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Mrs. Ramponi’s Ultimate Prep Packet

AP Psychology How to use this packet:

● Take ownership of your own review. I can’t do it for you. Your classmates can’t do it for you. YOU are the only one who can do it for YOU.

● Use the time given to you in class WISELY. Your friends will always be there. Time to study for the AP Exam will not. Post-exam, you can chat all you want in class!

● Start early. Doing the whole packet in one night will not be beneficial.● Challenge yourself to actually WRITE DOWN THE ANSWERS. Simply saying “I know that” is

a poor test of your own knowledge. METACOGNITION, people!● Concentrate on what you do not know. Study the hard stuff. ● The internet is full of information - if you don’t know something OF COURSE you should

Google it. ● Remember the % breakdowns (on the next page) for each unit of study. If a unit of study only has

2-4% of the test questions - don’t spend too much time reviewing there. ● Google Drive link to packet ● NOTE: In April of 2020,the exam format and structure was altered as a result of the

COVID19 pandemic. I have tried to account for the changed in this version, but I may have missed som. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY and CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY will not be tested. There will be two FRQS, one “normal” 8 point FRQ that is thematic and one 6 point FRQ on Research Methods. The FRQ time limits will be 25 minutes for the first 8 point FRQ and 15 for the second 15 point FRQ.

College Board AP Psychology Curriculum*The College Board wants AP Psychology students to have some basic skills. They identify these skills as:

Skill Category 1 Concept Understanding Define, explain, and apply concepts, behavior, theories, and perspectives.

Skill Category 2 Data Analysis Analyze and interpret quantitative data.

Skill Category 3 Scientific Investigation Analyze psychological research studies.

Units of Study in AP Psychology

Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology 10–14%

Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior 8–10%

Unit 3: Sensation and Perception 6–8%

Unit 4: Learning 7–9%

Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology 13–17%

Unit 6: Developmental Psychology 7–9%

Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality 11–15%

*Unit 8: Clinical Psychology 12–16% (removed from the 2020 test due to the COVID19 shut down)

*Unit 9: Social Psychology 8–10% (removed from the 2020 test due to the COVID19 shut down)

*Revised and published in the summer of 2019 for use with the 2020 AP Psychology Exam

Day 1 Review: Research Methods

1. Review the following types of research methods.

2. What is meant by saying something is a positive correlation? Negative correlation? No correlation?Draw a scatter plot featuring a positive, a negative, and no correlation. What does a -1 and/or +1 correlation coefficient mean?

3. When talking about survey or questionnaire research, what do the terms population, sample, representative sample, random sample, and stratified sample mean?

4. Mrs. Ramponi wants to find out whether people with dogs are happier than those without. Relate the following terms from this unit:

Operational Definitions

Random Assignment

Control Group

Experimental Group

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Confounding/Lurking Variables

Blind/Double Blind Study

5. Statistics and data are important to understand for the AP Exam. Review what the following mean in relation to IQ scores.

Measures of Central Tendency

68-95-99 Rule

Standard Deviation

Statistical Significance

p Value (<.05)

6. When psychologists do research, they must follow some ethical principles. These include an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Informed Consent, Confidentiality, a “Do No Harm Clause”, Debriefing, and No Deception or Coercion. What does each mean? Can you think of a famous study in Psychology that DID NOT FOLLOW THESE ETHICAL GUIDELINES?

Day 2: Famous Psychology PeopleReviewing famous psychologists and their contributions to the field. Can you give KEY DETAILS and terms for each famous psychologist? *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

Top Tier Psychologists Tier 2 Psychologists

Philip Zimbardo

William James

Phineas Gage

Solomon Asch

BF Skinner

Wilhelm Wundt

Mary Ainsworth

Diana Baumrind

Harry Harlow

Erik Erikson

Sigmund Freud

Jean Piaget

Lawrence Kohlberg

Sigmund Freud

Ivan Pavlov

Edward Thorndike

Albert Bandura

Costa and McCrae

Stanley Milgram

Carl Jung

Carl Rogers

Alfred Binet

Hans Selye

Gordon Allport

Ernst Weber

Robert Sternberg

Gustav Fechner

Elizabeth Loftus

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Martin Seligman

Wolfgang Kohler

John Garcia

Edward Titchener

John Locke

Mary W. Calkins

Dorothea Dix

Konrad Lorenz

Max Wertheimer

Ernst Hilgard

Edward Tolman

Julian Rotter

Hippocrates

Ray Cattell

Darley and Latane

Alfred Adler

Karen Horney

Anna Freud

Aaron Beck

Albert Ellis

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Howard Gardner

Benjamin Whorf

Noam Chomsky

David Wechsler

Mary Cover Jones

Joseph Wolpe

Paul Ekman

Lev Vygotsky

**Please note you’re much more likely to need to know this person’s contribution to psychology (an application question) rather than a simple identification question. But reviewing these people can not hurt your study and review of psychology.

Day 3: People, Terms and Ideas that Show Up in Multiple Chapters of AP PsychologyI’m no expert, but generally, when a person or term shows up in a few chapters...it may be more likely to show up on the test. Here’s a list I compiled (with some help from fellow AP Psychology teachers) of terms and people who are sweet repeats. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

Make sure you understand what these terms mean and how the people are connected to psychology.

