km£c `mcXv

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imkvX`h≥, \yqU¬ln

km£c mcXv

DffS°w

\º¿ DffS°w t]Pv \º¿

I BapJw 1

II Dt±iy߃ 4

e£yw 5

e£ym[njvTnX kao]\w 5

h\nXIƒ 5

]´nIPmXn, ]´nIh¿Kw,\yq\]£hn`mK߃ 6

Iuamc]mb°m¿ 7

`qanimkvX]camb hym]vXn 7

KmaoW a‰p ]tXyI taJeIƒ 7

\Kc ]tZi߃°mbpff kao]\߃ 8

III km£cX\ne\n¿Øp∂Xns‚ BhiyIX krjvSn°¬ 8

IV ]T\t_m[\ ]cn]mSnIƒ 9

]hrXyp\vapJ km£cXm ]cn]mSn 10

Dt±iy߃ 10

LS\ 10

Abhpff kao]\w 11

k∂≤ tkh\hpw _lpP\ ]ÿm\hpw 11

]TnXm°ƒ°pw ]h¿ØI¿°pw 11

kΩm\߃, t]mXvkml\߃

tIµm[njvTnX kao]\w 12

dknU‚ v C≥kvSIvS¿ 12

dknU≥jy¬ IymºpIƒ

`mKnI dknU≥jy¬ IymºpIƒ, 13

`mKnI k∂≤ ]h¿Ø\ coXn

ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSn 13

sXmgn¬ hnZym`ymk (ss\]pWn hnIk\) ]cn]mSn 14

XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSn 14

V ]T\t_m[\ ]cn]mSnIfpsS \SØn∏v 16

temIv in£m tIµw 17

VI kºq¿Æ KpW ]cn]me\w 17

apXn¿∂hcpsS km£cXm ]cn]mSn°pff Icn°pew 17

D∂X \nehmcapff ]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIƒ 18

km£cXm A[ym]IcpsS KpWta≥a h¿≤n∏n°¬ 19

]T\t_m[\ aqeyw Dd∏n°¬ 20

aqey\n¿Æbw, k¿´n^nt°j≥ 21

]pXnb ]T\kt¶X߃ 22

km£cXm ]cnÿnXn sa®s∏Spج 22

hn hklmbw 23

VII Imcy£aamb ]cn]me\w 23

kwtbmP\hpw ]¶mfnØhpw 23

k¿°m¿ ]¶mfnØw 23

k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ 24

k¿°m¿ kzImcy ]¶mfnØw 24

A¥¿tZiob ]¶mfnØw 25

tUmIypsat‚j≥ 25

KthjWw 26

ZnimKXn \nb¥Ww , aqey\n¿Æbw 26

^≠v hnXcW coXn 27

BkqXWw 27

am¿§XXz߃ 27

BkqXW ]Inb 28

]cn]me\ LS\ 29

VIII _P‰v 31

IX cmjvSob km£cXmtLmjv 31

X \mgnI°√pIƒ 32

XI Imebfhv 33

XII am¿§\n¿t±i߃ 33

A\p_‘߃

1. \n¿±njvS `cW kwhn[m\w (t]Pv 34 ˛ 38)

2. h\nXm km£cXm 50% ¬ Xmsgbpff Pn√IfpsS ]´nI ( t]Pv 38˛ 49)

km£c `mcXw

I BapJw

1. `mcX k¿°mcns‚ am\hhn`htijn hnIk\ a¥mebw MHRD),Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v kvIqƒ FUyqt°j≥ B‚ v en‰dkn (DSEL) “km£¿

`mcXv” F∂]pXnb ]≤Xn°v cq]w \¬Inbncn°pIbmWv. ][m\a¥n tUm.

a≥taml≥ knßv temI km£cXm Zn\amb sk]vXw_¿ 8 \v “km£¿

`mcXv” ]cn]mSnbpsS Hu]NmcnIamb ]Jym]\w \SØn. apXn¿∂hcpsS

]tXyIn®,v h\nXIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v IqSpX¬ Du∂¬ \¬InbmWv

Cu ]≤XnbneqsS e£yan´ncn°p∂Xv. Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkØn\v

Ahkcw \ntj[n°s∏´hcpw ]mb]cn[n Ign™hcpw, km£cX,

ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymkw (XpeyXbneqsS Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw), sXmgn¬

hnZym`ymkw, imcocnIhpw sshImcnIhpamb hnIk\w, ]mtbmKnIIeIƒ,

imkvX kmt¶XnI ⁄m\w, IemImbnI hnt\mZ ]cn]mSnIƒ F∂nßs\

sshhn≤yam¿∂ hnZym`ymkw BKln°p∂ Gh¿°pw th≠nbpffXmWv

Cu ]cn]mSn.

2. 15 \pw 35 \pw CSbn¬ ]mbapff \nc£c¿°v kab _‘nXambn

]hrØyp\vapJ km£cX \¬IpI F∂ e£ytØmsS 1988˛¬ ÿm]nXamb

tZiob km£cXm anj≥ (NLM) 9 Dw 10 Dw ]©h¬kc ]≤Xn°meØpw

]h¿Ø\߃ XpS¿∂p. 10˛mw ]©h¬kc ]≤XnbpsS Ahkm\tØmsS

2007 am¿®n¬ C¥ybnse hnhn[ kwÿm\ßfnse 597 Pn√Ifn¬ kºq¿Æ

km£cXm b⁄hpw (TLC) 485 Pn√Ifn¬ km£cXm\¥c ]cn]mSnIfpw

(PLP) 328 Pn√Ifn¬ XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnbpw (CEP) \S∏nem°m≥

tZiob km£cXm anj\v km[yambn. Du¿÷nXamb CØcw

]h¿Ø\ßfpsS ia^eambn C¥ybn¬ 12.75 tImSn P\߃ km£ccmbn.

CXn¬ 60% t]¿ kvXoIfpw 23% ]´nIPmXn°mcpw (SC) 12% ]´nIh¿§°mcpw

(ST) Bbncp∂p.

3. tZiob km£cXmanjs‚ it≤bamb CSs]SepIƒ D≠mbn´pw

\nc£cX C∂pw Hcp tZiob ]iv\ambn Ahtijn°p∂p . Ct∏mgpff

\nc£ccpsS FÆw IrXyambn Adnbm≥ Ign™n´n√. AXv IrXyambn

AdnbWsa¶n¬ 2011 se sk≥kknse km≤yamIpIbpffq. 2001 se

sk≥kkv shfns∏SpØp∂Xv C¥ybnse apXn¿∂ \nc£ccpsS (15+) FÆw

1

25.25 tImSn BsW∂XmWv. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw km¿hXnIam°¬,

P\kwJym \nc°nepff B\p]mXnIamb Ipdhv, F√mh¿°pw kvIqƒ

hnZym`ymkw km≤yam°¬ F∂nh XpS¿s∂¶nepw kvIqfn¬ \n∂v

sImgn™p t]mIp∂hcpsS FÆØn¬ Ct∏mgpw enwK]chpw, kmaqlnIhpw,

]mtZinIhpamb, Ak¥penXmhÿIƒ XpScpIbmWv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂

Hu]NmcnIamb ]T\w t\Snbhcn¬t]mepw t\Snb Adnhv \ne\n¿Øm≥

XpS¿ ]T\ ]cn]mSnIƒ A\nhmcyamWv.

4 AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ 11˛mw ]≤Xn°meØpw tZiob km£cXm anjs‚

]h¿Ø\w Hgn®pIqSm\mhmØXmsW∂v t_m[ys∏´p. apXn¿∂hcpsS

hnZym`ymkw XpStc≠Xns‚bpw ]cnt]mjn∏nt°≠Xns‚bpw BhiyIX

XØzØn¬ AwKoIcn®psIm≠v BkqXW IΩoj≥ tZiob

km£cXmanj≥ ]h¿Ø\߃ 11˛mw ]≤Xn°meØpw XpScp∂Xn\v

A\paXn \¬In. tZiob km£cXm anj≥ ]h¿Ø\߃ kaImeo\

sh√phnfnIsf t\cnSm≥ ]mIØn\v am‰w hcptØ≠XmsWs∂mcp DSºSn

CtXmsSm∏w h®ncp∂p. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ tZiob km£cXm anj≥

]cn]mSnIƒ hn]peamb B¥cnI _mly aqey\n¿Æb߃°pw

]p\chtemI\߃°pw hnt[bamtI≠XmWv.

5 ta¬ kqNn∏n® coXnbnepff Kl\amb aqey\n¿Æbw km£cXm

]cn]mSnIfpsS cq]I¬∏\bnepw \SØn∏nepw D≠mb t]mcmbvaIƒ FSpØp

ImWn°m≥ klmbIambn. C¥ybv°v apgph\pw _m[Iamb Hcp GIoIrX

LS\bpsS A`mhw, k∂≤tkh\Øns‚ Ipdhv, kwÿm\ k¿°mcpIfpsS

]¶mfnØan√mbva , Iq´mb ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS A`mhw, `cW]camb

A]cym]vXX , kmaqlnI ]¶mfnØØns‚ A`mhw, icnbmb ZnimKXn

\n¿Æbw C√mbva, kmºØnI klmbØns‚ A]cym]vX F∂nh Cu

]cn]mSnbpsS ][m\ Zu¿∫ey߃ Bbncp∂p.

6 kvXo hntamN\Øn\pw imIvXoIcWØn\pw G‰hpw DNnXamb

]cn]mSn F∂ \nebv°v km£cXm ]cn]mSnsb k¿°m¿ AXns‚ ][m\

]cn]mSnIfn¬ H∂m°n am‰nbncn°p∂p. kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw,

t]mjImlmcw, ss\]pWn hnIk\w, kvXo imIvXoIcWw, XpSßnb

taJeIfnse k¿°mcns‚ bXv\߃ kvXo km£cXm ]cn]mSnIfpsS

XpS¿®bmWv. Db¿∂ tXmXnepff kvXo km£cXm \nc°v a‰v kmaqlnI

hnIk\ ]cn]mSnIfpsS Hcp NmeI iIvXnbmbn amdpsa∂v k¿°m¿

]Xo£n°p∂p. CXv kvXo km£cXm ]cn]mSnbpsS _mlyamb aqeyw

amXamWv. AXns‚ B¥cnI aqeyw CXntesd ]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂

2

H∂mWv. `mcXob h\nXIfn¬ hna¿i\mXvaI t_m[w hf¿Øn kz¥w

]cnX:ÿnXnIfn¬ Ah¿ t\cntS≠nhcp∂ PmXn, aX, enwK]camb

AhKW\Isfbpw AhiXIsfbpw t\cnSp∂Xn\v Ahsf ]m]vXbm°pI

F∂XmWv B alØmb e£yw.

7 k¿°mcns‚ `qcn`mKw ]cn]mSnIfpw kvXo imIvXoIcWw

e£yam°p∂Xn\mepw, km£cX ]tXyIn®v kvXo km£cX kmaqlnI

kmºØnI hnIk\Øns‚ Hcp iIvXamb LSIw F∂ \nebnepw tZiob

km£cXm anj≥ ]h¿Ø\߃ kvXo km£cXbv°v Gsd ]m[m\yw

\¬Ip∂ coXnbn¬ DS®phm¿Øncn°p∂p. ]mcw`Øn¬ Hcp Zih¿jw

kmaqlnI]¶mfnØØn\pw ASpØ c≠v ZiI߃ ]h¿Ø\

]cn]mSnIƒ°pw ap≥ Xq°w \¬Inb tZiob km£cXm anj≥ Ct∏mƒ

ta¬∏d™ coXnbn¬ ]p\IaoIcn°p∂Xn¬ XnI®pw ip`Icamb Hcp ew

D≠v.

8 tZiob km£cXm anj≥ CØcØn¬ DS®phm¿°p∂Xns‚ mKambn

cmPyØv BIam\apff hnhn[ I£nIfn¬ \n∂pw A`n]mb߃

Bcm™ncp∂p. cmPyØtßmfantßmfapff kwÿm\ k¿°m¿

]Xn\n[nIƒ, k¿°mtcXnc ÿm]\߃, km£cXm ]cnioeI¿,

amt\P¿am¿, `cWI¿Øm°ƒ, k¿∆IemimeIƒ, tÉv dntkmgvkv

sk‚dpIƒ, kmaqlnI ]h¿ØI¿, a‰v A`yqZbImw£nIƒ, hyIvXnIƒ

F∂nhcpsSsbms° tbmKw tNcpIbpw A`n]mb߃ tiJcn°pIbpw

sNbvXncp∂p. 30.6.2009 ¬ Cu _rlØmb ]cn]mSn kwÿm\ßfnse

hnZym`ymk skI´dnamcpsS ktΩf\Øn¬ N¿®sNøs∏´p. 21.8.09 \v Cu

\n¿t±i߃ tZiob km£cXm anj≥ AwKoIcn°pIbpw 31.8.09 \v ]kvXpX

\btcJ tIµhnZym`ymk D]tZiI kanXn°p ap∂n¬ ka¿∏n°pIbpw

sNbvXp.

9 Ign™ Ipd®p h¿jßfmbn XmsgØ´nepff kvXoIƒ°v [mcmfw

Ahkc߃ krjvSn°m≥ ]pXnb ]cn]mSnIƒ°v Ign™n´p≠v. ]©mbØo

cmPv ÿm]\ßfpsS iIvXamb kzm[o\w, 73˛mw t`ZKXn, kzbw klmb

kwLßfneqsS kzbw sXmgn¬ Ahkc߃, tZiob sXmgn¬ Dd∏p ]≤Xn

F∂nhbneqsS CØcw ]cn]mSnIfpsS kzm[o\w kvXo

km£cbmtI≠Xns‚ ]m[m\yw Db¿Øp∂Xmbn hnhn[ taJeIfnse

A\p`hkº∂¿ km£ys∏SpØnbn´p≠v.

3

]Tt\m\vapJ kaqlw krjvSn°pI

10 Cßs\ Hcp AhkcØnemWv tZiob km£cXm anjs‚ ]pXnb

D]mbw F∂ \nebv°v “km£¿ `mcX v ’’ ]cn]mSn \n¿t±in°s∏´Xv. 15

apIfn¬ ]mbapff F√m apXn¿∂ BfpIsfbpw Cu ]cn]mSnbn¬

Dƒs∏SpØptºmgpw ]Ya ]cnKW\ kvXoIƒ°mWv. ap≥ ]cn]mSnIfn¬

D≠mbncp∂ IpdhpIƒ am‰n F∂Xp amXa√ adn®v \nch[n ]pXpabm¿∂

Imcyßfpw CXn¬ tN¿°s∏´p. ASnÿm\ km£cX, XpS¿ km£cX,

XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnIƒ, F∂nh ]tXyIw ]cn]mSnIfmImsX Htc

]cn]mSnIfpsS XpS¿®bmbn hcp∂p F∂pffXv Cu ]cn]mSnbpsS

]tXyIXbmWv. k∂≤ ]h¿ØIsc tIµoIcn®pff _lpP\ ]¶mfnØ

b⁄Øn\p kam¥cambn A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymkØn\v

sshhn≤yam¿∂ kao]\ßfpw \n¿t±in®n´p≠v. CXn\mbn Hmtcm

]tZißfnepw ( AU¬‰v FUyqt°j≥ skt‚gvkv ( AECs) ÿm]n°pw.

ap≥Imeßfn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXambn kwÿm\ k¿°mcpw ]©mbØv

cmPv ÿm]\ßfpw kaqlhpw Bbncn°pw CXns‚ Np°m≥ ]nSn°p∂Xv.

tIµßfpsS ZnimKXn \nb¥Whpw aqey\n¿Æbhpw hn]peamb coXnbn¬

\SØs∏Spw. CXn\\pkrXambn _UvP‰nepw h¿≤\hv hcpØnbn´p≠v.

11 2009 HIvtSm_¿ 1 apXemWv “km£¿ mcXv” ]cn]mSn ]m_eyØn¬

BIp∂Xv. AXn\m¬ 10˛mw ]©h¬kc ]≤Xn Ahkm\n°p∂Xphscsb

tZiob km£cXmanj\v Imemh[nbpffq. F∂ncp∂mepw \S∂p h∂ncp∂

km£cXm XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]h¿Ø\߃ Ahkm\n∏n°m≥ 30˛9˛09 hsc

kab]cn[n \¬Ip∂p≠v. “km£¿ mcXvv ”\nehn¬ hcp∂tXmsS tZiob

km£cmanjs‚ F√m ]h¿Ø\ßfpw Ahkm\n®Xmbn IW°m°mw.

II Dt±iy߃

12 anj\v ][m\ambpw 4 Dt±iyßfmWv DffXv.

1. A£c⁄m\hpw kwJymt_m[hpw C√mØ \nc£c¿°v

]hrØyp≥apJ km£cXbpw kwJym⁄m\hpw \¬IpI.

2. apXn¿∂ \hkm£c¿°v ]T\w XpScm\w Hu]NmcnI

hnZym`ymkØn\p Xpeyamb Adnhv t\Sm\pw ]m]vXcm°pI.

3. \nc£c¿°pw \hkm£c¿°pw AhchcpsS PohnX kmlNcy߃

sa®s∏SpØp∂tXmsSm∏w, [\kºmZ\Øn\pff ss\]pWnIsf

Ipdn®pw Adnhv \¬IpI.

‘

4

4 apXn¿∂ \hkm£c¿°v XpS¿hnZym`ymkØn\pff Ahkc߃

krjvSn®v Hcp ]Tt\m\vapJ kaqlw krjvSn°pI.

e£yw.

