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Topic 1:

Communication: - can be in oral / written form

- Is a learned skill

- way to exchange n get information

Elements in communication

- sendermessagechannelreceiverfeedback

context

Problems/ Factors Affecting

1 status/role

2 personalities

3 noise

4 lack of feedback

5 cultural differences

6 disabilities

Written communication can tk place via:

1 letters2 memos

3 email

4 reports

5 faxes

6 advertisements

Writing stage

1 planning

2 writing

3 editing

Pitfalls to Avoid

1 verbosity

2 confusing language

3 poor sentences structure

4 information overload

Topic 2:

A model is a snapshot of a phenomenon

Not a complete picture

Model Key IdeasClaude Shannon The encoding n decoding of

information is of primary

importance

Roman Jakobson The contact is your medium of

communication

Ulric Neisser Perception is exploratory and

recursive

Michael Polanyi The meaning that the reader

discovers in the text may not be

that is intended by the writer

Meaning if emoticons

:-) happy

;-) Being cheeky

:-( sad

Shorthand Notation

g Grin

hug Hug

BTW By the way

FYI For your information

IMHO In my humble/ honest opinion

RTM Read the manual

LOL Laughed out loud

RSN Read soon now

ROTEL Rolling on the floor laughing

TIA Thanks in advance

TTFN Ta-ta for now

Topic 3:

4 stages in essay writing

1 pre-writing

- Think about essay topic- gather information- Scribble your ideas

2 draft

- Outline /plan for your essay3 editing

- Reread and edit essay- Check grammar, vocabulary, punctuation

4 final draft/ essay

- Rewrite your final essay neatlyTypes of essays

1 explanation

- start with general statement- followed by series of explanations to support

the statement

2argumentation

- persuasive in nature statement- writers opinion argued out and restated

again in conclusion

3 discussion

- similar to the argumentation essay- discusses both sides of the issue and lets the

reader decide themselves.

Essay consists 3 sections:

1 introduction

2 body

3 conclusion

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Topic 4:

Types of evidence

1) Primary source

- 1sthand information2 )Secondary source

- Information that created out of the primarysource

3) Form of evidence

- Facts- Quotes- Opinion of experts- Anecdotes- Examples- Charts/Diagrams

Topic 5:

1) paragraphs

( topic sentence + supporting sentence +

concluding sentence)

Topic sentence

- Usually a general statement about the topicSupporting sentence

- Support the topic sentenceConcluding sentence

- Summarises whole idea for the paragraph2) bibliography

- list of writings with time n place ofpublication in preparing a document

- 2 popular ways of writing bibliography: MLA,APA style

3) Plagiarism- stealing someone elses ideas/ word to be

your own

4 )Types of graphic aids

- tables- line graphs- bar graphs- pictographs- pie charts

Topic 6:

1) Struture of persuasive writing

- introduction- body- assertion- boby-concession/rebuttal- body-proof- conclusion

2) 2 types of reasoning processes

Deductive

- introduces a general principle and draws aspecific conclusion from it.

Inductive

- supports a general conclusion by looking atspecific facts

Topic 7:

1) Steps / tasks in writing a good report

- gathering the relevant data- sorting n analyzing results- planning n outlining the report- drafting the report- revising n editing the draft

2) good report style

- clear- concise- smooth flowing- written from an objective point of view

3) arrange report systematically

- title- abstract- introduction- methods/logistics- results- discussion- conclusion

Topic 8

1)Proposal

- is intended to convince others that you hv aresearch project worth doing n that u hv the

skills n competency to successfully complete it.

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2)Element of proposal/ proposal should hv:

- Cover page- Problem statement- Limitations of study- Literature review- Research plan- Time line- Resources

3) formal proposal

- Written in a business-like manner- Usually submitted by an organisation such

school, college n university

4) informal proposal

- Neatly like a formal proposal- Usually done on a smaller scale n carries

weight than formal proposal

Topic 9:

1) steps in choosing a topic

- Brainstorm for ideas- Read general background information- Focus in a topic- Make lists of useful words- Be flexible- Restate topic- Formulate a thesis statement- Discuss with your tutor/peers

2) steps to writing a good research paper

1. Choose a topic2. Find information3. State ur thesis statement4. Make a tentative outline5. organise ur note6. write ur 1stdraft7. revise ur outline n draft8. type final paper

Topic 10:

1) 3 stages of collaborative writing

Invention stage

- note sharing- preliminary debating

Drafting stage

- chunk model- blended model- compiler model

Revision stage

- revise one anothers draft- the best writer of the group bcome chief

editor

- others group members gv comments2) effective team communication

- listen to each other- team leader listens to group members- group members free to voice up- individual members seek the approval of the

team- sharing information- team members not bringing up problems- communicate well with other groups