram, miaqcieT

yuradReba im faqts, rom britaneTs SeuZlia 5 tona rkina gacvalos 4 buSel

xorbalSi, maSin rodesac Tu britaneTs mouwevs xorblis sakuTari ZalebiT

warmoeba man unda daTmos 10 tona rkina. anu, iqmneba situacia, sadac Tavisufali

vaWroba ufro momgebiania vidre izolacionizmi.

gadasaxadebis balansi

gadasaxadebis balansi aris erTgvari sabuRaltro meqanizmi, romelic

aRricxavs saqonlis, momsaxureobis da kapitalis moZraobas drois garkveul

periodSi (Tve, meoTxedi, weli). TviTon balansis mcneba am SemTxvevaSi cota ar

iyos arazustia, radganac sinamdvileSi Cven disbalansi ufro gvainteresebs,

romelic sxvadasxva punqtebSi iCens xolme Tavs. ganvixiloT, Tu romeli

punqtebisagan Sedgeba gadasaxadebis balansi:

1. saqonlis eqsport-importi

es punqti aRniSnavs im saqonels, romelic Seiqmna qveynis SigniT da

gaiyida qveynis gareT (eqsporti) da im saqonels, romelic Seiqmna qveynis

gareT da gaiyida qveynis SigniT (importi).

2. momsaxureobis eqsporti da importi

es exeba ufro araxelSesaxeb momsaxureobas, rogoricaa transportaciis

xarjebi, dazRveva, informacia, Tanamgzavruli gadacemebi, sabanko

danaxarjebi.

3. sainvesticio Semosavlebi da gadasaxadebi/gasavlebi

rodesac viRac akeTebs investicias ama Tu im qveyenaSi, igi moelis

mogebis dividendebs an procentebs am investiciidan. es punqti exeba

sainvesticio mogebis gadasaxads gadaxdils investorebis mier am qveynis

moqalaqeTaTvis da piriqiT, am qveynis mier ucxoelebisaTvis micemul

gadasaxadebs.

4. samTavrobo eqsporti/importi da ucxouri daxmareba

is saqoneli, romelsac mTavroba yidis saerTaSoriso bazarze,

magaliTad SeiaraReba. seve, mTavrobebi Rebuloben an gascemen ucxour

75

daxmarebas.

5. mimdinare angariSebis balansi

es punqti aris 1-4 punqtebis jamuri punqti. anu, saqonlis,

momsaxureobis, sainvesticio Semosavlebis da mTavrobis.

6. kapitaluri angariSi

es punqti Seexeba im investiciebs, romlebic dabandebulia sazRvargareT

an am qveyanaSi, ucxoelebis mier. rogorc wesi, ganasxvaveben moklevadian

(romlis simwifis periodia erT weliwadze naklebi) da grZelvadian

investiciebs (welze meti). magaliTad, rodesac iaponiis banki yidulobs

obligaciebs aSS-s mTavrobisgan, romelic mwifdeba 180 dReSi, es iwereba

moklevadian kapitalur angariSSi, magram rodesac mTavroba uxdis

iaponiis banks procents es iwereba sainvesticio Semosavlebis da

gasavlebis punqtSi.

7. oficialuri rezervebi

qveynis centralur banks gaaCnia ucxouri valutis da oqros rezervi,

romelsac igi iyenebs maSin, rodesac is awarmoebs transaqciebs sxva

qveynis centralur bankebTan, an rodesac igi erTveba ucxouri valutis

bazarSi valutis gasayidad an SesaZenad. am operaciebis saboloo efeqti

aris is, rom daabalansos sxva punqtebis jamuri sxvaoba.

8. statistikuri uzustoba

gadasaxadebis balansis gazomva arazusti procesia misi sirTulis gamo

da aseve imis gamo, rom zogierTi transaqciebi damalulia (magaliTad

narkotikebiT aralegaluri vaWroba). es punqti aris statistikuri

xriki, romelic gamoiyeneba uzustobis gasazomad da Semdeg saboloo

kreditebis da debitebis balansSi mosayvanad.

ufro martivad rom warmovidginoT, gadasaxadebis balansi

aRniSnavs or rames: transaqciis Sedegad ucxoels uxdis Tanxas qveyana

(debiti), Tu ucxoeli uxdis Tanxans qeyanas (krediti).

cxrili 1.1

krediti debiti balansi

miliardi dolari

1. saqoneli

a. eqsporti 164.3

b. importi 129.6

2. momsaxureoba

a. eqsporti 21.1

b. importi 19.3

c. savaWro balansi 185.4 148.9 +36.5

3. sainvesticio Semosavlebi

da gasavlebi

a. Semosavali 14.6

b. gasavali 21.4

4. mTavroba

a. eqsporti 13.5

b. importi 2.6

76

mTlianad axdens fokusirebas saerTaSoriso politikis struqturaze da am

struqturis zegavlenaze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. igi saerTaSoriso

politikas, masSi arsebul kanonzomierebebs da saxelmwifoTa qcevis wesebs xsnis

struqturis TaviseburebiT.

rogorc ukve iTqva, uolcis Teoriuli fokusi iyo ganecalkevebina

saerTaSoriso politika sxva sferoebisgan. amisaTvis man Camoayaliba

saerTaSoriso politikis (sp) struqturis, sistemis da sistemis elementebis

mcneba. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT uolciseuli neorealizmi, saTiTaod avxsnaT is

ZiriTadi koncefciebi, romlebsac uolci gvTavazobs:

sistema Sedgeba struqturisa da urTierTmomqmedi elementebisagan.

struqtura moicavs mTels sistemas da saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT

sistemaze, rogorc mTlianobaze.

sruqtura gansazRvravs Tu rogor arian mowyobili sistemis Semadgeneli

nawilebi, elementebi.

amavdroulad, uolcis mixedviT am SemTxvevaSi struqtura ar niSnavs poli-

tikuri institutebis erTobliobas, aramed imas Tu rogor arian isini mow-

yobilni. maSasadame, uolci saerTaSoriso politikis struqturas gansazRvravs

sam elementze dayrdnobiT:

1. mowyobis principi;

2. Semadgeneli elementebis xasiaTi;

3. ZalTa ganawileba. 27

1. mowyobis principis mixedviT sp sistema aris decentralizebuli da

anarqiuli. es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ar arsebobs uzenaesi mmar-

Tveloba/mTavroba, romelic daaregulirebda urTierTobebs sistemis Semad-

genel elementebs Soris.

uolci xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba wesrigis ararseboba, e.i. anarqiuloba

CaiTvalos wesrigad, pozitivisturi ekonomikis modelis gamoyenebiT.

magaliTad, ekonomikaSi saubroben ekonomikur adamianze, romelic mimarTulia

mogebis maqsimizaciisaken da saubroben bazrebze. magram bazrebi warmoiSoba

spontanurad, winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe. igi warmoiSoba individualuri

elementebis: adamianebis da firmebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. SeqmnisTanave

bazrebi gvelinebian rogorc calke Zala, romlis gakontroleba sistemis

elementebs aRar ZaluZT. bazrebi zRudaven da ganapirobeben elementebis qcevis

wesebs, rac ganapirobebs maT beds. zogi kotrdeba, zogi ki mdidrdeba.

sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, “individualuri elementebi iqcevian TviT-

neburad. msgavi elementebis erTgvarovani qmedebebisas warmoiqmneba struq-

tura, romelic zRudavs TiToeul maTgans. Camoyalibebis Semdeg bazari xdeba

calke Zala, Zala, romelsac misi Semadgeneli elementebis calkeuli, an Tundac

patara jgufebad moqmedeba ver akontrolebs. amis magivrad, mcire Tu didi

masStabiT imdenad ramdenadac sabazro pirobebi gansxvavdeba, Semqmnelebi,

romelTa saqmianobamac Seqmna bazari xdebian misi qmnilebebi.” 28

igivenairad, saerTaSoriso politika iqmneba misi Semadgeneli, TavisTavze

mzrunavi elementebis Tanaqmedebis Sedegad. es elementebi arian amaTuim epoqis

27 Robert J. Art and Robert Jervis, International Politics, Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues, Eddison-Wesley, 2003, p. 49. 28 Art and Jervis. p. 51

25

mogebas, rac zRudavs maT Soris TanamSromlobas. 24

Ralati aseve zRudavs TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs. saxelmwifoebs

eSiniaT, rom SeiZleba meore partniorma moityus da amiT misi fardobiTi Zala

gaizardos. radganac, relizmis TvalTaxedviT saxelmwifoebi zrunaven ZalTa

balansis SenarCunebaze isini gansakuTrebiT frTxiloben, rom ar motyuvdnen

sxva saxelmwiofoebis mier da aseve zrunaven fardobiT mogebaze. es yovelive

arTulebs TanamSromlobas.

struqturuli realizmi

60-70 wlebSi wamoWrilma meore debatebma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

pozitivistebsa da biheivioristebs Soris gardamtexi gavlena iqonia realizmze,

rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriaze. am periodSi saTave daedo

neorealizms, romlis midgoma realizmisadmi rogorc Teoriisadmi iyo ufro

meTodologiuri, ufro mecnieruli, da ara normatiuli, rogorc es klasikur

realizms axasiaTebda.

neorealizmis mamaTavrad iTvleba qeneT uolci, romlis sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli naSromi “saerTaSoriso politikis Teoria” (1979) ganaviTarebs

sruliad gansxvavebul realizms. uolcis meTodologia ganmsWvaluli iyo

ambiciebiT, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gamxdariyo samecniero dis-

cpilina.

maSasadame, uolcis mTavari mcdeloba is iyo, rom Camoeyalibebina kanonis

magvari mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da amiT am disciplinisaTvis

mecnieruli elferi mieca. uolci ambobs rom saerTaSoriso politikis Teoria

iseve SeiZleba Camoyalibdes rogorc sxva nebismieri Teoria. amisaTvis,

upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa:

- saerTaSoriso politika aRviqvaT rogorc gancalkevebuli sfero an areali,

- unda aRmovaCinoT kanonzomierebaTa magvari wesebi masSi (law like statements) da,

- SevimuSavoT dakvirvebis Sedegad gamovlenili kanonzomierebis axsnis gze-

bi. 25

aseT kanonzomierebebad uolcma miiCnia saxelmwifoTa saqcieli, romelic

yvelaze kargad e.w. Realpolitik-iT aris axsnili. kerZod, saxelmwifo interesebis

uzenaesoba, konkurenciis daregulireba (raSic ZalTa balansi moiazreba), Zalis

primati da ase Semdeg. anu, esenia meTodebi, romlebic ar icvlebian miuxedavad

imisa, rom maT gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben. 26 am

meTodebis ganmeorebiTobas uolci xsnis saerTaSoriso sistemis xasiaTiT.

amiT igi avlebs mtkice zRvars klasikur/neoklasikur da neorealizms Soris.

klasikuri realistebis da morgenTausgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic saubroben

saxelmwifos marTvis eTikaze, adamianis bunebaze, sagareo politikis warmo-

ebisas wamoWril moralur dilemaze, uolci ar axsenebs arc erT maTgans da

,

24 Joseph M. Grieco, “Anarcy and the Limits of Cooperation,” International Organization, Volume 42, Issue 3, (Summer 1988): 492-499. 25 zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo

iniciativebis instituti, 2004. gv. 71. 26 iqve, .., gv. 71

24

c. daxmareba (jamSi) 0.7

5. mimdinare angariSebis balansi 213.5 173.6

+39.9

6. kapitaluri angariSi

a. eqsporti 58.4

(grZeli da mokle vadiani)

b. importi 31.7

(grZeli da mokle vadiani)

c. kapitaluri angariSis balansi -26.7

7. oficialuri rezervebi 7.0 -7.0

8. statistikuri uzustoba 6.2 -6.2

cxrili 1.2

weli 1 2 3 4

saqoneli/momsaxureoba

eqsporti 102.2 156.7 185.4 191.4

importi 119.9 140.1 148.9 227.5

investiciebi

Semosavali 3.2 3.7 14.6 20.2

gasavali 8.4 11.9 21.4 23.1

mTavroba 1.5 11.8 10.2 8.1

mimdinare angariSebis balansi -21.4 20.2 39.9 -30.9

kapitaluri angariSi

exporti 12.2 32.6 58.4 27.7

importi 26.8 29.1 31.7 50.3

kapitaluri angariSebis balansi 14.6 -3.5 -26.7 22.6

sarezervo angariSi 3.2 -11.0 -7.0 4.1

statistikuri uzustoba 3.6 -5.7 -6.2 4.2 138

davakvirdeT cxrils 1.2, romelSic gamogonili qveynis gadasaxadTa balansia

mocemuli 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc Cans, es qveyana ganicdis eqsportis

zrdas, magram amave dros importi ufro swrafad izrdeba. es sxvadasxva sixSiris

zrdis tempebi iwvevs mimdinare angariSis cvalebadobas deficitidan siWarbemde

da Semdeg isev deficitamde. Cven amas vxedavT mimdinare angariSebis balansSi

21. 4 miliardian deficitidan orwlian Semosavalze gadasvliT da Semdeg isev

30. 9 miliardi dolaris deficitis arsebobiT.

kapitaluri angariSi TiTqos sarkiseburad aireklavs am garemoebas, anu,

gvaqvs Tanxebis jamuri Semosvla pirvel wels da Semdegi ori wlis manZilze

jamuri gasvla da Semdeg isev vubrundebiT Semosvlas. anu, es imas niSnavs, rom

qveyanam SeZlo ufro meti investiciebi gaetana sazRvargareT da samagierod naxa

sargebeli Semosavlis saxiT Semdgomi ori wlis manZilze. magram, xelmeore

deficiti sagrZnoblad amcirebs am investicias da samagierod izidavs ucxour

138 cxrili adaptirebulia tomas larsonis da devid skidmoris wignidan “saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomika”

77

investicias. es procesi Cans kapitalis eqsportis mkveTri dacemiT da kapitalis

importis mkveTri zrdiT meoTxe weliwadSi. es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom qveyanas

aqvs SesaZlebloba daabandos investicia sazRvargareT da miiRos sargebeli ori

Semdgomi wlis ganmavlobaSi. magram, meoTxe wels deficitis gaCena iwvevs

investiciebis Semcirebas da amis sapirispirod moizidavs ucxour investiciebs.

es procesi Cans im faqtiT, rom kapitalis eqsporti mkveTrad ecema meoTxe

weliwadSi da kapitalis importi izrdeba.

es SeiZleba dadebiT faqtad gveCvenos, radgan sxva qveynebs aqvT survili

daabandon investicia Cvens qveyanaSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, am situacias

SeiZleba eqnes potenciurad savalalo Sedegebi momavalSi. kapitalis importis

zrda niSnavs, rom Cvens qveyanas mouwevs Semosavlis gadaxda ucxoeli

investorebisaTvis momavalSi, maSin rodesac Semosavali sazRvargareTidan

daecema, radgan am droisaTvis am qveynis kapitalis investiciebi sazRvargareT

Semcirda. Tu savaWro deficitis da kapitalis importis zrdis kombinacia

didxans gagrZeldeba, aman SeiZleba qveyana mZime arCevanis winaSe daayenos. erT-

erTi gamosavali, SeiZleba iyos mimdinare angariSis deficitis Semobruneba

importis Semcirebis xarjze, rom SesaZlebeli iyos kapitalis importis

Semosavlis gadaxda ucxoelebisaTvis. amis alternativa aris is, rom xangrZlivi

mimdinare angariSis deficiti aiZulebs qveyanas aiRos ufro meti sagareo vali

imasaTvis, rom gadaixados sargebeli adrindel investiciebze.

magram SesaZlebloba, rom sagareo vali gamoiyeno deficitis dasafaravad

damokidebulia ucxoelebis survilze undaT Tu ara investireba. isini ar arian

valdebuli ase moiqcnen. es imas niSnavs, rom is specifiuroba, rom yvela unda

gaswordes (yvelam Tavisi miiRos) niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom unda gadadgas

nabijebi mimdinare angariSis deficitis gasasworeblad. Sesworebebs SeiZleba

hqondeT sabazro operaciebis, an politikuri qmedebebis saxe.

msgavsi maCvenebeli aris eris roli saerTaSoriso arenaze, anu debitoria igi

Tu kreditori. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, meoTxe wlis monacemebis mixedviT qveyana aris

debitori im gagebiT, rom ucxoelebi floben am qveynis ufro met simdidres

vidre am qveynis moqalaqebi ucxours. es aris Sedegi imisa, rom didi xnis

manZilze deficiti mimdinare angariSSi finansdeboda ucxouri investiciebiT.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom debitor qveyanas uwevs interesebis da dividendebis

saxiT ufro meti Tanxis gadaxda vidre is Rebulobs (mag. me-4 weliwadSi Semo-

savali aris 20. 2 miliardi da gasavali 23. 1 miliardi) rac aris kidev erTi

uaryofiTi punqti balansSi). es situacia gagrZeldeba sanam mimdinare balansi ar

gadava plusebSi ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. es rom piriqiT yofiliyo, anu

qveyanas hqonoda ufro meti qoneba sazRvargareT, vidre ucxoelebi floben sim-

didres am qveyanaSi, maSin qveyana iqneboda kreditori qveyana da maSin igi miiReb-

da jamur Semosavals ucxoeTidan, anu dadebiTi punqti gadasaxadebis balansSi.

Tu davukvirdebiT, gadasaxadebis balansi yvelaze ufro metad mniS-

vnelovania imisTvis, Tu ras gvimxels is disbalansebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT

ganmeorebad disbalansebze mimdinare angariSebis balansSi. magram sakiTxavi is

aris, Tu rogor zegavlenas axdens deficiti an froficiti qveynis keTil-

dReobaze da mis finansur mdgomareobaze? ra saSualebebs flobs saxelmwifo,

rom gamoasworos es problemebi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa

ganvixiloT urTierTobebi msoflio da saSinao ekonomikebs Soris, rac moiTxovs

makroekonomikis elementaruli mcnebebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa sesxis

ganakveTi, fulis miwodeba, monetaruli da fiskaluri politika.