13 anjs‚ ][m\ e£yw 15 hb n\v apIfn¬ ]mbapff apXn¿∂ 70

aney¨ BfpIƒ°v ]hrØyp≥apJ km£cX \¬IpI F∂XmWv. IqSmsX

1.5aney¨ apXn¿∂h¿°v ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymkhpw AXbpw Xs∂ t]¿°v

ss\]pWn hnIk\hpw \¬Im\pw e£yanSp∂p≠v. F√m ]cn]mSnIfnepw

]Ya ]cnKW\ kvXoIƒ°pXs∂bmWv F∂ncp∂mepw kvXoIƒ°v

amXambn ]cnanXs∏SpØnbn´n√Xm\pw. ]´nI PmXn, ]´nI h¿§w,

\yq\]£hn`mK߃ AhiX A\p`hn°p∂ a‰p hn`mK߃, Xmgv∂

km£cXm \nc°pff Kma]tZißfnse Iuamc]mb°m¿ F∂nhcpw Cu

]cn]mSnbpsS a‰p KpWt`mIvXm°fmWv.

km£cXm ]cn]mSn e£ym[njvTnXambn XcwXncn®v ( Zie£Øn¬)

hn`mK߃ ]pcpj≥ kvXo BsI

]´nI PmXn 4 10 14

]´nI h¿§w 2 6 8

apkven߃ 2 10 12

a‰pffh¿ 2 34 36

1 tImSn 6 tImSn 7 tImSn

e£ym[njvTnX kao]\w

h\nXIƒ

14 ]Ya e£yw kvXoIfmsW∂XpsIm≠p Xs∂ ]cn]mSn°v

enwK]camb ]m[m\yw \¬Inbn´p≠v. ]T\t_m[\ ]cn]mSnIƒ BkqXWw

sNøp∂Xv enwK]chpw kmaqlnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpambn kvXoIƒ

t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIƒ IW°nseSpØpsIm≠mbncn°pw . enwK]camb

]iv\߃ amXambn FSp°msX, a‰p hn`mKßfmb PmXn, aXw,

tKmXw , sshIeyw F∂nhIqSnt®¿Ømbncn°pw ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

5

F¶nepw ]cn]mSnbpsS kao]\w, X¥ßƒ, BkqXWw, v `cW]camb

LS\, ]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIƒ, ZnimKXn \nb¥Ww, aqey\n¿Æbw

F∂nhbn¬ enwK]camb Img vN∏mSn\v ÿm\ap≠mbncn°pw.

Kma]tZißfnse ]´nI PmXn, ]´nIh¿§, \yq\]£ hn`mK߃ NqjWw

sNøs∏Sp∂ hn`mKßfnse kvXoIƒ F∂nh°v ap≥KW\ In´pw.

15 h\nXIfpsS \nehnepff Adnhv, A£c⁄m\w, kwJymht_m[w

F∂nh IW°nseSpØmbncn°pw ]pXnb ]cn]mSnbpsS kao]\w, AhcpsS

\nehnepff Adnhv ImtemNnXambn sa®s∏SpØm\pw t\Snb ss\]pWnIƒ

AhchcpsS kmlNcy߃°v A\ptbmPyambn ]tbmKn°m\pw Ignbp∂p

F∂Xpw Dd∏phcptØ≠Xp≠v. \qX\hpw ]co£n°s∏´n´pffXpamb

]tbmK sshZKv≤y߃°v IqSpX¬ ]cnKW\ e`n°pw.

16 h\nXm KpWt`mIvXm°fpsS ]¶mfnØw ]cn]mSnbn¬

Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\mbn IqSpX¬ h\nXm ]h¿ØIsc ]s¶Sp∏n°pw.

]´nIPmXn ˛ ]´nIh¿§˛ \yq\]£ hn`mK߃

17 C¥y≥ P\kwJybpsS 40% ¬ A[nIw ]´nI PmXn, 15% ]´nI h¿§w,

8% \yq\]£hn`mKßfmWv. (20%) \nc£ccpsS P\kwJybn¬ \s√mcp

]¶v ]´nI PmXn (20.5%) ]´nI h¿§w ( 12%) \yq\]£w ]tXyIn®v apkveo߃

F∂nhcmWv. e£y߃ \S∏m°ptºmƒ P\kwJybnse Hmtcm

hn`mKßfpsSbpw IW°√msX \nc£c P\kwJybnepff Hmtcm

hn`mKßfpsSbpw iXam\w IW°nseSpØmWv km£cXm \nc°v

h¿≤n∏n°m\pff ia߃ \StØ≠Xv. Hmtcm ]tZißfnsebpw

kmwkvImcnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb ASnØd IW°nseSpØv AXXv

km£cXm anj\pIƒ ]tXyI X¥ßƒ cq]oIcn°pIbpw Ch tZiob

km£cXm anj\pambn ]¶phbv°pIbpw thWw. ]T\ßfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw

BkqXWw sNbvXv \S∏nem°ptºmƒ Hmtcm hn`mKßfpsSbpw ]¶v

hepXmbn Dƒs°mffnt°≠Xp≠v. Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏´ ]TnXm°fpsS

aqey\n¿ÆbØn\v ÿncw LS\ D≠mIWw. AXv ]ptcmKXn FSpØp

ImWn°p∂Xpw \nc£cXbnte°v aSßnt∏mImXncn°m\pff X¥ßƒ

ASßnbXpamb LS\bmbncn°Ww.

6

Iuamc ]mb°m¿

18 Iuamc]mb°mcmb \nc£cscbpw A¿≤ km£cscbpw

IW°nseSp°ptºmƒ Hmtcm hn`mK°m¿°pw th≠ XcØnepff

hnZym`ymkw \¬tI≠nbncn°p∂p. ]Xypev]mZ\w, ]P\\mtcmKyw,

BkqXnXamb c£mI¿XrXzw, ssewKnI kz`mhw, F∂nßs\

Iuamc°mcpsS PohnXmhiy߃ Xncn®dn™v AhIqSn

Dƒs°mffn®psIm≠pff hnZym`ym k kao]\w kzoIcnt°≠XmWv .

hnZym`ymk tbmKyXIfpw AXn\v Dt]mZv_eIamb k¿´n^n°‰pIfpw t\Sm≥

]cym]vXambXcØn¬ Iuamc°mcpsS hnZym`ymkw cq]I¬∏\

sNtø≠XmWv. CØcw ]cn]mSnIƒ ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymkØns‚bpw

Hcp sXmgn¬ ss\]pWnbnepff ]cnioe\Øns‚bpw k¶e\ambncn°Ww.

AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Iuamc°mcpsS Bhiyw \ndthdp∂Xn\mbn “Iymºv

A[njvTnX kao]\w” Bbncn°w \√Xv. CØcw \qX\ ]cn]mSnItfmSpff

anjs‚ kao]\w Xo¿Øpw kpXmcyambncn°pw.

`qanimkvX]camb hym]vXn

19. kwÿm\ ]mtZinI Xe߃ XΩnepw Chbv°v CSbnepw

Akp¥penXmhÿIƒ Ipdbv°pI F∂Xpw anjs‚ Hcp ][m\ e£yamWv.

kwÿm\m¥c Ak¥penXmhÿIƒ 33% \pw 88% \pw CSbnemWv.

kwÿm\Øn\IØpffXpw GItZiw CXpt]mseXs∂bmWv. Cu

Ak¥penXmhÿIƒ Ipdbv°p∂Xn\mbn ]cn]mSnbpsS H∂mw L´w 11˛mw

]≤Xn°meØv apXn¿∂ kvXo km£cX 50% Xmsgbpff ( 2001 sk≥kkv

]Imcw ) Pn√Ifn¬ amXamWv IaoIcn°p∂Xv. GItZiw 18% apXn¿∂h¿

Cu ]tZißfn¬ D≠v. IqSmsX CSXp]£ XohhmZ _m[nX taJeIfmb

33 Pn√Ifn¬ km£cXm \nc°v IW°nseSp°msX Xs∂ ]h¿Ø\w

hym]n∏n°m\mWv anj≥ BtemNn°p∂Xv.

KmaoW ˛ ]tXyI taJeIƒ

20 2001 sk≥kkv A\pkcn®v C¥ybnse 84% \nc£ccpw KmaßfnemW.v

\Kc]tZißsf At]£n®v \nc£cX IqSpX¬ ]S¿∂p ]nSn°p∂Xv

KmaßfnemWv , \Kc]tZi߃ hnZym`ymk kuIcyßfpsS e`yXbn¬

7

ap∂nemWv. Kma]tZißfn¬ s]mXp hn`h߃ D]tbmKn®v ]cn]mSn

\S∏nem°m\mWv anj≥ ]≤XnbnSp∂Xv. AXn\m¬ Kma]tZißfn¬ Cu

]cn]mSn hnPbn∏n°m≥ ]camh[n ]cniant°≠XmWv. ChnsSbpw kvXoIƒ

]´nIPmXn, ]´nIh¿§, \yq\]£ßƒ F∂nh¿°mWv ]tXyI ]cnKW\

F∂Xpw it≤bamWv.

\Kc]tZi߃

21 \Kc]tZißfn¬ anjs‚ e£y߃ t\SnsbSp°pI F∂Xv \qX\

am¿§ßfneqsS \SØmhp∂ H∂mWv. CØcw ]cn]mSnIƒ tZiob

km£cXmanj≥ Is≠Øp∂ tÉv dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIƒ, P≥in£¨

k≥ÿm≥, k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ, a‰ v kmaqlnI kwLS\Iƒ

F∂nhbpsSbpw s]mXp kzImcy ]¶mfnØtØmsSbpw \S∏nem°p∂XmWv.

`h\ \n¿ΩmW \Kc ZmcnZy \n¿Ωm¿÷\ a¥mebØns‚ Phl¿em¬

s\lvdp tZiob \Kc ]p\cmhnjvIcW anjs‚ (JNNURM) klmbtØmsS

Cu ]cn]mSn°v hn`h kamlcWw \SØmhp∂XmWv.

III km£cX \ne\n¿Øp∂Xns‚ BhiyIX krjvSn°¬

22. Nne ]tXyI ]tZißfn¬ km£cXbv°v hyIvXamb

BhiyIXbp≠v. anjs‚ hnPbw hnZymkº∂cpw \nc£ccpw ASßnb Hcp

kaqlØn¬ ]q¿Æambpw km£cXbv°v A\pIqeamb

kmaqlnIm¥co£w krjvSns®Sp∂Xns\ Bibn®mWv Ccn°p∂Xv. kzbw

klmb kwL߃ , ]©mbØv cmPv kYm]\߃, tIµ Kh¨sa‚ v

B^okpIƒ, a‰v k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ F∂nhbn¬ AwKßfmbn´pff

kvXoIƒ AS°apff ]TnXm°fn¬, AhcpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXØn¬

km£cXbpsS aqeyw/]m[m\yw, BhiyIX XpSßnb Imcy߃

a\ nem°n sbSp°p∂XneqsSbmWv km£cXbv°v th≠nbpff A¥co£

krjvSn kwPmXamIp∂Xv. Cu e£yØn\mbn tZiob km£cXm anj≥

km£cXbpsS KpWßfpw \nc£cXbpsS tZmjßfpw ]Ncn∏n°p∂

coXnbn¬ kmaqlnI ]¶mfnØw Dd∏m°p∂, _lpP\]¶mfnØtXmsSbpff

Iymºbn≥ hn]peamb coXnbn¬ \SØp∂XmWv. CØcw ktµi߃ hfsc

iIvXambn Adnbn°p∂coXnbnepff ]NmcW߃ km£cXsb

kmaqlnIaØns‚ `mKambn am‰pw. \nc£csc ]T\Øn

tebv°mI¿jn°m\pw hnZymkº∂cmbhsc Cu ]cn]mSnbn¬

]h¿Øn°m≥ kzbw k∂≤cm°m\pw CXn\p Ignbpw.

8

23. cmPyØns‚ F√m `mKØpw km£cXbv°pth≠nbpff BhiyIX

Hcp t]mseb√. F∂m¬ Cu BhiyIXsb F√mbnSØpw KpW]cambXpw

kzm`mhnIambXpw XpS¿®bmbXpamb H∂m°n am‰nsbSp°m\mWv A\pIqe

]cnXÿnXn D≠m°p∂XneqsS e£yam°p∂Xv. Hcp hiØv

km£cXsb°pdn®v sX‰mbn kzmwioIcn®n´pff [mcWIsf

am‰nsbSp°m\pw adphiØv s]mXp kaqlØns‚ samØw ]¶mfnØhpw

klmbhpw Cu ]cn]mSn°v t\SnsbSp°m\pamWv ]NmcW ]cn]mSnIfneqsS

e£yam°p∂Xv. AXXp ]mtZinI kmlNcyØn\\pkcn®v hnhn[

X¥ßƒ kzoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. km£cXm ]TnXm°ƒ°pw

]h¿ØI¿°pw Hcp t]mse t]cW \¬IØ° coXnbn¬ A®Sn,

CeIvtSmWnIvkv, ]mtZinI am[ya߃ F∂nhsb Htc kabw

D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂p. Fkv.B¿.kn t]mepff GP≥knIfpambnt®¿∂v

hnhc kmt¶XnI, hm¿Ømhn\nab D]IcW߃ hn]peamb coXnbn¬

]›mØew Hcp°p∂Xn\pth≠n D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. CXns‚

`mKambn hnhn[ taJeIfn¬ ao‰nwKpIƒ kwLSn∏n°pw. Kma]©mbØv,

tªm°v XeØnepff kmaqly cmjvSob ]h¿Ø\߃ ]©mbØv cmPv

ÿm]\ßfnse ]Xn\n[nIƒ, alnfmafiew ]h¿ØI¿, hnZym`ymk

ÿm]\ßfnse DtZymKÿ¿ XpSßnbhsc CØcw ao‰nwKpIfn¬

]s¶Sp∏n®v km£cXm ]cn]mSnIfn¬ AhcpsS ]¶mfnØhpw klIcWhpw

Dd∏phcptØ≠XmWv. tZiob km£cXmanjs‚ \n¿t±i]Imcw Hcp

\nb¥W IΩ‰nbpw Hcp klmbIIΩ‰nbpw CØcw ]NmcW

]cn]mSnIƒ°v tZiobXeØn¬ ta¬t\m´w hln°pIbpw

tImUoIcn°pIbpwv sNøpIbpw sNøpw. kvt]m¨k¿jn∏neqsSb√msX

amt\Pvsa‚ v slUvUn¬ \n∂papff ^≠v CXn\pth≠n

sNehgn°mhp∂XmWv.

IV. ]T\ t_m[\ ]cn]mSnIƒ

24. km£cXbpsS BhiyIXtbmSv ]XnIcn°m\pw \nc£ccpsSbpw

\hkm£ccpsSbpw sshhn[yam¿∂ Bhiyßsf A`napJoIcn°m\pw

Ignbp∂ coXnbn¬ hnhn[Xcw ]T\t_m[\ ]cn]mSnIfmWv BkqXWw

sNbvXn´pffXv. ]hrXyp≥apJ km£cXm ]cn]mSn, ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymk

]cn]mSn, sXmgn¬ km£cX, XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]cn]Sn F∂nßs\ hnhn[

]cn]mSnIƒ Hcp ]cn]mSnbpsS XpS¿®sbt∂mWamWv BkqXWw

sNbvXncn°p∂Xv.

9

]hrXyp≥apJ km£cXm ]cn]mSn

Dt±iy߃

25. “km£¿ `mcXv ” ]cn]mSnbpsS H∂masØ Dt±iyw \nc£c¿°v

]hrXyp≥apJ km£cX ]Zm\w sNøpI F∂Xv. Cu Dt±iyw \ndth‰p∂

]cn]mSnbmWv ]hrXyp≥apJ km£cXm ]cn]mSn. hmbn°m\pw FgpXm\pw

A°ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm\pw kzbw ]cym]vXamIpI F∂XmWv CXneqsS

A¿∞amIp∂Xv. Hcmƒ°v Xm≥ AhKWn°s∏Sp∂Xns‚ ImcW߃

a\ nem°m\pw hnIk\]h¿Ø\߃ kwLSn∏n°p∂XneqsSbpw

hnIk\]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIp∂XneqsSbpw Xs‚ AhÿIƒ

am‰nsbSp°m\pw ]m]vX\m°pI F∂Xpw CXn¬s∏Sp∂p. IqSmsX HcmfpsS

kmºØnI ÿnXnbpw kmaqlnI ÿnXnbpw sa®s∏SpØm\pff ss\]pWn

B¿÷n°p∂Xpw CXns‚ mKamWv. tZiotbmZvKY\w kmapZmbnI sFIyw

]cnÿnXn kwc£Ww, kvXo kaXzw, ]P\\BtcmKyw, F∂nßs\bpff

aqey߃ \¬Ip∂XneqsS DØchmZnXzt_m[apff Hcp ]ucs\

hm¿sØSp°m\pff t_m[h¬°cW ]cn]mSnIfpw CXn¬s∏Sp∂p.

LS\

26 Cu ]cn]mSnbpsS `mKambn \nc£csc k¿t∆bneqsS

Is≠tØ≠Xpw ]mtZinImSnÿm\Øn¬ AhcpsS ]T\ Bhiy߃

Is≠Øn, 300 aWn°q¿/3 amkØn¬ IhnbmØ Hcp ]T\m[njvSnXcoXnbpw

]TnXmhn\p \¬tI≠XmWv. Cßs\ \¬Iptºmƒ ]TnXmhns‚ Xmev]cyhpw

]mtZinI kmlNcyßfpw IW°nseSpt°≠XmWv. 300 aWn°q¿ ]T\w

hnPbIcambn ]q¿Ønbm°p∂XneqsS B ]TnXmhv hmbn°m\pw FgpXm\pw

KpW\hpw lcWhpw Dƒs∏sS sNdnb IW°pIƒ sNøm\pw, ]X߃,

Xes°´pIƒ, tdmUv Nnlv\߃ , At]£ md߃ F∂nh ]qcn∏n°m\pw

Ignhp t\SWw. hnPbIcambn ]T\w ]q¿Ønbm°nb ]TnXmhn\v

aqey\n¿Æbw \SØn Hcp k¿´n^n°‰pw \¬Ipw. Cu k¿´n^n°‰v

hnZqchnZym`ymkØneqsSbpff XpS¿ ]T\߃ ]TnXmhn\v km[yamIp∂p.

