S14c2 chapter 2-instruments, land mark boards and accessories used in this project.
-
Upload
shivu-p -
Category
Engineering
-
view
92 -
download
0
Transcript of S14c2 chapter 2-instruments, land mark boards and accessories used in this project.
Contents of section 14: Instruments. Chapter 2-Instruments, land mark boards and accessories used in this project. 2.1-Some of the Instruments used in RCS – CRS – CRTS – MV – MN. 2.2-MPSDR: Multi Para Survey Data Recorder. 2.3-Ground survey meter. 2.4-Axis meter. 2.5-Speedometer. 2.6-Level meter. 2.7-Flow meter. 2.8-River scanner. 2.9-Fall’s height measuring instrument. 2.10-Land tube with Level Measuring Pipes. 2.11-Survey boards (Land mark boards). 2.12-RCS soft ware.
Views to make this ‘World’ developed and this ‘Earth’
as the lovely place for every ‘Human’.
SECTION 14 INSTRUMENTS
Few things for our work, to make it easy, accurate and quick;
Chapter 2: Instruments, land mark boards and accessories used in this project.
2.1. Some of the Instruments used in RCS – CRS – CRTS – MV –
MN.
They are,
1. MPSDR.
2. Ground survey meter.
3. Axis meter.
4. Speedometer.
5. Level meter.
A. River survey level meter.
B. Rapid survey level meter.
C. Land survey level meter.
6. Flow meter.
7. River scanner & River Doppler.
8. Fall’s height measuring instrument.
9. Land tube with Level Measuring Pipes.
10.Survey boards (Land mark boards).
11.RCS soft ware.
12.Others –
A. Cameras.
B. Binoculars.
C. Drillers: Earth/rock, Iron with different bits.
D. Welding Instruments: Arc and gas welding.
E. Iron, Cement & Construction materials for land marking work.
13.Vehicles: Land vehicles, ships and boats, Helicopters.
14.Office materials including computers.
15.Communication instruments.
16.Medical equipments: Ambulance, Ventilators, Monitors, Drugs, Splints, Blood, Lab materials
Surgical and anaesthesia kit. Freezer/fridge and others.
17.Individual/team specific requirements if any.
2.2. MPSDR: Multi Para Survey Data Recorder.
It is a devise which converts the physical property to in to electronic messages like the magnetic field
of the magnet in relation to the earth’s magnetic field is recorded in degrees and the level of the
fluid is recoded in degrees as per the change in the elevation and the data are recorded, stored and
tabulated in the processing unit. With this instrument we can get many parameters like distance in
meters, curves in degrees (Angle), levels (elevation and depressions) in degrees. With the help of
these data’s it is possible to derive the data’s like distance, area, the level (difference in the height),
and can create maps automatically.
How it works:
We know that the magnet rest in the direction of north south when it is mounted on unresisting
base. So as the MPSDR moves on its track it records the direction in degree in relation to the
distance.
The fluid in a container changes its surface at it is tilted and attains a flat level this property of the
fluid can be utilised and the angles are measured and can derive the level when we have the
distance.
Picture 1: MPSDR.
The size of this instrument may be 30×15×15 cm.
Mechanical unit of the MPSDR:
Motor unit – makes this MPSDR to run along the course of the MPSDR path. It has two units one in
the front and one in the back. Each unit has two parts one is attached to the processor unit with the
rotatable pedicle to make the unit to move easily in turnings and another is detachable unit which
will be fixed to the motor unit proper when the MPSDR is mounted on to the MPSDR path. Two
separate units are made in order to prevent the displacement of the wheels from the path in
turnings. The motor unit has two sets of wheels on the sides, one set aligned vertically or another
set aligned horizontally. One vertical and one horizontal wheel are attached to the motor unit
proper and another set of vertical and horizontal units are attached to the detachable unit. The
vertical wheel moves on the horizontal plate of the MPSDR plate and thus rests on the path by
gravity. The horizontal wheels moves on the vertical plate of the path thus it prevents the lateral
displacement of the unit on either the sides at also prevents the vertical wheels coming in contact
with the vertical plate of the path and thus creating resistance for the movement.
The chamber of the magnet: It is a spherical chamber with the magnet inside where the magnet rest
on the water bed with its north pole to the north, but the spherical chamber will be rotating as the
MPSDR moves on the MPSDR path and thus the north pole will come in contact with different
degrees and it will give a continuous in put to the processor and the processor will record the
readings in relation to distance.
The chamber of the fluid: which contains the fluid and the level of the fluid inside the chamber will
change as the front and back portion of the MPSDR goes up and down as the entire track may be at
a higher level in one side and at a lower level at another side and these angles are recorded with
distance which gives the level at that place.
Infrared sensor (Not shown in the picture): it is attached to the unit and will be able to read bar code
attached to the supporting inverted U stand and at the same place land marks can be created for
future references over the land.
The speedometer: Is attached to the one of the wheels from which continuous inputs comes to the
processing unit for recording the speed and the distance.
The processor: will collect the information from the chamber of the magnet, chamber of the fluid,
speedometer, infrared sensor and will record all the information in relation to the distance.
Battery: As the source of energy.
MPSDR Track:
Picture 2: MPSDR Track.
MPSDR track: it is the track for the movement of the MPSDR. It is fixed along the course of the path
that we need to measure and record like VP border, border of the forest area, border of the village
as such, borders of the land of the different owners, site and so on.
It has horizontal and vertical plates. The width of the horizontal plate is about 11cm, and the height
of the vertical plate is about 9.25 cm. The vertical wheels of the MPSDR moves on the horizontal
plate, the vertical plate has two parts, the upper half of it has pores in the rows for fixing the track to
the inverted U stand and the lower half for the movement of the horizontal wheels of the MPSDR.
Picture 3: MPSDR Track cross section:
We can see the inverted T shaped MPSDR track which gives the moving path for the motor unit of
the MPSDR.
The supporting devises of MPSDR:
Picture 4: The supporting devises of MPSDR.
The supporting devises includes (1) inverted U stand (2) MPSDR track (3) Infrared sensor plate (Bar
code) (4) Fixations items.
The inverted U stand can be fixed at the convenient places to support the track. We should make
sure that no obstruction come in the path like branches of the plant or some stone or soil or
soothing, thus it can injure the instrument as it is moving fast.
Inverted U stand of MPSDR:
Picture 5: Inverted U stand of MPSDR;
The inverted U supporting stand can be fixed to the ground with the help of the wire and thus it is
made firm and taught so that the track is not going to sag.
Other accessories:
Other things like timer, remote control, and transmitter/antenna can be added to the instrument.
The timer to record the date and time of the survey, recording the survey in relation to the time, the
speed at which the MPSDR moved can be automatically recorded. Remote control to control the
instrument from a distance, and the transmitter / antenna to transmit the events simultaneously to
the distant computer;
The information that we get will be recorded, stored, analysed as per our need. The calculation from
these data will give the outputs like area, distance, elevation and depression in the path it surveyed
can be utilised for many reasons like property documentation and division of income, dividing the
property to the children and so on.
Limitations: The area that we get with the help of the MPSDR will be accurate provided it is a plain
land. If the land contains many more elevations and depressions then it will not give accurate results
because the elevated or depressed land will have more area than whatever we get from the
calculation of recording the border and calculating the area. In the case we have divide the areas at
the junctions of elevation and depressions and add all the portions.
MPSDR soft ware:
MPSDR soft ware: we can create soft ware for the purposes of recording all these data, storing, and
analysing the data in systemic way. Sometimes we may not be able to install the MPSDR track at the
exact site because there may be some constructed building already existing at the three sides and
other side may be the road. In that case we can install the MPSDR track may be one meter inside the
exact border of the site and later in the software we can expand the area by one meter all around
incorporating the reason for doing the same.
With this software we will be able to store the details of the areas of the VP, district, state and the
nation.
Instruments like ground survey meter and its data can be incorporated and the exact surface area of
the land with depressions and elevations can be calculated.
The data’s of the MPSDR and the GSM can be put together in the MPSDR soft ware and the 3D
images of the area with elevations and depressions can be plotted.
Advantages of MPSDR and MPSDR soft ware:
1. Can be used to survey the VP border, land border, river course, river elevation (upward survey)
and depressions (downward survey), survey of existing roads and in the creation of the ne w roads.
2. Useful in land marking: the marks that we see in the graph/survey data in the computer, hard
copy will correspond exactly to the land markings done over the land.
3. Useful in estimating the areas of the land with elevations and depression through MP SDR soft
ware when the data’s obtained through the MPSDR and GSM are incorporated.
4. 3D images for creating the CRS and CRTS systems and different possibilities of connecting the two
places and identifying the most convenient path is possible.
Easy to do long survey with accuracy and in short time; the technical assistants will install the
MPSDR track along the sea shore or river shore or on the road and so on. When once the track is
installed the MPSDR is mounted on to the track and the instrument will move at a speed of 40 to 50
kilometres per hour and the survey of 50 kilometres can be done in one hour and all the data’s like
distance, exact path, curves turnings, elevations-depressions and so on we will get in that short time
and it is ready for further usage. So things like entering in to the river or sea for doing survey will not
arise.
2.3. Ground survey meter.
Ground survey meter is the instrument used to survey the area at and around the point where the
optical fibre falls out of the MLOFC ground opening and touches the ground. This is for collecting
the necessary data to create the CRS and CRTS pathways without moving out of the place where the
optical fibre touches the ground. It also used in MPSDR soft ware where the elevations and the
depressions of the land need to be measured and the surface area of the land to be measured.
Collecting data of elevations and depressions in a straight line between two points to create this
system is not sufficient because creating a straight path with the natural elevations and depressions
in a straight line may not be practical to move the vehicles over it. So, our aim is to identify the
shortest pathway which is practical and convenient for the usage. For this purpose, we need to know
not only the straight pathway, which is the shortest pathway between any two points, but also the
pathway without any high elevations and depressions. So, it is necessary to identify the straight
pathway and its elevations and depressions and the practicality of movements of the vehicles in that
pathway. And at the same time it is necessary to identify the elevations and depressions on either
the sides of the straight path where we may get a better path, than the straight path without much
elevations and depressions, that may be a level road, but it should not be a long route.