78

formas:

1. saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTis eSiniaT, radgan mudmivad saSiSroebis molodinSi

arian sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan;

2. saxelmwifoebi damokidebulni arian mxolod sakuTar Tavze, radgan sxva

saxelmwifoebi potenciur safrTxes warmoadgenen. rogorc kenet uolci

ambobs saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben “TviT daxmarebis” reJimSi. Sesabamisad

aliansebi ganixileba rogorc droebTi movlena da SeiZleba dReis mokavSire

gaxdes xvalis metoqe da dReis mteri xvalis mekavSire. aqedan gamomdinare,

realistebi askvnian rom saxelmwifoebi unda iyvnen egoisturebi da

izrunon sakuTar erovnul interesebze. es mosazreba ucvleli rCeba

rogorc moklevadian aseve grZelvadian pirobebSi;

3. saxelmwifoebi cdiloben gazardon TavianTi fardobiTi Zliereba (relative power) sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. 23 radgan rac meti aqvs samxedro

upiratesoba, miT ufro usafrTxoa qveyana. TiToel saxelmwifos aqvs

survili iyos Zlieri samxedro Zala radgan es aris yvelaze saukeTeso gza

uzrunvelyo sakuTari usafrTxoeba saSiS garemoSi. igive motivi logikurad

ganapirobebs imas, rom saxelmwifoebma wamoiwyon omi rodesac amis

saSualeba arsbobs da rodesac mogeba savaraudoa. idealuri gamosavali

aris iyo hegemoni sistemaSi. maSin TviTgadarCena TiTqmis uzrunvelyofili

iqneboda.

realizmis centraluri mosazreba, razec yuradRebis gamaxvileba

aucilebelia isaa, rom anarqia iwvevs konkurencias da konfliqts saxelmwifoebs

Soris da axSobs maTSi TanamSromlobis survils maSinac ki, rodesac arsebobs

saerTo interesi. es mosazreba mimarTulia neoliberaluri Teoriebis sapi-

rispirod, romelebic amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT iTanamSromlon.

realizmis azriT, arsebobos ori mizezi rac xels uSlis TanamSromlobas. esenia:

fardobiTi mogeba (relative gains) da Ralatis saSiSroeba.

saxelmwifoebi, romlebic fiqroben TanamSromlobaze unda gansazRvron, Tu

rogor ganawildeba mogeba monawileTa Soris. aris mogebis aRqmis ori gza:

absoluturi, an fardobiTi mogeba. absoluturi mogeba (absolute gains) niSnavs,

rom TiToeuli mxare mxolod dainteresebulia maqsimaluri mogebiT da ar

adardebs sxvisi monapovari. TiToeul mxares adardebs meoris qmedebebi mxolod

imdenad, ramdenadac meoris saqcielma SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos mis mier

maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis perspeqtivaze. amis sapirispirod fardobiTi

mogeba (relative gains) niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoebi saTvalavSi iReben ara marto

sakuTar individualur mogebas, aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad aqvs mas saqme

sxvasTan SedarebiT. realizmis samyaroSi saxelmwifoebi yuradRebas aqceven

fardobiT mogebas, radgan saxelmwifoebis mTavari mizania TviTgadarCena da

suverenintetis SenarCuneba. amitom, saxlemwifoebs aqvT SiSi, rom dRevandeli

megobari SeiZleba gaxdes xvalindeli mteri. amitom TanamSromloba, romelic

orives xels aZlevs arasasurvelia, radganac es mis potenciur mters aZlierebs.

aqidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebi mkacrad akvirdebian maTi partniorebis

23 am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT realizmi iyofa or ganStoebad: TavdasxmiT (mirSaimeri)

da TavdacviT realizmad (jervisi, van evera, volti). debatebi da gansxvavebebi am or

ganStoebas Soris ganxiluli iqneba Semdgom leqciebSi.

23

leqcia IV

neorealizmi

politikuri realizmi: zogadi mimoxilva

politikuri realizmi sxva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebisgan gan-

sxvavebiT xatavs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sevdian suraTs. saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi danaxulia rogorc mkacri konkurencia qveynebs Soris, rom-

lebsac aranairi mizezi ar aqvT erTmaneTs miendon maSin, rodesac maTi arsebobis

arsi TviTgadarCenaa iseT garemoSi sadac erTis danakargi meoris monapovaria

(zero sum game).

jon mirSaimeri gvTavazobs realizmis yvelaze naTel da amomwurav

daxasiaTebas. igi gamoyofs xuT ZiriTad mosazrebas romelic aRwers realizmis

midgomas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi. 22

1. pirveli mosazreba isaa, rom saerTaSoriso sistema anarqiulia. anu,

saerTaSoriso sistemis mowyobis principi aris anarqiuli, rac imas niSnavs,

rom sistema Sedgeba damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulebisgan

(saxelmwifoebi), romlebsac ar hyavT zemdgomi xelisufleba. sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobs umaRlesi mmarTveli organo, zesaxelmwifo, maSin

rodesac suvereniteti saxelmwifoTa Tandayolili Tvisebaa.

2. meore mosazereba isaa, rom saxelmwifoebs bunebrivad TandayvebaT agresiis

iaraRi, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg.

rogorc wesi, es aris samxedro SeiaraReba. Tumca, rom ar iyos iaraRi,

realizmi ambobs rom indivdebi saomrad xel-fexs gamoiyenebdnen.

3. mesame mosazreba isaa, rom saxelmwifoebi arasdros ar arian darwmunebulni,

Tu ra ganzraxva amoZravebs sxva saxelmwifos. kerZod, arc erT saxelmwifos

ar aqvs garantia imisa, rom mis winaaRmdeg agresiul iaraRs ar gamoiyenebs

meore saxelmwifo. SeiZleba es meore saxelmwifo iyos keTilmosurne da

saimedo, magram am mosazrebaze dayrdnoba SeuZlebelia, radgan

SeuZlebelia ganzraxvis asi procentiT gansazRvra. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, gaurkvevlobis (uncertainty) Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia rodesac

xdeba ganzraxvis Sefaseba, es ki martivad ganapirobebs imas, rom

saxelmwifoebi verasdros iqnebian darwmunebulni, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs

agresiul iaraRebTan erTad agresiuli ganzraxvebic ar aqvT.

4. meoTxe mosazreba isaa, rom saxelmwifoTa ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli motivi

aris TviTgadarCena, radgan maT surT suverenitetis SenarCuneba.

5. mexuTe mosazreba ambobs rom saxelmwifoebi fiqroben strategiulad imaze,

Tu rogor gadarCnen saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. saxelmwifoebi arian

umetesad racionalurebi. Tumca, zogjer SeiZleba ver gansazRvron

saqcieli, radgan isini moqmedeben arasruli informaciis samyaroSi, sadac

potenciur mowinaaRmdeges gaaCnia sababi imisa, rom damalos Tavisi

namdvili Zala, an sisuste da damalos Tavisi namdvili ganzraxvebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, mirSaimeri gamoyofs saxelmwifoTa saqcielis sam ZirTad

22 John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/1995), pp. 5-49.

22

monetaruli da fiskaluri politika

fiskaluri politika exeba mTavrobis politikas danaxarjebis, gadasaxadebis

da sesxebis Sesaxeb. monetaruli politika exeba centraluri bankis politikas

daareguliros fulis miwodeba da sesxis ganakveTi. am ori politikidan

monetaruli politika rogorc wesi ufro institucionalizebuli da efeqturia.

fiskaluri politika ki ufro politizirebulia. Sesabamisad, fiskaluri

politikis gamoyeneba makroekonomikis erT-erT instrumentad cota ufro

nakleb efeqturia.

magaliTad, amerikis centraluri banki Seiqmna 1913 wels. konservatorma

jgufebma federaluri rezervic ki Seqmnes. aSS-mde bevr wamyvan qveyanas ukve

hqonda centraluri bankebi. mag: did britaneTs 1840-ian wlebSi, germanias 1870-

ian wlebSi da iaponias 1880-ian wlebSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganamsxvavebeli

niSani centraluri bankebisa isaa, Tu ramdenad damoukideblebi arian isini

politikuri diqtatisagan. am gagebiT, germaniis centraluri banki, bundesbanki,

yvelaze damoukidebelia. Semdeg modis inglisis banki da safrangeTis banki.

federaluri rezervi am ori ukiduresobis SuaSi eqceva. anu mas aqvs

damoukideblad moqcevis saSualeba, magram amavdroulad xSirad pasuxobs

politikur zewolas da zrdis fulis miwodebas, an amcirebs ganakveTis

procents.

monetaruli politika

magaliTisTvis, ganvixiloT Tu rogor axorcielebs monetarul politikas

fedi. mas aqvs ori instrumenti, romliTac ekonomikaze axdens zegavlenas: Ria

sabazro operaciebi (open market operations) da procenti (discount rate). orive

instrumentis mizania gavlena moaxdinos kreditis xelmisawvdomobaze anu

bankebis survili gascen sesxi da individebis da korporaciebis survili aiRon

sesxi.

rogorc cnobilia, fulis brunvis didi nawili aris uxilavi fuli, anu Cekebi

da gadaricxvebi da ara naRdi fuli. amerikaSi ufro metad gamoiyeneba sabanko

transferebi angariSsworebisas. ufro metic, fulis nakadis moculoba ufro

metad damokidebulia bankebis mier kreditis gamoyofaze vidre saxelmwifos

mier fulis dabeWdvaze. fedi axdens fulis miwodebis menejments swored am

procesebze zegavleniT. rodesac banki gamouyofs sesxs Tavis klientebs es

zrdis ekonomiur aqtivobas. saqonlis da servisebis warmoebis zrda gazrdili

moTxovnis dasakmayoflileblad iwvevs dasaqmebis zrdas. es damatebiTi

muSaxeli ki Tavis Semosavals xarjavs, an sulac Tavad iRebs sesxs SenaZenis

gasakeTeblad. es procesi Sebrunebadia: rodesac bankebi amcireben sesxis

gacemas, saqonlis da momsaxureobis SeZena mcirdeba, umuSevroba ki izrdeba,

rasac mosdevs danaxarjebis Semcireba, Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobis

dacema.

am yoveliveze zemoqmedebs da aregulirebs federaluri rezervi. fedi

gansazRvravs im qonebis proporciebs, romelic unda imyofebodes rezervSi. mas

aqvs inspeqciis ufleba winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSe da aseve SeuZlia

daaZalos cvlilebebi sesxis gacemis politikaSi. yvelaze gavrcelebuli teqnika

fulis miwodebis samarTavad aris Ria sabazro operaciebi. fedi an zrdis fulis

79

miwodebas, an gamowovs fuls sabanko sistemidan saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis

yidva-gayidvis gziT. rodesac ramdenime miliardi dolaris fasiani qaRaldebi

iyideba, maSin am qaRaldebis gamyidveli institutebi (rogorc wesi bankebi da

sadazRvevo kompaniebi), iReben didi raodenobiT fuls Cekis saxiT fedisgan, rac

zrdis fulis miwodebas. sabanko sistemaSi fulis CadebiT da Sesabamisad bankebis

sesxis gacemis unarianobis amaRlebiT fedi awarmoebs gafarToebaze orien-

tirebul monetarul/finansur politikas (expansionary monetary policy). amis

sapirispiro aris xelmomWirneobaze orientirebuli monetaruli politika (tight monetary policy), romlis drosac fedi yidis fasian qaRaldebs da miRebuli fulis

Sedegad efeqturad gamoswovs fuls sabanko sistemidan.

sawyisi procenti/diskonti (discount rate) aris aseve Zlieri instrumenti fulis

miwodebis samarTavad. es aris is procenti, romelsac fedi uwesebs wevr bankebs,

rodesac isini fuls sesxuloben fedisgan. sawyisi procenti aseve aris erTgvari

procenti, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens danarCeni procentebis odenobaze da

misi cvalebadoba iwvevs cvlilebebs sxva procentebSic. Sesabamisad, kidev

erTxel, mizani aris fulis miwodebis gafarToeba da Semcireba. sawyisi

procentis gazrda aZvirebs fulis Rirebulebas, sesxis aRebis survils amcirebs

da Sesabamisad unda Seanelos ekonomikuri eqspansiac. misi Semcireba aqezebs

sesxis aRebas da Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobac unda gaizardos.

fedis roli aSS-Si aris SeunarCunos stabiluroba finansur bazars

krizisebis dros da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas da amave dros akontrolos

inflacia, anu ekonomikuri zrda dabali inflaciis TanxlebiT. meoce saukunis

dasawyisSi finasuri panika Zalian gaizarda da amitomac Seiqmna fedi. panika aris

periodi, rodesac SeSinebuli investorebi cdiloben saswrafod gayidon

TavianTi fasiani qaRaldebi, raTa TavianTi fuli ukan daibrunon.

fedi aseve aris fulis saboloo gamsesxebeli raTa uzrunvelyos

likviduroba (saWiro odenobis fuli, raTa ganxorcieldes yvela transaqcia,

romlis ganxorcielebac xalxs surs) rodesac danarCeni gamsesxebeli

institutebi arian panikiT paralizebulebi. fedis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

roli aris inflaciis kontroli ekonomikuri aqtivobis mxardaWerasTan erTad.

inflacia gansakuTrebiT saSiSia imaTvTvis vin gascems fuls, an imaTTvis visi

Semosavalic ganisazRvreba mudmivi Semosavalis saxiT (fixed income). es

Semdeganairad aixsneba: mudmivi Semosavlis Rirebuleba mcirdeba inflaciis

gamo, radgan mzardi fasebis pirobebSi momavali Semosavali, romlis odenoba

warsulSi daigegma, gamoirCeva dabali msyidvelobiTi unarianobiT. rodesac

fedi cdilobs gaakontrolos inflacia igi icavs gamsesxeblebis da sxvaTa

interesebs, romlebic zaraldebian gazrdili fasebis Sedegad.

Tu monacemebi aCvenebs, rom ekonomika farTovdeba Zalian swrafad da

sainflacio wneva izrdeba, fedi aucileblad moqmedebas iwyebs. Cumi da

moklevadiani qmedeba inflaciis SesaCereblad iqneba operaciebi Ria bazarze rac

Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas da aswevs ganakveTs. ufro sajaro moqmedeba iqneba

ukve sawyisi procentis gazrda. situaciis sirTulidan gamomdinare am politikis

kombinaciebi SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes. 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis

ganmavlobaSi, rodesac inflaciuri wneva maRali iyo fedi axorcielebda “mkacr

monetarul” politikas da saprocento ganakveTic uprecedentod gazarda. 1994

wels, rodesac inflaciuri wneva iyo mosalodneli, fedma winaswar gazarda

saprocento ganakveTi da Seanela amerikis ekonomika.

80

ganisajos rogorc civilzebul adamianTa urTierTobebi. morgenTau am

yovelives damRupvelad da upasuxismgeblobad miiCnevda. misi azriT, es iyo

udidesi inteleqtualuri Secdoma, radgan aseTi midgoma ver xedavda

gansxvavebas pirad sferosa da saxalxo sferos Soris. rogorc ukve ganvixileT,

politikuri realistebisaTvis am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba fundamenturia.

morgenTau miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos marTvis fundamenturi safuZvelia imis

naTeli SegrZneba, rom politikuri eTika da piradi eTika erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdeba. saWiroa am faqtis ara ugulebelyofa, aramed misi naTlad gaazreba

da cda, rom am gamouvali garemoebidan Seecado da saukeTeso Sedegi miiRo.

morgenTau Tavis naSromis SesavalSive ayalibebs politikuri realzmis 6

princips, raTa gaaqarwylos gaugebrobebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris

politikuri realizmi. 20

1. politika fesvgadgmulia adamianis permanentulad ucvlel bunebaSi,

romelic aris egoisturi da egocentruli.

2. politika aris avtonomiuri sfero da ar SeiZleba misi dayvana ekonomikamde

(rogorc amas marqsizmis mimdevrebi akeTeben), an moralamde (rogorc amas

kantis liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi akeTeben xolme). saxelmwifo

meTaurebma unda imoqmedon politikuri sibrZnis diqtatis mixedviT.

maTTvis gzis gagnebis mTavari saSualeba erovnuli interesebis koncefciaa.

3. piradi interesebi aris adamianuri arsebis gamomxatveli faqti. yvela

adamianis piradi interesebis minimumi aris TviTgadarCena da usafrTxoeba.

politika aris arena, sadac es interesebi gamoixateba da es interesebi

aucileblad erTmaneTs Seejaxeba rac adre Tu gvian gamoiwvevs konfliqts.

saerTaSorsio politikac aseve aris saxelmwifoTa interesebis Sejaxebis

arena. saxelmwifoTa interesebi ki icvleba droSi da garemoSi. realizmi

aris doqtrina, romelic reagirebas axdens cvalebad politikur

realobaze.

4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eTika aris politikuri da situaciuri eTika,

rac Zalzed gansxvavdeba piradi moralisagan. politikur liders ar aqvs

Tavisufleba moiqces moralur principebze dayrdnobiT rigiTi

moqalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, radgan igi pasuxismgebelia xalxis winaSe da mis

xelSia maTi usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba. SesaZlebeli Sedegebidan

yvelaze momgebianis SerCeva politikosis umaRlesi miRwevaa.

5. realizmi miiCnevs, rom arc erTi eris da saxelmwifos zneobrivi miznebi ar

SeiZleba miviCnioT sayovelTao zneobriv kanonebad (TviT iseTi

demokratiuli erisac ki, rogoric aris aSS) da ar SeiZleba isini Zalis

gamoyenebiT dakisrebuli iqnes sxva saxelmwifoze. realistebi gamodian amis

sawinaaRmdegod, radgan es safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebas.

SesaZlebelia, rom raRac momentSi ZaliT dakisrebulma ideologiam

sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos da TviT “jvarosan” qveyanas safrTxe Seeqmnas.

6. politikosis umaRlesi zneoba da morali aris misi qveynis interesebi. 21

20 Hans J. Morgenthau. Politics Among nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1985, p. 4. 21 realizmis eqvsi principis mokle anotacia aseve ixileT aleqsandre rondelis

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, gverdi 41-42 da Jackson and Sorensen, p. 79-80.