¢mkpIƒ ]TnXmhn\v kuIcy]Zamb ÿeØpw kabØpw

G¿s∏SptØ≠XmWv. km£cXm ¢mkv , km£cXm\p_‘ ]cn]mSnIƒ

F∂nhbv°v k¿∆ in£m A`nbm≥ hI kvIqƒ sI´nS߃ ( kvIqƒ kabw

10

Ign™pw Ah[n Znhkßfnepw) e`yam°m≥ kwÿm\

km£cXmanj\pIƒ _m≤yÿamWv.

Abhpff kao]\w

27. _lpP\]¶mfnØamWv ][m\ ]h¿Ø\ coXnsb¶nepw

cmPyØmIam\pw Htc XcØnepff kao]\amWv anj≥ hn`mh\w sNøp∂Xv.

sshhn≤yam¿∂ e£ym[njvTnX ]cn]mSnIfneqsS ASnÿm\ km£cX

ssIhcn°p∂p F∂v Dd∏phcpØp∂p. CXn\mbn hnimeambXpw

AwKoIrXhpamb t]mPIvSpIƒ A\phZn°p∂Xn¬ \qX\Xzhpw DZmc

kao]\hpw Dd∏phcptØ≠Xpap≠v. \S∏nem°p∂ GP≥knIƒ°v

GsX¶nepw Hcp kao]\tam, ]e kao]\ßfpsS ka\zbtam

kzoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. ]e kao]\߃ NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

k∂≤ tkh\hpw _lpP\ ]ÿm\hpw

28 Cu kao]\Øn¬ k∂≤ ]h¿ØI≥ Hcp Kq∏ns\ ]Tn∏n°p∂p.

Hcp k∂≤ ]h¿ØI≥ 8 apX¬ 10 hscbpff ]TnXm°fpsS CSbn¬ Hcp

]cnioeI\mbpw A[ym]I\mbpw klmbnbmbpw ]h¿Øn°p∂p.

]TnXm°sfbpwk∂≤]h¿ØIscbpw I≠p]nSn®v Kq∏v Xncnt°≠Xpw,

]cnioe\Øn\pth≠ Hcp°ßƒ sNbvXp sImSpt°≠Xpw, km£cXmIn‰v

( ]TnXmhn\pw ]h¿ØI\pw) \¬tI≠Xpw ]cn]mSn \S∏nem°p∂

GP≥knbmWv. Hmtcm ]T\Kq∏ns‚bpw ]ptcmKXn hnebncptØ≠Xpw,

]T\Øns‚ thKXbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw \jvSs∏SmsX kq£nt°≠Xpw

AtXkabw ]T\w ]TnXmhn\p tbmPn® coXnbnemsW∂pd∏phcptØ≠Xpw

Cu GP≥knbmWv.

]TnXm°ƒ°pw ]h¿ØI¿°pw kΩm\߃, t]mXvkml\߃

29. km£cXm, k∂≤]h¿ØI¿°v ]Xn^ew \¬Ip∂n√. km£cXm

/k∂≤]h¿ØI¿°v h¿≤n® ]tNmZ\w BhiyambXn\m¬ hnhn[

Xeßfnepff s]mXp AwKoImc߃°v ]pdta a‰p kΩm\ßfpw

\¬tI≠Xp≠v. amXa√, Ch¿°v HmWtddnbw \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn tZiob

km£cXmanj≥, kwÿm\ k¿°m¿, Kma]©mbØv XpSßnb

ÿm]\߃ kw`mh\ \¬Imhp∂XmWv. a‰p s]mXp ˛ kzImcy

11

GP≥knIfpsS ]¶mfnØØneqsSbpw XpI Is≠Øm\pff \S]Sn

kzoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. C¥ymKh¨sa‚ v _P‰n¬ (km£¿ mcXv) CXn\mbn

th≠ XpI hIsImffn®n´n√.

30 kwÿm\ km£cXm anj≥, Pn√m ]©mbØv, Kma]©mbØv

XpSßnb ÿm]\߃ ]TnXm°ƒ°v ]tNmZ\ambn ]Xn^ew

\¬Ip∂Xn\pff am¿§ßƒ Is≠tØ≠XmWv.

tIµm[njvTnX kao]\w

dknU‚ v C≥kvSIvS¿

31 Dƒ]tZißfnepw Kmaßfnepw ]tXyIw ]cnioe\w e`n®

C≥kvSIv‰¿am¿ ]TnXm°tfmsSm∏w Xmakn®v ]T\ t_m[\

]h¿Ø\߃°v t\XrXzw \¬IWw. AXXv ]tZiØv thf≠ntbPvkv

e`ya√mØ ÿeØmWv CØcw dknU‚ v C≥kvSIv‰¿amcpsS ]h¿Ø\w

e`yamt°≠Xv. Hcp h¿jØn¬ 30 ]TnXm°ƒ°v Hcp dknU‚ v C≥kvSIvS¿

aXnbmIpw. Cu dknU‚ v C≥kvSIvS¿°v tZiob km£cXmanj≥ \n_‘\

sNbvX coXnbnepff HmWtddnbw e`n°pw

32 Cu kao]\Øn¬ 7 apX¬ 8 aWn°q¿ hsc tIµw Xpd∂p

]h¿Øn°Ww. ]TnXmhv/]TnXm°ƒ°v Ah¿°v kuIcy]Zamb kabw

Is≠Øn ct≠m AXne[nItam aWn°q¿ ]T\Øn\mbn

hn\ntbmKnt°≠XmWv. dknU‚ v C≥kvSIvS¿amsc sXcs™Sp°ptºmƒ

enwK kaXzw, PmXn kaXzw, cWLS\maqey߃, P\m[n]Xyw, atXXcXzw

XpSßnb sk≥kn‰ohv Imcyßfnepff AhcpsS CSs]S¬ IqSn

IW°nseSpt°≠XmWv. C≥kvSIvS¿dpsS ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymk

tbmKyX, sXcs™Sp∏p coXn F∂nh tZiob km£cXmanj≥

\n¿t±ia\pkcn®mbncn°pw.

dknU≥jy¬ IymºpIƒ

33 ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm°nbhcpw ImeItaW

\nc£cXbnte°v hoWpt]mbXpamb 15\pw 25\pw CSbn¬ ]mbapff

Iuamc]mb°m¿°pw bphP\߃°pw th≠nbpffXmWv Cu IymºpIƒ.

12

]mb]cn[n Ign™Xn\m¬ Hu]NmcnI ]T\w km≤ya√mØ CØc°msc

Is≠Øn dknU≥jy¬ IymºpIfnte°v BI¿jn°m\pw Hcp tªm°v

]cn[n°pffn¬ A\ptbmPyamb ÿew Is≠Øn Hcp Iq´w dntkmgvkv

t]gvk¨amcpsS klmbtØmsS Iymºv kwLSn∏n°mhp∂XmWv. Cu

taJebn¬ ]mKXv`yw t\Snbn´pff k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ, P≥in£¨

k≥ÿm\pIƒ F∂nhbpsS klmbtØmsS CØcw IymºpIƒ

kwLSn∏n°mhp∂XmWv.

`mKnI dknU≥jy¬ IymºpIƒ ˛

(`mKnI k∂≤ ]h¿Ø\coXn)

34. Hcp ]tXyI hn`mKØn¬ s]Sp∂ ]TnXm°ƒ°v A\ptbmPyamb Hcp

kao]\amWnXv. kzbw klmb kwLßfnse AwK߃, alnfm

kwLS\Iƒ, Kma]©mbØv AwK߃ XpSßnbh¿°pth≠n CØcw

IymºpIƒ kwLSn∏n°mhp∂XmWv. eLp kºmZyØn\pw hmbv]Iƒ°pw

th≠n ]h¿Øn°p∂ CØcw kwL߃ \ΩpsS cmPyØv A\h[nbp≠v.

Ch¿°pth≠n ChcpsS kuIcy ]Imcw Hcp ]tXyI Imebfhn¬ CØcw

IymºpIƒ kwLSn∏n°mhp∂XmWv. CØcw IymºpIfneqsS ]TnXm°ƒ°v

km£cXm ss\]pWnIƒ t\Sp∂Xnt\msSm∏w Ah¿ Pohn°p∂Xpw tPmen

sNøp∂Xpambn´pff Np‰p]mSpIsf°pdn®v N¿®Iƒ, ]`mjW߃ F∂nh

\SØp∂Xn\pff Ahkc߃ IqSn \¬tI≠XmWv.

ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSn

35 anjs‚ c≠masØ Dt±iyw \hkm£csc ASnÿm\

km£cXbv°∏pdw FØn®v Hu]NmcnI ]T\Øn\p Xpeycm°pI

F∂XmWv. Hu]NmcnI coXnbntem, Hm∏¨ teWnwKv knÃØneqsStbm

bphP\ßsf 3,4,5,6,7,8 ¢m pIƒ°v Xpeyamb XeßfnseØn°m\pw

CXneqsS IgnbWw. tZiob Hm∏¨ kvIqfns‚tbm a‰v kwÿm\

Hm∏¨kvIqfpIfpsStbm Hm∏¨ t_knIv FUyqt°j≥ t]mKmaneqsS

Cu ]cn]mSn Bcw`n°mhp∂XmWv. XpeyXm ]cn]mSnIƒ BkqXWw

sNøptºmƒ ]TnXmhns‚ PohnXm\p`hßfpw ]mtZinI hn⁄m\hpw

IW°nseSpt°≠XmWv.

13

sXmgn¬ hnZym`ymk (ss\]pWn hnIk\w )]cn]mSn

36. anjs‚ aq∂masØ Dt±iyw \nc£ccpsSbpw \hkm£ccpsSbpw

PohnX kmºØnI kmlNcy߃ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pff ]cn]mSnbmWv.

hnZym`ymkw H´pan√mØh¿°pw Aev]apffh¿°pw A\ptbmPyamb coXnbn¬

sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\w CXneqsS \¬tI≠Xp≠v. P≥in£¨ k≥ÿm\pIƒ

AU¬‰v FUyqt°j≥ sk‚dpIfpambn tbmPn®v ]h¿Øn®v

A\ptbmPyamb sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\ßfpw km£cXm\p_‘ ss\]pWn

hnIk\hpw \¬tI≠XmWv. Pn√mXeØn¬ ]cn]mSn \S∏m°p∂

GP≥knbpw sP.Fkv.Fkpambn klIcn®v CØcw \hkm£ccpsS ]´nI

Xømdmt°≠XmWv. anjs‚ ]tXyI ]h¿Ø\߃°pff ^≠v IqSmsX

sP.Fkv.Fkns‚ t]mKmw ^≠v Cu ]h¿Ø\Øn\mbn

hn\ntbmKnt°≠Xp≠v.

37 Kma]©mbØv Xeßfn¬ CØcw sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v

s]mXp/kzImcy ]¶mfnØtØmsS Ahkc߃ Is≠Øm≥ kwÿm\

km£cXmanj\pw Pn√m GP≥knIfpw iant°≠XmWv.

XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSn

38. anjs‚ \memasØ e£yamWv CXv. \hkm£c¿°pw a‰p

KpWt`mIvXm°ƒ°pw BPoh\m¥ hnZym`ymkØn\v Ahkcw

\¬Ip∂XneqsS Hcp ]Tt\m≥apJ kaqlw krjvSn°pI F∂ e£yw

\ndth‰p∂Xn\pffXmWv Cu ]cn]mSn . ASnÿm\ km£cX,

km£cXm\¥c ]cn]mSnIfneqsS Adnhpw sXmgn¬ ss\]pWnIfpam¿÷n®

apXn¿∂ ]TnXm°ƒ°v hnimeamb Ahkc߃ Hcp°n \¬Im≥ Cu

]cn]mSn°p Ignbpw. t]cp kqNn∏n°p∂Xpt]mse IrXyamb Hcp N´°qSv

( a‰v aq∂p ]cn]mSnIsf At]£n®v) CXn\p \¬Im≥ Ignbn√. F¶nepw

XpS¿®bmbn kwLSn∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp ]cn]mSnbmWnXv. kpÿncamb

Hcp ]T\m¥co£w Hcp°pIbpw AXphgn ]TnXm°sf AhcpsS km£cXm

Bhiyßfpw A`ncpNnIfpw Xr]vXns∏SpØm\papff ]cn]mSnIƒ

XpScpIbmWv CXneqsS A¿∞am°p∂Xv.

39 KŸimebpw hmb\imebpw Cu ]cn]mSnbn¬ Dƒs°mffn®n´p≠v.

ImemIaØn¬ hnhc kmt¶XnI D]IcWßfpw ChnsS e`yam°pw.

]TnXm°fpsS PohnXØn¬ ImenI ]kIvXamb BtcmKy kwc£Ww,14

t_m[h¬°cWw, `£Whpw t]mjWhpw, Pekwc£Ww, IpSnshffw,

ipNnXzw, P\kwJym hnIk\ hnZym`ymkw, FbvUvkv, ssewKnItcmK߃,

ssewKnI hnZym`ymkw, D]t`mIvXr t_m[h¬°cWw, D]t`mIvXmhns‚

AhImi߃, \nbakm£cX, hnhcmhImi \nbw XpSßnbhbn¬ sNdnb

tImgvkpIƒ Ch¿°p e`yamt°≠Xp≠v.

40 “km£¿`mcXv ”]cn]mSn \S∏m°p∂Xn\mbn 1.70 e£w temIv

in£mtIµßƒ ( AU¬‰v FUpt°j≥ sk‚dpIƒ )ÿm]n°pw. km£¿

`mcXv ]cn]mSn \SØm\pt±in°p∂ sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Pn√Ifnse

]©mbØpIfnemWv CØcw tIµßƒ XpSßp∂Xv. Cu Pn√Ifn¬

\nehnepff XpS¿hnZymtIµßsf AU¬‰v FUyqt°j≥ sk‚dpIfn¬

ebn∏n°pw. km£¿ mcXv ]cn]mSn C√mØ Pn√Ifnse XpS¿hnZym/hnIk\

hnZymtIµßƒ kwÿm\ k¿°mcns‚ DSaÿXbn¬ \SØmhp∂XmWv.

A√mØh AS®p]q´Ww. Kma]©mbØpIƒ°pw tIµßsf

Gs‰Sp°mhp∂XmWv. \nehnepff Hcp tIµsØ Cu ]≤XnbpsS Iogn¬

tN¿°Wsa¶n¬ tZiob km£cXmanjs‚ ]tXyI AwKoImcw

BhiyamWv.

41 HcptemIvin£mtIµw Xmsg∏dbp∂ ]h¿Ø\߃

\StØ≠Xp≠v.

• A[nImc ]cn[nbnepff F√m ]TnXm°tfbpw ]T\t_m[\

]h¿Ø\Øn\mbn cPnÿ sNøp∂Xn\pff tIµambn

]h¿Øn°Ww.

• ]TnXm°sfbpw hmf≠nb¿amscbpw I≠p]nSn°p∂XS°apff

km£cXm ]NmcW߃ \StØ≠XmWv.

• ]TnXm°sfbpw Ah¿°p tbmPn® ]h¿ØIcpw _m®nwKv B‚ v

am®nwKv sNøpIbpw Ah¿°pth≠ sSbn\nwKv \¬IpIbpw

sNtø≠XmWv.

• ]TnXm°ƒ°pw hmf≠nb¿am¿°pw km£cXm In‰v \¬tI≠XmWv.

• Hmtcm Kq∏ns‚bpw ( ]TnXm°ƒ ˛ thmf≠nb¿ Kq∏v) ]ptcmKXn

tcJs∏SptØ≠XmWv

• _lpP\ ]¶mfnØ ]h¿Ø\߃ Dd∏phcptØ≠XmWv.

15

• ]mtZinImhiya\pkcn®v Irjn, arKkwc£Ww, ^njdokv,

]®°dnIrjn ]´p\q¬Irjn, ssIØdn, IcIuie, BtcmKyw, hnZym`ymkw,

KmahnIk\w \Kc hnIk\w, h\nXm inip hnIk\w, ]´nIPmXn,

]´nIh¿§w, ]nt∂m°kapZmb hnIk\w, ]©mbØocmPv ,

imkvXkmt¶XnI hIp∏pIfpsS tImgvkpIƒ \SØm\pff tIµw.

• KŸimebpw hmb\imebpw

• Iq´mb N¿®bv°pff tIµw

• a‰p hIp∏pIfpsS sXmgn¬ ˛ss\]pWn hnIk\Øn\pff hym]\

tIµw

• Iem, ImbnI, kmlknI, kmwkvImcnI ]cn]mSnIƒ

t]mjn∏n°p∂Xn\pff tIµw

• km£canjs‚ apXn¿∂hcpsS hnZym`ymk]cn]mSn AS°apff F√m

]cn]mSnIsf °pdn®p hnhc߃ \¬Ip∂ Hcp hnhcPmeIw.

V ]T\ t_m[\ ]cn]mSnIfpsS \SØn∏v

42 anjs‚ hnhn[ ]h¿Ø\ßfmb km£cX, ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymkw,

sXmgn¬ hnZym`ymkw, XpS¿hnZym`ymkw F∂nh \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn G‰hpw

XmsgØ´n¬ ÿm]n°p∂ tIµßfmWv temIvin£mtIµßƒ.

A°mZanIhpw `cW]chpamb Imcy߃ t\m°p∂Xn\mbn c≠p

t]cIvamsc HmWtddnbw \¬In \nban°pw. t]cIvam¿°v ]T\

]cn]mSnIfpsS NpaXe IqSn D≠mbncn°pw. t]cIvamcpw hmf≠nb¿amcpw

ASßp∂ Hcp kwLambncn°pw Hcp KmaØnse dntkmgvkv Kq∏v. tIµßƒ°v

kz¥ambn sI´nSan√mØXn\m¬ ]©mbØv sI´nS߃, kvIqfpIƒ,

AwKWhmSn F∂nhnSßfn¬ tIµßƒ ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ ]©mbØpIfpw

A\p_‘ ÿm]\ßfpw i≤nt°≠XmWv. tIµßƒ ]Wnbp∂Xn\mbn

ImeItaW XpI A\phZn°p∂XmWv.

