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RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC CENTRECONSERVATION STUDY

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL

NEW SOUTH WALES PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

A REPORT ON THE PRECINCT AND ITS EVOLUTIONWITH A STATEMENT OF ITS SIGNIFICANCE

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W.K. PILZ

J.W. THOMSON

DIRECTOR

GOVERNMENT ARCHITECT

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PART I: ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE AND

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

REFORT PREPARED FOR SPECIAL PROJECTS SECTION OF

THE GOVERNMENT ARCHITECT'S BRANCHII111II.1

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J.S. KERR

H. PROUDFOOT

W. THORPE

C. BURTON

N. BURKETT

PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR

HISTORIAN

ARCHAEOLOGIST

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT

ARCHITECT, N.S.W. P.W.D.

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CONTENTS

Part I Analysis of evidence and statement of significance

1.0 Introduction James Kerr

2.0 Analysis of documentary evidence Helen Proudfoot

3.0 Analysis of physical & documentary evidence Wendy Thorp

4.0 Analysis of physical & documentary evidence( landscape) Craig Burton

5.0 Significance James Kerr

6.0 Graphic evidence

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Part II Policy (intended contents) I

13. 0 * ccneervata.on policy

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11.0

12.0

14.0

Statement of Health Department policy andrequirements for the place

Statement of requirements or constraintsarising from planning decisions andordnances which the State Goverment maywish to apply to the site

Report on condition of existing structuresand comments on conservation

Report on condition of landscape elementsand comments on conservation

Schedule of current and projectedaccommodation requirements by State,Commonwealth and Local Government Agencieslikely to be relevant to any future use forthe site

Suggestions or proposals made for the useof the place throughout its history

Implementation of conservation policy

Health Department

Public Works (NB)

Public Works (NB)

Craig Burton

Public Works (NB)

Helen Proudfoot

James Kerr

James Kerr

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!-'---------_-L.:l15...Jl__R""'ecommendatJons for the adoption and reviewof the plan Jame~:"-

16.0 Index Helen Proudfoot

I* Sections 5.1 (Significance) and 13.Q (Policy) will be succinct and

suitable for formal adoption. II

1.1 Background

The N.S.W. Public Works Department, being aware thatfuture Government policy for the State psychiatrichospitals was under consideration and that suchpolicy decisions would affect places of nationalheritage significance, decided to prepare aconservation plan for Rydalmere Hospital. Thework was to be done in consultation with theDepartment of Health and the Heritage and ConservationBranch of the Department of Environment and Planning.

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INTRODUCTION

Objectives

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The objectives were

to recommend a policy which would enablethe significance of the place to be retainedin future developments

To extend and refine the methodology for suchconservation planning processes and thus toimprove the approach to future work on similarplaces.

In short the project was to be both a policy recommendingand learning process.

1.3 Supervision

To manage the programme the N.S.W. Public Works Departmentestablished a steering committee of Geoff Griffiths,the architect in charge of the project, Helen Temple,the archaeological specialist from the Heritage andConservation Br~nch of the Department of Environmentand Planning, and James Kerr, a consultant specializingin conservation methodology and institutionalarchitectural history.

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..1·1 1.4 Brief

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Following an initial discussion Dr. Kerr wasrequested to prepare a brief for the project whichwould involve a multidisciplinary approach to theconservation of the place.

The brief was subsequently agreed by thecommittee and is set out in the appendices underthe headings:

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Overall briefBrief for co-ordinatorBrief for historical investigatorBrief for physical investigator (structures)Brief for physical investigator (P.W.D.)Brief for physical i~vestigator (landscape)

Appendix 1Appendix 2Appendix 3Appendix 4Appendix 5Appendix 6

IStructural relationship of persons

involved in projectTime estimatesCost estimatesBrief for format of reportNotes on points agreed by Steering Committee

Appendix 7Appendix 8Appendix 9Appendix 10Appendix 11

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After negotiations the following consultants wereappointed by the Department:

Appointment of Consultants1.5

Helen ProudfootWendy ThorpCraig BurtonJames Kerr

historianarchaeologistlandscapeco-ordinator

Appendix 3Appendix 4Appendix 6Appendix 2

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Each consultant was directly employed by theN.S.W. Public Works Department IIn addition it was arranged that the work outlinedin Appendix 5 would be carried out by an officerof the Government Architect's Branch, NevilleBurkett.

1.6 Co-ordination and Responsibility

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Individual contributors were responsible for thequality of their own sections. The co-ordinatormade suggestions for improvement at draft stage buttheir adoption was left to the discretion of thecontributor. In addition to his own contribution,the co-ordinator was responsible for planning thework, trouble-sho0ting, ensuring that material wasrelevant and not unnecessarily overlapping, thatelements were consistently identified, and finallyfor reporting on the completion of work.