By doing survey with MLOFC we get a straight line connecting the two points. It is one of the
important, necessary step and a guiding path for doing the survey of the surrounding area. Without
semi aerial survey we will not have any reference point and we will lose our survey path once we
enter the forest or when we stand behind the hill or even the stem of a big tree make our survey
difficult and we may choose a wrong path and all the vehicles moving for many years in that wrongly
chosen path will consume lot of fuel, manpower and money.
So, we can devise a simple instrument called ‘Ground Survey Meter(GSM)’ to survey the land on
either the sides of the straight path after we identify the land marks in the straight path and once
the land marks are installed with a coded number. This instrument is nothing but the instrument
used today for land survey with little modifications.
GSM has two units, the upper unit is completely Rotatable on the lower unit, and the lower un it is
fixed on the ground perpendicular to the water surface as guided by the hanging pointer in the U –
stand and the water level in the transparent tube ring. It is better to create the entire instrument by
not using the metal Iron as we work with the magnetic field of the earth with the magnetic field of
the magnet used in the instrument.
The parts of the lower unit are 1. Tripods stand with adjustable limbs. 2. Transparent tube ring
containing the water at ‘0’ levels, the tube is supported by the ve rtical portion of the stand linking
the tripod stand and the U part of the stand. 3. U part of the stand supporting the central plate of
the axis meter with a vertical pointer fixed at the point where the two limbs of the U meets in the
centre. 4. Central plate of the axis meter is mounted on the U stand and from its under surface
centre a pointer is hanged in such a way that when the instrument is in vertical position to the water
surfaces the upper pointer points exactly to the lower pointer in the U stand. 5. A magnet is
mounted on the central plate without any friction to rest in north south axis even if we fix the lower
unit at any direction. It also has an extension in the side all around for bear ring mechanism for the
free rotation of the upper unit over the lower unit.
The parts of the upper unit are 1.Outer Rotatable axis meter plate which rest on the central plate of
the axis meter and rotates freely for 360 degrees with bear ring system connected over the central
plate of the axis meter. The 360 degree markings are done on the outer plate in a anti clock wise
manner and the degree at the North Pole is recorded each time which gives us the direction to
which we are surveying, 2. Clamps are fixed between the outer Rotatable axis meter plate and the
outer tube of the telescope. The outer tube can rotate for 1800 that is from +900 (Elevation) to -900
(Depression) vertically. A fixed degree mark plate will show us the elevation or depression in
degrees. 3. The lens system in the eye end of the outer tube and multiple lenses in the inner tube is
constructed in such a way that the 1 mm forward movement of the inner tube will focus an object at
10 meters and if the inner tube is of 30 centimetres (300 millimetres) we can focus an object till
3000 meters.
And thus with this instrument we can record multiple parameters like direction in which we are
surveying, degree of elevation or depression, distance of elevation or depression.
Sometimes we may face some of the problems like the MLOFC tip may fall on the land surrounded
by thick forest where we are not able to see the landscape on any of the sides, and then we may
have to use some elevator to go above the level of the tree or obstacle and need to be surveyed.
Picture 6: Ground survey meter.
2.4. Axis meter.
The axis meter basically works on the principle of magnetic field of the earth. If we have a powerful
magnet with north south poles, the magnetic field of the magnet will act with the magnetic field of
the earth and remain in north south axis as shown in the picture.
We need to take a magnet and keep it on the plate with the sensors and vehicle axis, in such a way
that the magnet should remain in the north south axis without any frictional hinder. In the following
picture the axis meter sensor plate is shown, in which 360 sensors are arranged in a circular row,
each sensor representing one degree of the circle. The 0 degree +/- 180 degree axis in this
instrument represent the axis of the measuring vehicle, that becomes the axis of the boat/ ship/
vehicle which is going to do the survey, that means the measuring vehicle will be moving in the
forward direction along the course of the river/ coastal area/ future primary channel and others. The
‘0’’ +/ -180’ degree axis is changing as the course of the river/ coast/ land changes, but the magnet
which is present above the plate maintains its north south axis, as it is influenced by the earth’s
magnetic field.
Picture 7: Axis meter sensor plate;
Say for example, if the boat is moving towards the north exactly, the axis of the boat and the axis of
the magnet co insides and the axis of the river at that length becomes 0 degree as shown in the
picture.
Picture 8: Magnet mounted over the Axis meter sensor plate.
Like this, with the different movements of the boat in different directions we get different readings,
1. If the boat is moving towards north and to the east then the magnets North end will be between 0
to +90 degrees of the plate.
2. If the boat is moving towards north and to the west then the magnets North end will be between 0
to -90 degrees of the plate.
3. If the boat is moving towards south and to the east then the magnets North end will be between +
90 to + 180 degrees of the plate.
4. If the boat is moving towards south and to the west then the magnets North end will be between -
90 to - 180 degrees.
5. If the boat is going directly towards south then the axis becomes 180 degrees (this is also a
straight line in a reverse direction to the North Pole).
6. If the boat is moving with different curves, we get curved lines accordingly.
7. If the boat is moving directly towards west then the magnets North end will be at - 90 Degree.
8. If the boat is moving directly towards east then the magnets North end will be at + 90 Degree.
Picture 9: Change of direction of the magnet as the carrying vehicles changes its direction of
movement (Axis).
Axis meter sensor:
In this instrument, the magnet is in the constant position (that is in north south axis) the revolving
object is the entire Axis meter sensor plate (that is nothing but the entire ship/boat/vehicle). So, as
the entire base rotates the different single sensor comes in contact with the magnet with a specific
degree value and the massage goes to the processor and the memory unit (CPU).
For the purpose of sensory activity we can use either 1. Touch sensor. 2. Air sensor. 3. Infrared ray
sensors. They are shown in the following pictures,
Picture 10: Touch sensor type Axis meter.
In this type of touch sensor the feather touch will comes in contact with one among 360 sensor
representing one degree in 360 degrees and the sensor is stimulated and the message goes to the
processor and the memory unit (CPU), when the direction of the boat changes the sensor position
also changes with a different degree and thus a constant information is fed to the memory unit and
the memory unit will store the information in relation to the distance as it is getting from the
speedometer port.
Picture 11: Air sensor type Axis meter.
In this type of air sensor, and aerial is fixed to the north pole of the magnet, the sensor plate rotates
depending on the direction of the river, so, the aerial interrupts the sensor beam depending upon
the direction of the boat and thus stimulates one sensor with different degree.
Picture 12: Infra red ray sensor type Axis meter.
In this type of Infrared ray sensor plate/base, the coder is attached to the north pole, directing
towards the base plate, the infrared ray source with the decoder recognizes the coder and sends the
message to the memory unit, as the base plate rotates depending on the course of the river, the
coder of the magnet will comes in contact with the different sensor among 360 sensors with the
same decoder type with a different degree value and massage goes to the memory unit.
The processor and the memory unit will have two inputs, one from the axis meter and another from
the speedometer. The axis meter will be providing either changing (If it is not a straight line) or a
constant (If it is a straight line) degree value continuously to the processor and to the memory unit
(CPU). But to the unit the speedometer information is also coming through the another port, so the
memory unit stores the axis in degree in relation to the distance in kilometres, and this is displayed
and stored in the form of digital information and also in the form of graph.
2.5. Speedometer.
The speedometer is the any conventional speedometers used in the today’s practice in the vehicles /
Boats / ships with an additional fitting in between the speedometer meter and the memory unit with
the composer (CPU) called ‘converter’. The speedometer cable is connected to the converter, where
the mechanical rotation’s per minute is converted to the digital readings and the digital values are
passed to the memory unit and the composer (CPU).
Picture 13: Axis meter, Speedometer, Converter, CPU, Monitor assembly.
Other uses of the Axis meter with speedometer:
1. On the sea:
Axis meter with its soft ware is going to be one of the important guiding tools in the field of navy.
In the following graph the naval route from Chennai to Port lair (South Andaman) is shown. As the
ship starts its journey towards Andaman – Portblair, from Chennai, it moves in the direction of east
and to the south at an angle of +990 and travels for a distance of 1265.89kms, and then it travel
directly towards the south at +/-1800 for a distance of 100kms, and then at an angle of
+115.70 for a distance of 269.25kms, and then directly towards north at angle of 00 for a distance of
100kms to reach the Portblair. This is the data (both in graphical and digital form) obtained from the
Axis meter software by travelling from Chennai to Portblair (shown in blue line).
Picture 14: Axis meter memory graph .
When the ship is travelling back from Portblair to Chennai, the ship follows the same path in a
reverse direction and reaches the exact site (shown in green line in the next graph). Any deviation in
the axis and the distance will be identified by the soft ware and gives the alarm.
After getting the convenient path without any undersea hills, elevations, rocks and ice hills ect, the
good path is identified and the path is copied from the axis soft ware and given to all the travelling
ships for travelling guidance. The new ship which wants to travel will follow the axis already present
in the soft ware and thus reaches the exact site.
Picture 15: Axis meter memory graph utilization.
2. On the land:
In the same way as mentioned in the navy, axis meter also works on the land, because it also has the
same gravitational field. Preliminary digital and graphical recordings of the routes by the axis meter
are necessary and the CD’s are prepared and distributed. The cars and the buses which has the
standard axis soft ware will work with this system, in which, we can select the desired route that we
want and click ‘apply’ and start our journey and without asking anybody, we can reach the place that
we want. It also provides the information’s like, how many kilometres remaining, important places
and others. If we are travelling little deviant from the route that we have selected in the beginning
(for example for a hotel) then we may have to click ‘hold’ the system becomes inactive, again when
we reach the main road that is mentioned in the soft ware, we need to click ‘restart’, like this we can
reach the exact sites that we want without any assistance. For which we need to create Axis soft
ware CD’s, like Axis soft ware for Bangalore city, Axis soft ware Chamarajanagar district and others. If
we are going for a tour we can carry the concerned CD’s and select the route, the Axis meter with
the Axis soft ware will guide the entire travelling.
