S. BERNASCONI · PUBARCA These physical changes are preceded by biochemical adrenarche, which has...

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PUBARCA PREMATURO S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI S. BERNASCONI CLINICA PEDIATRICA UNIVERSITA’ DI PARMA [email protected]

Transcript of S. BERNASCONI · PUBARCA These physical changes are preceded by biochemical adrenarche, which has...

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PUBARCA

PREMATURO

S. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONIS. BERNASCONI

CLINICA PEDIATRICA

UNIVERSITA’ DI PARMA

[email protected]

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PUBARCAPUBARCA

FISIOLOGIAFISIOLOGIA

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PUBARCA PUBARCA

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PUBARCA PUBARCA

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PUBARCA PUBARCA

These physical changes are preceded by biochemical These physical changes are preceded by biochemical adrenarche, which has been described to begin adrenarche, which has been described to begin physiologically as early as ages 5physiologically as early as ages 5––6 yr and consists of 6 yr and consists of increased Zona Reticularis production of 5 steroids,increased Zona Reticularis production of 5 steroids,increased Zona Reticularis production of 5 steroids,increased Zona Reticularis production of 5 steroids,principally dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)principally dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS).and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS).

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PUBARCAPUBARCA

colesterolo

pregnenolone

progesterone

17a-idrossipregnenolone

17a-idrossiprogesterone

DHEA

androstenedione

P450scc

P450c17

17OH

3ββββHSD 3ββββHSDP450c17

17OH

P450c17

17,20 lyase

P450c17

3ββββHSD

STEROIDOGENESI STEROIDOGENESI

deossicorticosterone(DOC)

aldosterone

11-deossicortisolo (S)

Cortisolo (F)

testosterone

androstenedione

estradiolo

estrone

21 OH

11 OH

18 OH

21 OH

11 OH

17OH

17ββββ HSD

P450aro

corticosterone (B)

17,20 lyase

17ββββ HSD

DHT

5αααα Red

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATUROAdrenarche is a physiological mystery as it is not well understood how Adrenarche is a physiological mystery as it is not well understood how the development of the ZR is initiated or controlledthe development of the ZR is initiated or controlled

From the evolutionary perspective, it has been suggested that From the evolutionary perspective, it has been suggested that adrenarche is a key component of ‘juvenility’, a period that emerges adrenarche is a key component of ‘juvenility’, a period that emerges during evolution in the late Hominids and prolongs the transition from during evolution in the late Hominids and prolongs the transition from childhood to adolescence and adult life; juvenility maychildhood to adolescence and adult life; juvenility maychildhood to adolescence and adult life; juvenility maychildhood to adolescence and adult life; juvenility mayserve the adaptation of body composition and metabolic status to serve the adaptation of body composition and metabolic status to environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Adrenarche is a physiological mystery as it is not well understood how Adrenarche is a physiological mystery as it is not well understood how the development of the ZR is initiated or controlledthe development of the ZR is initiated or controlled

From the evolutionary perspective, it has been suggested that From the evolutionary perspective, it has been suggested that adrenarche is a key component of ‘juvenility’, a period that emerges adrenarche is a key component of ‘juvenility’, a period that emerges during evolution in the late Hominids and prolongs the transition from during evolution in the late Hominids and prolongs the transition from childhood to adolescence and adult life; juvenility maychildhood to adolescence and adult life; juvenility maychildhood to adolescence and adult life; juvenility maychildhood to adolescence and adult life; juvenility mayserve the adaptation of body composition and metabolic status to serve the adaptation of body composition and metabolic status to environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions

Another interesting hypothesis refers to the neuromodulatory effects of Another interesting hypothesis refers to the neuromodulatory effects of DHEAS that may help to protect more metabolically active regions of DHEAS that may help to protect more metabolically active regions of the cerebral cortex to support brain maturation in the developing the cerebral cortex to support brain maturation in the developing prepubertal childprepubertal child

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ANDROGEN METABOLISM AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

ANDROGEN METABOLISM AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

T

Target cell Receptor

A4

T

DHT

Gonads

AndrostanediolAndrosterone(Glucuronide and Sulfate conjugates)

Adrenal

DHEA

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PUBARCAPUBARCA

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PUBARCA PUBARCA

1) Come definiamo il Pubarca Prematuro?1) Come definiamo il Pubarca Prematuro?