Learned Helplessness: personality, abnormal psychology, motivation, learningIntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: personality, motivation, learning, personality B.F. Skinner: language, learning, therapy, Ivan Pavlov/Classical conditioning: learning, therapy (counterconditioning)Albert Bandura: personality, learning, Sigmund Freud: personality, history and perspectives, development, memory, abnormal, therapy, states of consciousnessFixation - in problem solving (cognition) v. in psychoanalytic theory (personality)Abraham Maslow (& his Hierarchy of Needs): personality, perspectives, motivation Hypothalamus (ventromedial/lateral): Neuropsychology, motivation, states of consciousnessLatent: states of consciousness, learning, therapy (Psychoanalysis) Assimilation: sensation (eye), development (Piaget)Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence: intelligence, development Temperament: personality, development, behavior-genetics Habituation: sensation, developmentSelective Attention/Cocktail Party Effect: memory, sensation, perceptionSerotonin: neuropsychology, motivation, abnormal, therapyNature-Nurture: development, biological bases, intelligence, personality, abnormal Placebo effect: research methods, treatmentNormal curve: research methods, intelligenceDissociation: states of consciousness, abnormal psychRefractory Period: Motivation (Sexual Response Cycle), neuroscience Anorexia/Bulimia: motivation, abnormal psychology Token Economy: therapy, learning Type A/Type B: personality, stress & health Soma/Somatic: biological psychology, abnormal psychology Projective Tests: Personality, Therapy, Intelligence and testing Self-serving bias: personality, social psychologyMirror Neurons: neuropsychology, learning, social psychology Amygdala: neuropsychology, motivation, social psychology Empathy: Social psychology, psychology, personality, therapyHermann Helmholtz - Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Color Theory (sensation), Pitch Theory (sensation) Cross-Sectional: research methods, development, intelligence Longitudinal Studies: research methods, development, intelligenceHeritability: intelligence, development, Nature vs. Nurture, abnormal

Day 4: Neuroscience Recap

1. Label the following parts of the cerebral cortex (above) and REVIEW THEIR FUNCTION:Frontal LobeParietal LobeOccipital LobeTemporal Lobe Brain StemCerebellum

2. Add in the following parts and REVIEW THEIR FUNCTION: Wernicke’s AreaBroca’s AreaMotor CortexSomatosensory Cortex Visual CortexAuditory Cortex

3. How would the following play a role in you playing a game of CYO Basketball with your friends? HypothalamusThalamusMedullaPonsReticular Formation/Reticular Activating System (R.A.S.)Corpus Callosum

3. Draw a breakdown of the entire nervous system, using: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system. When you’re done, summarize what each one does.

4. Label the basic parts of the neuron and what each part does for the cell.

5. Explain when each brain scan/study would be used:

CAT Scan

PET Scan

MRI Scan

fMRI Scan

EEG Scan

Day 5: Pictionary! Draw an example demonstrating your understanding of the following MONOCULAR CUES and GESTALT PRINCIPLES:

Interposition Relative Height Relative Clarity

Motion Parallax/Relative Motion Convergence/Linear Perspective Texture Gradient

Light and Shadow Connectedness Continuity

Similarity

Closure Proximity

Figure Ground Your eyes & CONVERGENCE Your eyes and RETINAL DISPARITY

Day 6: Alike but Very Different *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area

Very much alike because…

Yet completely different because…

Authoritative Parenting and Authoritarian Parenting



Afferent Neuron & Efferent Neuron



Conductive Deafness & Sensorineural Deafness



Convergence & Retinal Disparity



Kinesthesis and Vestibular Sense



Hippocampus and Hypothalamus



Thalamus and Hypothalamus



Positive Correlation & Negative Correlation



Hormone and Neurotransmitter



Random Sample & Representative Sample



Biomedical Therapy & Cognitive Therapy



Obedience and Conformity



Representativeness Heuristic and Availability Heuristic



Self-Serving Bias and Overconfidence



Reliability and Validity



Implicit Memory and Explicit Memory



Drive-Reduction Theory and Yerkes Dodson Law



Schachter-Singer 2 Factor and James-Lange Theory



Projection and Displacement



Day 7: Learning Review

1. Dorothy, Elmo’s fish, has learned that when Elmo pounds on the glass of her fish bowl, she is going to be fed delicious flakes of fish food. UCS:

UCR: CS: CR:

2. You and your friends decide prom night needs to be AMAZING. Some of your friends rent a hotel room and get busted by Officer Wery (bad choice! Not advised!) and some of them attend post-prom at Super Bowl (advised! Good choice!) - relate the terms punishers, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement and law of effect to your prom plans.

3. - Getting paid every two weeks - Being compensated for each Track card you sell- Seeing a Mockingjay when birdwatching - Getting tips for each table you wait on- Receiving five bucks for every bag of cans you collect- Walking into Jimmy Johns and randomly receiving a free sub because it is your “Birthday Day” - Getting a yearly “lump sum” for tuition when you earned a 3.0 or higher the year before - Picking 10 crates of corn in a farmer’s field and getting $10 a crate

4. Summarize: Vicarious Learning Wolfgang Kohler Cognitive MapsSecondary ReinforcersBobo Doll/Bandura The Garcia Effect (Taste Aversion) The Premack Principle Latent Learning

Day 7: Practice FRQ (with memory terms!)