3. In the air:
For which few research work has to be done like,
a) The effect of the earth’s magnetic field on the travelling aircraft.
b) The properties of the magnet and the magnetic field in the travelling aircraft.
c) The changes in the earth’s magnetic activity, as the distance between the earth and the aircraft
changes.
And then axis meter soft ware can be applied.
2.6. Level meter.
These are the instrument used to identify the levels above the mean sea level in relation to one
another, and this information is used in identifying the path of the canal that we need to create. The
different types of level meters used in this project are.
A. River survey level meter.
B. Rapid survey level meter.
C. Land survey level meter.
All the level meters work on the principle of fluid dynamics. Some of the fluid dynamics used in this
book has been mentioned here,
1. Fluids maintain its level equal, if the fluid columns are connected one another, even with multiple
ports, with whatever shape and size.
2. Fluid with the higher density settles at the bottom, and of the lower density at the top. If the
column has the fluids with different densities, multiple layers are formed, if they are insoluble
among one another.
3. Fluids always travel from the higher level to the lower by the gravitational force .
4. The volume of the fluid is constant, provided the temperature is maintained constant. (With rise in
temperature the fluid occupies more area with rise in pressure and vice versa).
All the Level meters used in the survey are having similar architecture except for few modifications
in the height of the fluid columns, fluid filling site and level meter movements.
A. River survey level meter.
The various parts of the River survey level meter are shown in the following picture.
Picture 16: Plain river survey level meter .
The components of the plain river survey level meter are,
1. The components of the hill side boat level meter - They are laptop with printer, axis meter,
speedometer, communication instruments, fluid tank, motor, fluid column, tape tube rolle r and
others.
2. The Interlinking two kilometre long tape tube.
3. The components of the sea side boat level meter – They are tape tube roller, flexible/ roll able
fluid column, aerial stand, fluid tank, sliding camera and others.
The components of the hill side boat level meter;
Picture 17: The components of the hill side boat level meter.
The fluid connection in the hillside boat level meter is shown in the previous picture.
The tank:
The tank contains the filling fluid. The capacity of the tank should be around 210 litters. It is because,
1. The fluid present in the tube tape will be 157.14 litters (approximately 160 litters), if we create
the fluid connecting tube with the internal diameter of 1centimeter.
The formula used is - Volume of the fluid in the tape tube (Long cylinder) = π R2h cubic units.
= 22÷7 × (0.5)2 × 2 kilometres.
= 22÷7 × (0.5)2 × 2 × 1000 × 100 cubic centimetres.
= 157142.856 cubic centimetres.
= 157.14liters.
2. The fluid in the fluid column of the hillside boat will be 4 litres.
It is because, the fluid in the fluid column (1.5 + 0.5 = 2 meters with the internal diameter of 5
centimetres) + the fluid in the connecting tube (1 meter with the internal diameter of 1 centimetre)
= [22÷7 × (2.5)2 × 2meters] + [22÷7× (0.5)2 × 1meter]
= 3928.57Cubiccms+ 78.5Cubiccms.
= 4007.07cubiccms.
= 4liters.
3. The flexible tube fluid capacity in the sea side boat: [Internal diameter of 5 centimetres with
maximum height of 20 maters] + Connecting tube [Internal diameter of 1 centimetre with 1 mater
length].
= [22÷7 × (2.5)2 × 20meters] + [22÷7× (0.5)2 × 1meter].
= 39.25 litres+ 0.078 litter.
= 39.32liters.
So, the total fluid in the tank should be,
S.n. Fluid place. Fluid
volume.
1. Tape tube. 160 litres
2. The fluid in the fluid column
of the hillside boat.
004 litres
3. The flexible tube fluid
capacity in the sea side boat
039 litres
Total, 203 litres
Tank capacity: 160 + 50 = 210 litres.
Tank size: 64cms length × 64cms breath × 64cms height (This will have the total capacity of 262
litres). Or, a cylindrical tank with the diameter of 72cms with the height of 60cms (This will have the
total capacity of 244 litres).
The tank fluid measurer with marker floating object that is attached to the wall of the fluid tank will
show the volume of the fluid present in the tank. The drained fluid from the seaside boat’s tank is
filled up to the mark of 210 litres in the hill side boat’s tank with the help of the motor. When once
the hill side boat reaches two kilometre distance and once everything is set, the fluid is filled to the
fluid column of the hillside boat, the fluid flows in to the tape tube, fills the flexible measurer tube in
the seaside boat, and the level also rises gradually in the fluid column in the hillside boat. When
once the level reaches 0 in the fluid column of the hill side boat the filling process is stopped and the
reading at the flexible measuring fluid column is enquired, and the tally is made.
For example: If the level in the flexible measuring tube of the sea side boat is 10 meters, then the
total fluid utilized should be 184 litres [Fluid in the fluid column in the hillside boat + connecting tube
fluid + tube tape fluid + 10 meters fluid in the flexible measuring fluid column in the sea side boat] =
[3.9+0.078+160+0.078+19.62 litres] =183.67 litres.
Note: 1.If the flexible fluid column of the sea side boat is showing 10 meters and the fluid emptied in
the tank is less than the expected, then there is an error in the filling process, like air bubble.
2. The fluid column in the hill side boat reached has 0 level, but the fluid has not reached the flexible
tube of the sea side boat, then there is a block in the tube.
3. The fluid column in the flexible tube is showing 10 meters or less but more fluid in the tank has
been utilized than expected, then we can suspect a leak from the system.
Picture 18: Tank fluid measurer with marker floating object .
Pipe connecting system of the hill side boat level meter:
The out let pipe of the tank is connected to the inlet of the motor. The inlet of the motor also has an
additional pipe with foot valve for collecting the fluid from the seaside boat tank. The two inlet
channels are operated by the controlling valves. When the motor is pumping the fluid from the
hillside boat tank to the hill side boat fluid column, the valve of the additional connection is closed.
The outlet pipe from the motor has two paths, one goes to the fluid column, anothe r goes to the
tank itself. When the motor is pumping the fluid to the fluid column, the channel that goes to the
tank is closed. When the motor is collecting the fluid from the seaside boat, the hillside tanks out let
pipe valve is closed, and the outlet pipe from the motor to the fluid column is closed and thus the
fluid is pumped back in to the hillside boat tank. The out let pipe from the fluid column is connected
to the tape tube.
Tape tube:
The tape tube is the one which connects the fluid from the hi ll side boat to the sea side boat. It is
two kilometres in length for practical convenience. The internal diameter of the tube is ‘One
centimetre’. When the fluid is completely filled the volume of the fluid filling the tube becomes 157
litres (approximately 160 litres).
Tube characteristics:
The tube is made in such a way that,
1. It should not collapse easily even with the external pressure.
2. The lumen patency should be maintained properly at tube turns, at bends and at curves.
3. It should have the great strength to withstand good weight, especially the weight created by the
tube itself and some time the weight of the boat and the water creatures which attaches to the tube
and the tube should not break or tear easily.
4. Better, if it is transparent.
5. The tube wall may be made by the flexible steel mesh with plastic/synthetic wall.
6. It should be floating on the water so wall of the tube should be incorporated with air pockets.
7. It should have marking for measurement.
Fluid characteristics:
The fluid should have the following characteristics,
1. It is liquid with wide variation of temperature.
2. Low viscosity with easily moving property (Fluid kinetics).
3. Non toxic to the aquatics and humans, even if the fluid leaks/breaks and enters the river.
4. Non volatile.
5. Should not stick to the wall of the tube.
6. Should not allow the growth of the fungus, bacteria’s and water plants.
7. It should be sterile.
8. Non inflammable.
9. Non allergic to the human skin, if it comes in contact.
10. Free from impurities, mud, stones and other obstructing particles.
The tube is made to float on the water by creating an air containing tube/ bag/ bladder either
around the tube (called ‘tube in tube technique’) or the fluid tube is connected or fixed to the air
tube so that the fluid tube is always floats on the river.
Why we need to make the fluid tube to float on the river?
1. It is because the floor of the river is uneven, so the length may vary according to the river floor
characteristics and it may form many folds or curves in the tube.
2. If the tube struck in between the two rocks at the floor of the river, we may have the difficulty in
releasing the tube and sometimes the tube may be damaged, we may get the false reading and loss
of connecting fluid can occur.
3. If the tube is at the floor it is difficult to visualize the tube for its course (it may go in zigzag fashion
and the length of the river in readings increases and which is not the true length).
4. It is not possible to see the markings over the tube to mark the data related to the river coarse like
starting point of the forest, presence of the temple and other events.
A telecommunication cable can also be incorporated in the tape tube for better communication
apart from the aerial system of telecommunication.
The markings are done on the air tube in ‘tube in tube technology’ and both over the air tube and
the fluid tube when the fluid tube is attached to the air tube. The markings are done from 0 to
2000meters. The 0 meter end is at the seaside boat and the 2000 meters end is at the hill side boat.
The air filled tape tube is rolled in the tape tube roller at the hillside board as the sea side boat
towards it.
Picture 19: Tape tubes .
The components of the sea side boat level meter.
Picture 20: The components of the sea side boat level meter.
This contains the tape tube roller which rolls the tape tube as the seaside boat travels towards the
hillside boat. The connecting tube connects the fluid from the tape tube roller to the measuring fluid
column roller, it also contain the drainage tube with the valve through which all the fluid in the
measuring fluid column is drained before it is rolled. The measuring fluid column can be elevated up
to 20 meters height, it has marking from 0 to 20 meters, the 0 meter marking is at the level of the
liver ring, the top 20 meters mark is the just beneath the error chamber, with the grill at both the
end to hold the floating marking object in situ. This tube is raised with the help of the aerial stand. If
by mistake the fluid enters the error chamber then the valve at the filling end is closed. The camera
is made to slide on its path and it is stopped when it reaches the floating object and the level at that
point is recorded and informed to the hillside boat for correlating with the volume of fluid used at
the hillside boat tank. The RCS soft ware will also have the data related to the level versus fluid used.