21

bunebrivi mdgomareoba saerTaSoriso doneze ar aris iseTi saSiSi da muqaris

momgvreli rogorc pirovnul doneze. saxelmwifoebs ufro advilad SeuZliaT

erTmaneTi daicvan gareSe safrTxisgan, vidre es calkeul adamianebs SeuZliaT.

bolo suraTi rasac hobsi aRwers aris saerTaSoriso anarqia, romelic

dafuZnebulia suverenul saxelmwifoebze. radganac suverenitets dacva

sWirdeba, avtomaturad anarqiuli sistema gulisxmobs faqtobriv, an

potenciuri omis mdgomareobas. hobsi ambobs, rom omi aris ukanaskneli

saSualeba imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma Seajeron SeuTanxmebeli problemebi.

neoklasikuri realizmi: hans morgenTau

1948 wels gamocemuli germanuli warmoSobis amerikeli politikuri

mecnieris hans morgenTaus naSromi “qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauflebisa

da mSvidobisaTvis” miCneulia politikuri naSromebis mwvervalad. am naSromma

didi xniT ganszaRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli

interesebi da mTeli am dargis ganviTarebis Semdgomi xasiaTi. 18

morgenTaus qveynebis politika aris Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis ideebis

gagrZeleba, Tumca ufro Tanamedrove eniT dawerili da gajerebuli dagrovili

istoriuli gamocdilebiT da politikuri sibrZniT. Tavis safuZvelSi es wigni

igive fundamentzea daarsebuli rogorc zemoT ganxiluli naSromebi, kerZod is,

rom adamianis buneba aris mtacebluri, bunebrivad mzakvari da bneli, da rom es

faqti aisaxeba politikur urTierTobebze. politika da eTika erTmaneTisgan

Sors dganan da, rom politikuri Zala da Zliereba aris mSvidobis erTaderTi

garanti. amitom aris, rom morgenTaus realizms uwodeben neoklasikur

realizms, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi realizmi aris meoce saukunis ganaxlebuli

klasikuri tradicia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.

morgenTau, iseve rogorc misi ideuri winamorbedebi, Tvlida, rom qalebi da

kacebi bunebiT arian politikuri cxovelebi, isini dabadebulni arian, raTa

moipovon Zala da datkbnen Zlierebis nayofiT. igi ambobda, rom adamianebs

axasiaTebT Zalisadmi ltolva (lust) da amas uwodebda animus dominandi, romelic

iwvevs gardauval politikur brZolas adamianebs Soris.

adamianebs aqvT survili, rom iyvnen sxvebis politikuri zegavlenisgan

damoukedebeli. es qmnis saWiroebas imisas, rom Seiqmnas iseTi politikuri

sfero, sadac Tavisufuli iqnebian sxvisi politikuri diqtatisgan. saboloo

varianti aseTi sferosi, romlis SigniTac iqneba usafrTxoeba, aris suverenuli

saxelmwifo. mis gareT ki usafrTxoebis miRweva SeuZlebelia. 19

meores mxriv, sistema, romelic efuZneba damoukidebel elementebs,

romlebsac gaaCniaT kerZo interesebi da survili, daicvan es interesebi,

warmoSobs saWiroebas imisas, rom saxelmwifos SigniT moxdes Zalis mobilizeba

da saWiro SemTxvevaSi gamoyeneba. erTi sityviT, saxelmwifoebze dafuZnebul

sistemas mivyavarT anarqiamde da konfliqtamde.

rogorc misi azrobrivi winamorbedebi, aseve morgenTauc avlebs mkveTr xazs

pirad eTikasa da politikas Soris da mkacrad akritikebs meore msoflio omamde

damkvidrebul vilsoniseul liberalur politikas, romelic qadagebda, rom

saxelmwifoTa qmedebebic igive moraluri da eTikuri standartebiT unda

18 iqve, . . ., gv. 41. 19 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 76.

20

fiskaluri politika

ekonomikis menejmentis meore umniSvnelovanesi instrumentia fiskaluri

politika — gadasaxadebis da danaxarjebis warmoeba mTavrobis mier ekonomikaze

zemoqmedebis mizniT. fiskaluri politikis fundamentur mosazrebebs mivyavarT

gavlenian britanel ekonomistamde, jon meinard keinsamde, romelic ambobda,

rom ar aris aucilebeli fiskaluri politika emsaxurebodes dakanonebul da

dabalansebul biujets, aramed SeiZleba igi gamoyenebul iqnas ekonomikuri

ciklebis samarTavad da procesis gasaadvileblad.

1960 wlamde miRebuli iyo e.w. deficituri gadaxarjvebi, anu mTavroba

xarjavda ufro mets, vidre mas Semosavali hqonda gadasaxadebis saxiT. amis

principi iyo is, rom mTavroba fuls debda isev ekonomikaSi da amiT aCqarebda

ekonomikuri aqtivobis tempebs. 1964 wels miRebul iqna kenedi-jonsonis

gadasaxadebis Semcirebis aqti da amiT es principi Seicvala. imis magivrad, rom

dayrdnobodnen gazrdil samTavrobo danaxarjebs, ekonomistebma mxari dauWires

gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da danaxarjebis igive doneze datovebas, raTa

warmoqmniliyo mastimulirebeli deficiti. anu, idea is aris, rom is pirovnebebi,

romlebsac gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sedegad gauCndaT zedmeti Semosavali am

fuls isev ekonomikaSi daabandeben da igive rezultati iqneboda miRweuli.

fiskalur politikas axasiaTebs sistute, radgan igi aris sxvadasxva

jgufebis da Tavad politikosebis uzurpaciis sagani. magaliTad, 1966 wels

prezidentma jonsonma gadawyvita ar gaezarda gadasaxadebi vietnamis omSi

gaweuli xarjebis asanazRaureblad, radgan es kidev ufro Seasustebda misdami

saxalxo mxardaWeras. aseTi qmedebebi SeiZleba racionaluri iyos mokle vadaSi,

magram hqondes savalalo Sedegebi grZelvadian periodSi. xSirad gadasaxadebis

Semcirebas mivyavarT ekonomikis zedmetad stimulaciisaken, rasac Sedegad

inflacia mosdevs. swored es mohyva jonsonis gadawyvetilebas.

savaluto kursi da savaWro deficitebi

darCenili koncefciebis nakrebi, romelic mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomikis gasagebad exeba urTierTobebs savaluto kurssa da

saerTaSoriso vaWrobas Soris. imisaTvis, rom vaWroba Sedges, fulma patroni

unda gamoicvalos. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi erTi qveynis valuta unda gaicvalos

meoreze. Sesabamisad, savaluto kurss aqvs didi zegavlena vaWrobis pirobebze.

savaluto kursi martivad rom vTqvaT aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba

gavcvaloT erTi valuta meoreze. savaluto kursi ganisazRvreba amaTu im

valutaze moTxovnis doniT da am valutis miwodebis doniT. savaluto kurss aqvs

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba mTavrobebisaTvis. isini gamoiyeneben ramodenime

saSualebas raTa zegavlena iqonion valutis kursze. erT-erTi aris mudmi-

vi/myari savaluto kursis (fixed exchange rate) daweseba. tipiurad, aseTi kursis

SenarCunebas Wirdeba mTavrobis mniSvnelovani Careva valutis bazarze, raTa es

kursi SenarCunebuli iqnas. mudmivi gacviliTi kursis politika tardeboda

msoflios umetes nawilSi 1958 wlidan 1973 wlamde da pirvel msoflio omamdec

ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi. amis sapirispiro aris motivtive gacvliTi kursi

(floating exchange rate), romlis mixedviTac valutis fasi ganisazRvreba bazris mier

mTavrobis Caurevlad. dRevandeli mdgomareoba Zalian rTulia. 50-mde qveynas

81

aqvs ase Tu ise motivtive gacviliTi kursis politika anu, mTavrobebi

drodadro erevian bazris saqmianobaSi, rom zemoqmedeba moaxdinon garkveul

procesebze. 20-mde qveyanas aqvs politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs mudmiv

gacvliT kurss qveynebis jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. qveynebis umravlesobas ki

(susti da patara saxelmwifoebi) mimagrebuli aqvT TavianTi valutis Rire-

buleba sxva ufro Zlier valutasTan. amasTan, mniSvnelovania ganvasxvaoT myari

(stabiluri da usafrTxo, romelic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso transaqciebis

dros) da susti (gamoiyeneba mxolod qveynis SigniT) valutis tipebi.

jerjerobiT ar arsebobs valuta, romelic mxolod bazris mier aris

regulirebadi. centraluri bankebi xSirad erTvebian savaluto bazris

operaciebSi raTa gavlena moaxdinon maTi valutis moTxovna miwodebaze. amas

imitom akeTeben, rom erovnuli fulis faseuloba pirdapir kavSirSia am qveynis

saqonlis RirebulebasTan saerTaSoriso bazarze da saerTaSoriso saqonlis

Rirebulebaze Sida bazarze. sakuTari erovnuli valutis Rirebulebis SecvliT

mTavrobebs, rogorc wesi, surT Secvalon fasebi importze da eqsportze da

Sedegad zegavlena moaxdinon saboloo savaWro balansze.

rogor axdens savaluto kursi zegavlenas vaWrobaze

rogorc mogexsenebaT, rodesac xalxi awarmoebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobas maT

unda Seafason TavianTi saqoneli im bazris valutiT, romelzec saqoneli

iyideba, magram sabolood maT sWirdebaT sakuTari qveynis valuta. es imas

niSnavs, rom gayidvidan miRebuli fuli unda gadaicvalos erovnul valutaze.

amgvarad, savaluto kursi axdens pirdapir zegavlenas fasebze.

ganivixiloT es magaliTis mixedviT. warmovidginoT, rom amerikeli

eqsportiori yidis kompiuteris disk draiverebs did britaneTSi. am periodSi

savaluto kursi am or valutas Soris aris 1 funt sterlingi 2 aSS dolarTan. es

disk draivebi aSS-Si iyideba 500 dolarad. eqsportiori mzad aris

transportaciis xarjebi Tavad gaiRos raTa daimkvidros Tavi inglisis bazarze.

Sesabamisad is Tavis produqts afasebs 250 funt sterlingad da miiRebs 500

amerikul dolars. axla warmovidginoT, rom sterligis kursma aiwia da 1 funt

sterlingi udris 3 amerikul dolars. amis Sedegad, eqsportiors saSualeba aqvs

gaaiafos Tavisi produqti (daimaxsovreT, rom mas mxolod 500 dolaris miReba

ainteresebs) da gaxados 166.67 funt sterlingi, rom miiRos 500 dolari (166.67

gamravlebuli 3-ze). Sesabamisad, Sesustebuli dolaris kursi saSualebas aZlevs

(magram ar aris aucilebeli) rom amerikelma eqsportiorebma gaaiafon fasebi

sazRvargareT. Tu aris sapirispiro situacia, anu Zvirdeba dolari da ecema

funt sterlingis kursi, magaliTad 1 funt sterlingi udris 1 amerikul

dollars, maSin eqsportiorebs didi problema aqvT. imisTvis, rom maT miiRon

saWiro 500 dolari unda gazardon produqtis fasi ucxo bazarze 500 funt

sterlingamde raTa maTi biznesi wamgebiani ar gaxdes.

dolaris kursis dagdebis xerxs xSirad mimarTavs amerikis mTavroba raTa

aRmofxvras uzarmazari savaWro defici. magram, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic,

rom kursis dagdebis zegavlenas savaWro deficitis amovsebaze aqvs Tavisi

limitebi. istoriulad cnobilia, rom dolaris gaiafebam mxolod zRvruli

zegavlena iqonia aSS-s savaWro deficitze. 1971 - 1980 wlebSi miuxedavad imisa,

rom dolaris kursi daeca, amerikis savaWro deficiti gauaresda. 1985 wlis

82

Tomas hobsi

ingliseli filosofosis, Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebi iTvleba realizmis

fundamentad. Tavis “leviaTanSi,” filosofiuri deduqciis saSualebiT hobsi

cdilobs axsnas politkuri sinamdvilis buneba. SesavalSive hobsi ambobs, rom

saxelmwifo aris xelovnuri adamiani, mxolod ufro didi da ufro Zlieri, vidre

bunebrivi adamiani, romlis usafrTxoebisa da dacvisaTvisac aris igi Seqmnili.

am did manqanas hobsi uwodebs leviaTans, romelic misi TqmiT, aris igive

Tanamegobroba, igive saxelmwifo.

misi naSromis mizania axsnas am xelovnuri adaminis, saxelmwifos, buneba.

risgan Sedgeba da ras warmoadgens igi. rogoria suverenis uflebebi, samarTali

da xelisufleba. ra Slis da ra asazrdoebs suverenitets.

imisaTvis, rom gaigos politikuri cxovrebis fundamenturi arsi hobsi

warmoidgens adamianebs, qalebsa da kacebs, sawyis mdgomareobaSi, garemoSi, sadac

jer ar aris gamogonebuli suverenuli saxelmwifo. igi am mdgomareobas uwodebs

“bunebriv mdgomareobas” (state of nature). misi aRwerilobiT, bunebriv pirobebSi

yoveli mamakaci, qali da bavSvi safrTxeSia yvela sxva danarCenis mxridan.

adamianebs aqvT erTmaneTisadmi mudmivi SiSi, radgan maTi sicocxle mudvivad

safrTxis qveSaa da aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis garantia. aseT situaciaSi,

romelsac hobsi aRwers rogorc “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,”

bunebrivi mdgomareobaa “yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.”

am “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,” situaciidan hobsi xedavs

erTaderT gamosavals, rac aris suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmna da amoqmedeba.

hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi instinqturad uerTebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben

usafrTxoebis paqtebs, romelic uzrunvelyofs TiToeulis usafrTxoebas. es

sayovelTao SiSi da usafrTxoebis SegrZneba aiZulebT maT gamovidnen bunebrivi

mdgomareobidan sadac sufevs yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg. sxvanairad rom

iTqvas hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi qmnian suverenul saxelmwifoebs ara

gonierebaze, aramed instinqtze dayrdnobiT. isini nebiT deben socialur

kontraqts erTmaneTTan da qmnian suverenul mTavrobas, romelsac gaaCnia

saWiro Zliereba, raTa daicvas isini sagareo Tu saSinao mtrebisa da

xelisSemSleli faqtorebisgan. aseT civilur pirobebSi romelsac hobsi

“mSvidobasa da wesrigs” uwodebs adamainebi Tavisufldebian SiSisgan da aqvT

saSualeba iRvawon bednierebisaTvis.

saxelmwifos Seqmna marTalia adamianebs aZlevs gamosavals bunebrivi

mdgomareobidan, magram warmoSobs axal politikur problemas saxelmwifoTa

doneze. erTi sityviT, bunebrivi mdgomareoba pirovnuli donidan gadadis

saxelmwifoTa doneze da warmoiqneba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis

problema rac gamowveulia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobiT. faqtiurad,

saxeze gvaqvs fenomeni, romelic politikaSi cnobilia rogorc “usafrTxoebis

dilema.” hobsi ambobs, rom erTi usafrTxoebis problemis gadaWriT adamianebi

Zalauneburad iwveven meores. 17

am usafrTxoebis dilemidan gamosavali aRar arsebobs, radgan ar aris

saSualeba imisa, rom Seiqmnas msoflio mTavroba. suverenul saxelmwifoebs

aranairi survili ar gaaCniaT rom TavianTi damoukidebloba daTmon sxva,

globaluri mTavrobis sasargeblod. am situacias hobsi imiT xsnis, rom

17 usafrTxoebis dilema mokled aris aRwerili aleqsandre rondelis wignSi

“saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,” Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti, 1996, gv. 95.

19

imas, rasac unda Seurigdnen.”16

nikolo makiaveli

renesansis droindeli italieli moRvawe nikolo makiaveli iTvleba po-

litikuri realizmis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil warmomadgenlad. makiaveli

cxovrobda da moRvaweobda florenciaSi, im dros, rodesac italia daquc-

macebuli iyo ramodenime metoqe qalaq saxelmwifod, romlebsac axasiaTebdaT

arastabiluroba da religiuri konfliqtebi. misi wigni “mTavari,” (The Prince),

romelic misi gardacvalebidan 5 wlis Semdeg, 1532 wels gamoica, warmoadgens

sakuTari gamocdilebis da mis mier uZvelesi istoriis Seswavlis nayofs.

makiaveli am naSromSi gvaZlevs realizmis erT-erT dromouWmel normas,

romlis mixedviTac politikis warmoeba, romelic gulisxmobs xalxisadmi

pasuxismgeblobas, ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes morals, rogorc es kerZo

urTierTobs Seefereba. makiavels sjeroda, rom grZnobebis gareSe, moralze

daufuZneblad moqmedeba aris warmatebis sawindari. es gakveTili man misi

batonis, cezare borgias qmedebebis Sesawvlisas SeiZina.

makiaveli Tavis “mTavarSi” qadagebs, rompasuxismgebeli lideri ar unda

sargeblobdes qristianuli eTikis mixedviT, imdenad ramdenadac aseT

SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba yvelaferi dakargos: sakuTreba, Tavisufleba da misi

moqalaqeebis sicocxle. moraliT sargeblboba politikaSi upasuxismgeblobis

tolfasia. mmarTvels amis ufleba ar aqvs, radgan mas xalxis bedi abaria. sxva

sityvebiT rom iTqvas, politikuri pasuxismgebloba sul sxva gziT miemarTeba,

vidre kerZo morali. politikaSi fundamenturi, uzenaesi faseuloba aris

usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. politikaSi zneobrivi normebi da

morali emorCileba saxelmwifo interesebs. es aris is, ramac unda marTos

sagareo politika. mmarTvelebis mTavari pasuxismgebloba ki isaa, rom yovelTvis

iyos upiratesobis ZiebaSi, daicvas Tavisi saxelmwifos interesebi da

uzrunvelyos misi gadarCena.

makiavelis naSromis mTavari ganmasxvavebili niSani isic aris, rom igi

mmarTvels ayenebs xalxis da qveynis samsaxurSi da ara sakuTari Tavis, an reJimis

samsaxurSi. is, rom mmarTvelebi unda iyvnen rogorc lomebi (Zala, Zliereba)

aseve meliebi (cbiereba) aris makiavelis realizmis dedaazri. maT es orive

Tviseba sWirdebaT radgan maTi xalxis bedi maTi simamacisa da sazrianobis

xelSia.

is faqti, rom xalxis bedi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mmarTvelis da

Sesabamisad saxelwifos bedTan aris makiavelis, da saerTod, politikuri

realizmis erT-erTi fundamenturi mosazreba.