43 ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnbpw XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnbpw

XnI®pw tIµm[njvTnXambn \SØp∂Xn\m¬ km£cXm ]cn]mSn

(hmf≠nb¿ \SØp∂) a‰p Xmev°menI ]T\tIµßfn¬ h®p

\SØmhp∂XmWv. Cu tIµw Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkØnse kvIqfpIƒ°p

Xpeyhpw Bbncn°pw tIµw ]cn]men°p∂Xv Hcp hmf≠nb¿ AYhm k∂≤

km£cXm ]h¿ØI≥/dknU‚ v C≥kvSIvS¿ Bbncn°pw. Cu tIµßƒ

Hu]NmcnIhn`mKØnse GIm≤ym]I kvIqfpIfptSXpt]mepff

16

kwhn[m\amWv. _p≤nap´pIƒ A\p`hn°p∂ HcpIq´w Bƒ°m¿

Xmakn°p∂bnSßfn¬ CØcw tIµßƒ XpSßmhp∂XmWv. Hmtcm

KmaØnsebpw tNcnIfnsebpw \nc£ccmb apXn¿∂hcpsS

FÆØn\\pkcn®v tIµßƒ kwLSn∏n°mhp∂XmWv. Hcp tIµØn¬ 8

apX¬ 10 hsc \nc£csc Dƒs°mffn°mhp∂XmWv. Cu

tIµßƒ°mhiyamb ]T\ t_m[\ kmaKnIƒ, ]T\`uXnI kuIcyw

F∂nh Hcp°p∂Xn\pff ]cn]mSn°IØp \n∂pw sNtø≠XmWv.

temIvin£mtIµßƒ ( AU¬‰v FUyqt°j≥ sk‚dpIƒ)

44 km£cXbv°pw BPoh\m¥hnZym`ymkØn\pw, Bhiyamb

ÿm]\, ]cn]me\, hn`h kw_‘amb F√m klmbhpw

\¬IØ°coXnbnemWv kpk÷hpw _lphn[]h¿Ø\ßfpsS

tIµhpamb temIv in£mtIµßƒ (AEC) ÿm]n°p∂Xv. 5000 P\kwJy

Dff Kma]©mbØv XeØnembncn°pw Cu tIµßƒ ]h¿Øn°pI. Hcp

Kma]©mbØn¬ Hcp temIv in£mtIµw ÿm]n°mhp∂XmWv. 5000¬

IqSpX¬ P\kwJybpff ]©mbØn¬ HcptemIv in£mtIµw IqSn

ÿm]n°mw. Icm¿ ASnÿm\Øn¬ HmWtddnbtØmsSbpff 2 tIm

Hm¿Unt\‰¿am¿/t]cIvamcmbncn°pw Cu tIµßfpsS NpaXe°m¿.

Kma]©mbØv \¬Ip∂ sI´nSØnembncn°pw tIµw ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv.

tIµØns‚ \SØn∏pImcmb t]cIvamsc sXcs™Sp°ptºmƒ ]´nI

PmXn, ]´nI h¿§w, \yq\]£ hn`mKßfn¬s]´h¿°v ap≥KW\ \¬IWw.

\n∂mbncn°Ww. IqSmsX t]cIvamcn¬ Hcmsf¶nepw h\nXbmbncn°Ww.

t]cIvamcpsS G‰hpw Ipd™ tbmKyX saSn°ptej\mWv.

VI kºq¿Æ KpW ]cn]me\w

apXn¿∂hcpsS km£cXm ]cn]mSn°pff Icn°pew

45 km£cXm ]cn]mSnIfpsS sshhn≤yam¿∂ Dt±iy߃ AXns‚

Icn°peØnepw sshhn≤yw Bhiys∏Sp∂p. KpW]chpw F∂m¬ ImenI

]kIvXnbpffXpamb BbXpamb Hcp Icn°peamWv ]T\Øn\mhiyw.

ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymk/XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnIƒ°mbn Hcp

][m\Icn°pew tZiob km£cXm anj≥ hnIkn∏n°p∂p≠v.

A°mZanIhpw ]mtZinI ]m[m\yapffXpamb hnjb߃ ASßnbn´pff

17

Cu Icn°pew km£cX ssIhcn°m\mhiyamb ]T\t_m[\ coXnIfpw

km£cX a‰v ][m\ Dt±iy߃ t\SnsbSp°p∂Xn\pff ]h¿Ø\ßfpw

Dƒs°mffp∂p.

46 ][m\ Icn°pew tZiob aqeyßfmb tZiotbmZvKY\w, atXXcXzw,

P\m[n]Xyw, imkvXob ho£Ww, kmapZmbnI sFIyw, kvXo kaXzw,

sNdnb IpSpw_w XpSßnbh Db¿Øn°mWn°p∂hbmbncn°pw. IqSmsX

]TnXm°fpsS Bhiyßsf A`napJoIcn°p∂Xpw AhcpsS hyXykvXamb

kmaqlnI kmwkvImcnI ASnØd, PohnXm\p`h߃, mjmss\]pWnIƒ

F∂nhsbms° ]cnKWn°p∂Xpambncn°Ww Cu Icn°pew. IqSmsX

]TnXm°fpsS Xmev]cyw IpdbmØ coXnbnepw sImgn™p t]m°v D≠mImØ

coXnbnepw ]TnXm°fpsS ]T\ \nehmcw aqey\n¿Æbw sNøm\pff

kwhn[m\w Cu Icn°peØns‚ `mKamWv. CXn¬ ]TnXmhv kzbw

aqey\n¿Æbw sNøp∂ coXnbpw Dƒs°mffp∂p.

47 apIfn¬ ]d™ N´°q´n¬ hcØ°coXnbn¬ ]mtZinI ]m[m\yapff

hnjb߃ IqSn Dƒs∏SpØn AXXp kwÿm\ km£cXmanj\pIƒ°v

Icn°pew hnIkn∏n°mhp∂XmWv.

D∂X KpW\nehmcapff ]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIƒ

48 ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymkw, XpeyX, XpS¿hnZym`ymkØns‚

]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIfnse D∂X KpW\nehmcw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\mbn

F√m ]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIfpw Hcp hnK v≤ IΩn‰nsbs°m≠v

]cntim[n∏nt°≠XmWv. tZiob km£cXmanj≥, kwÿm\

km£cXmanj≥, F∂nhnSßfnse hnZKv≤¿ ASßnbXmbncn°Ww Cu

IΩn‰n. CXn¬ htbmP\hnZym`ymkw, `mj, enwKkaXzw a‰ v

]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂ taJeIfn¬ \n∂papf hnZKv≤¿ D≠mbncnt°≠XmWv.

XpeyXm]cn]mSn°v Hu]NmcnI taJebn¬ \n∂pw Hm∏¨ teWnwKv

knÃØn¬ \n∂papff hnZKv≤scIqSn Dƒs∏SptØ≠XmWv.

49 ta¬∏d™ IΩn‰nbmbncn°pw ]T\t_m[\kmaKnIfpsS \nehmcw,

am¿§tcJ F∂nh hnIkn∏ns®Sp°p∂Xv. apXn¿∂ ]TnXm°fpsS

\nehmca\pkcn®v DffS°Øns‚ cq]hpw AhXcWcoXnbpw Xømdm°m≥

18

Cu IΩn‰n°mWv NpaXe. DffS°Øn¬ km£cX, ss\]pWn hnIk\w,

XpeyX, BPoh\m¥ hnZym`ymkw, ]TnXm°fpsS kmaqly kmwkvImcnI

bmYm¿∞y߃, enwKkaXzw, tZiob sXmgnepd∏p ]≤Xn, hnhcmhImiw,

]©mbØo cmPv, kzbw klmb kwL߃, BtcmKyhpw, ipNnXzhpw,

]cnÿnXn, Irjn, arKkwc£Ww XpSßnbh Dƒs°mffn®ncn°Ww.

km£cXm ]T\Øn¬ ]Tt\m]IcW߃ tZiob km£cXm anj≥

hn`mh\w sNøp∂ \nehmcØnepw, XpeyXbn¬ Hm∏¨ kvIqƒ

\nehmcØnepw ]TnXmhns\ FØn°m≥ ]m]vXambncn°Ww hnZKv≤¿

Xømdm°nb ]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIfpsS t]mt´mssS∏pIfpsS Hcp k©bw

tZiob km£cXmanj≥ CXn\mbn Hcp°pw.

50 ta¬∏d™ \nehmcw Dd∏phcpØp∂ ]T\t_m[\ D]IcW߃°v

AwKoImcØns‚ Nnlv\w F∂ \nebv°v Hcp ASbmfw \¬Ip∂XmWv.

Cßs\ AwKoIcn°s∏Sp∂h amXta Cu ]cn]mSnbn¬ D]tbmKn°m\mhq.

]TnXm°ƒ°v Xmev]cyapff `mjbnemWv Ch Xømdmt°≠Xv. \mjW¬

_p°v SÃv, tÉv sSIvÃv _p°v skmssk‰n apXemb k¿°m¿

GP≥knIƒ°pw k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ°pw kzImcytaJebnse

GP≥knIƒ°pw ]mTmhenbpsSbpw a‰p km£cXm\p_‘, XpS¿hnZym`ymk

]T\t_m[\ D]IcWßfpsSbpw hnIk\w, \n¿ΩmWw, hnXcWw XpSßnb

]InbIfn¬ _‘s∏´p ]h¿Øn°mhp∂XmWv.

km£cXm A[ym]IcpsS KpWta\va h¿≤n∏n°¬

51 apXn¿∂hsc ]Tn∏n°pI F∂Xv XnI®pw hyXykvXamb ss\]pWnIƒ

Bhiys∏Sp∂ Hcp ]hrØnbmWv. AXn\m¬ Xs∂ CØcsamcp

]cn]mSnbpsS hnPbØn\v KpWta≥abpff C≥kvSIvS¿am¿ Hcp Ahn`mPy

LSIamWv. CØcsamcp ]cn]mSn°v t]m^jW¬ A[ym]Isc

e`ya√mØXn\m¬ Ipd®pamXw ap≥]cnNbw DffXv As√¶n¬ H´pw ]cnNbw

C√mØhcmb C≥kvSIvS¿amcmWv Cu ]cn]mSnbn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂Xv.

AXn\m¬ apXn¿∂hcpsS t_m[\imkvXw F∂ hnjbsØ

ASnÿm\am°n ]mtZinI `mjbn¬ Xoh]cnioe\w sImSpØv

( ]cn]mSnbpsS XpS°Ønepw ]cn]mSn \S∂psIm≠ncn°ptºmgpw) ChcpsS

KpWta\va Dd∏phcptØ≠Xp≠v. C∂p ]cnioe\w e`n°p∂ ]cnioeI¿

\mfsØ Ignhpff ]cnioeIcmbn amdp∂ coXnbnepff Hcp

kao]\amWmhiyw. h\nXIfpw a‰p Zp¿_ehn`mKßsfbpamWv D∂w

19

h®ncn°p∂Xv F∂Xn\m¬ km£cXm≤ym]I¿ enwKkaXzw, kmaqlnI

kmwkvImcnI ]iv\߃ F∂nhbn¬ ]tXyI i≤

\¬Ip∂hcmbncn°Ww. kwJymht_m[Ønepw ]tXyI ]cnioe\w

\¬tI≠Xp≠v.

52. kwLS\m XeØn¬ ]cnioe\hpambn _‘s∏´ Icn°pew

Xømdm°¬, ]cnioe\am\ph¬, ]cnine\ X¥ßƒ, ]cnioeIcpsS

]cnioe\w XpSßnb LSIßfn¬ KpWta\va Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\mbn

AU¬‰v FUpt°j≥ tIµ UbdIvStd‰v, tÉv dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIƒ

F∂nh hn]pes∏SpØp∂XmWv. h\nXIfpambn tPmen sNøpI, AhcpsS

tijn kzcq]n°pI, kvXoIfpsS kmaqly bmYm¿∞yßsf

km£cXbpambn Iq´ntbmPn∏n°pI XpSßnb Imcyßfn¬ IqSpX¬

Aht_m[w \¬Imhp∂XmWv.

53 Pn√mXeßfn¬ ]cnioeI¿°pff ]cnioe\w \SØp∂Xn\mbn Ub‰v,

UnkvSnIvSv dntkmgvkv bqWn‰v, P≥in£¨ k≥ÿm≥ XpSßnb

ÿm]\߃ tN¿∂pff Hcp s\‰v h¿°v D≠m°mhp∂XmWv. kvXo

km£cX, hnIk\w F∂o hnjbßfpambn _‘s∏ v k¿°m¿ XeØnepw

A√msXbpw ]h¿Øn°p∂ h\nXmkwLS\Iƒ, k∂≤kwLS\Iƒ

F∂nhsb Pn√mXe ]cnioe\ßfpsS \SØn∏nepw, kwLSm\Ønepw

]s¶Sp∏n°mhp∂XmWv.

]T\ t_m[\ aqeyw Dd∏n°¬.

54 kpkvYnc km£cX \¬IpI F∂XmWv ]cn]mSnbpsS ][m\ Dt±iyw

F∂Xn\m¬Øs∂ ]T\t_m[\ ]cn]mSn IqSpX¬ ]¶mfnØ]chpw

]TnXmhns\ tIµoIcn®pffXpw Bbncn°Ww. D∂Xamb ]T\t_m[\

coXnIfmbka]mb°mcpsS ]T\w, hyXykvX XeØnepff t_m[\w,

Ifnbn¬ IqSnbpff ]T\w, ]T\bmXIƒ, ]hrXyq≥apJ ]T\w, Kp∏v

N¿®Iƒ XpSßnb coXnIƒ kzoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. IqSmsX hnhn[ ]T\

klmbIßfmb t]mÃdpIƒ, Nm¿´pIƒ,A[nI hmb\ kmaKnIƒ,

]mh\mSIw, vfn∏v Nm¿´pIƒ, Zriy imhy ]cn]mSnIƒ, vfmjv Im¿UpIƒ,

Iem]cn]mSnIƒ F∂nh D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv lmP¿ \ne

sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn AbhpffXpw ]TnXmhn\v kulrZ]cambpffXpamb

kabIa߃ ]ment°≠XmWv. CXn\mbn ]TnXm°fpsS tPmen,

kmlNcyw, ]mbw, enwKw F∂nh ]cnKWnt°≠XmWv.

20

55 A\pIqeamb ]T\kmlNcyw ]T\t_m[\]InbbpsS KpWw

h¿≤n∏n°p∂p. Im‰pw shfn®hpw \√coXnbn¬ IS°p∂ hrØnbpw

shSn∏papff tIµßƒ ]TnXmhns\ BI¿jn°pw. IqSmsX Ch ]TnXmhn\v

Ffp∏Øn¬ sNs∂Øm≥ Ignbp∂Xpambncn°Ww.

56 Hcp \n›nX kabØn\pffn¬ ]Tn∏n°pI F∂Xn\p amXw ]m[m\yw

\¬ImsX ]TnXm°ƒ°p ]dbm\pffXp tIƒ°m\pw ]T\]Inbbn¬

Ahsc ]cn]q¿Æambn ]s¶Sp∏n°m\pw ian°p∂p F∂XmWv ]pXnb

]cn]mSnbpsS G‰hpw ][m\ ]tXyIX.

aqey\n¿Æbhpw k¿´n^nt°j\pw

57 ]cn]mSnbpsS A\¥c ^ew Af°m\pff D]m[n P\ßfpsS

km£cXmss\]pWnbnepff icnbmb sshZKv≤yw Is≠ØpI F∂XmWv.

hfsc Iam\pKXamb Hcp coXn CXn\mbn tZiob km£cXmanjt\mSp

IqSnbmtemNn®v kwÿm\ km£cXmanj≥ D≠mt°≠Xp≠v. CØcw

aqey\n¿WbßfpsS ta¬t\m´w hln°p∂Xv kvIqƒ hnZym`ymk kwhn[m\w

Bbncn°pw. aqey\n¿Wb ]cn]mSnbpsS ASnÿm\XXz߃ hfsc

KpW]cambXpw hm°nepw, ]hrØnbnepw ss[cyhpw BXvahnizmkhpw

hf¿Øp∂Xpw Bbcn°Ww. 2010 sk]vXw_¿ BZyhmcØnembncn°pw

kwÿm\XesØ BZysØ sSÃv \SØp∂Xv. XpS¿∂v Hmtcm

aq∂pamkØnepw sSÃpIƒ \SØm\pff kwhn[m\߃ kwÿm\

km£cXmanj≥ tZiob km£cXmanjs‚ am¿K \n¿t±ia\pkcn®v

D≠mt°≠XmWv. aqey\n¿ÆbØn\mbn ]mtZinI kvIqƒ A≤ym]Isc

kwÿm\ `cW t\XrXzØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ \n¿t±in°mhp∂XmWv.

aqey \n¿Æbw hnPbIcambn ]q¿Ønbm°p∂h¿°v ]tZisØ ss]adn

kvIqfnse ][m\m[ym]nIbpw/A[ym]I≥ ]©mbØv ta[mhnbpw tN¿∂v

km£ys∏SpØp∂ Hcp k¿´n^n°‰v \¬Ip∂XmWv.

58 ASnÿm\ km£cX ( XpeyX) ]cn]mSnbpsS aqey\n¿Wbw tZiob

Hm∏¨kvIqfns‚bpw kwÿm\ Hm∏¨ kvIqfns‚bpw coXnIƒ A\pkcn®p

\SØpIbpw k¿´n^n°‰pIƒ AXXv Hm∏¨ kvIqƒ hgn e`yam°pIbpw

sNøpw. ss\]pWn (sXmgn¬) hnIk\Øns‚ aqey\n¿Wbw

\SØp∂Xn\pff am¿K\n¿tZi߃ tZiob km£cXmanj≥ ]n∂oSv

e`yam°pw.