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Comparsa di pelo pubico prima degli 8 anni nella femmina e 9 anni nel maschio

However, the results of a large crossHowever, the results of a large cross--sectional study carried out in 1997sectional study carried out in 1997suggest that the appearance of pubic hair in girls may be considered suggest that the appearance of pubic hair in girls may be considered suggest that the appearance of pubic hair in girls may be considered suggest that the appearance of pubic hair in girls may be considered normal when it occurs after 7 years of age in white subjects, and after 6 normal when it occurs after 7 years of age in white subjects, and after 6 years of age in Africanyears of age in African--AmericansAmericans

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

•Comparsa di pelo pubico prima degli 8 anni nella femmina e 9 anni nel maschio.

•Pelo ascellare e/o odore apocrino e/o modificazioni caratteristiche capelli modificazioni caratteristiche capelli

possono associarsi.

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

1)1)Come definiamo il pubarca prematuro?Come definiamo il pubarca prematuro?2)2)Quale la diagnosi più frequente ?Quale la diagnosi più frequente ?

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

La diagnosi più frequente è quella di :

pubarca prematuro isolato o idiopaticopubarca prematuro isolato o idiopatico

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

1)1)Come definiamo il pubarca prematuro?Come definiamo il pubarca prematuro?2)2)Quale la diagnosi più frequente ?Quale la diagnosi più frequente ?3)3)Quale la diagnosi differenziale ? (5 RISPOSTE)Quale la diagnosi differenziale ? (5 RISPOSTE)

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Tumori androgeno-secernentiCushingPubertà PrecoceResistenza periferica ai glucocorticoidiSindrome surrenogenitale variante non Sindrome surrenogenitale variante non classica

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Tumori androgeno-secernentiCushingPubertà PrecoceResistenza periferica ai glucocorticoidiSindrome surrenogenitale variante non Sindrome surrenogenitale variante non classica

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Tumori androgeno-secernenti

• Pubarca e altri caratteri sessuali secondari rapidamente ingravescenti (virilizzazione)

• Androgeni surrenalici basali

• GnRH test: risposta soppressa

• Soppressione con desametazone: assente

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Tumori androgeno-secernentiCushingPubertà PrecoceResistenza periferica ai glucocorticoidiSindrome surrenogenitale variante non Sindrome surrenogenitale variante non classica

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Sindrome di Cushing

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Sindrome di Cushing

Cortisolemia (h 8)Ritmo circadianoCortisoluria (24 h)ACTH basale

> 25 ug/dl Abolito>100ug/1,73 mq

< 25 pg/ml

> 10 ug

Delta-4 DHEAS spesso

Origine surrenalica Origine ipofisaria (malattia)

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Sindrome di Cushing

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Tumori androgeno-secernentiCushingPubertà PrecoceResistenza periferica ai glucocorticoidiSindrome surrenogenitale variante non Sindrome surrenogenitale variante non classica

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PUBERTA’ PRECOCEPUBERTA’ PRECOCE

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Tumori androgeno-secernentiCushingPubertà PrecoceResistenza periferica ai glucocorticoidiSindrome surrenogenitale variante non Sindrome surrenogenitale variante non classica

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• Pubarca e/o altri caratteri sessuali secondari

• Androgeni surrenalici basali e cortisolo

• Pubarca e/o altri caratteri sessuali secondari

• Androgeni surrenalici basali e cortisolo

Resistenza ai glucocorticoidi

• Pubarca e/o altri caratteri sessuali secondari

• Androgeni surrenalici basali e cortisolo cortisolo

• GnRH test: risposta normale

• ACTH test: risposta variabile

• Soppressione con desametazone: solo con dosi molto alte

cortisolo

• GnRH test: risposta normale

• ACTH test: risposta variabile

• Soppressione con desametazone: solo con dosi molto alte

cortisolo

• GnRH test: risposta normale

• ACTH test: risposta variabile

• Soppressione con desametazone: solo con dosi molto alte

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Tumori androgeno-secernentiCushingPubertà PrecoceResistenza periferica ai glucocorticoidiSindrome surrenogenitale variante non Sindrome surrenogenitale variante non classica

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colesterolo

pregnenolone

deossicorticosterone(DOC)

progesterone

17a-idrossipregnenolone

11-deossicortisolo (S)

17a-idrossiprogesterone

DHEA

testosterone

androstenedione

P450scc

P450c17

17OH

3ββββHSD

21 OH

3ββββHSD

21 OH

P450c17

17OH

17ββββ HSD

P450c17

17,20 lyase

P450c17

17,20 lyase

3ββββHSD

STEROIDOGENESI STEROIDOGENESI

deossicorticosterone(DOC)

aldosterone

11-deossicortisolo (S)

Cortisolo (F)

testosterone

estradiolo

estrone

11 OH

18 OH

11 OHP450aro

corticosterone (B)