16 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, chapter xvii. Sixteenth year of the war - the melian conference - fate of melos. ixileT internet gamocema, misamarTze: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm

18

Semdeg dolari 50 % daeca, magram deficiti mTeli es dro izrdeboda 1987

wlamde. xolo 1988-90-ian wlebSi monacemebi mxolod 1984 wlis monacemebis

donemde gaumjobesda. arsebobs Zalian martivi mizezebi imisaTvis, Tu ratom ver

axdens kursis dacema sasurvel gavlenas deficitze, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi

miuxedavad dolaris kursis dacemisa importi mainc izrdeboda. arsebobs amis

ramodenime mizezi. pirveli albaT is aris, rom amerikelebi upiratesobas

aniWeben mTel rig importul saqonels; meore, biznesmenebi xSirad ar sweven fass

TavianT produqciaze, aramed Tavad iziareben dolaris dacemis gamo moyenebul

zarals. ase iqcevian radgan surT SeinarCunon bazari da aseve aqvT dolaris

momavalSi gaZlierebis imedi an SesaZlebelia biznesmenebma es fuli ar

gadacvalon da daabandon aSS-Si. marTlac, dResdReobiT multierovnuli

korporaciebis zrda, romelTac permanentuli saqmianobis areali aris

sazRvargareT amis saSualebas iZleva.

politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebi

Cveni arseboba fundamentalurad damokidebulia politikur ekonomikaze da

ara calkeulad politikaze, an ekonomikaze. imisTvis, rom gadarCnen, adamianebs

sWirdebaT sakvebi, Casacmeli da bevri sxva ram, rasac adamianebis umravlesoba

SeiZens fulis saSualebiT, romelsac gamoimuSaveben. Tanamedrove bazari ki

politikur wesebs efuZneba. politikuri wesebi da regulaciebi gansazRvraven im

CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac funqcionirebs bazari. amavdroulad, ekonomikuri

siZliere politikuri Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. rogorc

robert gilpini ambobs, ekonomika aris swrafva simdidrisken xolo politika

Zalauflebisken da am or fenomens Soris urTierTqmedeba aris rTuli da

gamaognebeli. swored es rTuli urTierTqmedeba politikas da ekonomikas,

saxelmwifoebs da bazrebs Soris saerTaSoriso konteqstSi aris saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomikis Seswavlis sagani.

niSandoblia is faqti, rom politikuri ekonomika aRmocenda saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis disciplinis farglebSi rogorc sfero, romelsac damou-

kideblad arsebobis safuZveli aqvs. zogierTi imasac ki ambobs, rom politikuri

ekonomika ufro farTo da yovlismomcveli disciplinaa da amitom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi unda iyos misi qvesfero. xolo suzan stranJi fiqrobs, rom orive,

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba

CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis Seswavlebis (international studies) qve- sfe-

roebad. ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom is meTodebi, romlebic ekonomikaSi gamoi-

yeneba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes politikaSic da saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebSic, xolo politkuri mecnierebi sastikad ewinaaRmdegebian politikis

Seswavlis sxva romelime Teoriis donemde dayvanas da mas damoukidebel

disciplinad aRiareben.

ormocdaaTian da samocian wlebSi Seiqmna iseTi situacia, rom politika da

ekonomika absoliturad izolirebuli iyo. xarisxobrivad araerTgvarovani

sakiTxebi iswavleboda aseve araerTgvarovani meTodebiT. magram 1970-ni

wlebidan aseTi mkveTri dapirispirebis arsebobis marTebuloba eWvis qveS dadga.

am yovelives jeqsonis da sorensenis azriT xels uwyobda ramodenime faqtori.

pirveli iyo breton vudsis sistemis krizisi, romelic imaSi gamoixateboda, rom

Warbi dolaris mozRvavebis Sedegad xdeba amerikis oqros rezervebis gadineba

83

rac saswrafod unda Sewyvetiliyo. es gadawyvetileba miiRo prezidentma

niqsonma roca man oqros standardis arseboba Sewyvita da igi mcuravi savaluto

kursiT Caanacvla. anu moxda is, rom politikurma gadawyvetilebam Secvala

bazris da ekonomikis TamaSis wesebi. amave periodSi iyo vietnamis omiT

gamowveuli ekonomikuri problemebi da aseve navTobis krizisiT gamowveuli

Soki. daskvna am situaciebidan ki is iyo, rom krizisebis dros politika da

ekonomika ganuyofeli arian.

meore faqtori, ramac politka da ekonomika erTmans daukavSira, jeqsonis da

sorensenis azriT, iyo dekolonizaciis meore talRa, romlis Sedegad warmoiSva

bevri ekonomikurad Raribi da politikurad susti saxelmwifo, romlebic

ukmayofilebas gamoxatavdnen arsebul ekonomikur sistemaSi subordinirebuli

rolis qonis gamo. amas mohyva mTeli rigi moTxovnebi da Semdeg mcdelobebi da

politikuri SeTanxmemebi Tu gadawyvetilebebi raTa “mesame samyaros” qveynebis

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesebuliyo. am yovelivem kidev erTxel

warmoaCina Tu rogor aris zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

damokidebuli zogierTi qveynis politikur saqcielze. mesame faqtori, ramac

politikuri ekonomika win wamoswia iyo civi omis dasasruli. anu, vinaidan da

radganac axlad gaTavisuflebul saxelmwifoebs surdaT politikuri

integracia (dasavlur organizaciebSi gawevrianeba) da aseve ekonomikuri

integracia (ufro intensiuri ekonomikuri kavSirebi) politika da ekonomika

saerTaSoriso doneze kidev ufro gadaixlarTa erTmaneTSi.

rogorc aqamde ganxiluli bevri saerTaSorsio urTierTobebis Teoriebi,

politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebic iyofian klasikur da Tanamedrove Teoriebad.

klasikuri Teoriebidan ganvixiloT merkantilizmi, ekonomikuri liberalizmi,

marqsizmi da Sesabamisad neo-marqsizmi. xolo ufro Tanamedrove Teoriebidan

ganvixiloT hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria, damokidebulebis Teoria da

ekonomikuri globalizacia.

merkantilizmi. merkantilizmi iyo politikuri elitebis Sexeduleba,

romlebic Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes upirveles

mizans, rac aris Zlieri saxelmwifos aRmSenebloba. sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika,

merkantilistebis azriT aris politikuri instrumenti, politikuri Zlierebis

safuZveli. merkantilistebis xedviT saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris konfliqtis

arena konkurentul erovnul itneresebs Soris. robert gilpinis azriT qveynebs

Soris ekonomikur konkurencias SeiZleba hqondes orgvari forma. pirveli

SeiZleba iyos TavdacviTi, anu keTili merkantilizmi: saxelmwifoebi iRwvian

TavianTi ekonomikuri interesebis uzrunvelsayofad magram ar aris aucilebeli

rom am RonisZiebebs gansakuTrebulad negatiuri gavlena hqondeT sxva

saxelmwifoebze. meore forma ki ufro agresiulia da boroti merkantilizmis

saxeliT aris cnobili. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomikis uzurpacias eqspansiuri qmedebebis saSualebiT.

merkantilizmi ganixilavs ekonomikas rogorc politikaze, kerZod ki

mTavrobaze daqvemdebarebul instruments. ekonomikuri saqmianoba ganixileba

saxelmwifos Zlierebis gazrdis konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo, romelic

aris erovnuli interesebis gamtarebeli da masze pasuxismgebeli, warmarTavs

kerZo ekonomikur interesebs am miznebis misaRwevad. merkantilistebis

TvalsazrisiT, rodesac ekonomikuri da usafrTxoebis interesebi erTmaneTs

ewinaaRmdegebian, usafrTxoebis interesebs aqvT upiratesoba.

84

leqcia III

klasikuri realizmi

ganasxvaveben klasikur da Tanamedrove anu struqturul realizms, igive

neorealizms. klasikuri (tradiciuli) realizmi batonobda meoce saukunis

biheivioristul revoluciamde. klasikuri realizmi ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda

iseT normatiul faseulobebs rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoeba da

saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. amasTanave, klasikuri realizmis ZiriTadi

ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris is, rom am skolis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic

aRsaniSnavia rom cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva droebSi, Zveli saberZneTiT dawyebuli

meoce saukuniT damTavrebuli, TavianT politikur xedvas afuZnebdnen adamianis

bunebis Tandayolil borotebaze da mzakvrobaze, egreT wodebul bnel mxareze

(dark side of the human nature). klasikuri realizmis TvalsazrisiT, swored adamianis

xasiaTis bneli mxare ganpirobebs politikuri realobis xifaTianobas.

qvemoT ganvixilavT klasikuri realizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs da

maT naSromebs, romlebmac udidesi gavlena iqonies realizmis rogorc

saerTaSoriso politikis Teoriis Camoyalibebaze.

Tukidide

Zveli saberZneTis istorikosma Tukididem Tavis naSromSi “istoria”,

romelic peloponesis oms eZRvneba (431-404) aRwera omi saberZneTis polisebs

Soris. man Tavis naSromSi yuradReba gaamaxvila saxolmwifoTa uTanasworobaze.

zogierTi saxelmwifo iyo didi da Zlieri, rogoricaa aTeni, sparta da sparseTis

imperia, zogi patara da susti. Tukidide am uTanasworobas ganixilavda rogorc

bunebrivs da gardauvals. misi daskvna da gamosavali am situaciidan ki iyo is,

rom yvela saxelmwifom, didma Tu pataram, unda SeZlos adaptaciis moxdena

mocemuli realobisadmi da moiqces mis Sesabamisad. Tu saxelmwifoebi SeZleben

amas isini gadarCebian, Tu ara isini TavianT arsebobas eWvis qveS daayeneben da

SeiZleba ganadgurdnen kidec.

misi filosofia yvelaze kargad Cans epizodidan, romelSic aRwerilia

dialogi aTensa da meloss Soris. meloselebis liderebma mimarTes

samarTlianobis princips, romlis mixedviTac Zlevamosil aTenelebs pativi unda

ecaT maTi damoukideblobisaTvis, SeenarCunebinaT maTi reputacia da uari

eTqvaT maT dapyrobaze. mis pasuxad aTenelebis piriT Tukidide gadmogvcems

Tavis filosofias romelic naTlad asaxavs faqts, rom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi aris anarqiuli, sadac calkeul saxelmwifoebs ar aqvT sxva

gamosavali garda imisa, rom moiqcnen Zalismieri politikis principebis

Tanaxmad. amasTanave TviTgardarCna aris upirvelesi faseuloba, romelic

pativsa da reputaziaze maRla dgas da omi aris yovelives saboloo arbitri.

amgvarad, aTenelebis pasuxi susti melosisadmi aris is, rom samarTlianoba

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli mcnebaa. igi ar gulisxmobs

Tanosworuflebianobas aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad ici sakuTari kuTvnili

adgili da ramdenad SegiZlia adaptacia moaxdino samyaroSi romlis realoba

aris ZalTa uTanasworoba. “samarTlis standarti damokidebulia Zalis

Tanasworobaze... Zlierni akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian

17

sisustes, warmoSobs siaxleebs da amavdroulad amJRavnebs xarvezebs ukve

kargad damkvidrebul sibrZneSi.”14

zemoT naxseneb statiaSive volti gvTavazobs Teoriebs da maT mokle aRweras

dalagebuls sqematurad ukeT aRqmisaTvis, rac am sami Tanamedrove da ZiriTadi

Teoriis (realizmi, liberalizmi, konstruqtivizmi) sisusteebis da siZlieris

Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.

mTavari Teoriebi da maTi ZiriTadi principebi

konkretuli

paradigmebi realizmi liberalizmi konstruqtivizmi

ZiriTadi

Teoriuli

principebi

egoisti

saxelmwifo

mudmivad

ibrZvis Zalisa

da

usafrTxoebisa

Tvis

ekonomikuri da

politikuri

mosazrebebi ufro

maRla dganan vidre

ltolva Zalisa

Zlierebisaken

saxelmwifos qceva

ganisazRvreba

elituri nawilis

rwmenebis, koleqtiuri

normebis da

socialuri

identurobis

safuZvelze.

analizis

mTavari

elementebi

saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi

individebi

(gansakuTrebiT elitis

warmomadgenlebi)

ZiriTadi

instrumente

bi

ekonomikuri da

gansakuTrebiT

samxedro Zala

sxvadasxva (mag., saerT.

institutebi, ek.

TanamSromloba,

demokratiis

xelSewyoba)

ideebi da dialogi

TvalsaCino

warmomadgen

lebi

uolci,

mirSaimeri koheni, fukuiama vendti

post civi

omiseuli

prognozebi

axali/faruli

konkurencia

did

saxelmwifoebs

Soris

gazrdili

TanamSromloba

liberaluri

faseulobebis,

Tavisufali bazrebis

da saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis

moRvaweobis zrdis

gavrcelebis fonze

ar SeuZlia ideebis

winaswar gansazRvra

es Teoria aris

agnostikuri*

mTavari

SezRudvebi

kargad ver

asaxavs

cvlilebebs

saerTaSoriso

doneze

midrekileba aqvs Zalis

da Zlierebis rolis

ugulebelyofisadmi

ufro Zlieria

warsulis

gansazRvra/aRweraSi,

vidre momavlis

ganWvretaSi. 15

*agnostika aris idealisturi moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac SeuZlebelia

obieqturi samyaros Secnoba. a-uaryofas niSnavs, gnosos-codnas.

14 Walt, “International Relations: One World…” p. 30 15 iqve,…, p. 38

16

ekonomikuri liberalizmi. ekonomikuri liberalizmi iyo kritika

saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis kontrolis sawinaaRmdegod.

ekonomikuri liberalizmis warmomadgenlebi uaryofen Teoriebs, romlebic

ekonomikas politikas uqvemdebareben. am Teoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels,

adam smits swamda, rom bazrebi farTovdebian spontanurad adamianuri

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu mTavrobebi ar

Caerevian am ekonomikur procesSi. smitis mixedviT ekonomikuri bazari aris

progresis, TanamSromlobis da keTildReobis ZiriTadi wyaro. amis sapiris-

pirod, maT swamT, rom politikuri Careva da saxelmwifoebrivi regulaciebi aris

araekonomikuri, retrograciuli da SeiZleba konfliqtamdec migviyvanos.

gilpini ekonomikur liberalizms uwodebs im principebis erTobliobas,

romlebic emsaxurebian ekonomikuri zrdis da individualuri keTildReobis

organizacias da menejments. es mimdinareoba eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom Tu

mivuSvebT, sabazro ekonomika Tavisive wesebis mixedviT, spontanurad

ganviTardeba. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikuri liberalizmis

mimdevrebi centralur aqtorebad aRiareben individebs, romlebic arian

momxmareblebi, an mimwodeblebi. Sesabamiad, ekonomikuri gacvlebi bazris

gamoyenebiT aris dadebiT jamovani, nulovan jamovanis sapirispirod, romlis

Sedegad yvela igebs ufro mets vidre gascems, mzardi efeqturobis wyalobiT.

miuxedavad zemoTmoyvanili arguemtnebisa, ekonomikuri liberalizmis

SigniT arsebobs debatebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxis Careva aris dasaSvebi

mTavrobis mxridan. adreuli ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi rogorc

viciT ’laissez-faire’ politikas emxrobodnen. es politika iTvaliswinebda

ekonomikuri saqmianobebis srul siTavisufles yvelanairi politikuri

SezRudvebis da regulaciebisgan. Tumca, igi aseve iTvaliswinebda mTavrobebis

mier minimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas, Tundac iuridiuli CarCoebis Camoyalibebas,

romelSic bazarma unda ifunqcioniros.

ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi aseve Tavidanve aRiarebdnen im faqts,

rom bazari yovelTvis ver imoqmedebs efeqturad da yvelasTvis sasargeblod.

aseT SemTxvevebs bazris Cavardna ewodeba da amis Tavidan asacileblad

politikuri regulaciebi, an SezRudvebia saWiro. jon stuart mili Tavisi

mrwamsiT aseve leizez fearis mimdevari iyo, magram amavdroulad akritikebda

mzard qonebriv uTanasworobas da mouwodebda saxelmwifos mier SezRuduli

rolis TamaSs calkeul sferoebSi situaciis gamosaworeblad, magaliTad

ganaTlebasa da siRaribis daZlevis sferoSi. meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze

gamoCenili ekonomisti, jon meinard keinsi ganavrcobs milis mosazrebas da

emxroba ekonomikuri procesebis saxelmwifos mier ”Wkvianurad” marTvas. keinsis

ideebma dasabami daudo reformirebul liberalur Teorias, romelic

Zveleburad sabazro ekonomikas efuZneba, magram aseve iTvaliswinebs

saxelmwifos mier Carevis da ekonomikisTvis mimarTulebis micemis gzebs.

marqsizmi. es Teoria efuzneba mecxramete saukunis germaneli filosofosis

da ekonomistis karl marqsis mosazrebebs. marqsizmi fundamentur

winaaRmdegobaSia ekonomikur liberalizmTan radgan is ekonomikas ganixilavs

ara rogorc dadebiT jamovan TamaSs aramer rogorc adamianebis eqpluataciis da

klasobrivi upiratesobis asparezs. marqsistebi ufro merkantilistebis

Sexedulebas emxrobian, magram saxelmwifoebis magivrad urTierTobebs

ganaogadeben klasebs Soris. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT ekonomikas

pirvel adgilze ayenebn da politikas meoreze. kapitalisturi ekonomika

85

ganixileba klasobriv WrilSi. Sesabamisad, kapitalizmi eyrdnoba or klass:

burJuazia, romelic flobs warmoebis saSualebebs da proletariats, romelsac

gaaCnia mxolod samuSao Zala, romelsac burJuazia misgan yidulobs. miuxedavad

imisa, rom kapitalisturi ekonomika eqspluataciazea dayrdnobili, marqsi mas

mainc progresul movlenad ganixilavda, radgan ganviTarebis saboloo etaps

xedavda socialistur revoluciaSi, romlis Sedegadac warmoebis saSualebebze

damyardeboda socialuri/koleqtiuri kontroli. marqsizmis ideologia

materialisturia, radgan is ekonomikur saqmianobas miiCnevs yvela danarCeni

adamianuri saqmianobis, politikis CaTvliT, safuZvlad.

Sesabamisad, is burJuaziuri klasi, romelic flobs ekonomikur sadaveebs

aseve dominirebs politikas radgan ekonomika aris politikis safuZveli. aqedan

gamomdinareobs marqsistuli politikuri ekonomikis CarCoebic: saxelmwifoebi

arian avtonomiurebi. isini axorcieleben mmarTveli klasis, anu burJuaziis

interesebs. Sesabamisad, konfliqtebi saxelmwifoebs Soris, marqsizmis

TvalsazrisiT aris igive konfliqtebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis mmarTvel

klasebs Soris. meore mosazreba ki is aris, rom rogorc ekonomikuri sistema,

kapitalizmi aris eqspansionisturi, rac gamoixateba gasaRebis bazrebis da

mogebis gauTavebel ZiebaSi. istoriulad am eqspansias qonda imperializmis xolo

Semdeg kolonializmis forma. marqsizmis mixedviT kapitalisturi eqspansia

dekolonizaciis Semdegad grZeldeba, amJamad ukve ekonomikuri globalizaciis

saSualebiT, romelic imarTeba giganturi transnacionaluri korporaciebis

mier.

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria. Tanamedrove politikuri ekonomikis

Tanamedrove Teoriebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavria hegemonuri stabilurobis

Teoria, romelic merkantilizmisgan iRebs raRac elementebs magram aseve

liberalizmisganac ar aris Sors. am Teoriis dedaazri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

hegemonis, anu dominanturi ekonomikuri da samxedro Zalis arseboba aris saWiro

liberaluri sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad, radgan aseTi Zalis

arsebobis gareSe liberaluri wesebi ver dakanondeba msoflioSi. sxvanairad rom

iTqvas, hegemoni aris Zala, romelsac aqvs unari da survili rom daamyaros da

SeinarCunos wesrigi. amasTanave, hegemoni amas akeTebs ara mxolod sakuTari

interesebis gansaxorcieleblad aramed is qmnis Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas,

romelic efuZneba Tavisufal vaWrobas, romelic yvela monawile qveynisTvis

aris sasargeblo da ara marto hegemonisTvis. rom ar iyos hegemoni, ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi gaxdeba nacionalisturi miswrafebebis tyve da proteqcionis-

turi, ris Sedegadac qveynebi Seecdebian TavianT mezoblebs yvelaferi waarTvan

TavianTi interesebis sasargeblod. aseTi situacia iyo 1930-ian wlebis

ekonomikuri krizisis dros. am droisTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ukve iyo

udidesi qveyana ekonomikuri Tu sxva maCveneblebiT, magram mas ar qonda survili,

rom Tavis xelSi aeRo liberaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmna da SenarCuneba.

es situacia Seicvala meore msoflio omis dros, rodesac amerikam Tavisi

izolacionisturi politika daTmo.