21

]pXnb ]T\ kt¶X߃

59 apXn¿∂hcpsS hnZym`ymk km[yX (e`yX) Ffp∏am°p∂ hfsc

]tbmP\]Zamb Hcp D]IcWambn hnhc kmt¶XnI hnZy amdn°gn™p.

tdUntbmbneqsSbpw sSenhnj\neqsSbpw hnPbIcamb ]co£W߃

CXn\Iw \SØn°gn™n´p≠v. ]mtZinIambn hnIkn∏ns®Sp°p∂

C‚dmIvSohv tdUntbm, IΩyqWn‰n tdUntbm F∂nhbv°v ]TnXm°fpsSbpw

]cn]mSn BkqXIcpsSbpw CSbn¬ hm¿Ømhn\nabw \SØm≥ Ignbpw.

tdUntbm, sSenhnj≥ F∂nhbpsS D]tbmKw hn]pes∏SpØn IqSpX¬

sa®s∏´ coXnbn¬ km£cXm ]cn]mSnIƒ°v ]tbmP\s∏SpØWw.

t_m[\Øn\pff Hcp am[yaw F∂ \nebv°v hnhc kmt¶XnI hnZysb

km£cXm A[ym]IcpsS ss\]pWn hnIk\Øn\mbn ^e]Zamb

coXnbn¬ D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv Iºyq´¿ ⁄m\sØ

hmWnPy]cambn ss\]pWn F∂√msX hnhcßsf kao]n°m\pw km£cXm

ss\]pWnIsf kpÿncam°m\pw klmbn°p∂ H∂v F∂pff coXnbn¬

InbmXvaIambn D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

km£cXm ]cnÿnXn sa®s∏Spج

60 hoSv, Ab¬]°w, tPmenÿew, s]mXpÿew F∂nhnSßfn¬

e`yamIp∂ A®Sn, Zriy hkvXp°ƒ Hcp hyIvXnsb km£ccm°m≥

t]cn∏n°p∂Xnt\msSm∏w km£cXm ss\]pWnIsf ssZ\wZn\

PohnXhpambn _‘s∏SpØm\pw klmbn°p∂p. ho´nepw Np‰]mSnepw

A®Sn®tXm, FgpXnbtXm Bb H∂pan√mØ, (_kvdq´pItfm

ssa¬°p‰nItfm t]mepw C√mØ) hfsc ZcnZamb km£c Np‰p]mSnemWv

apXn¿∂ ]TnXm°fn¬ `qcn`mKhpw Pohn°p∂Xv. h¿≤n®p hcp∂

\hkm£ccpsS Bhiy߃°\pkcn®v ]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIƒ

\¬IWsa¶n¬ kmaKnIfpsS Hcp henb tiWnXs∂ th≠n hcpw. ]ehn[w

h¿Øam\]X߃, hnhckw_‘nIfmb ]pkvXI߃, sNdpIYIƒ,

t\mhepIƒ, \mSI߃, IhnXIƒ, \mtSmSn°YIƒ, lmkyw, PohNcnXw

XpSßn hnhn[ ]pkvXI߃ F√m tIµßfnepw e`yamt°≠Xp≠v. Hmtcm

]tZisØbpw kwkmc`mjbn¬ AhnSsØ \hkm£c¿°v th≠namXapff

h¿Øam\]X߃ tÉv dntkmgvkv sk‚dns\t]mepff ÿm]\߃ cq]

Iev]\ sNtø≠XmWv. ]pkvXIhmb\ ]NcW ]cn]mSnIƒ BkqXWw

22

sNbvXv \S∏nem°p∂Xv \hkm£ccpsS hmb\m ss\]pWn Iq´m≥

klmbn°pw.

61. \hkm£c¿°v th≠n FgpXp∂Xv Hcp ]tXyI ss\]pWnbmWv.

Hm∏¨ kvIqƒ, bqWnthgvkn‰nIƒ F∂nh aptJ\ sNdnb Imebfhnepff

tImgvkpIfneqsS FgpØpImsc ]cnioen∏n®v \hkm£c¿°p th≠n

FgpXp∂ dntkmgvkv t]gvk¨amcmbn am‰nsbSp°mhp∂XmWv. CØcw

dntkmgvkv t]gvk¨am¿ hgn \hkm£c¿°mhiyamb AkwJyw

sa‰ocnb¬kv Xømdm°n°mhp∂XmWv. \mjW¬ _p°v SÃv t]mepff

ÿm]\ßfpsS klIcWtØmsS \hkm£c¿°mbpff

kmlnXycN\Iƒ t]mXvkmln∏n°mhp∂XmWv. tIµ, kwÿm\

KŸimeIfpsS Iq´mbvabneqsS F√m KŸimebnepw ]tXyIn®v KmaoW

KŸimeIƒ \hkm£c¿°mbpff ]tXyI tIm¿WdpIƒ

e`yamt°≠Xp≠v.

hn`h klmbw

62 km£cXm htbmP\ hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnIƒ°mhiyamb

ssh⁄m\nI hn`h klmbw \¬Im\mWv cmPyØmIam\w tÉv dntkmgvkv

sk‚dpIƒ ÿm]n®n´pffXv. AhbpsS FÆw h¿≤n∏n°pIbpw Ignhv

Iq´pIbpw sNbvXmse cmPyØmIam\apff ]cn]mSnIƒ°mhiyamb

sshPRm\nI kmt¶XnI hn`h klmbw \¬Im≥ tÉv dntkmgvkv

sk‚dpIƒ°v Ignbq. ]tXyIn®v ]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIfpsS

\n¿ΩmWØnepw km£cXm ]cnioeIcpsSbpw ]cn]meIcpsSbpw

]cnioe\Ønepw Fkv.B¿.kn Isf IqSmsX tZiob, kwÿm\, Pn√,

tªm°v, Kma]©mbØv Xeßfn¬ dntkmgvkv kt∏m¿´v Kq∏v D≠m°Ww.

CXn¬ hnZym`ymk hnZKv≤¿, kmaqlnI ]h¿ØI¿, ]mtZinI ]cnioe\

ÿm]\ßfn¬ \n∂pff ]Xn\n[nIƒ F∂nhcpw D≠mbncnt°≠XmWv.

VII Imcy£aamb ]cn]me\w

kwtbmP\hpw ]¶mfnØhpw

k¿°m¿ ]¶mfnØw

63 km£cXmanjs‚ ]cn]mSnIƒ k¿°mcns‚ a‰p hnIk\

]cn]mSnIfpambn kwtbmPn∏n°m≥ tZiob km£cXmanj\pw kwÿm\

km£cXmanj\pw ]cniant°≠Xp≠v. hnZym`ymkw, KmahnIk\w,

BtcmKyw, iniph\nXmhnIk\w, ZmcnZy \n¿Ωm¿÷\w, Irjn, ]©mbØo

23

cmPv a‰v kmaqly t£a ]cn]mSnIƒ F∂nhbpambn kwtbmPn∏n®v km£cXm

]cn]mSnIƒ \SØmhp∂XmWv. kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw, km£cXbpw,

D∂XhnZym`ymkw XpSßnb hIp∏pIsf KmaoWXeØntesbv°Øn°m≥

anj≥ _m[yÿamWv. kvIqƒ A[ym]I¿, \nc£ccmb c£nXm°sf

km£ccm°m≥ hnZym¿∞nIsf t]cn∏n°pIbpw hnZymkº∂cmb

bphP\Xsb hmf≠nb¿amcmhm≥ t]cn∏n°pIbpw thWw. kvIqƒ

A[ym]I¿°v km£cXm A[ym]Icmbpw ]h¿Øn®pw amXrI ImWn°mw.

k¿∆ in£m A`nbm≥ ]cn]mSnbpsS Iogn¬ ÿm]n°s∏´n´pff `uXnI

kmlNcy߃ kvIqƒ kabw Ign™v km£cXm ]cn]mSnbv°mbn

D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.

k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ

64 k¿°m¿, k¿°mtcXc kwLS\Iƒ XΩnepff _‘w ChnsS

iIvXns∏SptØ≠Xp≠v. hfsc°mew AU¬‰v FUpt°j≥ taJebn¬

]h¿Øn®v Ignhp sXfnbn® k∂≤kwLS\Isf Cu ]cn]mSnbpsS F√m

Xeßfnsebpw dntkmgvkv Kq∏mbn hn\ntbmKn°mhp∂XmWv. anjs‚ Cu

]cn]mSnIfpw A\p_‘ambpff \qX\ ]cn]mSnIfpw Fs‰SpØp

\SØm\pt±in°p∂ k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ°v AXXv ]cn]mSnbpsS

]m[m\ya\pkcn®pff Km‚ v \¬Ip∂XmWv. CØcw kwLS\Isf

sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv kwÿm\ anjs‚tbm As√¶n¬ a‰v Cwπnsat‚j≥

GP≥knbpsStbm DØchmZnXzamWv. tZiob km£cXmanjs‚ GXp

]h¿Ø\ßfnepw GXp k∂≤kwLS\tbbpw ]¶psImffn°mhp∂XmWv.

k¿°m¿ ˛kzImcy ]¶mfnØw

65. C¥ybn¬ htbmP\ hnZym`ymkw F∂pw k¿°mcns‚

DØchmZnXzambncp∂p. sNdnb tXmXn¬ k∂≤ kwLS\IfpsS CSs]S¬

Ds≠∂pamXw. Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymk taJebptSXn¬ \n∂pw

hyXykvXambn hfsc sNdnb HcnSs]S¬ amXamWv A\u]NmcnI

˛km£cXm taJeIfn¬ kzImcy s]mXp hn`mK߃ \SØp∂Xv. F∂m¬

km£cXm anjs‚ Dt±iy߃ \ndth‰p∂Xn¬ hfsc \s√mcp

]¶phln°m≥ kzImcy s]mXp hn`mK߃°v Ignbpw. k∂≤

kwLS\Iƒs°∂t]mse, htbmP\ hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnIƒ e]Zambn

CSs]Sm≥ Ignbp∂ kzmIcy s]mXp hn`mK߃°v AwKoIrXamb \nc°n¬

24

Km‚pIƒ \¬Im≥ tZiob km£cXmanj\pw Ignbpw. CØcw hn`mKßsf

Is≠Øm≥ kwÿm\ km£cXmanjt\m a‰v A\p_‘ GP≥knItfm

ian°Ww. F∂ncp∂mepw, GsXmcp kzImcy, s]mXp GP≥knsbbpw

sXcs™Sp°m≥ tZiob km£cXmanj\v kzmX¥yap≠v. s]mXp kzImcy

]¶mfnØw hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw, kw`mh\Ifpw a‰pw

kzcq]n°p∂Xnte°mbn ]¶mfnØØns‚ a‰p amXrIIƒ ImWn°p∂Xn\pw

tZiob km£cXm anj≥ A[nImcs∏´ncn°p∂p. k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ,

kzImcy tIm¿]td‰v kwLS\Iƒ F∂nhsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn¬

]q¿Æamb kpXmcyXbpw Xpd∂kao]\hpw ImWn®ncnt°≠XmWv.

km£cXm ]cn]mSnsb t]mXvkmln∏n°m≥ henb tXmXn¬ kw`mh\

sNøp∂ kzImcy GP≥knIƒ°v BZmb \nIpXn Cfhp

\¬Ip∂Xpt]msebpff B\pIqey߃ \¬Ip∂ Imcyw ]cnKW\bnemWv.

A¥¿t±iob ]¶mfnØw

66 A¥¿t±iob XeØnepff A\p`hßfn¬ \n∂pw

t\´ap≠m°p∂Xn\mbn, bps\kvtIm, bqWnsk^v apXemb

kwLS\Ifpambn tZiob km£cXmanj≥ Iq´mbvabp≠m°pIbpw Hcpan®p

]h¿Øn°pIbpw sNøpw. A¥¿tZiob XeØn¬ apXn¿∂hcpsS

km£cXm]h¿Ø\w \SØp∂ CØcw ÿm]\ßfpambpff ]ckv]c

[mcWIƒ CcpIq´¿°pw KpWIcamb ]¶mfnØØnte°v \bn°pw.

tUm°psat‚j≥

67 BhiyambXpw icnbmbXpamb Imcy£ahpw iIvXhpamb

hnhcßfpsS e`yX A\pkcn®v Ah tUm°psas‚ v sNøpIbpw AXneqsS

apXn¿∂hcpsS hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnsb iIvXam°pIbpw thWw. AU¬Uv

FUyqt°j\n¬ BhiyapffXpw katbmNnXhpamb hnhc߃ e`n°m≥

CØcw tUm°psat‚j≥ \sΩ klmbn°p∂p. ]TnXm°ƒ B¿÷n®

t\´ßƒ o¬UnseØn°m\pff Hcp am¿§w IqSnbmWv tUm°psat‚j≥.

]TnXm°sf kw_‘n®v ]tXyIn®v kvXoIsf AhcpsS PnPRmk \ne

\n¿Øm≥ CØcw tUm°ptat‚j≥ klmbn°p∂p. Hcp t_mf°nsetbm,

As√¶n¬ Hcp Kma]©mbØnsetbm ¢Ãdns‚tbm h\nXm kwLßfpsS

hm¿ØIƒ tUm°psa‚ v sNøp∂ coXnbn¬ ]mtZinI hm¿Øam\ ]Xßfpw

hnIkn∏ns®Sp°mhp∂XmWv.

25

68 tÉv dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIfpsS tUm°psat‚j≥ I∏mkn‰n

h¿≤n∏nt°≠Xp≠v. Hmtc coXnbnepff h¿KoIcWtØmsS bp\kvsI

hnIkn∏ns®SpØ tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ tZiob tUm°psat‚j\pIƒ°v

tZiob tUm°psat‚j≥ sk‚dpIƒ D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv. CØcsamcp

coXn tZiob A¥¿tZiob tUm°psat‚j≥ h¿≤n∏n°m\pw hnhc߃

ssIamdm\pw klmbn°p∂p. hnhcßfpsS D]tbmKhpw hnXcWhpw

Ffp∏am°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ][m\s∏´ hnhcßfpsS imkvXobamb

tUm°psat‚j\pth≠n Bhiyamb hn`h߃ D]tbmK

s∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. htbmP\ hnZym`ymkØn¬ Hcp tZiob hnhc _m¶v,

C≥U pIƒ, B_vkvSmIv‰pIƒ, _nªntbmK^nIƒ, samgnam‰ßƒ anI®

km£cXm htbmP\hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnIfpsS A\p`hw ]¶phbv°¬,

]coioe\ D]IcW߃ , ]cn]mSnIƒ , KthjW߃ d^d≥kv

]pkvXI߃ F∂nh CXneqsS e`yam°mw.

KthjWw

69 ]cn]mSnbpsS KpW\nehmcw h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn¬ G‰hpw ][m\s∏´

Hcp am¿§maWv AssπUv dnk¿®v. ASnÿm\ km£cX , km£cXm\¥c

]cn]mSnIƒ XpS¿hnZym`ymkw enwKkaXyw XpSßnb taJeIfnse

KthjWØn\pw, KthjW^eßfpsS tUm°psat‚j≥, hnXcWw

F∂nhbv°pw anj≥ henb ]m[m\yw sImSp°p∂p≠v. ImenI ]kIvXnbpff

hnjbßfn¬ KthjWw \SØm≥ Ignhpff GP≥knIƒv Is≠Øpw.

][m\s∏´ k¿∆IemimeIfnsebpw kmaqlyimkvXKthjW

ÿm]\ßfnsebpw tUmIvSd¬, t]mÃv tUmIvSd¬ _ncpZ߃°mbn

AU¬‰v FUyqt°j≥ A\p_‘ hnjb߃ Dƒs∏SpØm≥ ian°pw.

]ikvXamb k¿∆IemimeIfn¬ tZiob km£cXmanj≥ skeIvSv sNbvX

hnjbßfn¬ KthjWw \SØm≥ kvt]m¨k¿jn∏v \¬Ip∂ Imcyhpw

]cnKW\bnep≠v.

ZnimKXn \nb¥Ww aqey\n¿Æbw

70 ]cn]mSnbpsS \SØn∏n\v NpaXes∏SpØp∂ Hmtcm GP≥knbpsSbpw

]h¿Ø\w ]cntim[n°p∂Xn\pff am¿§tcJIƒ \n¿Æbn°pw. bYm¿∞

tamWn‰dnwKn\pth≠n Hcp sh_v t_kvUv amt\Pvsa‚ v C≥^¿taj≥ knÃw

26

\nehn¬ hcpw. tZiob km£cXmanj≥, kwÿm\ km£cXmanj≥ a‰v

Pn√mXe GP≥knIƒ F∂nh AXXp taJeIfnepff ZnimKXn \n¿Wbw

\SØpw. Hmtcm ]TnXmhns‚bpw t]cpw ]ptcmKXnbpw s]mXphn¬

tcJs∏SpØpw. ZnimKXn\nb¥Ww \n¿t±iI ]hrØnb√msX Hcp Zznam\

hm¿Ømhn\nab ]cn]mSnbmbncn°pw. XmsgØ´n¬ kw`hn°p∂ Imcy߃

apIfn¬ FØp∂ AtX Nm\eneqsS \n¿t±ißfpw XncpØepIfpw

XmsgØ´nepsaØn°pw.

71 CØcsamcp henb ]cn]mSnbv°v IqSpX¬ a\pjy ˛ kmºØnI

hn`h߃, D]tbmKs∏SptØ≠nhcpw AXn\m¬ D∂X\nehmcapff

aqey\n¿WbØneqsS ]cn]mSnIƒ ]cntim[nt°≠Xpw tImÃv s_\n^nÃv

A\menknIvkv \StØ≠Xpw mhn BkqXWw sNtø≠Xpw BhiyamWv.

]≤XnbpsS kzm[o\sØ°pdn®v A∏gt∏mgpffXpw Hcpan®pffXpamb

aqey\n¿Æbw hfsc hniZamb coXnbn¬ \SØpw. ^o¬Uv

KthjWØneqsS e`n°p∂ km£cX tU‰m CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°mw.

aqey\n¿Æb ]cn]mSn ]¶mfnØ coXnbnepff sX‰pXncpØp∂Xn\pff Hcp

D]IcWambncn°pw. kpXmcyambXpw Xpd∂ kao]\hpamb

coXnbnembncn°pw aqey\n¿Æb am¿§ßƒ.