When you write an FRQ, remember SODAS! Space out your answer, follow the order of the prompt, define EVERYTHING (even if it doesn’t tell you to explicitly), apply everything back to the prompt, and use synonyms (YOU CAN NOT DEFINE THE TERM WITH THE TERM).

Mike applies to and decides to go to the UW school of his choice to study art history and business. In order to bank as many credits as possible, he takes AP Psychology, AP Art History and AP Biology exams this spring in preparation for next fall. Relate the following:

● Prospective Memory● Serial Position Effect● Proactive Interference● Encoding Failure● Declarative Memory● Long Term Potentiation● Mnemonic Device

Angela is participating in the spring talent show at Kimberly High School. She’s very excited to put on her Vaudeville song and dance routine, but she also has a poms performance tonight for the basketball game! How do the following relate?

● Recency Effect● Implicit memory● Encoding failure● Capacity of working memory ● Forgetting Curve● Elizabeth Loftus’ research on memory construction● Recall● Iconic memory

Day 8: Difficult Topics Explained

Directions: These are often confused or difficult topics for people to understand or explain in the study of psychology. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

❏ Hermann Ebbinghaus’ “Forgetting Curve”❏ The “Three Box” Model of Memory (also known as Atkinson and Shiffrin Model)

❏ Automatic vs. Effortful Processing❏ Long-Term Potentiation❏ Types of Memory: Declarative, Non Declarative, semantic, explicit, implicit, perspective

- what are they and WHERE are they stored?❏ Recency Effect and Primacy Effect❏ Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference❏ Amnesia: retrograde, anterograde, and infantile❏ Schemas, Concepts, and Prototypes❏ Heuristics: representative and availability ❏ Convergent thinking and divergent thinking❏ g❏ Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence❏ Reliability and Validity❏ Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis ❏ Morphemes and Phonemes❏ Functional Fixedness and relating to a problem❏ James-Lange Theory of Emotion❏ Schedules of Reinforcement ❏ UCS, UCR, CS, CR - what order are they in for CC to occur?❏ Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion❏ Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion ❏ Cognitive Dissonance❏ FAE ❏ Relative Deprivation ❏ Adaptation Level Phenomenon ❏ Prejudice and. discrimination and. ethnocentrism and. stereotypes❏ Diffusion of Responsibility ❏ Action Potential and firing of a neuron❏ Self-fulfilling prophecy vs. self-serving bias❏ Statistical Significance❏ Standard Deviation

Day 9: Acronym Review

Day 9: Acronym Review - AP Psychology

FR ACh MA IQ CA GABAIV SLT UPR CNS XX MBTI

PET VR GAS VI LTM CSMAOI SSRI fMRI ECT REBT DSM-VREM WAUS LSD I/O LTP THC OCD GAD PTSD PDD APA TATMRI CT FI UCS STM LTM DV XY rTMS ANS BMI DNAMMPI SCN EEG

1. The organization that oversees ethical considerations for psychology research. _____

2. Want to optimize human behaviors in the workplace? Try being an __________ psychologist!!

3. Projective tests used by Psychodynamic therapists include the __________, the Rorschach and

the Person-Tree-House test.

4. Your genetic makeup is thanks to the _____________ in your genome.

5. According to Hans Selye, this model is what happens during finals week at school. ________

6. B.F. Skinner came up with these schedules of reinforcement a pigeon. _______, __________,

___________, and ______________.

7. The final is TOMORROW and it is 50% of your quarter grade!?! Did that scare you? Your

___________ is probably activated right now.

8. Albert Ellis created this confrontational method of cognitive therapy. _____________

9. __________ is a neurotransmitter involved with movement and memory.

10. Psychopharmacologists would use these ______________ and _____________ to reduce

depression symptoms in people.

11. The formula for intelligence is __________ divided by _________ x 100 = ____________.

12. When neural connections strengthen due to repeated use, or the neural basis for memory and

learning is known as __________________.

13. Carl Rogers taught people to be client-centered and to treat everyone with ____________.

14. Neuroscientists can study the brain using these four types of scans: ________________,

______________, ______________, and _________________

15. One side effect of this type of biomedical therapy is long-term memory loss. _______________

16. This is the great book of mental disorders. _____________

17. This type of sleep is paradoxical, meaning your body is paralyzed but your mind is active.

______________

18. According to Pavlov’s research on dogs, what was previously neutral in classical conditioning?

___________

19. Your memory system is composed of sensory memory, _________, and ______________.

20. In an experiment, the ____________ is what you manipulate and the ____________ is what you

measure the outcome of.

21. Albert Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” study demonstrates the ______________.

22. Your brain and spinal cord make up the _________________.

23. Females have a __________ genotype, males have a _____________ genotype.

24. A biomedical treatment for depression using magnets is called ________________.

25. The totally bogus test made by a mom-daughter team that is based off of Carl Jung’s archetypes

model is the _____________________. (Oh, you’re an INSJ? Nice.)