Teoretikosebma yuradReba miapyres im faqts, Tu ra tipis Zala aris saWiro

hegemonobisaTvis. es cota rTuli sakiTxia vinaidan Zala ganixileba misi

Canacvlebadobis (fungibility) xarisxis mixedviT. Zala iTvleba Canacvlebadad

Tuki misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia ramodenime sferoSi. magaliTad, samxedro

Zala SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ara marto sabrZolo operaciebis dros, aramed

sagareo politikis warmoebis sxva aspeqtebSic. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli

86

Teoria faqtebis asaxsnelad, Tu maT Soris gansxvaveba naTelia.”12

Teoriis rolis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso TeoriebSi ori mTavari garemoeba unda

gaviTvaliswinoT. pirveli is, rom ar arsebobos unviersaluri Teoria, romelic

yvela politikur movlenas erTnairi sizustiT axsnis. aris raRac molenebi,

romlebsac esa Tu is Teoria xsnis ufro ukeT vidre sxva romelime Teoria,

magram sxva movlenebis axsnaSi es Teoria ufro moikoWlebs, an saerTodac ver

xsnis. uolcisave TqmiT, “nebismieri Teoria tovebs raRacas auxsnels”. 13

socialur mecnierebebSi da gansakuTrebiT politikur mecnierebebSi is

Teoriebi fasobs, romlebic yvelaze met movlenas xsnis da amave dros aris

martivi Teoria. aseT Teoriebs socialur mecnierebebSi parsimoniuli

ewodebaT. magaliTad, demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, anu is, rom

demokratiuli reJimebi erTmaneTs ar ebrZvian umartivesi da mokle Teoriaa,

magram faqtobrivad xsnis Zalian bevr movlenas. sxvadasxva Teoriebi

parsimoniulobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT gamoirCeva.

meore garemoeba, romelzec minda gavamaxvilo Tqveni yuradReba is aris, rom

SeiZleba sxvadasxva Teoriebma erTi da igive movlena axsnan sxvadasxvagvarad da

movlenis sruliad gansxvavebuli analizi SemogvTavazon.

magaliTad, rodesac civi omis dasasrulis Semdeg natos identurobas

safrTxe Seeqmna da politikosebi da gadawyvetilebis mimRebni dadgnen arCevanis

winaSe, aliansi daeSalaT Tu moexdinaT misi modifikacia axali realiebis

mixedviT. rodesac 1990-91 wlebSi naTeli gaxda, rom aliansi transformaciis

gzas daadga, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplines farglebSi es procesi

sxvadasxvagvarad iqna axsnili da momavlis prognozebic Teoriidan Teoriamde

iyo sxvadasxvanairi. magaliTad, realistebis TvalsazrisiT, natos gafarToeba

iyo dasavleTis Zalisxmeva gaezarda Tavisi gavlenis sfero tradiciuli

gavlenis sferoebis miRma maSin, rodesac ruseTi iyo susti. realizmis

mimdevrebi ambobdnen, rom es qmedeba aucileblad gamoiwvevda mwvave reaqcias

moskovis mxridan. liberaluri perspeqtividan natos gafarToeba iyo da aris

stabilurobis sferos gafarToebis instrumenti, romelic gaaZlierebs axlad-

gamoCekil demokratiebs centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi da amavdroulad

natos konfliqtebis menejmentis meqanizms xelmisawvdoms gaxdis am arastabi-

luri regionisaTvis. mesame mosazreba, romelsac ZiriTadad konstruqti-

vistebi iziareben aris is, rom nato farTovdeba imdenad ramdenadac axlad

gaTavisuflebulma saxelmwifoebma aiTvises da gaiTavises is faseulobebi da

principebi, romelsac iziareben natoSi Semavali wevri saxelmwifoebi da

Sesabamisad, isini erTiandebian erTgvarovnad moazrovne qveynebis klubSi.

amavdroulad, vinc ufro male gaiziarebs evroatlantikur faseulobebs,

romlebsac efuZneba nato, miT ufro male gaxdeba is saxelmwifo natos wevri.

Cven vxedavT, rom erTidaimave movlenas sami sxvadasxva Teoria xsnis

sxvadasxvagvarad. amavdroulad, arc erTi axsnaganmarteba ar aris moklebuli

logikur azrs. daskvna aq mxolod erTia: arc erT Teorias ar SeuZlia

Tanamedrove movlenebis sirTuleebis srulad axsna, magram es ar niSnavs imas,

rom esaTu is Teoria unda uarvyoT. piriqiT, Cven ufro meti ramis axsnis

saSualeba gveZleva roca gvaqvs mravali sxvadasxva Teoria vidre maSin, rodesac

gveqneboda mxolod erTi universaluri Teoria. am garemoebis Sesaxeb volti

aRniSnavs, rom “konkurencia Teoriebs Soris warmoaCens maT Zlierebas da

12 Waltz, “Realist Thought . . .,” p. 24 13 iqve, ..., p. 34

15

leqcia II

Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

Teoriis rols da saWiroebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xSirad eWvis qveS

ayeneben, gansakuTrebiT praqtikosebi da saxelmwifo moxeleebi. miuxedavad

amisa, Teorias aqvs Tavisi adgili da datvirTva saerTaSoriso politikuri

movlenebis Seswavlis da ganWvritvis saqmeSi. Teoriis arsebobis aucileblobaze

da mniSvnelobaze bevri naSromebia dawerili. erT-erTi maTgani gansa-

kuTrebulad martivi da amavdroulad damajerebeli eniT gadmoscems Teoriis

saWiroebas da moxmarebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. es aris Cikagos

universitetis sayovelTaod saxelganTqmuli politikuri mecnieris, stiven

voltis statia “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: erTi msoflio, bevri Teoria”,5

romelic 1998 wels daibeWda akademiur Jurnal sagareo politikaSi.

volti ambobs, rom “arsebobs gardauvali kavSiri abstraqtul samyarosa da

politikis realur samyaros Soris. Cven gvWirdeba Teoria imisaTvis, rom azri

gamovitanoT im sainformacio qarbuqisagan, romelic yoveldRiurad Tavs

gvatydeba.” 6 anu, idea SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: rom gaverkveT im zRva faqtobriv

masalaSi, romelsac yoveldRe vRebulobT saWiroa gamartivebuli modelebis

qona. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Teoria aris saSualeba sirTuleebis

gamosarkvevad. 7 uolci ambobs, rom: “adamianis (an saxelmwifoebis) motivaciebis

gansaWvretad samyaro sagrZnoblad unda gavamartivoT, niuansebi uxeSad

gverdze gadavdoT da realoba sagrZnoblad davamaxinjoT. aRweras aqvs mid-

rekileba akuratulobisken/sizustisken, mosazrebebi ki aris mdabiurad yalbi.” 8

mosazrebebi, romlebzec Teoriebia agebuli samyaros radikalurad amartiveben,

magram isini sasargebloa mxolod imitom, rom swored aseTebi arian.9

Cven yvela ase Tu ise raRac TeoriiT vxelmZRvanelobT, Tumc SeiZleba amis

Sesaxeb arc ki vicodeT, an ver vacnobierebdeT amas. volti ambobs, rom is

politikosebic ki, romlebic “ver itanen” Teorias eyrdnobian TavianT sakuTar

Teorias (xSirad gaumxelels) imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moqmedebs msoflio.” 10

amasTanave, volti iqve aRniSnavs im aucilebel kavSirs, romelic unda

arsebobodes Teoris Semqmnelsa (ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubari gvaqvs

socialur Teoriebze da ara zust sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebze) da realur

samyaros Soris. “Znelia gaataro kargi politika Tu Seni maorganizebeli

principi aris uvargisi, iseve rogorc Znelia konstruireba gaukeTo karg

Teorias Tu kargad ar icnob realur samyaros.”11

Teoriis zust da mravlismTqmel ganmartebas gvaTavazobs kidev erTi titani

saerTaSoriso politikisa, kenet uolci. misi TqmiT, “Teoria aris xriki. Teoria

aris inteleqtualuri konstruqcia, romlis meSveobiTac Cven varCevT faqtebs

da vxsniT maT. mTavari isaa, rom ise davukavSiroT Teoria faqtebs, rom mogveces

axsnis da momavlis ganWvretis saSualeba. es mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli,

roca ganvasxvavebT Teorias da faqtebs. mxolod maSin SegviZlia gamoviyenoT

5 Stephen M. Walt, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories,” Foreign Policy, Spring 1998, pp. 29-45. 6 iqve, ... p. 29 7 Kenneth N. Waltz, “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, Spring 1990, pp. 21-37. 8 iqve, ..., p. 27 9 iqve, ..., p.27 10 Walt. “International Relations: One World…” p. 29 11 iqve, ..., p. 29

14

Statebi gamoiyenebda Tavis samxedro Zalas dasavleT evropis TavdacvisaTvis

sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. am garemoebam ki saSualeba misca amerikis

SeerTebul Statebs gavlena hqonoda evropaze sxva sferoebSi, rogoric aris

savaWro politika. Sesabamisad, samxedro usafrTxoebiT uzrunvelyofam

evropisaTvis amerikas mianiWa berketebi ekonomikis sferoSi. josef nais 1990

wlis naSromis mixedviT civi omis Semdeg samxedro Zalis Canacvlebadoba

klebulobs. xolo, robort kioheini ambobs, rom samxedro Zalis garda hegemonur

saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes kidev oTxi ekonomikuri resursi: bunebrivi

nedleuli, kapitali, bazari da hegemonis konkurentunarianoba im saqonlis

warmoebaSi, romelsac gansakuTrebiT maRali safasuri aqvs.

hegemonis arsebobis aucileblobad liberaluri msoflio wesrigis Senar-

CunebisTvis Teoretikosebi xsnian im momsaxureobis TaviseburebebiT, romlebic

saWiroa liberaluri msoflio wesrigis dros. liberaluri msoflio ekonomika

aris saxalxo anu koleqtiuri simdidre, romelic yvelas sargeblobaSia. es aris

saqoneli/momsaxureoba, romelic erTxel Seqmnis Semdeg yvelas sargeblobaSia.

magaliTad, haeri, Suqura, gzebi da trotuarebi warmoadgenen koleqtiuri

simdidris karg magaliTebs. liberaluri ekonomikis elementebi, rogoricaa

msoflio savaluto bazari, an Ria bazrebi, sadac yvelas SeuZlia vaWroba, aseve

warmoadgenen koleqtiuri simdidris magaliTebs. problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom koleqtiuri simdidre miewodeba arasakmarisad da yovelTvis iwvevs ufasod

sargeblobis faqtebs, anu am simdidris gamoyeneba zogis mier xdeba safasuris

gaRebis gareSe. saboloo jamSi koleqtiur simdidresac aqvs gamoyenebis zRvari

da rom ar iqnes amowuruli misi efeqturoba, saWiroa misi Senaxva. swored

amisTvis aris saWiro hegemoni sistemaSi. igi daaregulirebs “ufasod mgzav-

robis” problemas jarimebis dawesebis gziT imitom, rom mas TviTon aqvs sagr-

Znoblad maRali interesi sistemis SenarCunebasa da normalurad funqci-

onirebaSi.

asaxeleben msoflio hegemonis or klasikur magaliTs: did britaneTs

mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi da amerikis SeerTebul

Statebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg. didi britaneTi iyo globaluri Zala da

amasTanave imperialuri Zala, romlis interesSi Sedioda Ria sabazro ekonomikis

SenarCuneba. britaneTma dakarga Tavisi hegemonia meoce saukunis dasawyisSi

roca mis Zlierebas konkurencia gauwies germaniam da amerikis SeerTebulma

Statebma. am ukanasknelma Tavis xelSi aiRo msoflio wesrigis marTvis sadaveebi

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, Camoayaliba axali institutebi, ris Sedegadac

moxda liberaluri ekonomikis transformacia. msoflio savaluto fondi,

msoflio banki, zogadi SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb, romelic

Semdeg msoflio savaWro organizaciam Secvala, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da

ganviTarebis organiacia da ase Semdeg. es institutebi ki iyo breton vudsis

SeTanxmebis nawili, romelic 1947 wels Sedga. liberaluri ekonomikis aRdgena

raRa Tqma unda amerikis interesebSi iyo. am gziT is ufro advilad Sedioda ucxo

bazrebze ris Sedegadac ekonomikur warmatebebs aRwevda. evropis da iaponiis

aRdgena da aRmSenebloba aseve mis interesebSi iyo, radgan mas Wirdeboda Zlieri

regionuli Zala ruseTis eqspansiis SesaCereblad. magram, bevrs sjera rom

amerikis qmedebebi altruizmis elementebsac Seicavda. magaliTad marSalis

gegma da amerikis mier dasavleT evropis da iaponiisTvis gansakuTrebuli

savaWro prioritetebis miniWeba aseT magaliTebad ganixileba.

1960-50-iani wlebidan evropa da iaponia sagrZnoblad moZlierdnen, xolo

87

amerikis ekonomikuri siZliere TandaTan sustdeba. 1970 wlidan iwyeba krizisi da

amerikuli ekonomikuri politika ufro nacionalisturi xdeba. jon konibearis

TqmiT igi gaxda mtacebeli hegemoni. zogierTi mkvlevari am periodidan

saubrobs amerikis hegemoniis dasavalze, magram bevric am azrs uaryofs.

magaliTad, stranJi da nai amboben, rom amerika kvlavac aris uZlieresi

saxelmwifo Tavisi samxedro, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri Tu teritorialuri

monacemebis mixedviT. marTalia, rom misi Zala SedarebiT Sesustda, magram es

gardauvali iyo, radgan amerikis lideroba ormocdaaTian wlebSi arabunebrivad

didi iyo. stranJi aseve ambobs, rom Zlierebis gazomva marto teritorialuri

ekonomikuri monacemebis mixedviT arasworia. ufro mniSvnelovania msoflio

warmoebis wili. aq ki amerikas pirveloba uWiravs. garda amisa, amerikas aqvs

wamyvani roli Tanamedrove industriebSi, romlebic samrewvelo industriebze

ufro maRla dganan. seve, amerika aris Zalian mdidari aramaterialuri resur-

sebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad kultura, romelsac sayovelTao aRiareba da

mowoneba aqvs. xolo amerikul liberalur faseulobebs efuZneba bevri

gavleniani saerTaSoriso organizacia, rogoricaa msoflio savaluto fondi da

msoflio savaWro organizacia. es amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aZlevs sagrZnob

rbil Zalas, (Soft Power) romelic josef nais ganmartebiT aris SesaZlebloba ise

moawyo situacia, rom sxva erebi ganaviTareben prioritetebs, an sazRvraven

TavianT interesebs ise, rom isini am qveynis interesebTan modian SesabamisobaSi.

am kriteriumebis mixedviT amerikis Zliereba kvlavac mniSvnelovania. stranJi

Tvlis, rom arsebuli finansuri da monetaruli krizisebi, romelic dRevandel

liberalur ekonomikas axasiaTebs zogierTi ”saeWvo” gadawyvetilebis mizeziT

aris gamowveuli.

kidev erTi garemoeba hegemonuri stabilurobis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT

gamoTqmulia robert kioheinis mier, romelic Tavis wignSi ”hegemonobis Semdeg”

akeTebs arguments, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom hegemonurma Zalam daamkvidra

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba finansebis, vaWrobis Tu navTobis sferoSi,

rodesac amerikis Zliereba Sesustda, TanamSromloba ar CaSlila rogorc amas

hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria ambobs. kioheini askvnis, rom Tumca hegemonis

arseboba aucilebelia Tavdapirveli TanamSromlobis Sesaqmenlad, rodesac

saWiro saerTaSoriso institutebi iqmneba, isini iZenen sakuTar sicocxles da

aqvT SesaZlebloba, rom sakuTari ZalebiT imuSaon da xeli Seuwyon Tana-

mSromlobas maSinac ki, rodesac im hegemonis Zala, romelmac es institutebi

Seqmna ecema. kioheini akeTebs daskvnas, rom saWiroa aRiareba imisa, rom

saerTaSoriso reJimebs aqvT gangrZobadi zegavlena saerTo interesebis mqone

qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobis zrdaze.

ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba mesame samyaroSi. am sakiTxis irgvliv

debatebi emTxveva marqsizmis mosazrebebs, romelic mimarTulia liberaluri

eknomikis debulebebis winaaRmdeg. am orive Teorias gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba

aqvT imaze, Tu ratom aris samxreTi (azia, afrika da laTinuri amerika)

ganuviTarebeli da CamorCenili.

ganviTarebis Teoriebs pirvelad liberalebma misces safuZveli. rogorc

viciT, liberaluri Teoria efuZneba modernizaciis cnebas. anu, liberaluri

ekonomistebis azriT samxreTsac unda gaevlo ganviTarebis igive gza rac

CrdiloeTma gaira, rac niSnavs progresul gadasvlas tradiciuli, preindus-

triuli da agraruli sazogadoebidan Tanamedrove, industriul da masobrivi

moxmarebis sazogadoebaze. ganviTareba liberalebis azriT niSnavs preindus-

88

romeli Teoriaa misaRebi?

zemoT warmodgenili Teoriebis siWarbe da mravalferovneba saWiroebs

imis garkvevas, Tu romeli Teoriaa ufro misaRebi da sando da romeli ara.

rogorc jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben, Teoria pirvel rigSi unda iyos

Sekruli da Tanmimdevruli. mas ar unda hqondes Sinagani dapirispirebebi.

amasTanave, igi unda iyos naTeli: gadmoscemdes azrs gasagebad. Teoria

unda cdilobdes iyos miukerZoebeli — Tumca mTlianad miukerZoebeli

Teoria ver iqneba. Teorias unda hqondes farTo fokusi. anu, igi unda

exebodes mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis farTo areals da amasTanave unda

igrZnobodes siRrme, rac imas niSnavs, rom Teoria Tavis Seswavlis saganze

unda xsnides, rac SeiZleba bevr rames.