^≠v hnXcW coXn

72 tZikm¬IrX _m¶pIfpsS tIm¿_m¶nßv coXnbneqsS ]cn]mSn

\SXXp∂ Htcm GP≥knIƒ°papff ^≠v AXXp kabØv

A\phZn°p∂coXnbmWv tZiob km£cXmanj≥ Ahew_n°p∂Xv. sh_v

ASnÿm\am°nbpff ^≠v hnXcWw \nb¥W kwhn[m\w \nehn¬

hcp∂Xphsc Cu coXn XpScm\mWv tZiob km£cXmanj≥ Dt±in°p∂pXv.

BkqXWw

am¿§XØz߃

73 A°u≠_nen‰n , kpXmcyX, ]¶mfnØ ]cn]me\w,

tdmfpIsf°pdn®pff IrXyamb th¿Xncnhv F∂nh BkqXW ]cn]mSnbpsS

][m\ LSIam bncn°pw. 73˛.w cWLS\m t`ZKXnIfpsS NphSv]nSn®v Pn√m

tªm°v/]©mbØv, Xt±ikzbw`cWÿm]\ßsf km£cXm

]cn]mSnbpsS NpaXe G¬∏n°m\mWv tZiob km£cXmanj≥

Dt±in°p∂Xv. F∂ncp∂mepw CXns‚ Xocpam\w FSp°m\pff AhImiw

27

kwÿm\ km£cXmanj\pIƒ°mWv. Cßs\ sNøptºmƒ ]cn]mSnbpsS

BkqXWkabØv kzoIcn°s∏´n´pff ASnÿ\XXz߃°v

hne\¬InsIm≠pw A[nImchntIµoIcWhpw A[nImcw

ASnØ´nseØn°p∂Xpw ]camh[n sNbvXpsIm≠mbncn°Ww. e]Zamb

BkqXWØn\mbn Db¿∂ XeØnepff BkqXW kmaKnIƒ

Hm¨sse\mbn D]tbmKs∏SpØpw.

74 XnI®pw P\Iob ]cn]mSnbmbmWv CXns\ hn`mh\w

sNbvXncn°p∂Xv F∂XpsIm≠vXs∂ Cu ]cn]mSn P\߃°pth≠n

P\ßfmƒ kwLSn∏n°p∂p. AXpsIm≠vXs∂ Cu ]cn]mSnbpsS

XmsgØ´papX¬ _‘s∏´p ]h¿Øn°p∂ F√mh¿°pw BkqXWØnepw

\SØn∏nepw AhchcpsSXmb ÿm\w D≠mbncn°pw. ]cn]mSnbpsS

Dƒt]cIßfmbn h¿≤n°pI F∂XmWv tZiob km£cXmanjs‚bpw

kwÿm\km£cXmanjs‚bpw ÿm\w. F√m ]cn]me\

ta¬t\m´LS\Ifpw CXn\\pkcn®v IaoIcn°pw. CØcw LS\Ifn¬

]tXyIn®v Xocpam\w FSp°p∂ Xeßfn¬ kvXo ]mXn\n[yw Dd∏phcpØpw.

tÉv dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIfpw A\p_‘ ÿm]\ßfpw BkqXWØn\pw

]cn]mSn \SØn∏n\pw Bhiyamb hn`h߃ e`yam°pw.

75 km£¿ `mcXv ]cn]mSnbpsS X¥w, LS\, am¿§\n¿t±i߃

F∂nhbn¬ tZiob km£cXmanjs‚ Xocpam\w A¥naambncn°pw.

]cn]mSnbpsS \SØn∏n\nSbn¬ GsX¶nepw L´Øn¬ Bhiyamb

t`ZKXnIƒ hcpØm≥ tZiob km£cXmanj\v A[nImcw D≠mbncn°pw.

hnZKv≤cmb BfpIsf \ntbmKn°m\pw anjs‚ Bhiym¿∞w ]pdta \n∂pff

tkh\߃ e`yam°m\pw tZiob km£cXmanj\v A[nImcw D≠v. CXn\v

hcp∂ sNehv \mjW¬ dntkmgvkv Kq∏n\pw, ]cn]me\Øn\pambn

\o°nh®n´pff ^≠n¬ \n∂pw hIsImffn°mhp∂XmWv.

BkqXW ]Inb

76 Kma]©mbØpXew hsc ]h¿Ø\ßfpw NpaXeIfpw

\n¿hNn°s∏´n´p≠v. Kma]©mbØp XeØn¬ kq£va BkqXWw hgn

]h¿Ø\tcJ Xømdm°m\pff NpaXe Kma]©mbØnt\m, As√¶n¬

kwÿm\ km£cXmanj≥ G¬∏n°p∂ a‰v GP≥knIƒt°m Bbncn°pw.

28

kq£vam BkqXWØn¬ k¿t∆ , hnhctiJcWw, hn`h kamlcWw,

hnhn[ Xeßfnepff ]h¿Ø\ ]cnioe\w, aqey\n¿Æbw, _UvP‰v

Xømdm°¬ F∂nh Dƒs∏Sp∂p. anjs‚ F√m ]cn]mSnIfpw ]h¿Ø\ßfpw

IW°nseSpØpsIm≠mbncn°Ww ]≤Xn Xømdmt°≠Xv. tªm°pIƒ°v

Iogn¬ hcp∂ F√m Kma]©mbØpIsfbpw Iq´nt®¿Øv tªm°ns‚

_UvP‰v Xømdm°p∂p. Pn√mXeØnepff GP≥knIƒ F√m tªm°pXe

]≤XnIfpw Pn√m _UvP‰pw Iq´nt®¿Øv kwÿm\ km£cXmanj\v

ka¿∏n°p∂p. kwÿm\ km£cXmanj\pIƒ Pn√m Xe πm\pIfpw

kwÿm\ _UP‰pw tN¿Øv tZiob km£cXmanj\p ka¿∏n°p∂p.

77 Hmtcm kwÿm\ ]≤XnIfpw tZiob km£cXm anj≥

]cntim[n°pIbpw XpS¿∂v ]cn]mSn°v `cWkmºØnI A\paXnIƒ

\¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. CXns\ ASnÿm\am°nbmWv ]cn]mSn°v Bhiyamb

^≠v ( tIµ k¿°m¿ hnlnXw) kwÿm\ km£cXmanj\pIƒ°v

A\phZn°p∂Xv.

]cn]me\ LS\

78 anj≥ ( ZuXyw) amXrIbnemWv Cu ]cn]mSn \S∏nem°m≥

Dt±in°p∂Xv. tZiob Xew apX¬ kwÿm\, Pn√, tªm°v, Kma©mbØv

Xew hscbpff LS\bn¬ AXXp ]©mbØv Xeßfn¬ Dff

`cWkwhn[m\Øns‚ ]¶p IqSn Dƒs°m≠psIm≠mbncn°pw ]cn]mSnIƒ

kwLSn∏n°p∂Xv. Cu Xeßfnse√mw ]tXyIn®v Xocpam\saSp°ptºmƒ

kvXoIƒ°v A¿lamb ]mXn\n[yw \¬Ipw.

79 tIµ am\hhn`htijn hnIk\hIp∏ns‚ Iogn¬ hcp∂ tZiob

km£cXmanj≥ AtXmdn‰n BWv tZiob XeØnse t\mU¬ GP≥kn.

]cn]mSnbpsS BkqXWw, ]cn]me\w, kwÿm\߃°pw,

k∂≤kwLS\Iƒ°pw ^≠v hnXcWw, hn`h kamlcWw,

_lpP\]¶mfnØtXmsSbpff ]NmcW߃, \nc£cX,

htbmP\hnZym`ymkw F∂nhbpsS tZiobXeØnepff hnhc߃

kq£n°¬, sshhn[yam¿∂ ]NmcWw, kmt¶XnI t_m[\ klIcWw,

KthjWw, ZnimKXn\nb¥Ww, aqey\n¿Æbw XpSßn CXpambn _‘s∏´

]cn]mSnIƒ°v DØchmZnXzs∏´ GP≥knbmWv tZiob km£cXmanj≥.

29

80 tZiob km£cXmanjs\ ta¬]d™ Imcyßfn¬

klmbn°p∂Xn\pw kmt¶XnIhpw ]cn]me\]chpamb klmb߃

sNøp∂Xn\pw tZiobXeØn¬ Hcp dntkmgvkv Kq∏v D≠mIpw. tZiob

km£cXm anj≥, tZiob dntkmgvvkv Kq∏v F∂nhbnse HcptZymKÿ\pw

ÿncambncn°n√. F∂ncp∂mepw, s]mXp]cn]me\w, t_m[\kºZmbw,

_lpP\ ]bXv\w, aqey\n¿Wbw XpSßnb taJeIfn¬ sNdnb

Imebfhnte°v I¨k¬´‚pamsc \nban°m≥ tZiob km£cXmanj\v

A[nImcap≠v. F∂m¬ Cu \nba\w, tZiobkm£cXmanj≥ FIvknIyp´ohv

IΩ‰nbpsS AwKoImcØn\p hnt[bambXpw aq∂ph¿jØn¬ IqSmØ

Imebfhntebv°pambncn°pw.

81 kwÿm\ XeØn¬, ]cn]mSnbpsS BkqXWw, \SØn∏v ,

ZnimKXn\n¿Æbw F∂o ]cn]mSnIƒ°v NpaXes∏´ncn°p∂Xv kwÿm\

km£cXmanj\mWv. kwÿm\ km£cXmanj\pth≠n Icm¿ hyhÿbn¬

DtZymKÿsc \nban°p∂Xp IqSmsX Hcp apgph≥ kab skI´dnsb

\¬Ip∂ NpaXebpw kwÿm\ k¿°mcn¬ \n£n]vXamWv.

82 Pn√mXe ]≤XnIfpsS BsIØpIbmbncn°Ww kwÿm\ ]≤Xn.

]cn]mSnbpsS am¿§\n¿t±ißfpw LS\bpa\pkcn®v, N¿®IfneqsSbpw

am¿§\n¿t±ißfneqsSbpw Pn√mXe]≤XnIƒ Xømdm°p∂Xn¬ kwÿm\

km£cXmanj≥ ap≥ssIsbSp°Ww Cßs\ Xømm°p∂ ]≤XnIfn¬

]cn]mSnbpsS C\ßfnepff sshhn[yhpw \SØn∏pcoXnIfnepff

\qX\Xzhpw ]mtZinI hyXymk߃°\pkrXambn ]Xn^ent°≠Xp≠v.

83 kaqlØns‚ F√m XpdIfn¬ \n∂v km£cXm]cn]mSnbn¬

A¿]Wat\m`mhapff BfpIsf Cu ]cn]mSnbpsS `mKam°m≥ tZiob

km£cXmanj\pw kwÿm\ km£cXmanj\pw t]mXvkml\w \¬Ipw.

hnhn[ tIµ/kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ DtZymKÿ¿, Pn√m `cWt\XrXzØn¬

Dffh¿, k¿hIemime, tImtfPv DtZymKÿ¿, s]mXp taJebn¬

]h¿Øn°p∂h¿ XpSßnbh¿°v km£cXm XpS¿hnZym`ymk

]cn]mSnIfn¬ c≠masØ ÿm\w \¬Ipw. Ch¿ km£cXbv°mbn tPmen

sNøp∂ kabw Uyq´n Bbn ]cnKWn°pIbpw AhcpsS iºfw AhcpsS

kz¥w hIp∏n¬ \n∂v ssI∏‰m\mhpIbpw sNøpw.

30

84 kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ hnlnXw IqSn kamlcn®v Pn√mXe GP≥knIƒ°v

^≠v hnXcWw sNtø≠Xv kwÿm\ km£cXmanjs‚ NpaXebmWv.

IqSmsX kwÿm\XeØn¬ ]cn]mSnbpsS ZnimKXn \nb¥Ww,

]ptcmKXnsb°pdn®pff dnhyq, Pn√m Xe D]tbmK k¿´n^n°‰pIfpsS

kamlcWw XpS¿∂v kwÿm\Xe k¿´n^n°‰v tZiob km£cXmanj\v

\¬I¬ F∂nhIqSn kwÿm\ km£cXmanjs‚ NpaXebmWv. IqSmsX

Ignhp h¿≤n∏n°¬, t_m[\ klmbw F∂nhbneqsS kwÿm\ Xe

dntkmgvkv Kq∏v Bbn h¿Ønt°≠ NpaXe kwÿm\ km£cXmanj\p≠v.

85 Pn√mXeØn¬ Pn√m ]cnjØpIsf ]cn]mSnbpsS \SØn∏n\mbn

NpaXes∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. Pn√m ]cnjØn\p Iogn¬ Pn√m dntkmgvkv

Kq∏ns\ cq]oIcn®v ]h¿Ø\ßsf klmbn°m\mhpw. Kma]©mbØv

XeØn¬ Kma]©mbØpw AhnSsØ kaqlhpambncn°pw ]cn]mSnbpsS

\SØn∏pIm¿.

hnhn[Xeßfnse ]cn]me\ LS\mkwhn[m\߃ A\p_‘ambn

tN¿Øn´p≠v . ( A\p_‘w 1)

VIII kmºØnIhpw _UvP‰pw

86 ]Xns\m∂mw ]≤XnbpsS Ahkm\ 3 h¿jßfn¬ \SØp∂

km£¿`mcXv ]cn]mSnbpsS samØw XpI 6502.70 tImSn cq]bmWv. CXns‚

tIµhnlnXw 4993.02 tImSn cq]bmWv. tIµ kwÿm\ hnlnX߃ 75 :25

F∂ \nc°nemWv, F∂m¬ knw°nw Dƒs∏Sp∂ hS°pIng°≥ taJeIfn¬

CXv 90:10 F∂ \nc°nembncn°pw. hnhn[ kwÿm\ßfn¬, km£¿`mcXv

]cn]mSnbv°mbn sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Pn√Ifnse h\nXm\nc£ccpsS

FÆØn\\pkcn®mbncn°pw AXXv kwÿm\߃°v ^≠v \¬Ip∂Xv.

87 anjs‚ F√m LSI߃°pw AXmbXv ]cn]me\w, ZnimKXn

\nb¥Ww, aqey\n¿Wbw XpSßn Hmtcm LSI߃°pw Bhiyamb

XpIIƒ GIoIrX\nc°n¬ tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v ( A\p_‘w III)

IX cmjvSob km£cXmtLmjv

88 _UvP‰nen√mØ hn`h kamlcWØn\mbn, AXmbXv s]mXp

kw`mh\Iƒ, a‰v Km‚pIƒ F∂nhbv°mbn cmjvSob km£cXmtImiv

31

F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp tZiob km£cXmanj≥^≠v XpSßpw. AXns‚

]h¿Ø\w kw_‘n® \n_‘\Iƒ ]n∂oSv Xocam\n°pw. CØcw

^≠pIƒ ][m\ambpw ]IS\ kw_‘amb kΩm\߃°mbn

\o°nh®ncn°pIbmWv. km£cXm]h¿Ø\Øn¬ t\´ap≠m°p∂ GXp

XeØnepff ]h¿ØI\pw ( ]TnXmhS°w) CXv e`yamIpw.

X \mgnI°√pIƒ

89 ][m\s∏´ \mgnI°√pIƒ NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

anj≥ Bcw`w ˛ 2009 sk]vXw_¿ 8

kwÿm\ßfn¬ ]cn]mSn Bcw`n°p∂Xv ˛ 2009 Unkw_¿ 14

H∂mw L´ sam_nssetkj≥ (2009) ˛ sk]vXw_¿ apX¬

Unkw_¿ hsc

¢m pIƒ XpSßp∂Xv ˛ 2010 P\phcn

BZyL´ aqey\n¿Wbw ( tZiob Xew) ˛ 2010 sk]vXw_¿

]h¿Ø\w 2009 ˛ 10 2010 ˛11 2011 ˛12 samØw

1. HcSnÿm\ km£cXm\¥c 100 250 350 700

]TnXm°ƒ ˛ km£cXm ]mTmhen e£w e£w e£w e£w

2. ]TnXm°ƒ ˛ ASnÿm\ 1.00 6.00 8.00 15.00

hnZym`ymk XpeyX e£w e£w e£w e£w

3 ]TnXm°¬ ˛ sXmgn¬ hnZym`ymkw 4 5 5 14

e£w e£w e£w e£w

4 BPoh\m¥hnZym`ymkw 25,000 60,000 85,000 1,70,000

( F.C.kn IfpsS FÆw)

32

XI Imebfhv

C¥ymKh¨sa‚ v adn®pXocpam\saSp°ns√¶n¬ 31.3.2012 hscbmWv Cu

]cn]mSnbpsS Imebfhv. km£cXm ]cn]mSn°v 18 amksØ ImebfhmWv.

F∂m¬ XpeyX, sXmgn¬ ]T\w, XpS¿hnZym`ymkw ]cn]mSnIƒ 2012 am¿®v

31 hsc XpScpw.

XII am¿K\n¿tZi߃

91 tZiob km£cXmanj≥ kabm kabßfn¬ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂

am¿§\n¿t±i߃°\pkrXambn´mbncn°pw ]cn]mSn \S°p∂Xv.

]cn]mSnbpsS ^≠v dneokv kwhn[m\w, ^≠ns‚ XhWIfpw FÆhpw,

s]mXp kw`mhIfpsS kzoIcWhpw D]tbmKhpw, \SØn∏p coXn, P\Iob

kamlcWhpw ]NcWhpw t_m[h¬°cWw ]cn]me\w, LS\, ZnimKXn

\nb¥Ww aqey\n¿Wbw XpSßnb Imcyßfn¬ hniZamb

am¿§\n¿t±i߃ \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn tZiob km£cXmanj≥ kabmkab

ßfn¬ kzbw imIvXoIcWw \SØpIbpw am¿§\n¿t±i߃

IaoIcn°pIbpw sNøpw. am¿§\n¿t±ißfpsS hymJym\Øn¬ hcp∂

GsXmcp A`n]mb hyXymkØnepw, tZiob km£cXmanjs‚ Xocpam\w

A¥naambncn°pw.