The valves are kept at the beginning and at the end of all the tube system, for better control and for
repair purposes.
Pre filled fluid pipe technique:
Picture 21: Pre filled fluid technique for Plain river survey level meter.
In this system the tape tube always contains the pre filled fluid inside the pipe and the volume of the
fluid is about 160 litres. At the first time the fluid has to be filled to the entire tube system, when the
fluid in the hillside boats fluid column reaches 0 meters the level in the flexible fluid column is
measured and recorded, and then the ‘Connector valve – tape tube-hillside boat end’ and the
‘Connector valve – tape tube-seaside boat end’ is closed, so that the fluid inside the tape tube is
locked inside and it is static. And the tape tubes are rolled with the fluid in situ. The remaining fluid
inside the flexible fluid column at the seaside boat is collected through the drainage tube in a
container and then the empty flexible fluid column is rolled back. Then the sea side boat starts its
journey and reaches the hillside boat by collecting the tape tube in the roller. When once the seaside
boat reaches the hillside boat, the tape tube is rolled back in to the hillside tube tape roller and the
fluid collected is given to the hillside boat, and then the hillside boat starts its journey by gradually
releasing the tape tube, and reaches 2 kilometre distance. As the hillside boat starts its journey, the
seaside boat rise the flexible fluid column and waits for the message from the hillside boat for
reaching the next landmark at 2 kilometres distance. When once the seaside boat gets the message
from the hillside boat, the seaside boat can open the valve (After complete elevation of the flexible
fluid column), but the fluid will not rise/enter in to the flexible fluid column till the valves on either
the sides are opened by the theory of negative pressure. The valve of the hillside boat en d is opened
after starting the filling process in to the hillside boat fluid column, otherwise the air column may
form inside the tape tube and we may get wrong readings.
When once the valves are opened at both the ends of the tape tube, the fluid enters the flexible
fluid column, then the fluid level at the hillside boat end tape tube decreases, and the accurate value
has to be identified by filling the fluid to the fluid column of the hillside boat till 0 meter level and
the information is passed to the seaside boat and the reading at the flexible fluid column is taken
and informed to the hillside boat for correlation. In this system the amount of fluid filled is only
minimal, that is to fill the fluid in the flexible fluid column of the sea side boat. The pre filled fluid
present in the tape tube (157 Litters) and the fluid in the hillside boat fluid column (4 Litters),
becomes constant and the total volume is 161 litres. The fluid to be filled, depend on the level
difference between the hill side and sea side boat. For example, if the level difference is 10 meters,
then the fluid consumption becomes 19.62 litres that we need to fill at the hillside boat fluid column
and with this calculations/table the errors can be identified.
Advantages and the disadvantages of the tank and pre filled tube systems of the level meter.
Level meter with
tank.
Pre filled tube
system.
Advan
tages.
1. Accurate
estimation of the
fluid used and
thus we can
correlate with
level difference.
2. The back
pulling weight of
the tube tape is
1. There is no
need to have a
tank of 210 litres
in the hill side
boat, because
4+157 litres of
the fluid is
already present
in the hillside
less by 160 litres
(approximately
160 kilograms)
and thus there is
less strain to the
boats engine
(There is
reduction in the
weight strain to
the boats engine
as the air tube
around the fluid
pipe holds the
tape tube over
the surface of the
water).
boat fluid
column and the
tape tube.
2. The overall
procedure
consumes less
time and thus
the speed in the
work is more.
Disadv
antage
s
1. Comparatively
slow process
because each
time we need to
fill the entire tape
tube and thus the
work is delayed.
1. Chances of
block, formation
of the air column
are more.
B. Rapid survey level meter:
The falls and rapid survey team will use this instrument. All the parts used here are similar to the
plain river survey team except for the few differences.
1. All the parts of the level meter are made in a compact and detachable way, so that it is carried to
the river shore and set there.
2. The pre filled or the empty tape tube is attached to the sailor at the sea end of the tube and the
tube is rolled in the roller at the hill end side, so that when the hill side roller is fixed at the river
shore the sailor is made to flow in the river rapid with its water current carrying the tip of the tape
tube, when it reaches the desired place that is at the convenient place at the bottom of the rapid the
sailor is caught and detached from the tape tube and connected to the flexible fluid column at the
sea side end.
3. The flexible fluid column is increased to 50 meters if we suspect more level difference between
the starting and the ending point of the rapid. Since the height of the aerial of the vertical fluid
column is 50 meters which is more as compared to 20 meters in the plain river survey level meter,
the tip of the aerial is attached with radial wire to prevent the bending of the fluid column with its
own weight, especially when it is filled with fluid (The weight will further increase when the fluid
enter the fluid column for level estimation).
Picture 22: Rapid survey level meter.
The ‘sailor’ is nothing but the air tube attached to
the sailor board, and it is connected to the tip of the tape tube (sea si de end) with the help of the
wires in the sailing plane.
Picture 23: Sailor of the Rapid survey level meter.
Other uses of the Rapid survey level mater:
The rapid survey level can also be used to estimate the falls with less than 50 meters of the height.
C. Land survey level meter:
The land survey level mater also works on the same principle as the plain river level meter with few
differences, like,
1. It is also created in a detachable and portable way and the instrument is set at the site of the
survey.
2. Both the fluid columns (The hill end and the sea end) are of flexible/ roll able fluid columns only.
3. The height of both the fluid columns are equal, that is 10 meters only (Or even less) and the
marking are also in the same type.
4. The hillside level meter and the sea side level mater fluid column tubes are raised at the starting
point at higher level that is at the hill side point (see next graph), the hill side fluid column is fixed at
the starting point according to the guiding point given by the central team.
Picture 24: Land survey level meter - hill side and sea side level meter fluid column placed together.
5. The fluid column is filled with fluid for the equal distance (see previous graph), that is at 5 meters
height after interconnecting the fluid connecting fluid tube of 2 kilometres with markings as usual,
that is 0 meters towards the sea side end and 2000 meters towards hillside end (This tube has no air
tube as in river survey tape tube, but will have a telecommunication cable for communication).
6. The mobile sea side end team will either walk or go by a vehicle or by a boat maintaining (see next
graph) the fluid level above 5 meters in a gradually increasing fashion and reach the 2 kilometres
end.
Picture 25: Land survey level meter - Sea side level meter fluid column moved 1 kilometre towards
the sea side from the hill side fluid column.
7. After reaching the 2 kilometres, the level difference is noted. For example, the hill side column is
showing 2 meters reading and the sea side column is showing 8 meters then the level difference
between the two points is 6 meters.
Picture 26: Land survey level meter - Sea side level meter fluid column moved 2 kilometres towards
the sea side from the hill side fluid column.
8. The level difference may be pre programmed. For example, the points given by the central team is
– connect – ‘Godavari, land mark 250, kilometres 500, Height above mean sea level 480 meters’ with
‘Krishna, land mark 120, kilometres 240, Height above mean sea level 450 meters’, (additional data
by the tonal office: Air distance between the above points is 200 kilometres, possible pathway
distance by air survey is 300 kilometres). With this above data the land survey team has to maintain
the level difference of 0.2 meters (20 centimetres) per 2 kilometres.
2.7. Flow meter.
The Flow meter is the instruments used to measure the flow velocity of the river. This is important
to know the flow of water in the river as at places the water may be present in a larger quantity as
shown by the scanner, but the velocity may be less. If we select this place for feeding the primary
channel, the water may get empty very soon, unless it is filled fast by the feeding river.
And in the same river the velocity may be different at different places, may be fast in the cen tral
area and slow in the periphery, so, we need to take velocity at different places, in the same cross
sectional line and then the average of all the values.
The difference between the speedometer and the flow meters used in this programme are, the
speedometer used along with the axis meter gives the speed at which the boat or the ship which
moves in relation to the axis and thus the distance travelled with the axis is recorded, the flow meter
is the instrument which gives the velocity of the river at which the river flows.
The velocity of the river/flow meter is recorded as shown in the picture.
Picture 27: Flow meter.
If we create the dome of the flow meter fan with the radius of 10 centimetres, then the
circumference (2 π R) of the dome becomes 62.8 centimetres that means one rotation of the flow
meter cable gives the value of 62.8 centimetres. If the cable is rotating 2 time in a second that
means the velocity of the river becomes 125.6 centimetres per second or 7536 centimetres per
minute or 75.36 meters per minute or 4521.6 meters per hour or 4.52 kilometres per hour. The air
tube present in the flow meter makes only half of the fan to immerse in the flowing water, so the
upper reverse turning fan will not have the water resistance, and thus the fan will turn easily. The
fan turning is not only depends on the flow of the river water but also depends on the resistance
offered by the turning apparatus, so there is a need to make this resistance zero.
2.8. River scanner.
The method that is ideal for scanning the river is by utilizing the ultrasound energy. Ultrasound has
been used as a navigational and detection aid by the bat for millions of years. The man has not
started extensive use of ultrasound until the second world wars. With the enormous potential o f
military research programs, ultrasound technology rapidly developed. Most of the equipments used
initially were industrial-type ultrasound devices for detecting flows in metal and these ultrasonic
devices generally known as “ultrasonoscopes”. The major advantages of these devices are the non-
invasive and non-ionizing nature of sound waves and their relatively low cost when compared to X-
Ray, Magnetic Resonance (MR) and others.
Over the last decade, the diagnostic usefulness of the equipment has been vastl y improved as better
instruments were developed and in several diagnostic fields, ultrasound technique has shown to be
superior to other methods.