13

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis liberaluri xedva sruliad

gansxvavdeba zemoT mocemulisgan. am skolis warmomadgenlebi amboben,

rom adamianuri keTildReoba miiRweva globaluri Tavisufali bazris

eqspansiiT suverenuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gavliT da am sazRvrebis

mniSvnelobis SesustebiT. liberaluri politikuri ekonomikis xedvis

mimdevrebi iziareben adam smitis Teorias bazris sayovelTao sargeb-

lianobis Sesaxeb da amboboen, rom vaWroba kargia yvelasTvis. anu, es xedva

Tavisufal vaWrobas ganixilavs, rogorc progresis meqanizms da ara

eqspluataciis meqanizms.

realizmis gadasaxedidan es yovelive ufro sxvagvarad aRiqmeba.

realizmis mixedviT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda iyos saxelmwifos gaZ-

lierebis meqanizmi da unda emsaxuros qveynis erovnul interesebs.

Sesabamisad, simdidre unda emsaxuros da kontroldebodes saxelmwifos

mier. am doqtrinas merkantilizmi an ekonomikuri nacionalizmi ewodeba.

realizmi dafuZnebuli politikuri ekonomika aseve RaRadebs, rom Tavi-

sufali, liberaluri vaWroba SeuZlebeli iqneboda hegemonis gareSe.

hegemonuri Teoriis erT-erTi apologetia robert gilpini. am xedvis

mixedviT, msoflio liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema iyo mtkice da

stabiluri, radgan pirveli msoflio omis droidan moyolebuli amerika

iyo hegemoni, magram 1970-iani wlebidan misi hegemonuri Zliereba

Sesustda, radgan mas konkurencias uweven iaponia da evropa. am xedvis

mixedviT, amerikis liderobis SesustebasTan erTad msoflio liberaluri

wesrigic Sesustda, radgan sxva arc-erT saxelmwifos ar Seswevs

sakamarisi Zala, rom globaluri hegemonis roli Seasrulos.

politikur-ekonomikurma debatebma gza misca sami mniSvnelovani sa-

kiTxis ganxilvas. pirveli sakiTxi exeba ekonomikur globalizacias, meore

imas, Tu vin igebs da vin agebs am globalizaciis procesSi da mesame, ra

ufro mniSvnelovania: politika, Tu ekonomika.

meoTxe debatebi: post pozitivisturi/alternatiuli midgomebi

aqamde ganxiluli debatebi exeboda ukve damkvidrebul Teoriul

tradiciebs: realizms, liberalizms, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, da

saerTaSoriso politikur ekonomikas. amJamad adgili aqvs meoTxe deba-

tebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic moicavs damkvidrebuli

tradiciebis kritikas alternatiuli midgomebis saSualebiT, romlebsac

zogjer post pozitivistebsac uwodeben.

am Teoriebma (kritikuli Teoria, istoriuli sociologia, feminizmi,

konstruqtivizmi) win wamoswies meTodologiuri sakiTxebi, anu rogor

unda viswavloT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da aseve iseTi Zireuli

sakiTxebi, romlebic Seexeba TviTon disciplinis fokuss, anu ra unda is-

wavlos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebma, ra ufro mniSvnelovania da ra ara.

12

triuli barierebis, warsulis institutebis da SezRuduli faseulobaTa siste-

mebis daZlevas, romlebic xels uSlian zrdis da modernizaciis procesebs.

modernizaciis Teoriebis warmomadgenlebis mTavari daniSnulebaa im tradi-

ciuli komponentebis gamomJRavneba, romlebic xels uSlian ganviTarebas da im

faqtorebis gamomJRavneba, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon modernizacias.

liberaluri ekonomistebi xazs usvamen Ria da Tavisufali ekonomikis warmoebis

aucileblobas, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos investiciebs rac saWiroa TviTmyofadi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis.

am liberalurma mosazrebebma ganviTarebis Sesaxeb gamoiwvia mwvave reaqcia,

rasac xeli Seuwyo samxreTis faqtobrivad ganuviTareblobis gagrZelebam da

CrdiloeTis mzardma ganviTarebam. yvelaze mkacri kritika wamovida neo-

marqsistebisagan, romelTa Teoria cnobilia rogorc damokidebulebis Teoria

(dependency theory). damokidebulebis Teoria problemas xedavs ara tradiciebSi, aramed Tavad

CamorCenilobaSi. ganivuTarebloba ganixileba ara rogorc sawyisi stadia,

romelSic odesRac yvela qveyana iyo, aramed rogorc procesi globaluri

kapitalisturi sistemis CarCoebis SigniT, romelic wilad xvdaT mesame samyaros

qveynebs. anu, es qveynebi arian ganuviTareblebi gamiznulad da warmoadgenen

dasavleTis ganviTarebis Sedegad miRebul produqtebs. es aris procesi, romlis

meSveobiTac kapitalisturi CrdiloeTi akninebs da aRaribebs mesame samyaros

qveynebs. isini aRiareben, rom samxreTi ganuviTarebeli iyo, magram misi Camor-

Ceniloba ganapiroba globaluri kapitalizmis xanis dadgomam. anu, globaluri

kapitalizmi marqsistebis mixedviT aris procesi, romelic erTis mxriv

warmoSobs ganviTarebas da simdidres industriul samyaroSi da CamorCenilobas

da siRaribes mesame samyaroSi.

damokidebulebis Teoria ambobs, rom CamorCeniloba gamowveulia gareSe

faqtorebiT. mesame samyaros qveynebze dominireben sagareo itneresebi,

romlebic saTaves iReben dasavleTidan. CamorCeniloba ar aris tradiculi

sazogadoebis erT-erTi faza, aramed orive, ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba aris

kapitalisturi globalizaciis nayofi. CamorCenilobas ganapirobebs gareSe

ekonomikuri Zalebi, rasac Sedegad moyveba invalidi socialuri struqturebis

arseboba mesame samyaros qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, imisTvis rom CamorCeniloba

daZleul iqnas, saWiroa moxdes gareSe zemoqmedebis Sewyveta.

aseTi radikaluri damokidebulebis Teoria kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca,

rodesac 1970-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT ki, aziis

vefxvebma (samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri da hong kongi) ekonomikur

warmatebebs miaRwies, rac gamoixata swraf zrdaSi da msoflio bazarTan

integraciaSi. am magaliTma Crdili miayena damokidebulebis Teoriis

mosazrebebs mesame samyaros qveynebis stagnaciis Sesaxeb.

89

Eka Akobia

THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE PREPARED UNDER

THE CENTER FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC FELLOWSHIP

Short Resume of the Course

Introduction This Theory of International Relations course is an advanced course for masters’

students. It is advanced in terms of required readings which include most acclaimed past and present scholars of theory of international relations. The course is designed in a way to provide students a theoretical background and in depth knowledge of the major international relations theories such as realism, liberalism and constructivism. These theories have been selected as major targets of the course due to their dominance and influence among IR theories. Besides, this course offers an insight of such topics as globalization, political economy and IR and domestic politics in order to broaden students’ knowledge of IR. Although the course is overly theoretical it also incorporates several real life political events and how theories help extrapolate these events. For example, the course covers IR theories and the issue of NATO enlargement as an example of how different theories explain some parts of reality better than the others and how a better picture of the real world is portrayed by looking at the issue from the angles of different theories. The overall aim of the course is to familiarize Georgian students with the theoretical world of IR similar to the way it is taught in advanced schools of the Western civilization.

A few words about the extended syllabus in Georgian: This syllabus is designed in a way to first of all explain the topic of each lecture in depth and second, cover all the major reading materials offered for the lecture. The last is done due to the fact that most of the readings are in English and some of them are of exceptionally difficult nature. Therefore, in order to make sure that students understand the material instead of simply skimming through them, I tried to convey major points of each required reading in Georgian (translations are of my own).

Lecture I: Introduction to the Study of IR and the Role of Theory

In this written extended lecture and a subsequent reader I introduce students to the discipline of IR, how it was born and developed. In that context they get a taste of a bit of history of IR which gave birth to theoretical discussions between scholars, known as the debates in IR. Bigger emphasis is placed on the nature and roots of the four major debates, which are:

– First major debate between utopian liberalism and realism; – Second major debate between traditional approaches and behavioralism; – Third major debate between neorealism/neoliberalism and neo-Marxism; – Emerging fourth debate between established traditions and post-positivist alternatives.

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skola ar aRiarebda biheivioralistur gamowvevas da xazs usvamda tra-

dicul midgomas da meore, is uaryofda raime mkveTr gansxvavebas mkacrad

realizmiseul msoflio politikis xedvasa da mkacrad liberalur xedvas

Soris. am skolas uwodeben saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas an inglisur

skolas.

es skola safuZvelSive aRiarebs Zalis mniSvnelobas da saxelmwifoTa

sistemas, magram miiCnevs, rom hobsiseuli xedva Zalian viwroa. saxel-

mwifos ganixilavs rogorc konstitutciis da Zalis erTobas. aRiarebs

individebis mniSvnelobas, zogjer saxelmwifoze winac ki ayenebs mas. xazs

usvams transnacionalur urTierTobebs. uaryofs biheivioristul mid-

gomas, upiratesobas aniWebs adamianur elements, analizs, normebs da

istorias. uaryofs mkacr dayofas realistur, Tu liberalur xedvebs

Soris. amaxvilebs yuradRebas im faqtze, rom msoflio politika aris

saxelmwifoTa msoflio, magram amave dros adamianebis msoflio.

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis midgoma garkveulwilad aris pirveli

debatebis gagrZeleba da meore debatebis triumfis Serbileba. igi

efuZneba klasikur ideebs, magram amave dros agrZelebs maT. uaryofs

mkveTr dayofas realizms da liberalizms Soris im motiviT, rom

istoriuli samyaro ar akeTebs arCevans sikeTes da borotebas, Zalas da

kanonierebas Soris. realurad arsebobs konfliqti da TanamSromloba,

arian saxelmwifoebi da arian indvidebi. Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba maTi

abstragireba da erT romelime TeoriaSi moqceva. am skolis yvelaze

TvlasaCino warmomadgenlebi arian martin uaiti da hedli buli.

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika

aqamde arsebuli debatebi mxolod politikas Seexeboda. saerTaSoriso

politikuri ekonomika ki exeba ekonomikur urTierTobebs. igi yuradRebas

amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso simdidreze da saerTaSoriso siRaribeze. anu,

vin iRebs ras da ramdens. maSasadame, politikuri ekonomika warmoadgens

mesame debatebis Semadgenel nawils da igi moicavs neo-marqsistul kri-

tikas kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomikisa da amavdroulad liberaluri

politikuri ekonomikis da realisturi politikuri ekonomikis mosaz-

rebebs ekonomikasa da politikas Soris urTierTqmedebaze saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis farglebSi.

neomarqsizmi, es aris mcdeloba, rom mesame samyaros situacia ganxi-

luli iqnes im meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, rac pirvelad karl marqsma

daamkvidra. Tu marqsis mixedviT, burJuazia iyenebs ekonomikur instru-

mentebs, raTa daCagros muSaTa klasi, neomarqsizmi igives anzogadebs

CrdiloeTsa da samxreTze. damokidebulebis Teoria aris marqsizmis

centraluri koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac CrdiloeTi imonebs samxreTs.

samxreTi Raribia ara imitom, rom CamorCenilia, aramed imitom, rom

CrdiloeTi mas uwevs eqspluatacias.

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saxelmwifoebs Soris, magram aRniSnaven, rom TanamSromlobis dros sa-

xelmwifoebi, upirveles yovlisa, fiqroben fardobiT mogebaze da avto-

nomiis SenarCunebaze. istoriulma faqtebmac xeli Seuwyo neorealizmis

kvlav moZlierebas: 80-ian wlebSi dapirispirebam sabWoTa kavSirsa da

amerikas Soris piks miaRwia. reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs ”boroti imperiac” ki

uwoda, da am mtrul garemoSi SeiaraRebaSi Sejibreba kidev ufro

intensiuri gaxda. uTanxmoebebi iyo aseve demokratiul banakSi, sadac, ra

Tqma unda, omi gamoricxuli iyo, magram savaWro omebi xSirad imarTeboda.

amerika sul ufro grZnobda mzard konkurencias rogorc iaponiis, aseve

evropis mxridan, rac mwvave savaWro da sxva tipis konfliqtebis

safuZveli xdeboda. es ki wyals asxamda neorealistebis wisqvilze,

romlebic amtkicebdnen rom saxelmwifoebi arian egoisturebi da rom maT

adardebT mxolod sakuTari fardobiTi siZliere da keTildReoba

sxvebTan SedarebiT.

aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom 1980-ian wlebSi bevrma neoliberalma

aRiara realizmis ZiriTadi mcnebebi da gaiziara am Teoriis fundamen-

turi mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi

anarqiul sazogadoebaSi, romlebic mudmivad cdiloben TavianTi

interesebis ganxorcielebas. miuxedavad amisa, neoliberalistebi amboben,

rom saerTaSoriso sistema iZleva ufro safuZvliani TanamSromlobis

saSualebas, vidre amas realistebi aRiareben da, rom TanamSromlobas

xels uwyobs institutebi, urTierTdamokidebuleba da demokratia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am debatebis dros moxda garkveuli sinTezi

skolebs Soris, (magaliTad, buzanma da kioheinma gaiTavises realizmis

zogierTi elementi), mTliani sinTezi mainc ar momxdara, radgan arian

mkveTrad dapirispirebuli avtorebic, magaliTad, mirSaimeri (realizmis

skolis warmomadgeneli) da ruzenau (neoliberalizmis skolis warmo-

madgeneli). Sesabamisad, neo-neo debatebi kvlav grZeldeba.

saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba: inglisuri skola

Canasaxidanve saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplina dominirebuli

iyo amerikel mkvlevarTa mier. stenli hofmanma amasTan dakavSirebiT

aRniSna, “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi daibada da gaizarda amerikaSi” 4 man

aseve aRniSna, rom amerikuli skola dominirebda saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebs imis miuxedavad, rom amerikuli hegemonia sustdeboda. 1990-iani

wlebidan, civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad, amerikuli dominantoba am

disciplinaSi Serbilda da moZlierdnen evropeli da sxva mkvlevarebi,

romlebic ukve naklebad eguebodnen amerikeli avtorebisgan wamosul

diqtats.

did britaneTSi mTeli civi omis ganmavlobaSi arseboboda skola,

romelic gansxvavebuli iyo sxva skolebisgan ori garemoebiT: pirveli, es

4 Stenley Hoffmann, 1977, 41-59

10

At this point students are introduced to the idea that further on they will be introduced with the scholars that are mentioned as having taken part in these famous academic debates. After introducing IR as a discipline the lecture will go on explaining the role and place of THEORY in the study of IR. With that aim I use articles by Kenneth Waltz and Stephen Walt to explain what is theory in social sciences, why it is used and what are we to make out of the fact that none of the theories explain everything altogether and also the fact that different theories might give different analysis to the same political event. The need and necessity of theory in the study of IR is treated very delicately. It is made clear (for the skeptical ones) that theory is only a simplified model of the world (according to Waltz) but that we are in a desperate need to have simplified models to understand the bigger picture which is so complex (according to Walt). It is also explained that “competition between theories helps reveal their strengths and weaknesses and spurs subsequent refinements, while revealing flaws in conventional wisdom” (Walt, 1998). As an insight into the future of the course I offer a simplified scheme (adapted from Walt) which compares three major theories: Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism in terms of several indicators which are: Main theoretical propositions, Main units of analysis Modern theorists, Representative modern works, Post-cold war predictions and Main limitations.

Lecture II: Classical Realism

This lecture and its subsequent extended syllabus aim at introducing realism as a theory of international relations. At first it classifies in general the main theoretical propositions of realism as a theory of international relations and then focuses on exploring the roots of realism, commonly referred to as classical realism.

Political realism is different from the rest of the theories of IR as it depicts the grim picture of the world politics. International relations are depicted as a severe competition between states that have no reason to trust each other since their major interest is survival in the environment of zero sum game that is, when one’s looses are the gains of others. I offer students characterization of realism by John Mearsheimer from his article “False Promise of International Institutions” as it offers a comprehensive overview of political realism and explains perfectly well as to why realists have such pessimistic view of world politics. The first assumption is that international system is anarchic. The second assumption is that states inherently possess some offensive military capability. Third assumption is that states can never be certain about the intentions of others, the fourth is that the most basic motive driving states is survival and the fifth assumption is that states think strategically about how to survive in the international system, that is states are rational. From these five characteristics derive patterns of actions which create incentives for states to think and sometimes act aggressively: first pattern is that states fear each other; second, each state in the international system aims to guarantee its own survival; third, states in the international system aim to maximize their relative power positions over other states. I also go on explaining the fact that realism perceives that there is very little room for cooperation among states due to the fact that states always worry about relative gains (when each side does not only consider its individual gain but also how well it does compared to the other side) rather then absolute gains (when each side focuses on maximizing its own profit, and cares little about how much the other side gains or loses in the deal).

After characterizing realism in general we go on explaining that we differentiate between traditional realism and neo-realism and introduce most prominent representatives of the

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traditional school of realism and their works which contributed to the development of realism. First, we briefly go over Thucydides and his Peloponnesian War. To become more closely familiar with Thucydides students have to read the Melian Dialogue (Book 5, Chapter 17). Then we go briefly over Nicolo Machiavelli’s contribution to realism and familiarize students with major points of The Prince. Then we go over to Thomas Hobbes and his “Leviathan.” In this work the emphasis is made on Hobbes’s description of the state of the nature and how life of man in this state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short in which the state of nature is all’s fight against all. We also touch upon the tragedy of the states and the security dilemma that cannot be helped in this anarchic world. We also consider the most prominent representative of the neo-classical realism, Hans J. Morgenthau and his famous work Politics Among Nations. Students are encouraged to read at least the first three chapters of the book to become more closely familiar with it.

Lecture III: Structural Realism This lecture focuses on the leading neorealist scholar Kenneth Waltz and his landmark

book Theory of International Politics. In this work he tried to explain international political system in a scientific way. He parts way with classical representatives of realism when he assumes that states behave in certain predictable ways and the way they behave is due to the nature of the system rather then human nature, as classical realists mentioned in the previous lecture believed. Thus, in this work Waltz defines international political system in terms of a system which is composed of a structure and of interacting units. He defines structure of international politics based on 3 elements:

– Ordering Principle – The Character of the Units and – The Distribution of Capabilities

Up until the end of the Cold War realism was the dominant theory of international

relations as it explained most of the political events. However, after the end of the Cold War started crisis of realism due to the circumstances that it failed to predict or predicted wrongly several events, especially the case of NATO enlargement. It seemed as if other theories such as democratic peace theory, complex interdependence and institutional liberalism were better at explaining the events after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

In response to the severe criticism Kenneth Waltz published an article in 2000 entitled “Structural Realism after the End of the Cold War,” in the journal International Security in which he tried to provide some arguments in defense of realism. His major point in the article is that realism is still an active theory since the system itself has not changed. Only some things inside the system have changed. Structural realism will exist until the system exists and the possibility of the system disappearing is none until it is comprised of states who are operating in the self help mode. He asserts that after the fall of the Soviet Union the system was redone a bit from bipolar to unipolar, but that will not last long since unipolar political system is the most short-lived as other states in the system are always trying to balance the dominant power. He also notes that the balancing tendencies are already visible and balancing powers will most likely be the EU and or Germany who will be heading the coalition. Also China and Japan pose as balancing powers with Russia being one in a more distant perspective.