33

A\p_‘w 1

\n¿±njvS cW kwhn[m\w

Kma]©mbØvXew ; ]©mbØv temI in£m kanXn

LS\

A[y£≥ ; ]©bØv ]knU‚ v

D]m[y£≥: ( AwKßfn¬ \n∂v sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv)

AwK߃ ( 50% h\nXIƒ)

]©mbØn¬ \n∂v sXcs™Sp°s∏´ h\nX AwK߃ ˛ 2

kvIqfn¬ \n∂pff ][m\ A[ym]I≥/A[ym]nI. ( ]©mbØv

sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv) ˛ 1

]mtZinI ]Xn\n[n ( ]´nI PmXn /]´nIh¿§ /\yq\]£w B\p]mXnI

]mXn\nXyw ˛ 3

hnZym`ymk IΩn‰nbpsS saº¿ skI´dn ˛ 1

alnfmaWvU¬/kzbw klmb kwL AwKw ˛ 1

KpWt`mIvXm°ƒ ˛2

kmaqly]h¿ØI¿ ˛ 1

km£c¿/\b cq]oIcW hnZKv≤¿ ( ko\nb¿ Kh¨sa‚ v DtZymKkY≥/

tUmIvS¿)˛1

saº¿ skI´dn : ko\nb¿ t]cIv ˛1

skI´dntb‰v ˛ Icm¿ ASnÿm\Ønepff c≠v DtZymKÿ¿ ( ko\nb¿ t]cIv

B‚ v t]cIv )

NpaXeIƒ :-

temIv in£ tIµØns‚ Zpc¥hpw AXns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw.

Kma]©mbØv XeØn¬ \nc£ccmb h\nXIsfbpw thmf≠nb¿

A[ym]Iscbpw Is≠ØpI.

]kvXpX taJebv°v Bhiyamb ]Tt\m]IcW߃ kw`cn®v

sXcs™Sp°s∏´ A[ym]I¿°v FØn®psImSp°pI.

Kma]©mbØv XeØn¬ ]≤XnIƒ BkqXWw sNøpIbpw

km£cXm¢mkpIfpsS ta¬t\m´w hln°pIbpw sNøpI.

tZiob XeØn¬ ]TnXm°fpsS aqey\n¿Æbw \SØp∂Xn\mhiyamb

klmbw \¬IpI.

34

km£cXm ]h¿ØI¿°pff HmWtddnbw \¬I¬.

aqey\n¿Æbw

]©mbØv alnfm km£cXm ]pckv°mcØn\pff tPXmhns\

Is≠ج.

]©mbØns‚ [\klmbtØmsS XpS¿ hnZym`ymkØn\mhiyamb temIv

inIjm tIµØn\pw Ahm¿Un\papff XpI Is≠ج.

tªm°v seh¬ ˛ tªm°v temIv in£m kanXn

LS\

A[y£≥ ˛ tªm°v ]©mbØv ]knU‚ v

AwK߃ ˛ tªm°v ]©mbØv/tImtfPv/kvIqƒ A[ym]I¿ F∂nhcn¬

\n∂v sXcs™SpØ h\nXm ]Xn\n[nIƒ

k∂≤ kwLS\, kmaqly]h¿ØI¿ XpSßnbh¿

saº¿ skI´dn ˛ _n.Un.H

skI´dntb‰v ˛ Icm¿ ASnÿm\Ønepff 2 DtZymKÿ¿

]h¿Ø\߃

tªm°v /]©mbØv Xe km£cXm ]≤Xn Xømdm°¬

km£cXm ¢mkpIfpsS ta¬t\m´w

Kma]©mbØv Pn√mXe GP≥knIfpambpff tImUnt\j≥

tªm°p XeØnepff ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS ZnimKXn \nb¥Ww

Pn√mXew : Pn√m temIv in£m kanXn

LS\

A[y£≥ ˛ Pn√m ]©mbØv ]knU‚ v

AwK߃

Pn√mIfIvS¿ ˛ tImUnt\‰¿

sXcsRRSp°s∏´ tªm°v/Kma ]©mbØv ]knU‚pam¿ ( 50% IpdbmØ

h\nXIƒ)

sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Un∏m¿´sa‚n¬ \n∂pff Pn√mta[mhnIƒ

k∂≤kwLS\m ]Xn\n[nIƒ

hnZym`ymk hnNIvjWcpw kmaqly]h¿ØIcpw

sP.Fkv.Fkv UbdIvS¿am¿

35

saº¿ skI´dn ˛ kn.C.H, ( No^v FIvknIyq´ohv Hm^ok¿ )Pn√m

]©mbØv

skI´dntb‰v ˛ a‰v NpaXeIƒ H∂pan√mØ apgph≥ kabhpw

]h¿Øn°p∂ Hcp Dt±ymKÿ≥.

kanXnbpsS ]h¿Ø\ßsf klmbn°p∂Xn\v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿

Poh\°mcpsS tkh\߃ \¬tI≠XmWv. AXn\p]pdsa

IcmdSnÿm\Ønepff 5 Poh\°mscbpw kanXn°p \nban°mhp∂XmWv.

]h¿Ø\߃

Pn√mXe km£cX]cn]mSn°v Bhiyamb ]≤Xn cq]s∏SpØpI.

Kma]©mbØv ta[mhnIƒ°mhiyamb \n¿t±i߃ \¬IpI.

]≤Xn \n¿hlWØn\mhiyamb hn`hkamlcWhpw A\pIqe

kmlNcyhpw krjvSn°pI.

Pn√mXe Kmak`m tbmKßfnepw k_vPn√m Xeßfnepw alnfm

km£cXm t_m[h¬°cW ]cn]mSnIƒ kwLSn∏n°pI.

]TnXm°ƒ , A[ym]I¿, aqey\n¿Wbw sNøp∂h¿, ]©mbØv

]Xn\n[nIƒ F∂nh¿°v Bhiyamb h¿°v Nm¿´pw AhcpsS

]¶pw \n¿Æbn°pI.

hm¿jnI Pn√mXe Ie≠¿ Xømdm°pI ( sk]vXw_¿ 8 apX¬

sk]vXw_¿ 7 hsc)

]©mbØn\mhiyamb ]T\t_m[\ kmaKnIƒ kamlcn® hnXcWw

sNøpI.

]T\t_m[\ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS ta¬t\m´w hln°pI

kzbw klmb kwL߃°pw, F≥.B¿.C.Pn.F Kq∏pIƒ°pw

Bhiyamb klmbw Dd∏phcpØpI.

F√mh¿jhpw sk]vXw_¿ BZy hmcw aqey\n¿ÆbØn\mhiyamb

]≤XnIƒ BkqXWw sNøpIbpw \S∏nem°pIbpw sNøpI ( 2010

sk]vX_¿ 1 apX¬ )

HmWtddnbw \¬I¬ ]©mbØv alnfm km£cXm ]pckv°mcsØ

Imcyßfn¬ Bhiyamb Xocpam\saSp°pI.

^≠v kzcq∏n®v XpS¿hnZym`ymkØn\mhiyamb temIv in£m tIµw

ÿm]n°pI.

]cn]mSnsb kw_‘n® hnhc߃ P\ßsf Adnbn°phm\pff

kwhn[m\߃ Hcp°pI.

36

kwÿm\ Xew ˛ kwÿm\ km£cXm anj≥

KthWnwKv t_mUnbpsS LS\

A[y£≥ ˛ apJya¥n/hnZym`ymk hIp∏v a¥n

AwK߃ : hnZym`ymk hnNIvjW≥am¿

sXscs™Sp°s∏´ ]Xn\n[nIƒ

k∂≤kwLS\m ]Xn\n[nIƒ

]apJcmb kmaqly km£cXm ]h¿ØI¿

am[ya ]h¿ØI¿,XpSßnbh¿

saº¿ skI´dn ˛ hnZym`ymk hIp∏v skI´dn ( htbmP\ hnZym`ymkØns‚

NpaXebpff)

skI´dntb‰v ˛ ]q¿Ækabw ]h¿Øn°p∂ skI´dntb‰v kwÿm\

k¿°m¿ \¬tI≠XmWv. CXn\p ]pdta 6 Icm¿ Poh\°mscIqSn \¬tI≠XmWv.

kmaqlnI ]Xn_‘Xbpff kaqlØnse hnhn[ X´pIfn¬ \n∂pffhcpsS

tkh\w. Fkv.F¬.Fw.F Dd∏phcptØ≠XmWv. Ahsc a‰v tPmen km[yXIfn¬

\n∂v Hgnhm°n apgph≥ kabhpw XpS¿hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnIƒ°pth≠n

hn\ntbmKnt°≠XmWv. AhcpsS ]h¿Ø\߃ Uyq´nbmbn ]cnKWn®

iºfhpw a‰v B\pIqeyßfpw amXrÿm]\Øn¬ \n∂v \¬tI≠XmWv.

]h¿Ø\߃

km£cX ]cn]mSn°p th≠n kwÿm\ ]≤Xn cq]oIcn°pI.

kwÿm\Øn\v samØØn¬ ]tNmZ\mXvaIamb ]cn]mSnIƒ

kwLSn∏n°pI.

tZiob km£cXm anj\n¬ \n∂v e`n°p∂ ^≠pIsf ]q¿Æ

DØchmZnXzw Fkv.F¬.Fw.F°v Bbncn°pw. IW°pIƒ Fkv.F¬.F

IrXyambn kq£nt°≠XmWv.

km£cXbv°mhiyamb Pn√mXe ]≤XnIsf AhtemI\w sNøpI.

teIv in£m tIµØnte°pff C≥sk‚ohv/Ahm¿Uv F∂nhbv°v

Bhiyamb ^≠v hnhn[ ]cn]mSnIfn¬ \n∂v Is≠ØpI. ]≤Xnsb

kw_‘n°p∂ F√m hnhcßfpw s]mXp P\߃°v \¬IpI.

37

tZiob seh¬ ˛ tZiob km£cXm anj≥ AtXmdn‰n

KthWnwKv t_mUnbpsS LS\

A[y£≥ ˛ am\h hn`htijn hnIk\ hIp∏v a¥n

D]m[y£≥ ˛ tIµ kl a¥n ( am\htijnbpsS NpaXebpff )

AwK߃ ˛ hm¿Øm]t£] hIp∏v a¥n, BtcmKyhpw IpSpw_t£ahIp∏v

a¥n, kvt]m¿Svkpw bphP\t£ahIp∏v a¥n, imIvXoIcWhpw kmaqly t£a

hIp∏v a¥n, h\nXminiphnIk\ hIp∏v a¥n, KmahnIk\ hIp∏v a¥ n,

]©mbØv cmPv hIp∏v a¥n, \yq\]£hn`mKw hIp∏v a¥n, A\p_‘

hIp∏pIfn¬ \n∂pff ]Xn\n[nIfpw k∂≤ ]h¿ØIcpw.

saº¿ skI´dn ˛ tPmbn‚ v skI´dn (htbmP\ hnZym`ymkw)

skI´dntb‰v ˛ htbmP\ hnZym`ymkØns‚ tPmbn‚ vskI´dn tZiob

km£cXmanjs‚ FIvknH^ntjym UbdIvS¿ P\d¬ BWv. km£cXm

]h¿Ø\ßsf klmbn°m≥ c≠v AUojW¬ UbdIvS¿ P\depw c≠v

UbdIvS¿ amcpw Ahsc klmbn°p∂Xn\v kl Poh\°mcpw Dƒs∏´XmWv.

]h¿Ø\߃

1. 2009 sk]vXw_¿ 8 s‚ ]cn]mSnbn¬ Bhiyamb IaoIcW߃ sNøpI.

2 kwÿm\ Xe ]cn]mSnIƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSp°pI.

3 ]cn]mSn°v Bhiyamb am[ya klmbw \¬IpI

4 aqey \n¿Æbw \SØpI

5 kwÿm\߃°mhiyamb ^≠v kzcq]n°pI

6 ]h¿Ø\ßsf GtIm]n∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb \n¿t±i߃ \¬IpI

7 anIhp‰ ]h¿Ø\w ImgvNhbv°p∂h¿°v kΩm\w/t]mXvkml\w

\¬IpI.

A\p_‘w ˛2

50% htbmP\ h\nXm km£cX BhiyamWv.

h\nXmkm£cX 50%apff Pn√IfpsS enÃpw As√¶n¬ 50% Xmsg km£cXbpff

tªm°v ]©mbØpIƒ, Kma]©mbØpIfpw B Pn√Ifn¬ \nehnepff enÃv

NphsStN¿°p∂p.

]kvXmh\ ˛ 365 Pn√IfpsS kwÿm\ Xe enÃv

2001 sk≥kkv ]Imcw 50% Xmsg kvXo km£cXbpff tªm°v

]©mbØns‚bpw Kma]©mbØns‚bpw FÆw.