In Ultrasound examination of the river, images representing river structure are formed by
transmitting sound waves into the river and receiving back and processing the resultant echoes from
the river. The process is similar to an ocean-going vessels “depth sounding” equipment or oceanic
survey equipment. All of these systems make use of sound waves and their re flections.
For the reason of physical and technological limitations, ultrasound method also suffers from
restrictions in imaging and applications as does other technique.
Apart from the geometric distortion of the image display, another important limitation is the
Resolution. Higher frequency ultrasound gives better resolution, but attenuation in the physical
medium also increases with increased frequency. Therefore, a compromise has to be made between
resolution and penetration depth.
Frequency Low High
Resolution Better
Penetration Better
Due to the nature of ultrasound propagation, strong reflection of ultrasound beam from boundaries
between water and air or boundaries between water and stone may prohibit normal scanning.
Physics and Principles:
In this section, some basic concepts are defined and explained as foundational knowledge to
introduce and understand ultrasound system.
* Properties of Propagation.
- Velocity and Frequency.
- Reflection.
- Refraction.
- Diffraction.
- Scattering.
- Attenuation etc.
* Transducer and Impedance Matching.
* Doppler Effect.
* Pulse Ultrasound.
The Nature of Ultrasound:
- Mechanical vibration or wave.
- With frequencies above the range of human ear which is greater than 20 kHz.
- Obeys the same physical laws as wave.
Sound Spectra:
0 to 20
Hz
20Hz to
20 kHz
20
kHz
to 1
MHz
1MHz to
30 MHz
30MH
z and
above.
Infrare
d
Sound
Audible
Sound
Diagnos
tic
Imaging
Velocity:
- Dependent on the medium and temperature.
- The relation between the velocity and the frequency is mentioned in the following the equation:
Velocity = Frequency × Wavelength ( l ).
- Approximate velocity of sound in distilled water medium is 1540 meters per second.
Specific Acoustic Impedance:
- The specific acoustic impedance Z is defined as the product of the density of a medium and the
velocity of the sound in that medium.
- Basic concept to understand ultrasound wave reflection.
Reflection:
Reflection is,
- One of the basic principles of ultrasound diagnosis.
- Occurs at areas of acoustic impedance mismatch.
- Divided into several different types including:
Specular Reflections: which occurs at large change in impedance producing a large reflection and
also reducing the continuing wave amplitude.
Medium Reflections: which occur with dense structures.
Diffuse Reflections: which occur with soft structures.
Refraction:
When a propagating ultrasound wave encounters a Specular interface at an oblique angle, it is
Refracted in the same way as the light is refracted through a lens. The portion of the wave that is not
reflected continues into the second medium. It is dependent on the velocities of the two medium. If
the velocities are equal, there would be no refraction occurred and the beam goes straight into the
second medium. For the velocities of the different medium are quite close, refraction's can be
ignored.
000
Diffraction:
If an ultrasound beam passes an obstacle within a distance of 1 or 2 wavelengths, its directio n of
propagation is deflected by diffraction as shown in the figure. The closer the beam is to the
diffracting object, the greater the deflection is.
Scattering:
Scattering occurs when small particles absorb part of the ultrasound energy and re -radiate it in all
directions as a spherical field. This means that the transducer can be positioned at any angle to the
ultrasound beam and still receive echoes back. Scattering allows reflections from objects even
smaller than the wavelength. Many biological interfaces have irregular surfaces, tending to give
scatter-like reflection, which is quite useful, as it will give at least some echoes even though the
beam is not directly perpendicular to the reflecting interface.
Backscatter:
Backscatter or Rayleigh scattering occurs with structures smaller than the transmitted wavelength.
Reflected energy is very low, but contributes to the texture of the image.
Attenuation:
Attenuation of ultrasound wave occurs when it is propagating through the medium. Loss of
propagating energy will be in the form of heat absorbed by the medium, approximately 1
dB/cm/MHz, or caused by wave front dispersion or wave scattering.
Transducer:
The transducer is the component which, when connected to the ultrasound equipment, transmits
the ultrasound and receives its reflections or echoes from the medium. Transducer is one of the
most important components of the ultrasound system.
Impedance matching:
-To transmit as much power as possible from transducer to the tissue.
Doppler Effect:
In ultrasound imaging echoes received from one medium will be at the same frequency as the
transmitted beam. However, if echoes received are from one medium which contains moving
particles like sand or mud or plant pieces or algae that are moving, the transmitted and received
frequencies will not be the same. This “shifted” frequency can be used to determine the relative
velocity and the direction of the moving particles. This effect is known as the Doppler Principle.
Essentially, the greater the frequency shift, the higher the velocity of the moving object.
Additionally, particle movement toward the transducer results in a higher received frequency, and
movement away results in a lower received frequency.
Linear Array with continuous scanning may be better for river scanning. Linear array is characterized
by,
- Rectangular Scan Format
- Large Aperture
- Wide View at Near Field
- Smaller Effect over Side areas.
The river is scanned by fixing one pole each on either the sides of the river and the scanner path way
is created between the two poles, and the transducer is made to pass along the path and the river is
scanned and then the cross sectional area is calculated as explained earlier.
Picture 28: River scanning.
Level measurer in the river for future ultra sonographic studies:
Picture 29: Level measurer in the river.
It is nothing but a strong pole installed in a suitable place in the river in the scanner path. During
scanning we need to note down the distance between the transducer and the surface of the river
(distance ‘a’), the distance between the transducer and the tip of the level measurer (distance ‘b’)
and the total length of the level measurer (t). Then we will be calculating the flow in the river as
mentioned earlier by utilizing the ultrasound picture, for the present height in the level measurer ‘x’.
Then the X = t + b – a. We can manually also see the X value on the level measurer.
The river flow may increase or decrease in the future and in different seasons. If we want to know
the flow in the river at different time, sitting in the office at some particular time, we can use the
same scanning picture and can estimate the flow by drawing an imaginary line over the scanning
picture that we obtained in the past at the future X level (this information we will get from the local
field worker). In the above formula the ‘t’ and ‘b’ values are constant, so we can estimate the ‘a’
value as we get different readings ‘X’ over the level measurer in meters for drawing the imaginary
line. And thus we can estimate the flow at any time in the river by just seeing the level ‘X’ at the level
measurer in the river.
We can install level measurer in the process of river scanning in the first setting in few places like
proximal to the site where one river joins to the other, distal to the river meeting points, proximal to
the falls, distal to the falls, proximal and distal to the river diversions and at other places. The level
measurers can be used to signal the dangers in the lower river living areas, as we see some
measured values in the past and we can take this clue of excess flow for storing excess water in the
reservoirs.
2.9. Fall’s height measuring instrument.
The falls height measuring unit is the one instrument used to measure the falls height without taking
high risk tasks at falls site like getting inside the water or climbing the rock ect.
This instrument basically composed of an aerial tube system for forwarding the tube till the place
that we need in front of the falls, after fixing the entire unit in a safe and convenient place at the top
of the falls. Safety lock rods are fixed on either the sides of the unit over the rock in case if the unit is
damaged and falls (in case of old instruments or improperly fixed instruments). The aerial tube
instrument is never operated from the vehicle like lorry and others or if the uni t is operated fixed
over the lorry or a truck then the entire lorry or the truck is fixed to the earth without putting weight
over the wheels (The various models can be discussed and the suitable can be adopted according to
the need and the cost). It also contains a tape system and a camera system for recording the falls
height.
In the beginning after selecting the suitable place either at the top of the falls or at the front hill the
fixing rod is fixed by drilling the rock, the safety locks are fixed around the site and safety fencing is
done, then the base unit is fixed, then the closed aerial tube system is fixed over the base unit in a
closed position, then the camera system and the tape systems are fixed (that is the camera wire
roller with the camera case holding wire with the camera case and the tape roller and the tape
system).
The entire site is visualized, suitable axis and the angle is selected, the aerial tube system is
forwarded till the convenient site in front of the falls, the tape is released and it is fixed to the
bottom fixate, the camera case is downed to the bottom to 0 meters in the tape and it is gradually
raised till the tip of the falls and next at the iron pole fixed at the top of the falls, so we will get all
the readings like distance between the bottom and the top of the falls and the iron pole fixed at the
top for our further activities.
Picture 30: Fall’s height measuring instrument.
The aerial tube system composed of, 10 tubes of gradually increasing in diameter fixed inside one
another, and each tube’s length is 10 meters (the exact length can be decided after studying all the
falls present in India), and tubes are arranged in such a way that the inner tube will project only for 5
meters from the tip of the outer tube. And the markings are done in such a way that the inner most
tube tip is marked 0 meters at the distal end and the markings are done in increasing fashion
proximally. The entire unit is placed inside the aerial tube case. The metal used for this instrument
should be light in weight but strong in strength.
Picture 31: Aerial tube system of fall’s height measuring instrument.
This system has got a mechanism for forwarding the aerial tube by the motor and the mechanical
forceps operating system for smooth pulling and pushing of the tube system. And it also has a roller
for rolling and releasing the tape and the camera case holding wire and the camera wire.
Picture 32: The front portion of the aerial tube system.
The tape will be passing through the camera case for the purpose of recording. The camera wire and
the supporting wire will support the camera case
Internal organization of the Aerial tube system:
Picture 33: Internal organization of the Aerial tube system.
There are 10 tubes of gradually increasing in size are created. The length is 10meters. The thickness
of the tube in the middle 5 meters is 1cms and the distal and the proximal 2.5 meters is 2cms, and it
is created in such a way that the tube thicker inside by 1cms at the distal 2.5mts and thicker outside
by 1cms at the proximal 2.5 meters. The internal diameter of the inner most tube is 5cms. The
diameters of the tube system are mentioned in this table.