17ββββ HSD

DHT

5αααα Red

Forma classica di deficit 21-OH

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Urogenital sinus

Labial fusion

Scrotalization of labia maiora

Clitoromegaly

Penile enlargment

Precocious adrenarche

Gestation Birth Childhood Puberty Adulthood

1st 2nd 3rd

trimester

Precocious adrenarche

Bone age advancement

Rapid growth

Acne

Hirsutism

Menstrual abnormalities

Infertility

Normal growth and development

Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Nonclassical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

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A. Location of the CYP21 genes within the HLA major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6p21.3

HLA-B TNF C4/CYP21 HLA-DR

210 300 400

B. Map of the genetic region around the CYP21 gene

30 kb

TNXA TNXB

RP1 C4A RP2 C4BCYP21P CYP21

White and Speiser, JCEM 2000

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Genotipo

Delezione

Arg 356 Trp

Gin 318 stop

Leu 307 ins T

Cluster E6

Intron-2 splice

Fenotipo

Con perdita di sali

Ile 172 Asn

Pro 30 Leu

Val 281 Leu

Virilizzante semplice

Non classica

Normale

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Disease frequency:Autosomal recessive genetic disorder

0.2

0.1

0.01

xx

x

xx Sickle cell

AskenaziJews

YugoslavsSum ofEthnic

xx

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

xx

x

x

xx

Nonclassical 21-hydroxylasedeficiency

Classical21-hydroxylase

deficiency

YupikEskimos

Sickle cellanemia (Blacks )

Tay-Sachs(Askenazi Jews )Cystic fibrosis

Phenylchetonuria

Hispanics

Yugoslavs

Italians

MixedNon-JewishCaucasian

EthnicGroups

x

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Deficit di 21-idrossilasi: forma non classica

• Pubarca

• Androgeni surrenalici basali normali o

• GnRH test: risposta di tipo prepuberale• GnRH test: risposta di tipo prepuberale

• ACTH test: 17OHP -

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Deficit di 21-idrossilasi: forma non classica

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Deficit di 21-idrossilasi nei pubarchi prematuri

Autori Casi 21-OH deficit

August et al. 16 F, 2 M 2 fratelliRosenfield et al 4 M 0Granoff et al 10 F, 5 M 0Klaplowitz et al 19 F, 2 M 0/3Temeck et al 19 F, 4 M 7 (30%)Temeck et al 19 F, 4 M 7 (30%)Morris et al 28 F, 3 M 0Rapaport et al 30 F, 3 M 2 F (6%)Oberfield et al 32 F, 2 M 0Balducci et al 39 F, 2 M 2 F, 2 M (8%)Vasconcelos et al 19 F 4 F (21%)de Sanctis et al 63 F 3 F (5%)del Balzo et al 21 F, 5 M 1 F (4%)

nostra casistica 125 F, 35 M 20 F, 8 M (17%)

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Terapia deficit di 21-idrossilasi

forma non classica (NCCAH)

•Trattamento indicato solo nelle forme sintomatiche (età ossea avanzata, prognosi staturale inferiore al target, irsutismo, irregolarità mestruali, infertilità)

•In età pediatrica, idrocortisone 10-20 mg/m2. In età adulta, prednisone 5-7.5 mg/die o desametazone adulta, prednisone 5-7.5 mg/die o desametazone 0.25-0.5 mg/die

•Utilizzare il dosaggio piu’ basso che permetta una buona soppressione degli androgeni surrenalici e una crescita adeguata

•Monitoraggio terapia: livelli ematici di 17OHP tra 1 e 10 ng/ml. Androstenedione e testosterone adeguati all’età.

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

La diagnosi più frequente è quella di :

pubarca prematuro isolato o idiopaticopubarca prematuro isolato o idiopatico

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Pubarca prematuro idiopatico:caratteristiche cliniche

•Assenza di altri segni puberali•Assenza di altri segni puberali

•Velocità di crescita n-↑↑↑↑•Età ossea n-↑↑↑↑

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

1)1)Come definiamo il pubarca prematuro?Come definiamo il pubarca prematuro?2)2)Quale la diagnosi più frequente ?Quale la diagnosi più frequente ?3)3)L’altezza finale è normale ?L’altezza finale è normale ?