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Sesabamisad, dapirispireba or midgomas Soris moxda meTodologiis

safuZvelze. tradicionalistebi eyrdnobodnen normebs da faseulobebs,

analizs da istoriul codnas da cdilobdnen warmoedginaT Tavi Sesas-

wavli sagnis adgilze - mecnieri sagnis SigniT. amis sapirispirod, bihe-

ivioralistebi ayeneben hipoTezas, agroveben faqtebs, eyrdnobian mec-

nierul codnas da sagans Seiswavlian garedan, dakvirvebebis meSveobiT -

mecnieri sagnis gareT.

mesame debatebi: neoliberalizmi da neorealizmi

miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli didi debatebi realistebma moiges

absolituri upiratesobiT, liberaluri skola ar Camkvdara. 1950-iani

wlebidan ekonomikis da vaWrobis zrdasTan erTad Tavi wamoyo libera-

lizmmac. aq mcdeloba iyo rom Seqmniliyo gabatonebuli realizmis

alternatiuli Teoriebi, magram amasTanave CamoecilebinaT manamde

arsebuli Warbi idealizmi. maSasadame, am liberaluri skolis warmomad-

genlebs ewodebaT neoliberalistebi, radgan maTac, rogorc maT wina-

morbedebs sjeraT progresis da cvlilebebis, magram ar arian idea-

listebi. isini aseve qmnian Teoriebs mecnierul meTodologiaze dayr-

dnobiT.

msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis demokratiul saxelmwifoebs

Soris vaWrobis da ekonomikuri aqtivobis zrdam warmoSva bevri liberali

Teoria, romelic yuradRebas aqcevda am movlenebs da cdilobda

daemtkicebina, rom msoflioSi aris TanamSromloba da rom realistebis

mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi bneli momavaliT ar mTavrdeba kacobriobis

ganviTareba. iseTma Teoriebma, rogoricaa sociologiuri liberalizmi,

kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, instituciuri liberalizmi da

demokratiuli, anu respublikuri idealizmi yuradReba miaqcia

TanamSromlobis da mSvidobis formebs msoflioSi da ganaviTara mZlavri

Teoriebi empiriul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT. am Teoriebma, romlebic

dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli, mTlianobaSi Seqmna axali mZlavri

talRa neorealizmis winaaRmdeg. maTi amosavali wertili aris rwmena

imisa, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos ufro mSvidobiani

da TanamSromlobaze agebuli. Tumca, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, kenet

uolcis mier realizmis reformulaciis Sedegad balansi kidev erTxel

gadaiwia realizmis sasargeblod. amas aseve xels uwyobda istoriuli

movlenebi, kerZod ki, mwvave dapirispirebebi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs

Soris, ramac TavisdaTavad ganapiroba debatebis gangrZobadoba.

neorealistebma kvlavac SeZles neoliberalistebis TavdacviT pozi-

ciaSi gadayvana da Tavad kvlav gabatonebuli pozicia daikaves. neo-

realistebis siZliere is iyo, rom maT aRiares rom anarqia ar gamoricxavs

TanamSromlobas, magram es yvelaferi mainc realizmze dafuZnebiT axsnes.

magaliTad, realistebi aRar gamoricxaven TanamSromlobas demokratiul

9

ganviTarebulma da kidev sxva mravalma movlenebma erToblivad gana-

pirobes meore msoflio omi.

maSasadame, 1920-iani wlebis utopiuri idealizmis da 30-50-iani wlebis

realizmis dapirispireba qmnian pirvel did debatebs saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi. raRa Tqma unda, realizmis skolam es es debatebi moigo

didi upiratesobiT da morgenTaus da qaris Tezisebi gaxda gabatonebuli

mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. bevrma liberaluri skolis

mesveurma aRiara realizmis gamarjveba, magram liberalizmi, rogorc

erT-erTi skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ar Camkvdara. am skolis

warmomadgenlebma SemdegSi Seqmnes kidevac Zlieri kontr argumentebi

ukve gabatonebuli realizmis winaaRmdeg, rac ganxiluli iqneba Semdeg

TavebSi.

meore debatebi: biheivioralisturi revolucia

meore didi debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi exeba ufro

meTodologias, vidre Tavad Teoriebs. aq mniSvnelovania gaviTavisoT is

faqti, rom pirveli Taobis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebi

profesiiT iyvnen istorikosebi, iuristebi, yofili diplomatebi, an

Jurnalistebi. Sesabamisad, maT hqondaT ufro humanitaruli, istoriaze

dafuZnebuli midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi. es

midgoma ki fesvgadgmuli iyo filosofiaSi, istoriaSi da samarTalSi da

axasiaTebda azrovnebaze da analizze (judgement) dayrdnoba. Sesabamisad,

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis am normatiul formas ewoda

tradiciuli/klasikuri midgoma.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dis-

ciplina gaxda Zalian popularuli, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi, sadac samTavrobo dawesebulebebi da kerZo fondebi afinan-

sebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mecnierulad Seswavlas, rasac

isini amarTlebdnen amerikis erovnuli interesebiT. am daxmarebam war-

moSva axali Taoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebisa, rom-

lebmac SemoiRes mkveTrad meTodologiuri midgoma. am specialistebsac

gansxvavebuli ganaTleba gaaCndaT, vidre tradicionalistebs. isini iyvnen

politologebi, ekonomistebi an sxva socialuri mecnierebis warmomad-

genlebi, da zog SemTxvevebSi, maTematikosebi da sabunebismetyvelo

disciplinebis warmomadgenlebic. am specialistebs hqondaT sxvagvari

midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi, da maT ewodaT

biheivioralistebi, radgan emxrobodnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

mecnierulad Seswavlas, am terminis pirdapiri gagebiT. biheivioralis-

tebis ambicia iyo, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic aRmoeCinaT Semow-

mebadi da obieqturi kanonzomierebebi, rogorc es xdeba sxva mecni-

erebebSi. es, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs faqtebis Segrovebas, klasifikacias,

ganzogadebas da wamoyenebuli hipotezis damtkicebas.

8

Lectures IV and V: Defensive and Offensive Realism

In previous lectures we discussed realism as one of the dominant theories of International Relations which explains many complex and important issues of international politics. We differentiated between classical and structural realism. In this lecture we make distinction between defensive and offensive realisms. Offensive and Defensive realisms are of course both structural theories of International Politics. They share same fundamental principles on how the world politics work. However, their ways diverge when it comes to power.

Defensive realism diverts from offensive realism on the question of how much power is enough for a state. Defensive realists believe that states have very small incentive to acquire more power; instead, they are trying to preserve status quo and are paying great attention to preserving the balance of power. Consequently, main theoretical proposition of defensive realism is that state’s major aim is to preserve power, not increase it. To the contrary, offensive realists think that there are no status quo powers and that international system offers more then enough incentives to states to increase their power on the expense of others and exploit such situations when benefits of doing so outweigh the costs. Thus, according to offensive realism state’s final supreme goal is to be a hegemon in the system.

Division into these two camps is worth noting since they are both trying to explain the fundamental questions in international relations which are war and peace. Much depends on how the world really works: states only care about preserving status quo and balance of power in the system or they care about acquiring as much power as they can afford and increase their relative power compared to other states. These theories give us ability to explain past events and more importantly we can explain the future patterns of behavior, however depending on which theory we use. They both have different visions of why states go to war, when it’s more likely for them to engage in war making and when not and what needs to be done to preserve stability in the world.

Some authors, like Robert Jervis, Jack Snider or Stephen Van Evera pay attention to a certain kind of structural concept which they call offense-defense balance. According to this idea, military power can at any time be classified either in favor of offense or in favor of defense. Thus, if defense has preponderance over offense and consequently it is hard to initiate offense then states have fewer incentives to use power. Instead, they will focus on preserving what they already have. And on the contrary, if offense is easy, states will be tempted to conquer each other with an aim to acquire more power, which will cause many wars in the system. According to Stephen Van Evera change in offense-defense balance has great affects on the possibility of wars in the system. He points out 10 reasons when offense is dominant:

1. Opportunistic expansion 2-3 . Defensive expansion and fierce resistance to expansion 4. Moving first is more rewarding 5. Windows are larger and more dangerous 6. Faits Accomplis are more common and more dangerous 7. States negotiate less and reach fewer agreements 8. States are more secretive 9. States arms race harder and faster 10. Conquest grows still easier

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Van Evera lists several circumstances that affect the change in offense-defense balance. These are: military technology and doctrine, geography, national security structure, and diplomatic arrangements, especially defensive alliance or balancing behavior by offshore powers. Van Evera asserts that “the net offense-defense balance is an aggregate of these military, geographic, social, and diplomatic factors.”

Lecture VI: Liberalism This lecture gives an introduction to liberalism as a theory of international relations. First

of all, lecture draws upon the basic differences between realism and liberalism and pinpoints the areas which constitute points of departure between them. Liberals generally share a positive view of human nature. Similar to realists, they also recognize that individuals are self-interested and competitive up to a point but also believe that they can engage in a cooperative social action when the common interests exist on both domestic and international level. In short, the departure point between realists and liberals is that liberals do not agree with the idea that wars and conflicts are inevitable and believe in the possibility of cooperation. Liberalism is also divided in several strands of thinking which are covered in this lecture. These are sociological liberalism, interdependence liberalism, republican liberalism and institutional liberalism.

Sociological liberalism refers to the liberal school of thought which believes that confining the study of IR only to states is very narrowly focused and pays more attention to transnational relations, that is relations between people, groups and organizations who belong to different countries. This strand is also called pluralism due to the fact that it looks at many different types of actors. Works of James Rosenau, Karl Deutsch and John Burton are considered in this lecture. In summary, the main logic of sociological liberalism is conveyed as a studying relations between individuals, groups and societies. The main belief of this strand is that a world with a large number of transnational networks will be more peaceful.

Interdependence means that peoples and governments are affected by the actions of their counterparts in other countries. Higher level of transnational relations between countries means a higher level of interdependence. A seminal work by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (1977) is discussed. They argue in this work that postwar complex interdependence is qualitatively different from earlier and simpler kinds of interdependence. Relations between states take place on many different levels via many different actors and branches. On the other hand, there are transnational relations between individuals and groups outside of the state. They also assert that in a postwar world military force is becoming a less useful instrument of policy under the conditions of complex interdependence. Different power resources such as for example ‘negotiating skills’ are becoming more important to solve the issue oriented conflicts that arise between the interest groups that are often of transnational character. In short, Keohane and Nye conclude that under complex interdependence states are engaged in ‘low politics’ of welfare and less concerned with ‘high politics’ of national security.

Power and Interdependence in the Information Age is a follow up to the aforementioned work in which authors updated their theory by adding a powerful element of modernization - information. This article by Keohane and Nye tries to describe the nature of international relations in the information age. They add several components to the idea of complex interdependence, which they first developed in 1977. They conclude that complex

94

Seexeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ufro metad konfliqtebs, vidre

TanamSromlobas. 2

meore mniSvnelovani naSromi, romelmac gavlena moaxdina realizmis

aRzevebaze, aris hans morgenTaus qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauf-

lebisa da mSvidobisaTvis, (1948 weli) romelmac, aleqsandre rondelis

TqmiT, didi xniT gansazRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa disciplinis

Teoriuli da praqtikuli interesebi da mTeli am dargis Semdgomi

ganviTarebis xasiaTi.

morgenTausTvis adamianuri buneba warmoadgens saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebis yvelaze dabal, fundamentur dones. adamianebi ki arian ego-

istebi da eltvian Zalauflebas, rac advilad xdeba agresiis safuZveli.

1930-ian wlebSi Zneli ar iqneboda am mosazrebebis zurgis gamamagrebeli

argumentebis moZieba, radgan hitleris, musolinis Tu iaponiis sagareo

politika swored konfliqtebze iyo agebuli da ara TanamSromlobaze.

jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben: aris 3 ZiriTadi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ratom varaudoben realistebi, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi aris

aucileblad egoizmiT da agresiulobiT gaJRenTili. pirveli mosazreba

efuZneba adamianis bunebis Tandayolil bnel mxares da mis ltolvas

siZulvilisa da destruqciisken. igive mosazreba SeiZleba qristianul

religiaze dafuZnebiTac miviRoT, romlis mixedviT adamianebi arian

codvilni da midrekilni cdunebisaken, mas Semdeg rac adami da eva

gamogdebul iqnen samoTxidan. pirveli mkvlelobac istoriaSi bibliaSia

aRwerili, rogorc kaenis mier misi Zmis abelis mokvla, mxolod da mxolod

Suris safuZvelze. anu, realizmis sawyisi wertili aris is, rom adamianuri

buneba aris Tandayolilad, bunebrivad boroti. 3

meore mosazreba efuZneba im faqts, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

aris brZola ZalauflebisaTvis iseT garemoSi, sadac ar arsebobs

msoflio mTavroba. xolo mesame mniSvnelovani mosazreba isaa, rom

istoria aris cikluri da ara xarisxobrivad gaumjobesebadi fenomeni,

rogorc amas idealistebi aRiqvamen. TiToeuli axali Taoba uSvebs igive

Secdomebs, rasac misi winamorbedi da am garemoebis cvlileba nakleb

savaraudoa. movlenebi grZeldeba da meordeba. sanam arsebobs suvere-

nuli saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi ibrZoleben ZalauflebisaTvis, raTa

uzrunvelyon TavianTi usafrTxoeba. pirveli da meore msoflio omebi

arc arabunebrivia da arc gardauvali. Tu arsebobs ZalTa balansi

qveynebs aseve SeuZliaT didi xani mSvidobianad Tanacxovreba. magram, ama

Tu im etapze es ZalTa balansi irRveva, rasac mohyveba omebi. bevri

realizmis warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom ukve parizis 1919 wlis samSvidobo

konferencia moicavda omis marcvlebs, radgan germaniaze kabaluri

pirobebi iqna dawesebuli. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom germaniis SigniT

2 ixileT, zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, qrestomaTia.

samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004, gv. 9-18. 3 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 34-63.

7

evropa gaxdnen avtoritarulni, demokratiulis magivrad. amasTan erTad

yvelaze didi kraxi ganicada erTa ligam. igi Cavarda xuT umniSvnelovanes

SemTxvevaSi (iaponia-manjuria, italia abisinia, bolivia-paragvai, espa-

neTis samoqalaqo omi da ssrk-fineTi).

amasTan erTad, anjelis mosazrebebic imis Sesaxeb, rom msoflio xdeba

sul ufro da ufro urTierTdamokidebuli da omi xdeba aramimzidveli

instrumenti, ar gamarTlda: vaWroba sagrZnoblad Semcirda da indus-

triuli ganviTareba Senelda imdenad, rom igi gaxda mxolod mesamedi

imisa, rac iyo mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi.

Sesabamisad, istoriis msvlelobam aCvena, rom Zala kvlavac iyo

umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da rom TanamSromlobam

da koleqtiurma usafrTxoebam, erTa ligis saxiT, ver gaamarTla (Tumca,

erTa ligam did warmatebas miaRwia sxva sakiTxebSi — pirveli msoflio

omis ltolvilebi, narkotikebis Sekaveba, trefikingi da ase Semdeg).

pirveli debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi:

realizmis aRmoceneba — “ocwliani krizisi” 1

liberaluri idealizmi ar iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kargi

inteleqtualuri megzuri 1930-ian wlebSi. urTierTdamokidebulebam ar

warmoSva mSvidobiani TanamSromloba da erTa ligac win ver aRudga

totalitaruli da eqspansionisturi qveynebis destruqciul qmedebebs.

Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xelaxla gaJRerda klasikuri

realistebis: Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis moZRvrebebi.

liberaluri idealizmis yvelaze yovlismomcveli kritika mogvca

britanelma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistma eduard qarma,

Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil naSromSi ”ocwliani krizisi”, romelic

pirvelad 1939 wels gamoica. qaris TqmiT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

liberalurma moazrovneebma arasworad waikiTxes istoriuli faqtebi da

ver gauges saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis bunebas. maT SecdomiT swamdaT,

rom aseTi urTierTobebi SeiZleboda dafuZneboda qveynebs da xalxebs

Soris interesebis harmoniulobas. qaris TqmiT yvelaferi piriqiTaa: Cven

unda vivaraudoT, rom arsebobs fundamenturi interesTa konfliqti

qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris. zogierTi qveyana da zogierTi erebi ukeT

arian, vidre sxvebi. isini Seecdebian TavianTi privilegirebuli poziciis

SenarCunebas da dacvas. uqonlebi ki ibrZoleben situaciis Sesacvlelad.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, martivad rom iTqvas, aris swored brZola

aseT konfliqtur iteresebsa da survilebs Soris. swored am mizeziT

1 Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations: theories and approaches, Oxford University Press, second edition, 2003, p. 34-63.

6

interdependence in an information age means even more open channels of communication between different societies in the world. However, information revolution is still in its early phase and power politics still dominates international relations because information is flowing in the domains already occupied by politics. At the same time, interdependence is not global. Industrial countries with soft and hard power resources, which are mainly advanced democracies, have an upper hand.

Lecture VII: Institutions This lecture focuses on institutions, their theoretical underpinnings and their utility for

facilitating international cooperation. Institutions are defined mainly as set of rules which govern state action in particular areas. These sets of rules are also called regimes. Stephen Krasner offers the most elaborative definition of regimes: “International regimes are defined as principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors expectations converge in a given issue-area.” The three major approaches that exist towards regimes, which are structural approach, modified structural approach and an approach based on Grotiusian tradition is discussed. In summary, we identify that traditional structural approach does not perceive regimes seriously, they believe that if main causal indicators change, regimes will change as well and that regimes cannot affect actions independently. According to modified structural approach regimes are important only when independent decisions can lead to unfavorable ends and the third approach maintains that regimes are inalienable parts of social life and consequently of international system.

The great debate on the futility or utility of regimes/institutions that is ensuing among realists and liberal institutionalists is also covered by taking look at John Mearsheimer’s “False Promise of International Institutions”, Lisa Martin and Robert Keohane’s reply article “Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” and a “Realist Reply,” by Mearsheimer.

Lecture VIII: Cooperation under Anarchy Based on historical evidence, there have been more conflicts than instances of

cooperation - situation which provides a fertile ground for realism to flourish. According to realism, relations between states in the anarchical world is doomed to the state of constant conflict in which states can only count on themselves. Whatever cooperation exists in the world they prescribe it to the hegemonic order. This means that hegemon, the US, creates institutions which facilitate cooperation but that these institutions are carriers of hegemonic interests and their existence is related to the existence of a hegemon.