26. Food and motivation to eat have a direct link to how much body fat you have, called your

________________.

27. David Wechsler created this adult intelligence test, called the ___________________.28. This test, the _________________, is a 567 question Personality Inventory that has a built in lie

scale. 29. You have your ____________ to thank for secreting melatonin, a hormone that induces

sleepiness. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz30. This type of drug is a hallucinogen. _____________31. Marijuana doesn’t fit neatly into the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen category of drugs, but

it does contain a lot of _____________, its active ingredients. 32. Disorders that are in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders include

____________, _________________, _________, and _______________,

This activity adapted from @phinneasthegage and expanded on. Thanks for the idea! -AR Day 10: Practice Quiz

Directions-Choose the best possible answer

1. In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to:a. Make the individual feel superior to othersb. Make the individual feel inferior to others c. Mediate among the id, the superego, and realityd. Serve the demands of the unconsciouse. Serve the demands of the superego

2. The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains auditory receptors is called the:a. Semicircular canalb. Ossicle

c. Pinnad. Cochleae. Oval window

3. Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?a. Reticular formationb. Corpus callosumc. Hypothalamusd. Cerebral cortexe. Pituitary gland

4. According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves:

a. Retrievalb. Storagec. Rehearsald. Encodinge. Transfer

5. John suffered a head injury in a car accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John’s symptoms describe:

a. Anterograde amnesiab. Broca’s aphasiac. Cue-dependent forgettingd. Selective amnesiae. Retroactive interference

6. Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that:

a. Each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for a studyb. An equal number of males and females are selected for interviewsc. The study includes at least some respondents from every social class in townd. The study will uncover widely differing social attitudes among respondentse. The sample will be large enough even though people may refuse to be interviewed

7. When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are:a. At the beginning of the list b. At the end of the listc. In the middle of the listd. Hardest to pronouncee. Easiest to spell

8. Hypnosis is best described as a state that:a. Gives the hypnotist complete control over the thoughts and emotions of the hypnotized

individualb. Induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individualc. Is similar to and obsessive compulsive disorderd. Is similar to a condition produced by excessive consumption of alcohole. Is similar to REM sleep

9. The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called:

a. Habituationb. Accommodationc. Natural selectiond. Eugenicse. Species assimilation

10. A baby looks under a sofa for a ball that has just been rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby’s action shows development of:

a. Conservation of massb. Reversibilityc. Object permanenced. Logical thinkinge. Metacognition

11. Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at 2, 4, and 6 years of age?

a. Cross-sectionalb. Longitudinalc. Cross-culturald. Correlationale. Projective

12. An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of:

a. Learningb. Free willc. Determinismd. Biological instinctse. Unconscious processes

13. Studies of learning have shown that animals will learn to develop an aversion for tastes associated with:

a. Electric shock

b. Extinguished associationsc. Sicknessd. Novel stimulie. Starvation

14. An individual’s fear of dogs that is lost as an individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been:

a. Satiatedb. Suppressedc. Repressedd. Extinguishede. Punished

15. In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain:a. Statistical probabilitiesb. Somatic behavioral disordersc. Perceptual organizationd. Stimulus-detection thresholdse. Altered states of consciousness

16. An individual with damage to Wernicke’s area is most likely to have difficulty with:a. Identifying an object held in a hand but not seenb. Planning what to wear to a partyc. Remembering the name of a person in a photod. Comprehending a spoken request for informatione. Distinguishing between red and green

17. Which psychologists reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment?

a. Bandurab. Piagetc. Harlowd. Eriksone. Lorenz

18. Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that:

a. Earning good grades causes people to sleep moreb. Sleeping more causes students to perform better in schoolc. Students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do notd. More sleep has a beneficial impact on student’s grades

e. Sleep deprivation has no impact on school performance

19. Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of:a. Antagonistb. Agonistc. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentiald. Excitatory postsynaptic potentiale. Excitatory neurotransmitter

20. A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study’s:

a. Sampleb. Populationc. Operational definitiond. Control groupe. Randomization

21. During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?

a. Sleep apneab. Narcolepsyc. Insomniad. Night terrorse. REM rebound effect

22. In vision, transduction occurs within the:a. Optic nerveb. Visual cortexc. Retinad. Lense. Cornea

23. Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person’s:a. Balanceb. Ability to develop plansc. Visiond. Fine motor movementse. Language processing

24. After staring at a green, black and orange “American flag” for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?

a. Trichromatic theoryb. Opponent-process theoryc. Retinex theoryd. Color constancye. Convergence

25. According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the:a. Frontal lobesb. Egoc. Superegod. Ide. Latent stage

Day 11: What Doesn’t Belong

Identify what does not belong in each set. Then explain WHY. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

Sharif PiagetMilgramAschLatane

WAISStanford-BinetWISCRorschach IQ

RepressionProjectionDeindividuationSublimationReaction Formation

AssimilationObject PermanenceConvergenceConservationEgocentrism

ReliabilityValidityGestaltStandardization

HallucinationsNegative SymptomsFlat Affect DelusionsCompulsions

WundtG. Stanley HallDixTitchenerMary Whiton Calkins

Hierarchy of NeedsDrive Reduction Yerkes-Dodson Law Optimal Arousal Instinct

ConscientiousOpennessIntrovertedExtrovertedAgreeable

CattellCosta and McCrae

IdFixation

AmygdalaMedulla

AllportAdlerEysenck

EgoCollective UnconsciousSuperego

HypothalamusPituitary GlandThalamus

Optic NerveFeature DetectorsRetinaRodsCones

InterpositionRelative HeightMotion ParallaxContinuityLinear Perspective

FixationFunctional FixednessConvergent ThinkingMental SetAlgorithm

Morphemes SyntaxSemanticsWhorf Sapir HypothesisPhonemes

SternbergBinetGolemanGardnerBandura

PavlovPiagetThorndikeKohlerToleman

PinealPituitarySomaticThyroidAdrenal

Law of EffectPrimary ReinforcerFixed Interval ScheduleSkinner BoxUnconditioned Stimulus

REBTToken EconomyCounterconditioningSSRI’sPsychoanalysis

Day 12: Defense Mechanism Review Review the defense mechanisms in the list below. Then, check your understanding.