Tube [Tube thickness at the distal
2.5mts] [Internal diameter at the
distal 2.5mts] [External diameter at
the distal 2.5mts]
[Tube thickness at the middle
5mts] [Internal diameter at the
middle 5mts] [External diameter at
the middle 5mts]
[Tube thickness at the proximal
2.5mts] [Internal diameter at the
proximal 2.5mts] [External
diameter at the proximal 2.5mts]
Inner
tube of
the case
[2cms][1cms][5cms]
[2cms ][1cms][5cms]
[2cms][1cms][5cms]
1 (Inner
tube)
[1cms][5cms][7cms]
[1cms][5cms][7cms]
[2cms][5cms][9cms]
2 [2cms][7cms][11cms]
[1cms][9cms][11cms]
[2cms][9cms][13cms]
3 [2cms][11cms][15cms]
[1cms][13cms][15cms]
[2cms][13cms][17cms]
4 [2cms][15cms][19cms]
[1cms][17cms][19cms]
[2cms][17cms ][21cms]
5 [2cms][19cms][23cms]
[1cms][21cms][23cms]
[2cms][21cms][25cms]
6 [2cms][23cms][27cms]
[1cms][25cms][27cms]
[2cms][25cms][29cms]
7 [2cms][27cms][31cms]
[1cms][29cms][31cms]
[2cms][29cms][33cms]
8 [2cms][31cms][35cms]
[1cms][33cms][35cms]
[2cms][33cms][37cms]
9 [2cms][35cms][39cms]
[1cms][37cms][39cms]
[2cms][37cms][41cms]
10 (outer
tube)
[2cms][39cms][43cms]
[1cms][41cms][43cms]
[2cms][41cms][44cms]
outer
tube of
the case
[3cms][43cms][49cms]
[2cms][45cms][49cms]
[2cms][45cms][49cms]
Aerial pipe front piece:
This a separate unit fixed at the front of the each sliding aerial tube, it is in a ring shape, made up of
light metal, with rubber tubing on either the sides. These rubber tubing will act like a lubricant seal
as the pipe is moving front and back, it also wipes the lubricant over the tube as the tube is moving
forward. It is fixed to the aerial tubes by screws after all the aerial tubes are arranged one inside the
other, so that the aerial tube will not cause pressure damage over the back plate of the tube case. It
has got multiple extra fittings, like ports for the passage of the tape system, ports for the passage of
the camera case supporting wire and the camera wire, pins for fixing the forceps for forwarding and
receding the tube system, bolt fixing sites called tube locks for fixing the inner tube with the outer
tube when once the inner tube is completely forwarded.
Lubricant system of the aerial tubes:
An ideal lubricant is used to make this entire tube system to move smoothly on one another. For
which the lubricant chambers are created on either the sides of the case with a compressor/ spring
system, when the aerial tube are in closed position the spring will expand as the pressure inside the
case (Hallow space) decreases and the lubricant will enter the space by the multiple holes present in
the middle 5 meters of the aerial tubes and as the pressure inside the hallow space is increasing as
the tubes are moving forward and the empty space becoming nil the lubricant will re -enter in the
lubricant chamber.
Fall’s height measuring tape:
The falls height measuring tape reading starts from tape weight from 1 meter, it is fixe d to the
bottom fixate 1 meter above the water surface at the bottom of the falls. Before the tape weight is
fixed to the tape, it is inserted through the ports for the passage of the tape in the front piece of the
aerial tubes, then it is passed through the camera case, then the tape weight is fixed. The sides of
the tape are made with the thick wires so that the markings over the tape are not scratched.
Different varieties of tape may be made like circular tape with the depressed marking dents and
others according to the need, convenience and cost benefit.
Picture 34: Falls height measuring tape:
Camera case:
The purpose of creating the camera case is to visualize the structure of the falls in relation to the
different height of the falls, and there should be a facility to visualize the surrounding area (either
the camera or the entire camera case should be able to rotate on their axis) in case if the falls are
arranged in a semicircle.
So, the camera case will contain two cameras, one will be focusing on the tape measurement, and
the other will be focusing on the structure of the falls and both the images are recorded side by side.
The falls area will have lot of mist, so there should be a system for condensing the mist and making it
in to water and drain it, and a wiping system for cleaning the glass in front of the camera for clear
pictures. And proper lighting system is made both inside and outside the camera case.
Picture 35: Camera case.
Different verities of camera case like circular, rectangular and others can be made with multiple
facilities and options based on the need, convenience and cost benefit.
Other systems:
There is a system for rolling the tape and releasing the tape.
There is a system for rolling and releasing the camera case supporting wire and the camera wire.
There is a system for locking and unlocking the forceps.
There is a system for forwarding and receding the aerial tubes with the motor is created.
The liver of the aerial tube case is fixed with the water level measurer, so that when the case is
turned to different direction, the angle of the case is recorded in relation to the water level.
And at the top of the base fixate a magnet with north south axis is placed, when the aerial tube is
turned to different direction its axis is recorded in relation to the north south axis.
The base fixate is fixed over the iron pole fixed at the top of the falls at a safe place.
2.10. Land tube with Level Measuring Pipes.
This is one simple instrument, can be used by all the engineering system and the people involved in
the survey work. When once the river and their tributaries survey is over, the local engineering and
the survey team (For example ‘district RCS creating committee’) can utilize one of the survey board
as their basic point and can start their work of estimating the sea level in their water path ways by
utilizing this instrument and this will be useful in the future for creating miniature reticular system
locally in their own area for making their area entirely irrigated in a systematic way.
We need to place the closed two kilometre pipe (Non collapsible lumen) along the course of the
water path way which may contain water or may be a dry path. It is better if the village panchayat
places the land mark in a similar way as the central team for creating the future miniature reticular
canal system in their area. The starting point of the survey is placing the se aside end of the tube at
the nearest land mark placed by the central team at the river or at its tributary. And the tube has to
be placed along the course of the water path way in an ascending course. Then the two meter
vertical pipe is fitted at the hill side end with the help of the L bent with the lock, the multiple tubes
are fitted one above the other at the sea side end with the help of the L bent and the lock and it is
kept straight with the help of the foldable ladder (The foldable ladder may be fitted with the water
level with the vertical arrow). The vertical pipe is adjusted along the vertical arrow.
When once the tubes are set the water is filled at the hillside vertical tube till the fluid reaches the
one meter level at the hillside tube and it is measured with the help of the measuring tape. At that
movement the water level at the sea side end is measured with the help of the measuring tape and
the level are noted and marked (we may need to lessen one meter from the seaside reading for one
meter reading at the hill side end water column). And the land markings are done in the standard
way as the central team does for the river. And the records are maintained at the village panchayat
office and submitted to the Tahsildars and district commissioner for composing the data.
Picture 36: Land tube with Level Measuring Pipes.
2.11. Survey boards (Land mark boards).
Survey boards are nothing but the metal boards that are fixed at the exact site of the land marks
which contains the necessary information for future activities. It will be one of the useful tool for
identifying the exact spot with exact value like the level and the distance from the river costal point,
and this fixed information can be used by the central team for identifying the locations for t he
primary channel sites and for the local team for creating miniature RCS in their own areas.
What information’s are to be put in the survey boards?
1. Board number: This number is given by the Government of India for avoiding errors in survey
system. All the boards are prepared by the central team and mentioned like ‘GOI -Z1-000001’. In
which GOI means Government of India, Z1 means Zone 1, 000001 is the serial number given. The
survey team which does the survey will record their information in relation to this survey number
and it is recorded in the file, electronic system, and the video clipping are taken at that spot to cross
check in the future if any doubt arises regarding the displacement / replacement / destruction of the
survey board. The numbers are serially prepared and given to each zone.
2. Name of the River/Tributary –‘R/T’. For example ‘R- KAVERI’ is written in case of river. ‘T- KABINI -
T TO KAVERI-600’ is written in case of tributary. ‘T TO KAVERI 600’ means Tributary to River Kaveri at
600 kilometres from the river tributary point, where the tributary survey will start from 600
kilometre survey board of river Kaveri.
3. Distance value- DI. Is mentioned in kilometres, for example DI -600 kames, Where DI is the
distance, 600 is the actual distance from the costal river point, Kms is kilometres. In case of tributary
the distance mentioned is the distance from the point where the tributary joins the river.
4. Level value-LE. Is mentioned in meters, for example LE- 400 mts, Where LE is the level above the
mean sea level, 400 is the actual height above the mean sea level, mts is meters.
5. Name of the place-PL. Is the nearest place (Name of the village panchayat) on the south and west
cost of the river, because all the land marks are placed over the south and west cost of the river in
case of rivers and in the coastal area in case of sea. For example - PL - T. Narasipura.
6. Name of the taluk-TK. The name of the taluk to which the place belongs is mentioned. If the river
is flowing between the two taluk, then the south and west taluk is mentioned in the board. For
Example TK- T. Narasipura .
7. Name of the district-DT. The district to which the taluk belong . For Example DT- Mysore.
8. Name of the state-ST. The state to which the district belong . For example ST-KA .
9. Land Marking Number-LMN : Is the number given by the survey team once in every 2 kilometres
in case of plain river survey and once in one kilometre in case of falls and rapid survey, once in 2
kilometres in case of costal survey. For example LMN-300 in case of example 1(R-Kaveri), and LMN-
300-A in case of example 2 (T – Kabini – T to R – Kaveri) .
So, the empty board is prepared like this,
India.
GOI-Z1-000001
R/T:
DI : kms.
LE : mts.
PL :
TK :
DT :
ST :
LMN:
To the empty board the information’s are added over at the site of survey and it is welded or carved.
Example1.
India.
GOI-Z1-001601
R/T: R- KAVERI.
DI : 600 kms
LE : 400 mts
PL : T. NARASIPURA.
TK : T. NARASIPURA.
DT : MYSORE.
ST : KA.
LMN: 300
Example 2,
India.
GOI-Z1-001602
R/T: T- KABINI-T TO R- KAVERI-601.
DI : 601 kms
LE : 402 mts
PL : T. NARASIPURA.
TK : T. NARASIPURA.
DT : MYSORE.
ST : KA.
LMN: 300-A.