Representatives of liberal school deny the aforementioned argument and point at contemporary networks of cooperation in many fields which they see as a positive current in the world politics. We discuss Robert Keohane’s After Hegemony as an example of how liberal institutionalism sees institutions and their role in world politics. It also explains game theories (based on Keohane and Jervis) and how they are illustrating difficulties of cooperation (prisoner’s dilemma).

95

Lecture IX: Constructivism This lecture is devoted to explaining constructivism as a theory of IR. A seminal work by

Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is what States Make of It is discussed, which in fact is one of the most popular and most cited pieces of writing in IR. In his article, Wendt contests the assumption by Waltz about international relations. Wendt accepts the main ontological assumptions of Neorealists’, asserting that contemporary state system constitutes a competitive self-help system but he rejects the traditional Waltzian understanding of anarchy, disputs the causal relations between anarchy and the self-help system and attempts to demonstrate that anarchy does not necessarily generate self-help.

Wendt argus that self-help, far from being a natural corollary to anarchy, is only an institution. States created it so states could change it as well. For Wendt, Neorealists make a priori assumptions about the state identity, which is unacceptable. State identity in Neorealist terms, would be the perception of the world as a self-help system, which initially predisposes a state to the use of force. There is no reason, according to Wendt, to give self-help such an “exalted position”, since Neorealists in the first place fail to explain how does anarchy lead to the self-help system.

Wendt on the other hand argues that the identity of the states is shaped not by the structure but by the process and interactions among the states. Structure of the international systems, as defined by Waltz in terms of ordering principle, distribution of capabilities and the character of the units can not explain why do states appear in the self-help world. What explains the identity of the units (whether self-help or not) is the process of interaction among the units. Fundamental claim that Wendt is making is that people and states act towards objects according to what meaning that object carries. Alter will only use force or try to diminish Ego, if they are foes and not friends, rivals, rather than allies. These collective meanings constitute the structures which organize the state actions.

Wendt does not preclude the possibility of the state system where states can only rely on the self-help, what he argues is that, focusing only on this type of system does not give the full picture of the international relations. In contrast he suggests that international security systems can be either competitive, individualistic or cooperative, which he later dubbed in his book as Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian systems. Only first two of these are characterized by self-help, while the third is a cooperative system where collective prosocial interests prevail.

This lecture also considers Jonathan Mercer’s critique of Wendt. Mercer strikes at the core of Wendt’s argument that states might produce other system than self-help, which is an other-help system. by analyzing European Union and applying SIT Mercer demonstrates that group of European States, even though they cooperate still discriminate against those states who are out of the group. In short, by identifying their own group against some other group, states still create self-help system which is far from the altruistic other-help system. Within their own group states might have the convergence of their national identities towards a common European identity, which is still a doubtful issue, though they still identify themselves negatively and restrictively against different groups. Example for that would be simple. Immigration and asylum policy of the European Union, the developments of the concepts of the safe third countries and the growth of the readmission agreements demonstrate that European Union is more discriminatory against the citizens and nationals of the foreign states than of their own. Social Identity Theory and Mercer’s application of the theory do not suggest that constructivist approach is not valid. The emphasis on identity is ‘exciting’, though it does not explain how the system can change, neither can it explain how the process changes the identity and then the system.

96

safrangeTi, 1916 weli). amis gamarTleba ar arsebobda. dikinsoni ambobda,

rom “omi ar aris adamianis bunebis gardauvali Sedegi, is bunebis gar-

kveuli pirobebSi gamovlenaa,” xolo arnold toinbim oms “kacobriobis

momakvdinebeli seni” uwoda.

idealizmi gaxda erTgvari pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom xdeba omi? ratom

ganagrZobdnen oms qveynebi maSin, rodesac amdeni msxverplis gaTvalis-

winebiT omidan Semosuli mogeba sul ufro mcirdeboda.

am kiTxvebze pasuxi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis farglebSi didad

iyo dafuZnebuli or oms Soris gabatonebul tradiciaze, romelic li-

beraluri idealizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am tradiciis mixedviT, saWiro

iyo ZalTa balansis da aliansebis sistemis Secvla.

maSasadame, idealizmze dafuZnebuli xedva/mizani iyo Semdegi: msof-

lio sistemis reformireba da avtokratiul saxelmwifoebSi Sida cvli-

lebebis moxdena.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis, vudro uilsonis mier wa-

moyenebuli cnobili 14 punqti miiCneva idealizmis manifestad. igi moi-

cavs punqtebs saidumlo diplomatis aRkveTis Sesaxeb da SeTanxmebebis

Riad dadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ouwodebs, rom iyos navigaciis Ta-

visufleba, TviTgamorkveva yvelasTvis, SeiaraRebis Semcireba da ase Sem-

deg, xolo bolo punqtad mocemuli aqvs erTa ligis Camoyalibeba, ro-

melic unda yofiliyo organizacia, romelic daicavda saerTaSoriso

wesrigs da mSvidobas.

vilsoniseuli idealizmi mokled rom vTqvaT, gulisxmobda racio-

naluri da inteligenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnas da amiT

omis Sekavebas, rac unda gamxdariyo safuZveli msoflioSi samudamo

mSvidobis damkvidrebisa.

norman anjeli aseve aris idealizmis erT-erTi TvalsaCino war-

momadgeneli. Tavis naSromSi — didi iluzia (1909), igi ambobda, rom

zogierTs jer kidev hgonia, rom omi aris momgebiani, xolo dRevandel

samyaroSi es ase ar aris. anjeli gamoTqvamda imeds, rom saxelmwifoebi

(maTi liderebi) Tu gaiziareben am faqts, mixvdebian omis uSedegobas da

usargeblobas. misi azriT, rac ufro win waiwevda modernizacia, miT ufro

urTierTdamokidebuli gaxdeboda msoflio da Sesabamisad omi gaxdeboda

usargeblo.

uilsonis da anjelis mosazrebebi eyrdnoba azrs, rom adamianebi arian

racionalurebi, da Tuki isini gonebiT miudgebian saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebs maSin Seqmnian iseT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, romlebic

yvelas sikeTes moutans.

liberaluri ideebis gavrcelebis erT-erTi triumfi iyo saxelmwi-

foebs Soris 1928 wels dadebuli kelog-brianis paqti, romlis mixed-

viTac saxelmwifoebi uars acxadebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

Zalis gamoyenebaze da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas

irCevdnen. magram, istoriam naTelhyo liberaluri ideologiis kraxi.

nacizmis aRzevebasTan erTad — italia, espaneTi, germania, aRmosavleT

5

leqcia I: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplinis

Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis,

rogorc samecniero disciplinis Camoyalibeba

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, rogorc akademiuri disciplinis Camo-

yalibeba didad ganapiroba XX saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios dapiris-

pirebul banakebad dayofam da 1914 wels pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebam.

CamoyalibebisTanave saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTarda konkre-

tuli ideologiuri mimarTulebiT da misi xedva aigo erTi Teoriis —

idealizmis safuZvelze. pirveli msoflio omiT gamowveuli didZali

msxverplis Sedegad msoflioSi momwifda Sexeduleba, rom aucilebelad

unda Seswavliliyo omis gamomwvevi mizezebi, raTa momavalSi Tavidan

aecilebinaT msgavsi damangreveli movlenebi. swored idealizmi gaxda is

ideologia, romlis principebze dayrdnobiTac momavalSi kacobriobas

unda SeZleboda am damangreveli fenomenis Tavidan acileba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvel msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebi, rogorc samecniero disciplina ar arsebobda da mis funqciebs

ZiriTadad samarTali da istoria iTavsebda. ZiriTadad istorikosebi,

ufro zustad ki, diplomatiis istorikosebi iyvnen dakavebulni sxva-

dasxva istoriuli faqtebis analiziT, Tumca, am faqtebis ganzogadebasa

da daskvnebis gamotanaze aravin fiqrobda. aseve aRsaniSnavia, publicis-

tikis da Jurnalistebis roli; aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT vinme ainStainis

statia, romelic pirveli msoflio omis win gamoqveynda amerikaSi, sadac

avtori mouwodebda amerikis mTavrobas yuradReba mieqcia evropaSi mim-

dinare movlenebisaTvis da ar gaegrZelebina izolacionisturi politika.

imisaTvis, rom kargad mivxvdeT ra Teoriuli foni iyo Seqmnili

pirveli msoflio omis droindel evropaSi, sakmarisia gavixsenoT karl

fon klauzevicis sityvebi — omi diplomatiis ufro Zlieri formaa, xolo

sabrZolo asparezi molaparakebebis konferenciis gagrZeleba. aqedan

Cans, rom omi sul ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda rogorc

instrumenti politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. mxolod pirveli msoflio

omis Semdeg mixvdnen wamyvani qveynebis politikuri elitebi, rom omis

Sedegad miRebuli situacia ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo aravisTvis mom-

gebiani da swored pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna pirveli saswavlo

centrebi da departamentebi, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi iswav-

leboda. pirveli kaTedra, sadac saerTaSoriso politika iswavleboda,

iyo uelsSi, aberisTviTis universitetSi, xolo saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebis departamenti pirvelad jorjtaunis universitetSi daarsda. ori-

vegan es moxda 1919 wels.

am periodSi moRvawe specialistebis mier omi aRqmul iqna rogorc

tragedia, radgan pirvelma msoflio omma moitana uamravi msxverpli.

zogierT brZolebSi 100 000-ze meti adamianic ki daRupula (magaliTad,

4

Lecture X: NATO Enlargement and IR Theories This lecture is aimed at displaying to the students how different theories of International

Relations explain the same issue differently. At the same time the idea is to show that no theory can explicate the issue to the fullest and each of them offers a different perspective of the issues which in the end gives a better understanding of the real world situation, in our case the NATO enlargement after the end of the Cold War.

Realism: the early prediction of realists on the fate of NATO was that it should disappear with the collapse of the Soviet Union or reconstruct itself on the basis of the new distribution of power in Europe. Realists have been heavily chastised for not being able to predict NATO’s fate, an institution that not only persisted after the end of the Cold War, but also emerged as the most dynamic military organization in the world. Despite their initial failure to predict the fall of NATO, realists argued that they had not been altogether wrong in their predictions. For example, Keneth Waltz argues in his essay “the Balance of Power and NATO expansion” that his prediction has been already borne out, since one cannot say against whom NATO is defending.

Waltz explains NATO expansion in terms of the balance of power. He argues that with the demise of the Soviet Union the international political system became unipolar, with the US as the single most powerful nation in the world. According to Waltz, “as nature abhors vacuum, so international politics abhors unbalanced power.”Waltz names three reasons why the decision to enlarge NATO came into being. First, the one with the least importance for Waltz is the fact that organizations, especially big ones, have long lives. The second and most important reason is that NATO expansion is a means of maintaining and lengthening America’s presence in the foreign and military affairs of Europe. The third reason is the influence of domestic politics on the decision taken by the US executive. In other words, Waltz demonstrates that institutions serve national rather then international interests, unlike the other two theories discussed below.

Liberalism: A central claim of institutionalist theory is that once created, institutions tend to persist, because it is cheaper to maintain institutions than to create new ones. Therefore, when confronted with new sets of problems, states seek to modify an already existing institution to meet new challenges. Thus, institutional liberal theories have easier time explaining why NATO persisted after the end of the Cold War even when the enemy that it was supposed to counter disappeared. To illustrate a liberal point of view this lecture looks at major work on this issue, mainly of Celeste Wallander and Robert McCalla.

In her efforts to explain NATO expansion, Celeste Wallander provides a great addition to the institutionalist literature. She agrees with Keohane that institutions persist because they are costly to create and less costly to maintain, so they may remain useful despite changed circumstances; however, she states that this argument is incomplete, since it does not tell us when institutions persist and when they do not.

According to Wallander, “an institution will not persist if it no longer serves the interests of its members . . . either the institution adapts to change depends on whether its assets – its norms, rules, and procedures – are specific or general, and on whether its mix of assets matches the kinds of security problems faced by its members.” According to Wallander, NATO persists because it developed general assets during the Cold War, such as transparency among its members, civilian control over the military, practices and procedures for consultation, an integrated command structure, interoperability among its members, logistics and air defense, and a common economic infrastructure.

97

Robert McCalla also builds on the literature on international institutions to explain NATO persistence after the Cold War. In his case study he shows how NATO shed its Cold War responsibilities and replaced them with new mechanisms that were necessary to deal with the new security environment.

Constructivism: Constructivists mostly think of institutions, as the “institutional articulation of international communities of values and norms whose definitions, rules, and principles are encoded in the prescriptions” they elaborate “for nation state practice” (Connie L. McNeely , 1995). The enlargement of an institution is perceived as a process of “socialization” during which an international community and its organizations “teach” their constitutive norms and values to states and societies.” The organization is interested in spreading its norms and values and thus the cost of “teaching” has a marginal or subordinate role. However, costs should not extend beyond the capabilities of the member states in order not to threaten the existence of the organization itself.

Thus, for constructivists, NATO is not simply a military alliance as it is for realists, nor is it a functional international institution alone as regarded by liberal institutionalists; rather, it is an organization of an international community of values and norms. It is embedded in the Euro-Atlantic or “Western” community and represents its military arm. Therefore, the NATO enlargement process starts when “a state seeks membership,” that is to say, when a state is interested in sharing Western norms and values and actual membership is granted when a country is perceived by the community as reliably sharing the liberal values and the multilateralist norms of the Western community. Based on the above mentioned notion of “socialization” and “teaching,” Shimmelfennig hypothesizes that a state is included into an international organization if it reliably shares the community values and norms. The faster it learns, the earlier it becomes a member.

Lecture XI: International Relations and Domestic Politics

As domestic and international relations are criss-crossing each other, naturally they determine and influence each other. The question however is how and when do these two levels define and influence each other. An answer to this question is given by Robert D. Putnat in his renown article Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of two Level Games and his subsequent edited volume Double Edged Diplomacy which offers ample case studies where both domestic and international decision making are involved.

Putnam suggests to look at international negotiations as two level games, that is game at the national level, and game at the domestic level. As it turns out neither of the two games can be ignored by central decision-makers, so long as their countries remain interdependent, yet sovereign. The Success of the negotiation depends on the size of the win-sets and whether the win-sets of the two parties overlap. He defines win-sets as the set of all possible Level I (international) agreements that would win, that is gain necessary majority among constituents at Level II (domestic level). Thus, contours of the Level II win-sets are very important for understanding Level I agreements. Larger the win-sets bigger the chance of an agreement and vise-versa.

98

sarCevi

leqcia I

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

disciplinis Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi 4

leqcia II

Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 14

leqcia III

klasikuri realizmi 17

leqcia IV

neorealizmi 22

leqcia V

TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi 30

leqcia VI

liberalizmi 34

leqcia VII

reJimebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 40

leqcia VIII

TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi 44

leqcia IX

konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika 48

leqcia X

natos gafarToeba da

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi 55

leqcia XI

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika 62

leqcia XII

patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 66

leqcia XIII

globalizacia 71

leqcia XII

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia 74

THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 90

3

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 6 – 6

Lecture XII: Small States in International Relations

The lecture starts off by discussing Dr. Alexander Rondeli’s book on Small States in International Relations, which students are given to read in full. It is explained that the issue of small states in IR is fraught with contradictions and conceptual confusion over definitions of what is small and what is weak. There are absolute definitions of the term and also relative definitions. The Neorealist School applies the relative definitions of small states. For them power is the most important factor in the international relations. Powerful states are those that can exert their influence on the international system. Consequently, small states are those that can not have any significant influence on the changes in international system.

For Kenneth Waltz, the main criterion that qualifies a state as being small is precisely their inability to amend international system. For Neorealists small states are “rather stakes than players” they are “consumers rather than producers of the security.” Some authors go even further and treat small states as ‘anachronisms’ of international relations. “A small state is a vacuum in a high pressure area. It does not live because of its strength but because nobody wants its territory, or because its preservation as a buffer state or as a weight in the balance of power is of interest to a stronger nation. When the balance disappears, the small state usually disappears with it”. One of the most accepted definition of the small state comes from Keohane, who combines Rothstein’s subjective element with Neorealist systemic effect and concludes that weakness/strength of the country should derive from the “systemic role that states’ leaders see their countries playing”. By applying psychological and systemic criteria Keohane concludes, that “a small power is a state whose leaders consider that it can never, acting alone or in a small group make a significant impact on a system.

Schweller categorizes the states as lions, lambs, jackals and wolves. The first two are

the status-quo states whereas the other two are revisionist. Lions are the great powers that rule the system and promote their national interests, often even by force. Jackals are those countries that value what they have more than what they can obtain from the system, but who would definitely get involved in the conflict if the chance of gaining is reasonable. Wolves value what they might obtain more than what they have and in most cases they are the aggressor states, whereas the lambs are the weak states, who try to stay away from the world politics and maintain their security by all means. According to Schweller weak states are termed as lambs since “they possess relatively weak capabilities, or suffer from poor state-society relations for a variety of reasons; their elites and institutions may lack legitimacy with the masses; they may be internally divided along ethnic, political, class, religious or tribal lines; the state’s ideology may conflict and be imposed on the popular culture; or they may be what Samuel Huntington calls torn countries: states “that have a fair” degree of cultural homogeneity but are divided over whether their society belongs to one civilization or another” (Schweller, 1994).

Lecture XIII: Globalization This lecture is aimed at first of all introducing the essentials of Globalization to

students, that is what does the phenomenon represent, what are the indicators and what kind of effect does it have. It is explained that due to the complexity of the process there is no single agreed upon definition of Globalization. However, in general it has been variously

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conceived as action at a distance, as a compressor of time and space pressure, as a tool for accelerating interdependence, as making the world shrink and as an agent of change in contemporary political system. It is also explained that not all scholars believe in globalization which they perceive as a myth or an ideology to promote new liberal imperialism. Students are exposed to this great theoretical debate between globalists and skeptics and are encouraged to find their own understanding of the phenomenon.

Lecture XIV: International Political Economy Due to the fact that not every student of IR might have a background in Economics, it is

necessary to familiarize students with basic elements of macroeconomics. Therefore, most of the lecture is devoted to explaining to students such basic concepts as free trade, the balance of payments (its constituting categories and some examples), monetary and fiscal policy, exchange rates and trade deficits, how exchange rates affect trade and relationships between exchange rates, trade and macroeconomic policy.

As for the theories of IPE, lecture covers such theories as hegemonic stability theory, North South debates, economic globalization and the role of states.

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socialur mecnierebaTa seria

saerTaSoriso

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Teoria

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi

socialuri mecnerebebis magistraturisaTvis

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Tbilisi

2006