My girlfriend recently broke up with me after we had dated seriously for several years. At first, I cried a great deal and locked myself in my room where I pouted and curled up in a ball and cried myself to sleep each night. (1) I was sure that my former girlfriend felt as miserable as I did. I told several friends that SHE was probably lonely and depressed. (2) Later, I decided that I hated her. I was HAPPY!!! about the breakup and talked about how much I was going to enjoy my newfound freedom. (3) I went to parties and socialized a great deal and just forgot about her. It’s funny – at one point I couldn’t even remember her middle name OR her phone number!!! (4) Then, I started wanting her again. But, eventually I began to look at the situation more objectively. I realized that she had many faults and wasn’t all that great of a girlfriend, that I could never marry her, and … really… and that we were bound to break up sooner or later, so I was better off without her.(5)

1. _________________________________

2. _________________________________

3. ________________________________

4. _________________________________

5. __________________________________

Word Bank:Rationalization Repression RegressionDisplacement Sublimation Reaction FormationProjection Intellectualization

Day 13: Review Psychology’s Perspectives!

Perspectives [of Psychology] Sort Directions: The following list of terms can be sorted into categories for the Perspectives of Psychology. Use the following headings: Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Biological, Evolutionary, Behavioral/Learning, and Socio-Cultural. In your group, place each of the terms below into a category and JUSTIFY your answer. The ones you have to look up? Yeah, that’s what you study. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

Gestalt Prospective Memory Prototypes Heritability Carl Rogers Tardive Dyskinesia Person-Centered Therapy IQ neurons Howard Gardner cerebral cortex Albert Bandura Kinesthetic sense id Law of EffectMorphemes Charles Darwin TAT Dopamine John Watson Bobo Doll Ernst Hilgard Schedules of Reinforcement Collectivist CultureErik Erikson tabula rasa Abraham Maslow Temperament “g” EEG Gender Latent Learning Limbic System Action Potential Traits PET Scan ESP Cocktail Party Effect Latent ContentAttachment Language Acquisition Device Nonsense Syllables Womb Envy Unconditional Positive Regard James-Lange TheoryNoam Chomsky Weber’s Law Free AssociationMaturation Sensory Adaptation Rorschach Ink BlotRepression B.F. Skinner Self-Actualization Individualist Cultures Dissociative Identity Disorder Aaron Beck Representativeness Heuristic Aptitude Test Fovea/Foveal Vision

Oedipus Complex Superordinate Goals Endocrine System Crystallized Intelligence Bystander Effect Whorf Hypothesis Premack Principle Defense Mechanisms EthnocentrismCentral Route (to Persuasion) Prejudice Social Learning Theory Semantics WAIS Reaction FormationProcedural Memories Elizabeth Loftus Bipolar DisorderHallucinations archetypes overjustification effectMnemonic Devices Alfred Adler inferiority complex FAE Phallic Stage Learned Helplessness Homeostasis Shallow Processing semantic encodingTaste Aversion Spontaneous Recovery Insomnia

Day 14: Abnormal Psychology Review

Metacognitive Word Sort or Mind Map Activity

Directions: For a review of abnormal psychology, today you should sort the following terms into categories of disorder. Where do they fit? Make a mind map or a set of columns to put your terms into. Can you do this easily? Terms you can’t identify easily or sort easily are the ones you should study. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

Terms: Dissociative Fugue Mania Conversion DisorderDepression MDD Positive Symptoms Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Somatoform DisordersCompulsions OCD Bipolar Disorder Flat Affect Persistent Depressive Disorder Catatonia Schizoid “Sociopath” Psychotic Insanity Genetic ChronicDepression Borderline Amnesia Acute Norepinephrine Social Anxiety DisorderAnorexia Nervosa Personality Disorder OCPDIllness Anxiety Disorder Split Mind “Multiple Personalities”Agoraphobia DID Dissociative Identity DisorderGAD Panic Disorder Specific PhobiaObsessions Mania PTSD

Psychotic Disorder Delusions Hallucinations Eating Disorders Histrionic Serotonin Dopamine Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder“Fear of the marketplace” Avoidant Narcissistic Chronic “Word Salad” Selective-attention Twin Studies Flu epidemic Learning Perspective

Day 15: Stats Review Questions

Statistics and Psychology Review

1. The typical IQ test has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. If you scored 115, what percentage of others who have taken the test scored lower than you?

a. 34 %b. 48%c. 68%d. 84%e. 98%

2. What is the median of the following distribution: 6, 2, 9, 4, 7, 3? A. 4 B. 5 C. 5.5 D. 6 E. 6.5

3. Sandy scores a perfect 100 on a test that everyone else fails. If we were to graph this distribution, it would beA. symmetrical B. normalC. positively skewed. D. negatively skewed.