The survey boards are fixed in such a way that during the process of canal creation it should not be
destroyed or displaced or the future canal land marks are given little away from the land marks
made by the central team. It is because even after the creation of the primary channels, these exact
land marking information’s are required by the local authority for creating miniature RCS in their
own area by utilizing these exact information’s. If we displace survey boards each time before doing
canal creation work by different team, ultimately it may land up in a wrong place with wrong
information and the future canal with this wrong information may have many problems for water
flow.
Note: We need not survey and the fix the survey boards all along the course of the river. For
example the river Ganga arises in the Himalaya at Gangothri at an elevation of 7010 meters above
the mean sea level, and the total length of the Ganga river is 2525 kilometres, but at Rishikesh ( It is
30 kilometres from Haridwar) that is after travelling only 250 kilometres (The distance between the
Gangothri to Rishikesh is 250 kilometres) the river level is only 240 meters above the mean sea
level, that means there is a fall of 6770 meters in 250 kilometres, so this 250 kilometres is a path of
many rapids and falls, and it is a waste if we do survey till the height of 7010 meters, because we are
not going to use this information in the future for our activities. Now the question is till what height
we need to survey? The answer is we need to survey, for 50 to 100 meters above the maximum level
available for creating the primary channel at the land between the Himalayan range and Vindya
range of hills. Like this most of the rivers and their tributaries arising from the Himalaya need not be
surveyed till their origin.
In the same way - at state level for secondary channel, at the district level for tertiary channel, and at
the village panchayat level for quaternary channel creation, the water way survey is done by using
the basic information fixed by the central team and also by using maps with level and distance value
released from the central team for the use of state, district and village panchayat government. And
the levels and the distances are measured and the survey boards are fi xed in the same standard way.
A colour code, different size plate, different size letter may be standardized for easy identification of
the boards put by the central team, state team, district team and the village panchayat team. An
example is given here,
State Karnataka.
GOKA-1- 0001
R/T: T - X - T- TO T- KABINI-100.
DI : 20 kms
LE : 600 mts
PL : VILLAGE X.
TK : T. NARASIPURA.
DT : MYSORE.
ST : KA.
LMN: KA10-A.
2.12. RCS soft ware.
It is the soft ware used to record the information’s obtained during the process of survey, for editing
the information’s, for storing the information both digitally and graphically, for transferring the
information’s from one place to another and form one computer to the other through
communication system and through hard ware like CD/DVD, for compiling the information’s, for
creating the maps with digital data or the axis data , for identifying the errors and giving the caution,
and for giving help or suggestions and thus to make the entire work smooth, accurate and easy for
all the works in the present and in the future times.
File:
Edit:
View:
Insert:
Format:
Tools:
Help:
File: In
RCS soft
ware is
the
folder
New: Which is the
new folder opened
to store the
information both in
digital and graphical
opened
to store
the
informa
tion’s.
formats
Open: To open the
already existing
folder in the hard
ware to proceed
with our work /to
add /to delete/to
modify the
information’s.
Close: To close the
file.
Save: To save the
digital, graphical and
other information’s
obtained during the
survey. In RCS Soft
ware it is better to
save the
information’s in
relations to the
distance, level, and
land mark basis.
Save as: Is the
particular name
given to the file.
Search: Is to search
the information’s
already existing in
the file. For example
River Kaveri –
Distance 551
kilometres: Search
level and place, the
soft should be able
to show the level,
e.g.: 600 and the
place T. Narasipura.
Because it is already
stored in the soft
ware.
Versions: Digital /
Graphical /
Illustrations /
Combinations (to
display all in one
screen/ as per
choice). The details
are mentioned next
to this table1.
Web page preview
Page set up
Print preview
Sent to ( to
communicate with
others for the
needful work)
recipient
recipient
for review
recipient as
attachment
Routing
recipient
Exchange
folder
Online
meeting
participant
Fax
recipient
Power
point
Properties
Documents:/C
Exit
Edit Undo
Redo
Cut (Even after
cutting the graph,
the graph should
maintain its all the
properties if we are
pasting the same in
the other RCS soft
ware)
Copy (Even after
copying the graph,
the graph should
maintain its all the
properties if we are
pasting the same in
the other RCS soft
ware)
Office clipboard
Paste
Paste special
Clear Format
Content
Select all
Find
Replace
Go to
Links
Object
View Normal
Web layout
Print layout
Graph only
Digital data only
Graph with digital
data
Tool bar Standard
Formatting
Auto text
Control
tool box
Data base
Drawing
Forms
Frames
Mail merge
Out lining
Picture
Reviewing
Tables and
Borders
Visual basic
Web
Web tools
Word
count
Word art
Customize
Task panel
Ruler
Document map
Header and Footer
Mark up
Full screen
Zoom
Insert Break
Page number
Date and time
Auto text New
Attention
line
Closing
Header/Fo
oter
Mailing
instructions
Reference
initials
Reference
line
Subject line
Field
Symbol
Comment
Reference Foot note
Caption
Cross
reference
Index and
tables
Web component
Picture Clip art
From file
From
scanner
From
camera
Organizatio
n chart
New
drawing
Auto
shapes
Word art
Chart
Diagram
Text box
File
Object
Book mark
Hyper link
Format Font
Paragraph
Bullets and
Numbering
Border and Shading
Columns
Tabs
Drop cap
Text direction
Change case
Back ground
Theme
Frames
Auto format
Styles and
Formatting
Reveal formatting
Object
Tools Spelling and
Grammar
Language
Fix Broken text
Word count
Auto summarize
Speech
Track changes
Compare and merge
document
Protect document
Online collaboration
Letters and mailing
Tools on the web
Macro
Templates and Add
Ins…
Auto correct options
Customize
Options
Tables Draw table
Insert
Delete
Select
Merge cells
Split cells
Split table
Table auto format
Auto fit
Heading rows repeat
Convert
Sort
Formula
Hide grid lines
Table properties
Help Word help
Graphic help
Office assistant
What’s this?
Office on the web
Activate product
About RCS soft ware
RCS Soft ware
perfect
Detect and repair
RCS on
work
RCS manual
Costal details
River details
RCS working teams Central
Zonal
Costal
River
Falls and
Rapids
Land
Distance in RCS
Level in RCS
Axis in RCS Costal
River
Components of the
survey
History
Findings
Procedures Data
collection
Costal
survey
River
survey
Data
compiling
PC Site
survey
Testing for
channel
patency
Work at
the site
Instruments Axis meter
Speedomet
er
Level
meter-Plain
river/Rapid
s/Land
Flow meter
River
scanner/Do
ppler
Falls height
measuring
instrument
Land tube
& Level
measuring
pipes
Survey
boards
Others-
Camera
/Binoculars
ect
Level
measurer
in the river
Level
versus fluid
used
RCS Nomenclature
Standard gate
system
Electronic control of
RCS system
Calculations Distance/Le
ngth
Level
Axis-
Costal/Rive
r
Land area
between
River flow
velocity
Flow area-
cross
sectional
Flow of the
water in
the river
Max-water
requiremen
t/unit time
Size of the
PC
Flow in the
PC
Formulas
used
Committee’s
RCS Law
RCS on To the central office
line
To the zonal office
To the state head
quarter
To the district head
quarter
To the public –
Radio/Television
From the central
office
From the zonal office
From the state head
quarter
From the district
head quarter
RCS
Help
RCS
Detect,
Suggest
& Repair
Others
Before starting our survey, we need to fill few data like,
Name of the river: River X
Starting point: (With reference to basal survey point/landmark/costal river point and others
with copy of small distance on either the sides, {the graph and the digital data as it is already
supplied in case of river survey by the costal survey team} Example: Costal river point 10 at
400 kilometres from Kanyakumari /south tip in the east coast-Costal land mark 200 ).
Date of work started:
Survey team head:
Team members with their designation:
Note if any:
Versions: Digital / Graphical / Illustrations / Combinations / all.
Version digital:
The digital data obtained on doing the survey of first two kilometres of River X is shown here.