38

Ia kwÿm\w/tIµ`cW h\nX tªm°v Kma sP.Fk.v Fkv\º¿ ]tZiw km£cXm ]©mbØp ]©mbØp D≠v/C√

\nehmcw IfpsS IfpsS FÆw

FÆw

1 kwÿm\w ˛ B‘m]tZiv

Pn√

1 sal_q_v \K¿ 24.03 64 1346 D≠v

2 taU°v 28.29 46 1109 C√

3 AUnem_mZv 28.81 52 866 D≠v

4 \nkmam_mZv 29.58 36 718 C√

5 hnknbm \Kcw 30.38 34 929 C√

6 Icnw \K¿ 31.73 57 1194 C√

7 sIm¿Æq¬ 32.08 53 898 C√

8 A\¥]q¿ 33.54 63 1001 D≠v

9 ioImIpfw 33.67 38 1101 C√

10 \¬sIm≠ 34.83 59 1178 D≠v

11 hmdwK¬ 35.01 50 1014 D≠v

12 ]Imiw 36.36 55 1036 D≠v

13 JΩw 38.27 46 770 D≠v

14 IS∏ 40.79 50 808 C√

15 hnimJ]´Ww 42.57 39 944 D≠v

16 Kp≠q¿ 47.36 57 1016 D≠v

17 Nn‰q¿ 48.26 66 1402 C√

18 s\√q¿ 49.09 46 961 C√

19 cwKsdÕn 49.64 33 705 D≠v

BsI 944 18996 10

zz kwÿm\w AcpWmN¬]tZiv

Pn√Iƒ

1 CuÃv Iaßv 21.02 10 118 C√

2 Xamßv 24.02 6 80 C√

3 Xnc∏v 24.21 16 115 C√

4 temh¿ kp_≥kncn 30.11 14 190 C√

5 A∏¿ kp_≥kncn 33.77 14 148 C√

6 A∏¿ knbmßv 34.22 4 62 C√

7 NmßvPnbmßv 34.45 7 101 C√

8 temln‰v 39.67 8 132 C√

9 shÃv Imaßv 40.74 9 96 C√

10 Znhmßv hmen 43.01 3 21 C√

11 shÃv knbmßv 45.94 18 211 C√

12 CuÃv knbmßv 48.76 11 144 C√

120 1418 C√

39

3 B mw

Pn√Iƒ

1 [p_n 35.36 15 168 C√

2 sImImQ¿ 36.14 10 73 C√

3 [cmßv 41.37 7 79 D≠v

4 Im¿hn A¶temßv 41.58 11 1435 C√

5 _m¿s]´ 05 41.7 11 129 C√

6 tkmWn‰v ]q¿ 45.07 14 159 C√

7 s_m≥ssKKmhv 45.34 5 65 C√

8 tacnKmhv 45.61 7 85 C√

9 ssleI≠n 46.1 5 62 C√

10 tKmƒ]mc 46.43 8 81 C√

11 Sn≥kpJnbm 46.98 7 87 C√

12 ZamPn 48.2 5 65 C√

105 2488 1

4 _olm¿

Pn√Iƒ

1 Inj≥sI©v 14.66 7 126 D≠v

2 kp∏mƒ 17.83 11 181 C√

3 Acmcnb 18.93 9 218 C√

4 at[]pc 19.51 13 170 C√

5 jntbml¿ 19.64 5 53 C√

6 ]q¿∆ Nw_mc≥ 19.89 27 419 D≠v

7 `panb 20.19 14 251 C√

8 ]›nw N_mc≥ 20.44 18 315 C√

9 IØnJ¿ 20.56 16 237 C√

10 koXma¿Jn 21.14 17 273 C√

11 PmΩpƒ 21.49 10 153 C√

12 a[p_m\n 21.64 21 399 C√

13 kl¿km 22.56 10 153 C√

14 _wKm 24.04 11 185 C√

15 tKm]m¬ sK©v 24.64 14 234 C√

16 JPmcnb 25.36 7 129 C√

17 Z¿_wK 26.61 18 330 D≠v

18 kaÿn]q¿ 26.67 20 380 D≠v

19 \hmU 27.19 14 187 C√

20 e£nkmcbv 27.19 14 187 C√

21 tj°v]pc 29.09 7 80 C√

22 kmc≥ 29.23 6 54 C√

40

23 knhmwKv 29.75 19 293 C√

24 sshimen 30.03 16 290 D≠v

25 apkm n¿]q¿ 30.61 16 387 D≠v

26 Kb 30.84 24 332 D≠v

27 _lpkmcbv 31.18 18 260 C√

28 ssIaq¿ 31.24 11 151 C√

29 ^map_ 33.33 7 93 C√

30 Plm\m_mZv 33.39 11 142 D≠v

31 _p°vkm¿ 33.39 11 142 D≠v

32 \fµ 33.63 20 248 D≠v

33 `KXv]q¿ 34.45 16 242 C√

34 t_mPn]q¿ 35 14 228 C√

35 AdwKm_mZv 35.18 11 203 D≠v

36 tdmln mkv 38.19 19 246 C√

37 ap≥K¿ 43.26 9 101 D≠v

38 ]m‰v\ 46.92 23 331 D≠v

BsI 529 8404 13

4 kwÿm\w : OØokvJfiv

Pn√Iƒ

1 Z¥hmU 15.86 11 409 C√

2 _mÿ 23.01 14 669 D≠v

3 Imh¿[ 29.85 4 371 C√

4 k¿KpP 33.02 19 1090 D≠v

5 tIm¿_ 37.26 5 357 D≠v

6 PwPvKn¿ Nw_ 39.17 9 582 C√

7 _nemkv]q¿ 39.71 10 864 D≠v

8 sImdnb 40.27 5 250 D≠v

9 Pm£v]q¿ 43.44 8 417 C√

10 almkmapfiv 44.06 5 492 C√

11 dmbv]q¿ 46.09 15 1204 C√

12 dmbvKUv 49.9 9 710 D≠v

BsI 114 7415 6

5 KpPdmØv

Pn√Iƒ

1 tZmlØv 23.05 7 459 C√

2 s_\mkvIm¥ 25.56 12 784 D≠v

3 ]m©val¬kv 35.36 11 663 C√

4 Zm≥kv 36.69 1 70 C√

5 \¿ΩZ 38.46 4 219 C√

6 ]Tm≥ 40.22 7 462 D≠v

41

7 kptcµ\K¿ 41.27 10 613 C√

8 Im®m 42.51 10 808 D≠v

9 k_¿I¥ 44.87 13 706 D≠v

10 `hv\K¿ 46.24 11 773 C√

11 Awaen 48.54 11 593 C√

12 Pq\mKVv 49.07 14 848 C√

13 Pmw\K¿ 49.96 10 695 C√

BsI 121 7693 4

6 lcnbm\m

Pn√Iƒ

1 ssIØm¬ 36.5 6 263 C√

2 kvPnµv 37.28 7 300 C√

3 ^tØlm_mZv 37.59 6 241 C√

4 lnkm¿ 41.11 9 312 C√

5 kn¿km 41.31 7 333 D≠v

6 `nhm\n 42.26 10 468 C√

7 Kq¿Kmhv 42.36 4 239 D≠v

8 atlµKUv 43.11 5 339 C√

9 ^coZm_mZv 49.22 2 112 D≠v

10 I¿Æ¬ 49.93 6 380 C√

BsI 62 2987 3

7 lnamN¬]tZiv

Pn√

1 Nw_ 37.17 7 283 C√

BsI 7 283 0

8 PΩp Imivao¿

Pn√Iƒ

1 Ip]vhmc 21.21 11 363 D≠v

2 _XvKmw 21.55 8 284 C√

3 tZmU 23.02 8 232 C√

4 _mcmapff 23.93 12 365 C√

5 A¥v\mKv 26.33 6 251 C√

6 ]¬hma 27.76 4 157 C√

7 ]q©v 30.19 6 191 C√

8 Im¿Kn¬ 31.03 9 95 C√

9 D[w]q¿ 35.65 7 204 C√

10 cmPucn 38.34 8 296 C√

11 io\K¿ 40.92 1 10 C√

12 eUm°v (telv) 45.71 9 93 C√

13 IØphm 48.3 8 245 C√

BsI 97 2786 1

42

9 kwÿm\w : Qm¿Jfiv

Pn√Iƒ

1 ]Imhq¿ 16.95 6 128 C√

2 K¿lz 16.99 14 196 C√

3 KncnZn≥ 19.17 12 357 C√

4 kmln_vK©v 21.71 9 166 C√

5 tKm[ 21.88 8 200 C√

6 OX 22.09 10 159 C√

7 ]eaq¿ 24.08 13 289 C√

8 sImS¿a 24.84 5 109 C√

9 XpwK 25.8 10 206 C√

10 ZntbmKUv 26.25 8 201 C√

11 ]›nanknw_w 28.65 15 216 C√

12 teml¿Zl 31.23 5 66 C√

13 lkmcn_mKv 32.75 11 257 D≠v

14 Kpwe 33.92 11 159 C√

15 s_m°mtdm 40.17 8 248 D≠v

16 dm©n 44.91 14 298 D≠v

17 [≥_mZv 45.75 8 383 D≠v

BsI 167 3638 4

kwÿm\w :I¿ÆmSIw

Pn√Iƒ

1 dbv®q¿ 27.75 5 164 D≠v

2 Kp¬_¿§ 28.95 10 337 D≠v

3 sIm∏ƒ 30.17 4 134 C√

4 NmacmP\K¿ 33.21 4 120 C√

5 _nPm]q¿ 33.62 5 199 C√

6 _mK¬tIm 33.73 6 163 D≠v

7 _√mcn 37.09 7 189 C√

8 _nZm¿ 37.67 5 175 C√

9 amfiy 42.45 7 232 D≠v

10 tImem¿ 43.01 11 307 D≠v

11 KUKv 43.39 5 106 C√

12 _¬Kmw 43.72 10 485 C√

13 NnXZp¿§ 45.08 6 185 C√

14 _w•q¿ dqd¬ 46.04 8 228 C√

15 ssakq¿ 48.16 7 235 D≠v

16 XpwIq¿ 48.85 10 321 D≠v

17 lthcn 48.96 7 206 C√

BsI 117 3786 7

43

kwÿm\w ; a[y]tZiv

Pn√

1. jntbm]q¿ 20.11 3 226 D≠v

2 P_phm 21.27 12 663 D≠v

3 kn≤n 25.65 8 717 D≠v

4 _¿hm\n 26.01 7 417 C√

5 cmPK¿Uv 28.05 6 627 D≠v

6 OX¿]q¿ 28.78 8 558 D≠v

7 Zn≥tUmcn 30.07 7 363 D≠v

8 SznKmwK¿Øv 30.08 6 459 D≠v

9 inh]pcn 32.15 8 615 C√

10 [m¿ 32.54 13 760 D≠v

11 samdnbm\ 33.97 7 489 D≠v

12 Dtadnb 34.38 3 233 D≠v

13 jltZmƒ 34.87 5 392 C√

14 Kp\ 34.99 5 424 D≠v

15 tZhmkv 36.74 6 497 D≠v

16 Zmap 36.86 7 461 D≠v

17 tZh 36.89 9 827 D≠v

18 amfive 36.94 9 492 D≠v

19 sktlm¿ 37.07 5 499 D≠v

20 hn[ni 37.28 7 580 C√

21 Im‰v\n 39.69 6 409 D≠v

22 ]∂ 39.98 5 395 C√

23 kXv\m 40.68 8 703 D≠v

24 \oap®v 41.25 3 239 C√

25 CuÃv \na¿ 42.84 7 423 C√

26 kntbm\n 44.37 8 642 C√

27 shÃv \na¿ 44.39 0 0 C√

28 `nµv 44.43 6 447 D≠v

29 kmK¿ 45.47 11 753 D≠v

30 Nn¥vhmc 47.15 11 808 C√

31 a≥Uvkz¿ 47.17 5 441 C√

32 s_Sph¬ 47.5 10 558 D≠v

33 lm¿U 47.51 3 211 C√

34 Um‰nb 48.23 3 281 D≠v

35 _meK v 49.23 10 689 C√

36 dmXvew 49.23 6 419 D≠v

37 Kzmfnb¿ 49.65 4 299 D≠v

BsI 247 18016 23

44

kwÿm\w almcmjvS

Pn√Iƒ

1. \≥Uq¿_m¿ 36.52 6 501 D≠v

2 Pm¬\ 36.92 8 785 C√

3 KmUvNntdmen 37.39 12 467 C√

4 ln≥tKmen 39.18 5 565 C√

5 ]¿`m\n 40.01 9 704 C√

6 _nUv 42.62 11 1019 D≠v

7 \m≥sUUv 43.12 16 1313 C√

8 Hmkva\m_mZv 46.36 8 622 C√

9 emØq¿ 49.12 10 786 D≠v

BsI 85 6762 3

kwÿm\w aWn∏q¿

Pn√

1. Nfi¬ 44.95 0 _m[Ia√ C√

2 Xu_ƒ 46.57 0 (42) C√

3 tk\m]Xn 47.63 0 _m[Ia√ C√

4 XmawKvtemwKv 48.71 0 _m[Ia√ C√

0 _m[Ia√

( 4 Pn√Iƒ tN¿Øv 1090)

kwÿm\w taLmeb

Pn√Iƒ

1. shÃv Kmtcm ln¬kv 41.71 0 _m[Ia√ C√

2 kuØv Kmtcm ln¬kv 47.88 0 _m[Ia√ C√

0 ( 7 Pn√Iƒ tN¿Øv 1179 )

kwÿm\w \mKmem‚ v

Pn√Iƒ

1. tam≥ 31.93 0 _m[Ia√ C√

2 Syq kmwKv 41.96 0 _m[Ia√ C√

0 _m[Ia√

( 8 Pn√Iƒ tN¿Øv 1110 )

kwÿm\w Hdokm

Pn√Iƒ

1. \_cwK]q¿ 15.42 10 169 C√

2. aƒ°m≥Kncn 15.61 7 108 C√

3 \u]mUm 19.23 5 109 D≠v

4 dmbKmUm 19.98 11 171 C√

45

5 tImcm]p v 20.33 14 226 D≠v

6 KPm]Xn 22.6 7 129 C√

7 Imel≥Un 23.1 13 273 C√

8 Im¥a¬ 27.75 12 153 C√

9 _uZv 31.1 3 63 C√

10 ambq¿`©v 31.9 26 382 C√

11 _me≥Kn¿ 32.11 14 285 D≠v

12 tkmWm]q¿ 37.4 6 96 C√

13 sI¨UpPvl¿ 40.18 13 286 D≠v

14 K¨Pmw 40.29 22 475 C√

15 tZ_KUv 41 3 60 D≠v

16 _m¿K¿Uv 42.57 12 248 C√

17 kpµ¿K¿Uv 48.02 17 262 C√

18 kmw_¬]q¿ 48.53 9 148 D≠v

19 A\pKpƒ 48.84 8 209 D≠v

BsI 212 3852 7

kwÿm\w ]©m_v

1. am km 36.49 5 244 C√

2 apIvSv k¿ 43.62 4 265 C√

3 ntdmkv]q¿ 44.98 10 1143 C√

4 kmwKvdq¿ 45.64 9 586 C√

5 _ n≥Um 46.79 8 313 C√

6 ^cnZvtIm v 48.48 2 184 C√

BsI 38 2735 0

kwÿm\w : cmPÿm≥

1 Pmtem¿ 19.3 7 264 C√

2 _≥kzmc 21.42 8 325 C√

3 Zp≥Km¿]q¿ 23.53 5 237 C√

4 tUm≥Iv 24.97 6 231 C√

5 Pbvkm¬ao¿ 26.58 3 128 C√

6 khmbv amt[m]q¿ 27.03 5 197 C√

7 n¬hmcm 27.14 11 380 C√

8 ]men 27.22 10 320 C√

9 cmPvka≥Zv 28.14 7 206 C√

10 Nnt‰m¿KUv 28.68 14 391 C√

11 _p≥Sn 29.29 4 181 C√

12 kntdmln 29.63 5 151 C√

13 \mKmhq¿ 30.12 11 461 C√

14 Zukm 31.17 5 224 C√

15 _dm≥ 31.27 7 218 C√

16 Zuƒ]q¿ 31.72 4 167 D≠v

46

17 Q¬hm¿ 31.81 6 252 D≠v

18 tPm[v]q¿ 32.52 9 353 D≠v

19 `cXv]q¿ 32.96 9 372 C√

20 Bƒhm¿ 33.21 14 478 C√

21 Icufn 34.79 5 224 C√

22 _m¿sa¿ 36.17 8 380 C√

23 _n°ms\¿ 36.33 5 228 D≠v

24 DZbv]q¿ 36.76 11 498 C√

25 l\pam≥K¿Uv 38.29 3 251 C√

26 APvao¿ 43.58 8 276 D≠v

27 KwKm\K¿ 43.6 7 320 C√

28 Npdp 45.31 6 250 C√

29 knIm¿ 45.58 8 334 D≠v

30 Pbv]q¿ 48.02 13 488 D≠v

31 Pp©p\p≥ 49.37 8 288 C√

BsI 232 9073 7

kwÿm\w : kn°nw

1. shÃv 43.4 0 53 C√

2 t\m¿Øv 48.65 0 23 C√

BsI 0 76 0

kwÿm\w : Xangv\mSv

1. [¿Ω]pcn 41.63 8 251 C√

2 Adnbmfq¿ 42.83 6 201 C√

3 hnep∏pcw 44.35 22 1104 C√

4 t]cw_√q¿ 46.78 4 121 C√

5 XncphÆmaebv 47.81 18 860 C√

6 tkew 49.22 20 385 C√

7 CutdmUv 49.66 20 343 C√

BsI 98 3265 0

kwÿm\w : Xn]pc

1. [emPv 45.69 5 130 C√

5 130 0

kwÿm\w : DØ¿]tZiv

1. imhjvSn 13.56 5 334 D≠v

2 _¬dmw]q¿ 16.85 9 668 D≠v

3 _mKvsd®v 17.52 14 910 D≠v

4 _pUu¨ 18 18 1069 C√

47

5 kn≤m¿∞\K¿ 19.68 14 1009 D≠v

6 almcmPvK©v 19.87 12 777 C√

7 Iuiw_n 20.52 8 440 D≠v

8 tKm Um 21.34 16 1054 D≠v

9 Ipin\K¿ 21.72 14 953 D≠v

10 dmw]q¿ 22.32 6 580 C√

11 efnXv]q¿ 23.77 6 340 D≠v

12 tPymXn_m pse\K¿ 25.87 6 484 D≠v

13 k¥v I_o¿ \K¿ 25.92 9 647 C√

14 ]nen`n v 26.03 7 599 D≠v

15 knXm]q¿ 26.22 19 1329 D≠v

16 _mc_¨In 26.42 15 1002 D≠v

17 tkm¨ Z 26.48 8 501 D≠v

18 tamdZm_mZv 27.03 13 960 D≠v

19 _m Um 27.4 8 437 D≠v

20 atlm_m 27.4 4 247 C√

21 tJdn 27.91 15 995 D≠v

22 _mkvSn 27.95 14 1047 D≠v

23 l¿tUmbn 27.95 19 1101 D≠v

24 jmPlm≥]q¿ 28.02 15 922 D≠v

25 k¥v chnZmkv \K¿ 28.21 6 490 D≠v

26 _mssden 28.39 15 1011 D≠v

27 lao¿]q¿ 30.03 7 314 C√

28 an¿km]q¿ 30.2 12 758 D≠v

29 sdbv t_scen 30.54 21 965 D≠v

30 ]Ym]vK¿Uv 31.08 17 1105 D≠v

31 kpƒØm≥]q¿ 31.17 23 1262 D≠v

32 F´lv 31.32 15 898 C√

33 ^tØ]q¿ 32.76 13 788 D≠v

34 D∂mthm 33.06 16 954 D≠v

35 ss^km_mZv 33.14 11 796 D≠v

36 Untbmcnb 33.17 16 1019 D≠v

37 BkmwKUv 33.57 22 1617 D≠v

38 Kmko]q¿ 33.71 16 1046 C√

39 Pu≥]q¿ 33.93 21 1514 D≠v

40 _peµvjl¿ 34.13 16 857 D≠v

41 aYpc 34.54 10 479 D≠v

42 tKmcJv]q¿ 34.61 19 1233 D≠v

43 N≥Uufn 35.21 9 620 D≠v

44 _√nb 35.24 17 833 D≠v

45 Awt_ZvI¿ \K¿ 35.37 9 805 D≠v

46 AenK¿Uv 35.39 12 853 D≠v

47 lZvdmkv 36.92 C√

48 _nPvt\m¿ 37.17 11 967 C√

48

49 au 38.34 9 609 D≠v

50 Aelm_mZv 38.69 20 1460 D≠v

51 apkm^¿\K¿ 39.78 14 687 D≠v

52 _mKv] v 40.35 6 269 C√

53 Pehp≥ 40.35 9 564 D≠v

54 ^dqJm_mZv 41.09 7 512 D≠v

55 NnXIqSv 41.12 5 330 D≠v

56 BK 41.41 15 636 D≠v

57 I\uPv 41.42 8 449 C√

58 kldm≥]q¿ 41.69 15 922 D≠v

59 Qm≥kn 42.8 8 451 C√

60 ^ntdmkm_mZv 42.88 9 524 D≠v

61 ambn≥]pcn 43.08 9 503 C√

62 hmcmWkn 45.5 8 703 D≠v

63 Im¨]q¿ sZlm v 45.84 10 612 D≠v

64 KuXw _p≤ \K¿ 46.13 4 260 D≠v

65 aod‰v 46.36 12 460 C√

66 FShmlv 48.89 8 420 D≠v

784 49960 51

kwÿm\w : DØcm©¬

1 DØ¿Imin 36.05 6 454 C√

2 sZlvcn Km¿lvhƒ 38.2 9 979 D≠v

3 Nw_mhmXv 43.48 4 290 C√

4 lcnZzm¿ 44.71 6 307 C√

5 DZw knßv \K¿ 45.11 7 309 C√

6 _mKoiz≥ 47.57 3 397 D≠v

35 2736 2

kwÿm\w ]›na _wKmƒ

1 ]pcpenb 29.57 20 170 D≠v

2 DØ¿ Zn\mPv]q¿ 29.93 9 98 C√

3 amƒSUm 34.16 15 146 C√

4 apdnjnZm_mZv 39.94 26 254 C√

5 _m≥Ipd 43.66 22 190 D≠v

6 P¬ss]Kpdn 44.63 13 148 D≠v

7 _o¿`qan 45.59 19 167 D≠

8 Z£n¨ Zn\mPv]q¿ 46.64 8 65 C√

9 sIm®v _olm¿ 47.22 12 128 D≠v

144 1366 5

kwÿm\w : ZmZm \K¿ lthen

1. ZmZm \K¿ lthen 33.11 0 10 D≠v

49