E. a straight line.

4. The median is a more accurate measure of central tendency in a set of scores that:a. clusters around the arithmetic average.b. contains scores that are odd numbers.c. shows the differences between the experimental and control groups.d. is based on a very small sample of participants in an experiment.e. contains a few extreme scores that are outliers.

5. Jose hypothesizes that a new drug he has just invented will enhance mice’s memories. He feeds the drug to the experimental group and gives the control group a placebo. He then times the mice as they learn to run through a maze. In order to know whether his hypothesis has been supported, Jose would need to use

a. scatter plotsb. descriptive statisticsc. histogramsd. inferential statisticse. means-end analysis.

6. A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 2.35 percent chance that results are due to a fluke chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding?

a. This is well beyond the range of statistical significance.b. 5% or lower means something is statistically significant, so this data can be trusted. c. This is not statistically significant.d. There is no way to determine statistical significance without the replication of the study.e. Change or coincidence is unrelated to statistical significance.

7. In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean?

a. 34%b. 40%c. 50%d. 68%e. 95%

Answers:1. Answer: D, 2.1 + 13.6 + 34.1 +34.1 = 83.9. So, about 84% of the scores are LOWER than yours. 2. Answer: B, The median of the distribution is 5. The problem is easier if you put the scores in order: 2, 3, 4,

6, 7, 9. Since the distribution has an even number of scores, there is no middle score and you must average the two middle scores, 4 and 6.

3. Answer: C, Sandy’s perfect score is an outlier and will therefore skew the distribution. Since it is a high score in a distribution of low scores, the distribution will be positively skewed.

4. Answer: E, A list of scores that contains extreme or outlier scores will produce a positive or negative skew in the mean, and the median will be a more accurate measure to report.

5. Answer: D, Jose needs to compare the performances of the two groups using inferential statistics to determine whether or not the experimental group’s performance was significantly better. Scatter plots are used to graph correlations. Jose would certainly be interested in descriptive statistics as well, but he would

not know whether or not his hypothesis had been supported until he used inferential statistics. Histograms are bar graphs, and means-end analysis is a problem solving technique.

6. Answer: B, the p value must be less than .05 in order for a study’s results to be considered statistically significant. This data would be .0235 and thus, it is statistically significant.

7. Answer: D, 68% can be arrived at by adding 34 +34.

Sources of questions: AP Psychology in Modules 2E by David Myers, Learnerator.com, and Barron’s AP Psychology. Used, again, without permission. Sorry, David Myers.

Day 16: Confusing Pairs

AP Psychology Exam Review Sheet “Confusing Pairs” - Can you easily define these terms? Can you differentiate between the two?

Bottom-up processing v. Top-down processing

Agonist v. Antagonist

Random Assignment v. Random Sample

Applied Research v. Basic Research

Self-Serving Bias v. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Structuralism v. Functionalism

Descriptive Statistics v. Inferential Statistics

Syntax v. semantics

Anterograde amnesia v. Retrograde Amnesia

Systematic Desensitization v. Aversion Conditioning (therapy)

Absolute Threshold v. Just-noticeable-difference (JND)

Independent Variable v. Dependent Variable

Experimental Group v. Control Group

Corpus Callosum v. Cerebral Cortex

Sympathetic Nervous System v. Parasympathetic

Neurotransmitters v. Hormones

Broca’s Area v. Wernicke’s Area

Afferent neurons v. Efferent neurons

Assimilation v. Accommodation

Rods v. Cones

Primacy effect v. Recency effect

Proactive interference v. retroactive interference

Implicit memory v. Explicit memory

Algorithms v. Heuristics

Representative heuristics v. Availability heuristics

Phonemes v. Morphemes

Fluid Intelligence v. Crystallized Intelligence

Validity v. Reliability

Achievement test v. Aptitude test

Intrinsic motivation v. Extrinsic motivation

Type A (high stress) v. Type B (low stress)

Day 17: Piaget Review and Meets Santa Organize the terms into the correct boxes: object permanence, exploring with touch and taste, conservation of matter, Theory of Mine (not a Piaget term but fits well), reverse operations, literal thinking, formal thinking, animism, egocentrism,

Stage Age Key Terms Found Within

Also - what are schemas, assimilation, and accommodation according to Piaget?

Directions: Match the stages of cognitive development with the correct observations, thoughts and feelings, and beliefs by placing a letter on the line in front of the statements that match.

Note: Options may be used more than once.

From Halonen, J., & Gray, C. (2001) . The Critical Thinking Companion for Introductory Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers.

A. Sensorimotor Stage

B. Preoperational Stage

C. Concrete Operations Stage

D. Formal Operations Stage

________ 1. A child at this stage would observe the consistency in Santa’s clothing (red suit) and his

demeanor (jolly, Ho-Ho-Ho).

________ 2. A child at this stage might feel frightened or curious. He/she might cry at this oddly dressed hairy guy with a booming voice or he/she might reach out and want to touch the beard and the red suit.

________ 3. A child at this stage might begin to recognize the inconsistencies in Santa’s appearance: “How can there be so many Santas all over town?” or “Why are some Santa’s thin?”