[Date(Actual date)]
[Time (Actual time)]
[Duration (From the
time the survey
started)]
[Speed of the boat-
kilometres per hour]
[Distance from the
starting point in
kilometres]
[Axis In degrees]
[Level in meters]
[Flow of the water in
cubic meters per
second at this river
cross section]
[Click in this column
for illustration]
[Click in this column
for video and still
clippings]
[10.05.06][08.00.00]
[00.00.00][00]
[0.000][+60]
[0][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.04]
[00.00.04][10]
[0.010][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.08]
[00.00.08][10]
[0.020][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.12]
[00.00.12][10]
[0.030][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.16]
[00.00.16][10]
[0.040][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.20]
[00.00.20][10]
[0.050][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.24]
[00.00.24][10]
[0.060][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.28]
[00.00.28][10]
[0.070][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.32]
[00.00.32][10]
[0.080][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.36]
[00.00.36][10]
[0.090][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.40]
[00.00.40][10]
[0.100][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.42]
[00.00.42][20]
[0.110][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.44]
[00.00.44][20]
[0.120][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.46]
[00.00.46][20]
[0.130][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.48]
[00.00.48][20]
[0.140][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.50]
[00.00.50][20]
[0.150][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.52]
[00.00.52][20]
[0.160][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.54]
[00.00.54][20]
[0.170][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.56]
[00.00.56][20]
[0.180][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.00.58]
[00.00.58][20]
[0.190][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.00]
[00.01.00][20]
[0.200][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.01]
[00.01.01][30]
[0.210][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.02]
[00.01.02][30]
[0.220][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.04]
[00.01.04][30]
[0.230][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.05]
[00.01.05][30]
[0.240][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.06]
[00.01.06][30]
[0.250][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.08]
[00.01.08][30]
[0.260][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.09]
[00.01.09][30]
[0.270][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.10]
[00.01.10][30]
[0.280][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.12]
[00.01.12][30]
[0.290][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.13]
[00.01.13][30]
[0.300][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.13]
[00.01.13][60]
[0.310][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.13]
[00.01.13][60]
[0.320][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.14]
[00.01.14][60]
[0.330][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.14]
[00.01.14][60]
[0.340][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.14]
[00.01.14][60]
[0.350][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.15]
[00.01.15][60]
[0.360][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.15]
[00.01.15][60]
[0.370][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.15]
[00.01.15][60]
[0.380][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.16]
[00.01.16][60]
[0.390][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.16]
[00.01.16][60]
[0.400][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.16]
[00.01.16][60]
[0.410][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.17]
[00.01.17][60]
[0.420][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.17]
[00.01.17][60]
[0.430][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.17]
[00.01.17][60]
[0.440][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.18]
[00.01.18][60]
[0.450][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.18]
[00.01.18][60]
[0.460][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.18]
[00.01.18][60]
[0.470][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.19]
[00.01.19][60]
[0.480][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.19]
[00.01.19][60]
[0.490][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.19]
[00.01.19][60]
[0.500][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.20]
[00.01.20][60]
[0.510][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.20]
[00.01.20][60]
[0.520][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.20]
[00.01.20][60]
[0.530][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.21]
[00.01.21][60]
[0.540][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.21]
[00.01.21][60]
[0.550][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.21]
[00.01.21][60]
[0.560][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.22]
[00.01.22][60]
[0.570][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.22]
[00.01.22][60]
[0.580][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.22]
[00.01.22][60]
[0.590][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.23]
[00.01.23][60]
[0.600][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.23]
[00.01.23][60]
[0.610][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.23]
[00.01.23][60]
[0.620][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.24]
[00.01.24][60]
[0.630][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.24]
[00.01.24][60]
[0.640][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.24]
[00.01.24][60]
[0.650][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.25]
[00.01.25][60]
[0.660][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.25]
[00.01.25][60]
[0.670][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.25]
[00.01.25][60]
[0.680][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.26]
[00.01.26][60]
[0.690][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.26]
[00.01.26][60]
[0.700][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.26]
[00.01.26][60]
[0.710][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.27]
[00.01.27][60]
[0.720][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.27]
[00.01.27][60]
[0.730][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.27]
[00.01.27][60]
[0.740][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.28]
[00.01.28][60]
[0.750][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.28]
[[00.01.28][60]
[0.760][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.28]
[00.01.28][60]
[0.770][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.29]
[00.01.29][60]
[0.780][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.29]
[00.01.29][60]
[0.790][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.29]
[[00.01.29][60]
[0.800][0]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.30]
[00.01.30][60]
[0.810][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.30]
[00.01.30][60]
[0.820][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.30]
[00.01.30][60]
[0.830][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.31]
[00.01.31][60]
[0.840][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.31]
[00.01.31][60]
[0.850][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.31]
[00.01.31][60]
[0.860][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.32]
[00.01.32][60]
[0.870][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.32]
[00.01.32][60]
[0.880][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.32]
[00.01.32][60]
[0.890][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.33]
[00.01.33][60]
[0.900][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.33]
[00.01.33][60]
[0.910][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.33]
[00.01.33][60]
[0.920][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.34]
[00.01.34][60]
[0.930][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.34]
[00.01.34][60]
[0.940][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.34]
[00.01.34][60]
[0.950][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.35]
[00.01.35][60]
[0.960][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.35]
[00.01.35][60]
[0.970][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.35]
[00.01.35][60]
[0.980][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.36]
[00.01.36][60]
[0.990][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.36]
[00.01.36][60]
[1.000][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.36]
[00.01.36][60]
[1.010][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.37]
[00.01.37][60]
[1.020][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.37]
[00.01.37][60]
[1.030][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.37]
[00.01.37][60]
[1.040][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.38]
[00.01.38][60]
[1.050][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.38]
[00.01.38][60]
[1.060][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.38]
[00.01.38][60]
[1.070][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.39]
[00.01.39][60]
[1.080][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.39]
[00.01.39][60]
[1.090][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.39]
[00.01.39][60]
[1.100][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.40]
[00.01.40][60]
[1.110][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.40]
[00.01.40][60]
[1.120][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.40]
[00.01.40][60]
[1.130][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.41]
[00.01.41][60]
[1.140][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.41]
[00.01.41][60]
[1.150][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.41]
[00.01.41][60]
[1.160][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.42]
[00.01.42][60]
[1.170][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.42]
[00.01.42][60]
[1.180][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.42]
[00.01.42][60]
[1.190][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.43]
[00.01.43][60]
[1.200][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.43]
[00.01.43][60]
[1.210][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.43]
[00.01.43][60]
[1.220][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.44]
[00.01.44][60]
[1.230][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.44]
[00.01.44][60]
[1.240][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.44]
[00.01.44][60]
[1.250][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.45]
[00.01.45][60]
[1.260][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.45]
[00.01.45][60]
[1.270][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.45]
[00.01.45][60]
[1.280][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.46]
[00.01.46][60]
[1.290][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.46]
[00.01.46][60]
[1.300][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.46]
[00.01.46][60]
[1.310][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.47]
[00.01.47][60]
[1.320][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.47]
[00.01.47][60]
[1.330][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.47]
[00.01.47][60]
[1.340][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.48]
[00.01.48][60]
[1.350][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.48]
[00.01.48][60]
[1.360][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.48]
[00.01.48][60]
[1.370][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.49]
[00.01.49][60]
[1.380][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.49]
[00.01.49][60]
[1.390][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.49]
[00.01.49][60]
[1.400][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.50]
[[00.01.50][60]
[1.410][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.50]
[00.01.50][60]
[1.420][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.50]
[00.01.50][60]
[1.430][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.51]
[00.01.51][60]
[1.440][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.51]
[00.01.51][60]
[1.450][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.51]
[00.01.51][60]
[1.460][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.52]
[00.01.52][60]
[1.470][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.52]
[00.01.52][60]
[1.480][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.52]
[00.01.52][60]
[1.490][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.53]
[00.01.53][60]
[1.500][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.53]
[00.01.53][60]
[1.510][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.53]
[00.01.53][60]
[1.520][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.54]
[00.01.54][60]
[1.530][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.54]
[00.01.54][60]
[1.540][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.54]
[00.01.54][60]
[1.550][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.55]
[00.01.55][60]
[1.560][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.55]
[00.01.55][60]
[1.570][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.55]
[00.01.55][60]
[1.580][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.56]
[00.01.56][60]
[1.590][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.56]
[00.01.56][60]
[1.600][-45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.56]
[00.01.56][60]
[1.610][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.57]
[00.01.57][60]
[1.620][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.57]
[00.01.57][60]
[1.630][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.57]
[00.01.57][60]
[1.640][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.58]
[00.01.58][60]
[1.650][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.58]
[00.01.58][60]
[1.660][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.58]
[00.01.58][60]
[1.670][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.59]
[00.01.59][60]
[1.680][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.59]
[00.01.59][60]
[1.690][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.01.59]
[00.01.59][60]
[1.700][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.00]
[00.02.00][30]
[1.710][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.01]
[00.02.01][30]
[1.720][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.03]
[00.02.03][30]
[1.730][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.04]
[00.02.04][30]
[1.740][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.05]
[00.02.05][30]
[1.750][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.07]
[00.02.07][30]
[1.760][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.08]
[00.02.08][30]
[1.770][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.09]
[00.02.09][30]
[1.780][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.11]
[00.02.11][30]
[1.790][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.12]
[00.02.12][30]
[1.800][+60]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.14]
[00.02.14][20]
[1.810][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.16]
[00.02.16][20]
[1.820][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.18]
[00.02.18][20]
[1.830][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.20]
[00.02.20][20]
[1.840][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.22]
[00.02.22][20]
[1.850][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.24]
[00.02.24][20]
[1.860][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.26]
[00.02.26][20]
[1.870][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.28]
[00.02.28][20]
[1.880][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.30]
[00.02.30][20]
[1.890][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.32]
[00.02.32][20]
[1.900][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.36]
[00.02.36][10]
[1.910][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.40]
[00.02.40][10]
[1.920][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.44]
[00.02.44][10]
[1.930][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.48]
[00.02.48][10]
[1.940][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.52]
[00.02.52][10]
[1.950][+45]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.02.56]
[00.02.56][10]
[1.960][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.03.00]
[00.03.00][10]
[1.970][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.03.04]
[00.03.04][10]
[1.980][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.03.08]
[00.03.08][10]
[1.990][+90]
[-][-][-][-]
[10.05.06][08.03.12]
[00.03.12][00]
[2.000][+90]
[5][-][-][-]
1. The first column shows the date that is the date on which the survey has been done. It is pre-
programmed in the computer according to the standard date.
2. The first column shows the time that is the time at which the survey has been done. It is pre -
programmed in the computer according to the standard time.
3. The first column shows the duration, that is the time from the start of the work. It works like stop
clock.
4. The first column shows the speed of the boat at which the boat moves in kilometres per hour and
the input is from the boats speedometer.
5. The second column shows the distance from the starting point at which the command is given in
kilometres and the input is from the boats speedometer.
6. The second column shows the axis in numerical value and the input comes from the axis meter in
+/- Degree.
7. The second column shows the level at that point in meters that we have to add in the table as we
get the reading from the level meter manually.
8. The second column is the space for opening the illustration folder corresponding to the same
distance/level/axis.
9. The second column is the space for opening the file that contains the video/still/digital clippings
with audio corresponding to the same distance/level/axis.
B. Version – Graphical:
The previous digital data can be represented by the graph. We need to create the graph in such a
way that if we point the line at some point with the help of pointer a command box should appear
with the command necessary to open the details in a box with all the details mentioned in the digital
data sheet, with facility for opening the illustration and clippings file. And i f we copy some portion of
the graph and paste it in to the other file then the graph should maintain the same properties like
the original file in the other RCS soft ware also, for this we need to maintain standardization which
applies to all the RCS soft ware universally, like standardization in axis, distance, level and others.
Picture 37: Graphical presentation of the digital data of the river X.