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Pubarca prematuro idiopatico:caratteristiche cliniche

•• Altezza finale in accordo con il target Altezza finale in accordo con il target geneticogenetico

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Componenteprepuberaleprepuberale puberalepuberale

della velocità di crescita (modello PB1)J Ped Endocrinol Metab 2000

PP

Controlli

Controlli italiani

Controlliinglesi

Diagnosi

Controlliitaliani

PP

Controlli inglesi

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1992

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

n PC (cm) PC (cm) Altezza finaleAltezza parentale alla diagnosi a Tanner II (cm) (cm)

38 158.4 ± 6.3 158.4 ± 5.6* 160.0 ± 5.3 155.6 ± 5.3*38 158.4 ± 6.3 158.4 ± 5.6* 160.0 ± 5.3 155.6 ± 5.3*

Media ± DS; * correlazione con altezza finale, p<0.0001PC: prognosi di crescita

J.Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

1)1)Come definiamo il pubarca prematuro?Come definiamo il pubarca prematuro?2)2)Quale la diagnosi più frequente ?Quale la diagnosi più frequente ?3)3)L’altezza finale è normale ?L’altezza finale è normale ?4)4)Qual è la prognosi ?Qual è la prognosi ?

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

NON SO RISPONDERENON SO RISPONDERE

CERCHERO’ DI FARLOCERCHERO’ DI FARLO

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

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J Clin Enocrinol Metab 1997J Clin Enocrinol Metab 1997MSI= Mean Serum Insulin

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Patients Age BMI Hirsutism PCO on LH/FSH T D4(yr) (kg/m2) score US ratio (nmol/L)

Oligomenorrheic 15.8+1.8 21.9+1.7 13.9+3 8 2+1.2 2.9+1 11+2

(n=16)

Clinical and US features, plasma T and D4-A levels, and LH/FSH ratiosin oligomenorrheic patients, regularly menstruating patients and controls

Regularly 15.2+1.2 22.7+1.8 7.4+1.8 3 1.4+0.9 1.4+0.5 6.8+2

menstruating(n=19)

Controls 15.3+1.3 21.6+3.1 5.1+0.7 0 1.1+0.8 1.1+0.4 5.1+2

(n=12)

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Criteri diagnostici di PCOS PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (Rotterdam 2003)

Presenza di almeno 2 dei seguenti criteri:

• Oligo- o anovulazione

• Segni clinici (irsutismo, acne) e/o biochimici (T • Segni clinici (irsutismo, acne) e/o biochimici (T libero) di iperandrogenismo

• Ovaio policistico ed esclusione di altre patologie (NCCAH, tumori androgeno-secernenti, sindrome di Cushing)

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Criteri diagnostici di PCOS PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (Rotterdam 2003)

Ovaio policistico

“Presenza di 12 o piu’ follicoli con diametro di 2-9 mm in ogni ovaio, e/o volume ovarico aumentato (>10 ml)

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Insulin sensitization early after menarche prevents progression from precocious pubarche to polycystic

ovary syndromeL.Ibanez et al J. Pediatr. 2004

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

NON SO RISPONDERENON SO RISPONDERE

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

Department of Pediatrics-University of Parma

Patients with Premature Pubarche

••total n. 160total n. 160

••F = 125F = 125••M = 35M = 35

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

PA GIRLS AT BIRTH (n.=76)

Mean (SD)

Gestational age (wk) 39.26 (2.1)

Weight (kg) 3.15 (0.6) Weight (kg) 3.15 (0.6)

Length (cm) 49.33 (3.5)

Weight-SDS 1 +0.17 (1.3) n.s.

Length-SDS 1 –0.04 (1.3) n.s.

n.s.: vs northern italian population (Bertino et al., 1999)

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE hAR PROTEIN and cDNASCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE hAR PROTEIN and cDNA

Binding Domains

DNA HormoneN-Terminal

hAR

(Pro)8 557 622 669 917

hAR

1,607 152 117 288 145 131 158 153cDNA

Exons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(Gln)11-31

(CAG)n GGC)n

(Gly)16-27

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

(J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 968(J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 968––972, 2006)972, 2006)

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Eziologia pubarca prematuro idiopatico

• Precoce maturazione zona reticolare (Anderson D.C., 1980).

• Alterata metilazione del gene del recettore degli androgeni (cromosoma X)

(Vottero A. et al. 2006).

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PUBARCA PREMATUROPUBARCA PREMATURO

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TAKE HOME MESSAGETAKE HOME MESSAGE

• 1) Il Il pubarcapubarca prematuro isolato è prematuro isolato è generalmente una condizione parageneralmente una condizione para--fisiologia benigna che non richiede fisiologia benigna che non richiede terapie o terapie o followfollow --up up specificispecificiterapie o terapie o followfollow --up up specificispecifici

•• 2) Nei soggetti nati SGA con PP è 2) Nei soggetti nati SGA con PP è consigliabile un consigliabile un followfollow up per up per evidenziare eventuali progressioni evidenziare eventuali progressioni verso la sindrome metabolica e la PCOverso la sindrome metabolica e la PCO

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Grazie per l’attenzione