________ 4. A child at this stage might appreciate the cultural custom of Santa. They enjoy Santa as a symbol of seasonal celebration in keeping with their ability to understand abstract ideas. They recognize the importance of shared customs as a means of promoting closeness in their families and culture.

________ 5. A child at this stage would observe a mass of bright red and white, deep booming sounds, a soft lap, and a tickly beard.

________ 6. A child at this stage would begin to think and question:How can Santa get to kids’ homes all over the world in one night?How can reindeer fly?Just how does Santa keep track of good behavior????

________ 7. A child at this stage would believe in the physical reality of Santa--that Santa lives at the North Pole and that he stays warm because he wears the red suit and boots, etc.

________ 8. For a child at this stage, belief in Santa’s existence is not an issue because they have no existing organizing schema in which to put him.

________ 9. In this stage, finding out Santa is not real is devastating, and may result in crying and disbelief. I mean...HE IS AT THE MALL and everything!

________10. A child at this stage, really thinks that Squirt, the “Elf on the Shelf” will tell Santa if they have been good or naughty.

________11. Santa isn’t real. Obviously, but Christmas is and the spirit of the holidays and goodwill to all is an important cultural idea.

________ 12. George sees a violin under the tree with a big red bow on it, he says, “Mama! Look! A guitar!” What stage of Piaget says a child accommodates or assimilates (what this is an example of) to understand their world?

Finally - Compare Piaget’s theory of child development to Lev Vygotsky’s. What were some of Vygotsky’s key claims? Ideas? Terms?

*Santa and Piaget activity used without permission from Jane Halonen. Sorry, Jane. :) Multiple adaptations of this are available online. Day 18: Six Word SummariesDirections: Much of students' difficulty on the FRQ is their inability to come up with a clear, succinct, concise definition. Try your hand at defining these key AP Psychology terms in six words - no more, no less. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

1. Structuralism2. Empiricism 3. Psychology4. Confirmation Bias5. Naturalistic Observation6. Experiment7. Statistical Significance8. Action Potential9. Sympathetic Nervous System10. Hypothalamus 11. Hippocampus12. Endocrine System13. CAT Scan14. Brain Plasticity15. Heritability16. Monozygotic Twin17. Nature vs. Nurture18. Retina19. Foveal Vision20. Basilar Membrane21. Feature Detectors22. Parallel Processing23. Gestalt24. Selective Attention25. Monocular Cues26. Perceptual Set27. Unconditioned Stimulus28. Secondary Reinforcer29. Premack Principle30. Vicarious Learning31. Cognitive Map32. Stimulant33. Latent Learning34. REM35. Activation-Synthesis36. Long Term Potentiation37. Three-Box Model (of memory)38. Proactive Interference

39. IQ40. Availability Heuristic41. Functional Fixedness42. Algorithm43. Phoneme44. Linguistic Relativity45. Language Acquisition Device46. Reliability47. Validity48. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence49. Egocentrism50. Theory of Mind51. Conservation 52. Zone of Proximal Development53. Trait Theory54. Superego55. Psychoanalysis56. Oedipus Complex57. Reciprocal Determinism 58. “BIG FIVE” 59. Self-Actualization60. James-Lange Theory of Motivation61. Drive62. Homeostasis63. Type A Personality64. General Adaptation Syndrome65. Relative Deprivation66. Hallucinations67. Delusions68. Compulsions69. Positive Symptoms (of schizophrenia)70. Antipsychotic71. Biomedical Model 72. Aversion Therapy73. REBT74. Counterconditioning75. Conformity76. Obedience77. Cognitive Dissonance78. Social Trap79. Diffusion of Responsibility80. Superordinate Goals

How’d you do? The ones you skipped because they were “too hard”? Yeah, go back and look those up. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam

Day 19: Review these “top ten” lists from each chapter. What do you need to study yet?

TOP TEN FOR ALL OUR FAVORITE CHAPTERS (From the Gazannigga Book)

Prologue Top Ten:StructuralismFunctionalism

Wilhelm WundtEmpiricism

William JamesJohn Locke/Tabula Rasa

IntrospectionBehaviorism

Perspectives [of psychology]Psychiatrist

Chapter 1 (Research) Top Ten:Hindsight Bias

Operational DefinitionReplication

Random SampleRandom Assignment

CorrelationIndependent VariableDependent Variable

Measures of Central TendencyStandard Deviation

Chapter 2 (Neuropsychology) Top Ten:Neuron

Action PotentialNeurotransmitters

Nervous SystemEndocrine System

Brain ScansBrainstem (and parts of…)

Limbic System (and parts of…)Cerebral Cortex

Sensory (afferent) vs. Motor (efferent) neurons

Chapter 3 (Nature vs. Nurture) Top Ten:Evolutionary Psychology & Perspective

Behavior-Genetics PerspectiveGenome

Gender Schema TheoryTemperament

HeritabilitySocial Learning Theory

Natural SelectionGenderCulture

Chapter 4 (Development) Top Ten:Teratogens

Diana Baumrind & ParentingCognitive Development (Piaget/Vygotsky)

MaturationHabituation

Theory of MindAttachment: Harlow & AinsworthCritical Period & Konrad Lorenz

Morality: Kohlberg & Carol GilliganIntelligence in old age (crystallized vs. fluid)

