S519: Evaluation of Information Systems

Analyzing data:

Synthesis

D-Ch9

Last week

What are merit determination? What is absolute merit? How to draw rubric? What is relative merit? How to draw rubric?

Synthesis methodology

It is a tool to allow us to draw overall evaluative conclusions from multiple findings about a single evaluand.

Synthesis is the process of combining a set of ratings or performances on several components or dimensions into an overall rating.

Synthesis methodology

KEC Box 11: Overall Significance What are the main areas where the evaluand is

doing well Is this the most cost-effective use of the available

resources to address the identified needs without excessive adverse impact?

Synthesis methodology

Merit determination To develop the rubrics To use rubrics to summarize the multiple findings A kind of synthesis method

Rubrics are one of the simplest methods to blend data. But when data is a bit more complex, it is difficult to use

a rubric as the only tool Data are not equally important or reliable Different nuances and combinations (such as Table8.3)

It is not

It is not meta-analysis A special statistical techniques to give a weighted

average of effect sizes across multiple studies – for quantitative studies

It is not literature review A judgment from a reviewer’s point of view.

It is

A systematic way of taking into account the pluses and minuses uncovered when the evaluation team draws the evaluative conclusions.

Some synthesis is always necessary, whether the evaluation is formative or summative

It combines the data we collected and uses comparison to place the evaluand’s performance in a wider context.

Keep in mind

Doing poorly on some minimal important criteria

Doing poorly on some crucial criteria

Are very different!

Costs and comparisons in synthesis

Evaluation is Not just: Did the value of the outcomes outweight

the value of the resource it took to achieve them? But: Is this evaluand the best possible use of

available resources to achieve outcomes of the greatest possible value?

Evaluation

Sythesis for „ranking“ If it is „ranking“ (relative) evaluation:

Consider each alternative and make explicit comparisons

Synthesis for „grading“ If it is „grading“ (absolute) evaluation:

Consider different context settings and provide better interpretation of merit

Qualitative or quantitative

Quantitative synthesis Using numerical weights

Qualitative synthesis Using qualitative labels

Synthesis for “grading”

The primary evaluation question is for absolut quality or value How well did the evaluand perform on this

dimension? How effective, valuable, or meritorious is the

evaluand overall? Is this component worth the resources put into it?

Quantitative weighting example with „bars“

Case: Personnel evaluation in a small accounting firm 13 defined tasks (e.g., telephone, reception, data

entry, etc.) Each employee has responsibiltiy for 4-6 tasks

Evaluation: Importance weighting (through the voting of the

selected stakeholders) In-depth discussion with business owners Derive the importance metric and bars

Quantitative weighting example with „bars“

Evaluation Define the levels of importance: 3 to 5 levels work well in most case Do not go to too many levels (why? Is this useful?) For example

task 1. minor task (1) 2. normal-priority task (2) 3. high-priority task (3) 4. extremely high-priority task (4)

Quantitative weighting example with „bars“

Evaluation Setting up rubrics for each 13 tasks Normally 4-6 level is sufficient

Example: Performance Rubric 1. Totally unacceptable performance (1) 2. Medicore (substandard) performance (2) 3. Good performance (expected level) (3) 4. Performance that exceeded expectations (4) 5. All-around excellent performance (5)

Synthesis – draw the overall conclusion See Exhibit 9.2 (p158)

Exercise

Peronal evaluation in a small accouting firm

Tasks Importance Score for Alice

Telephone 1 2

Data entry 2 3

Tax data management

4 1

Client support 4 5

Reporting 3 3

Communicating 1 3

How about Alice according to Exhibit 9.2?

Exerice

How about Alice Mean

= 1*2+2*3+4*1+4*5+3*3+1*3/(1+2+4+4+3+1)=44/15=2.93

She has the good performance?

Qualitative weighting example 1 (with no „bars“)

Case: a school-based health program evaluation It contains 9 different components: nutrition education, mental

health services, safer sex, legal service and others. How to evaluate these system in low-budget and short period of

time whether they are meeting important needs of the students and their families

Evaluation: Interview Student surveys

School health system evaluation

Survey question design: Two quantitative questions

How useful was the program to you? (4-point response scale: not at all useful, somewhat useful, useful, very useful)

How satisfied were you with the program? One qualitative question (open-end)?

What other changes or events, good or bad, have happened to you or someone you know because of receiving the service?

School health system evaluation

Survey result about nutrition system shows in Table 9.1

Look at table 9.1, think about: How can you draw a conclusion from this result

about the nutrition system? Is it good or bad? Pay attention of N in Table 9.1

School health system evaluation

Setting the importance for these three questions (1-strongest data, 3=weakest data) 1. Ratings of usefulness (directly related to needs) 2. Responses to the open-ended question 3. Satisfaction ratings

Creating rubrics for each question Table 9.2 for question 1 and question 2 Table 9.3 for open-ended question

School health system evaluation

How to grade the nutrition system based on the first two quantitative questions: Based on Table 9.1, come out with the rubric as

Table 9.2 Why 90% is select, 70%-90%.. how to draw Table 9.2 from Table 9.1 and collected

data?

School health system evaluation

Table 9.3 Rubric for converting data from qualitative

evaluation - open-ended responses into merit ratings

Is that a good way to do this? Are you happy with this table? If not, how do you want to improve it?

School health system evaluation

Synthesis to draw overall conclusion Step-by-step Start with the strongest data (question 1) Blend with open-ended comments Finally take the satisfaction ratings into account

See table 9.4 for the whole process

School health system evaluation

How to draw final conclusion?

Usefulness ratings

Satisfaction ratings

Open-ended comments

Final coclusion:

Merit of the nutrition program

See table 9.4Discuss how to apply this to your group project

Using quantitative ratings to draw the suggested results and using qualitative ratings to find the positive or negative facts to re-adjust the results

Exercise

Form your group project Discuss this case (p157-166) How to apply this to your group project?

Qualitative (nonnumerical) weighting example 2

Bar A minimum level of performance on a specific dimension Performance below this cannot be compensated for by much

better performance on other dimensions (see Exhibit 9.2)

Hard hurdle (also referred as global bars) Overall passing requirement for an evaluand as a whole (see

Exhibit 9.2)

Soft hurdle Overall requirement for entry into a high rating category Place a limit on the maximum rating (e.g., I want all As for my

classes)

Qualitative (nonnumerical) weighting example 2

Case: Evaluation of the learning capacity of a small biotechnology start-up company „biosleep“.

Evaluation 27 subdimensions of organizational learning capacity

(see table 9.5) Data collection: survey and interview Rubric: similar as Table8.2 Importance is built by using strategy 6 in Chapter 7

Using program theory and evidence of causal linkages (p118-125)

Biosleep

Evaluation Synthesis

Pack the ratings on the subdimensions into 8 main dimensions

Combine the ratings on these 8 main dimensions to draw an overall conclusion

Biosleep

Dimension by dimension Layer by layer

Sub-dimnention1

Sub-dimnention2

Sub-dimnention3

Sub-dimnention4

Dimnention1

Dimnention2

Overall rating

Biosleep

Synthesis Subdimensions Dimensions

Using Table 9.6 to draw conclusions of dimentions based on subdimensions

Using Table 9.6 to judge Table 9.5 and come out the result as Exhibit 9.4

Dimensions overall evaluation Based on Table 9.7 (created based on literature review, What is your conclusion for the evaluation of Biosleep?

And why?

Exericse

Form your group project Discuss on how are you going to grade your

evaluation? Which example you would like to follow? How to develop rubric for dimension and overall?