Chapter 5 (Sensation) Top Ten:Thresholds – absolute and difference, jnd

Sensory AdaptationTransduction

Eye – parts & processEar – parts & process , theories of hearing

Parallel ProcessingColor Vision – how we see it, theories of

Gate-Control TheoryKinesthesis

Types of deafness: conduction vs. sensorineural

Chapter 6 (Perception) Top Ten: Chapter 7 (States of Consciousness) Top Ten:

Selective Attention/Stroop EffectGestalt (and Gestalt grouping principles)

Figure-GroundDepth Perception (Gibson & Walk)

Monocular CuesBinocular Cues

Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Set

How we see motion – Phi/StroboscopicPerceptual Adaptation

Circadian RhythmsREM Sleep /REM Rebound

Biology of Sleep: SCN and MelatoninSleep Disorders

Manifest vs. Latent ContentDream Theories

StimulantsDepressants

Dependence vs. Tolerance

Chapter 8 (Learning) Top TenPavlov & Classical ConditioningSkinner & Operant ConditioningJohn B. Watson and Behaviorism

E.L. Thorndike and the Law of EffectPremack Principle

Negative vs. Positive ReinforcementSchedules of ReinforcementLatent Learning (Toleman)Kohler & Insight Learning

Bandura & Observational Learning & Social Learning

Chapter 9 (Memory) Top Ten:EncodingStorage

RetrievalInterference (Proactive & Retroactive)

Procedural MemoriesDeclarative Memories

RecallMnemonic

Elizabeth LoftusHerman Ebbinghaus

Chapter 10 (Thinking & Language) Top Ten:Heuristics

Belief Bias Fixation/Functional FixednessAlgorithm

Whorf-Sapir HypothesisNoam Chomsky

Linguistic Determinism/ Linguistic RelativitySyntax vs. Semantics

Mental SetPhonemes vs. Morphemes

Chapter 11 (Intelligence) Top Ten:Intelligence Quotient/IQ

Charles Spearman /”g”Howard Gardner – Multiple Intelligences

Robert Sternberg – Triarchic TheoryValidityAptitude

AchievementDavid Wechsler/WAIS

StandardizationReliability

Chapter 12 (Motivation) Top Ten:Instinct Theory

Chapter 13 (Emotion) Top Ten:James-Lange Theory (of Emotion)

Drive-Reduction TheoryHomeostasis

Incentive TheoryMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Industrial-Organizational PsychologyHypothalamus and Hunger

FlowYerkes-Dodson Law

Cannon-Bard Theory (of Emotion)Two-Factor/Singer-Schachter Theory (suproxin)

Richard Lazarus’s Cognitive AppraisalOpponent-Process theory of Emotion

CatharsisSubjective Well Being

Adaptation Level PhenomenonRelative Deprivation

Chapter 14 (Stress & Health) Top Ten:Type AType B

Hans SelyeGeneral Adaptation Syndrome

StressProblem-focused copingEmotion-based coping

BiofeedbackLymphocytes

Friedman & Rosenman Study

Chapter 15 (Personality) Top Ten:Sigmund Freud

Id, Ego, and SuperegoDefense Mechanisms

Trait Theory – cardinal, BIG 5,MMPI

Locus of ControlExtrovert/Introverts

Projective Tests (TAT, Rorschach)Carl Rogers

NeoFreudians – Adler, Horney, Jung, etc…

Chapter 16 (Disorders) Top Ten:Anxiety DisordersMood Disorders

DSM-5Personality Disorders

SchizophreniaDelusions

HallucinationsSomatoform DisordersDissociative DisordersMania vs. Depression

Chapter 17 (Therapy) Top Ten”Systematic Desensitization

Aversive ConditioningECT

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)Client-Centered Therapy/AGE

Aaron Beck & Cognitive TherapyAntipsychotic/Neuroleptic

Tardive DyskinesiaPsychoanalysis

Antidepressant: Prozac, SSRI, MAOI,

AP Psychology Test Taking Tips● Use P.O.E. – Process of Elimination.

● Eliminate options you KNOW aren’t the answer.

● “All of the Above” is generally a good choice.● Longer answers are often the most correct.● Read the questions over twice. I can’t tell you how many times I hear, “Oh…if I had just read the

question right on the test!!!!! ● When reading the options, if opposites are listed, the best choice is between those two.

○ For example: anterograde amnesia/retrograde amnesia or dependent variable/independent variable

○ This is also true for when two items you know to be from the same chapter/theory■ Assimilation/Accommodation■ Place Theory/Frequency Theory

● Don’t obsess over a question you don’t know. Move on.● Use your time wisely. You get 70 minutes for 100 questions. Work quickly, but efficiently. Go

back and review your test, if time.● Don’t read too much into the questions. Take them at face value. Don’t add information that isn’t

there.● Check to make sure you haven’t made a stupid scan sheet error (i.e. skipped a bubble).● Anticipate the answer, if you can. THEN check to see if it is listed as a choice, A-E. If so…mark

that answer and move on.● Watch for distractors that have nothing to do with the subject matter. If the question is about

memory, get rid of the developmental or psychoanalytical terms that are listed as distractors.● WATCH FOR HELP!!! Some multiple choice questions will help you with others. ● Answer every question - there is no penalty for guessing!

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