1.7 Contents of Report

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The sequence and content of the report follows thegeneral scheme set out in The Conservation Plan,N.T. of A. (N.S.W.), 1982, page 10. Part I(sections 1.0 to 6.0) is an analysis of documentaryand physical evidence and a statement of thesignificance of the place. It is published firstih-dr'aft -form to pe-rmit -comment; by interestedpersons and bodies.

Part II (sections 7.0 to 18.0) makes conservation

r------ -=p-1o~l~~;·c~y~=r.;.e;,;c~o~mm;;:...e~n:,,;d,:.;a~t=..:ions based on an understandingof uses wh~c are 5Ot.n--rea::dbi.-e-ror-the--use-r------------ -II_and compatible with the retention of thesignificance of the place. Initial informalinformation and finally formal comment from theDepartment of Health is an important part of thisprocess.

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1.8 Boundary of Study Area

In practical terms the boundary of the study areais that part of the Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospitalland between Victoria Road and the Parramatta River,and between Rydalmere Road and the railway reserveto the east. '

-I1-II 1.9 Extent of Investigation

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The physical investigation was carried out withoutintervention in the fabric or disturbance of theground. Apart from the principle involved theextent and complexity of the site made any attemptat intervention impractical. Sufficient informationwas sought to gain a reasonable understanding ofthe development and significance of the place sothat there would be a firm basis for recommendationson conservation policy.

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2.0 ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE- H. PROUDFOOT

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2.1

Documentary HistoryBuilding Cronology

DOCUMENTARY HISTORY

INDEX

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The original Female Orphan School was constructed during the years 1813­1818. It is a building of particular significance to the founding ofAustralian society and to the development of its institutions. It is afabric of considerable imaginative power which transcends its present stateof disarray.

This building on the banks of the Parramatta River, near Parramatta Centre,began as the major charitable institution in New South Wales, and continuedas an orphanage for one hundred years. Extensions were made to thebuilding during this period and other ancillary structures built, notablythe hospital and Drill Master's block in 1865, and the school.block in1870. In 1888, the complex became the Rydalmere Hospital for the Insane,a second phase of building activity was begun, and the orientation ofthe complex changed from the river to Victoria Road. Some fineinstitutional buildings were added during Vernon's period as GovernmentArchitect.

Thus the fabric of this complex of buildings has reflected the beginnings,growth, extensions, decline, re-organisation, transformation, furtherextension and constant adaptation probably over a longer period than anyother Australian institution of this type. The Orphan School had asymbolic role to play in the Colony for the first hundred years. TheRydalmere Hospital then became a major component of a re-organised hospitalsystem.

During the first hundred years, the Female Orphan School reflected a numberof conflicts in Australian society during that time. The difficultbeginnings of the Australian education system are reflected in thebuilding's beginnings - Commissioner Bigge called the Female Orphan Schoolone of "the principal establishments for the education of the:youth". Thebuilding also reflects the strivings of the early religious organisations;the changes of official policies were immediately paralleled in the rise,or decline, of the institution, and additions to, or neglect of, thebuilding.

From 1818 to 1830, it became a major area for political strivings andpersonal antipathies between Marsden and the Macquaries, between Scott andthe ministers of his church. The establishment and failure of the Churchand School Lands Corporation and the wider failure of the administrativesystem of which this was to form an integral part, can be followed, quarterby quarter, in the records of the Corporation, interwoven with the fate ofthe Female Orphan Scnool which was its major institution .

HRN-SW71~6--'14-------I­4 Oct. 1972

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History of Buildings

The Female Orphan Institution was set upby Governor King in 1800 to provide careand shelter for the orphan girl childrenwho roamed the Sydney streets inalarming numbers. Of the 958 childrenaccounted for at the general muster ofthat year, 398, or roughly two fifths,were orphans in the sense of having onlyone parent to look after them, and thesechildren were particularly vulnerable ina colonial society which had asubstantial majority of males. Kingpurchased Capt. Kent's house oppositethe barracks for this purpose andproposed building a "spacious house" atParramatta, with a plan by FrancisBarrallier. A committee for managingand directing the Orphan House was setup consisting of Rev. Richard Johnston,William Balmain, Rev. Samuel Marsden,John Harris, Mrs. King and Mrs.Paterson, with Marsden acting asTreasurer.

Funds were to be provided by a varietyof fines, penalties and levies, chieflyco~nected with the customs and harbourregulations, and 49 girls from 7 to 14years were accepted.

The Parramatta building, however, wasnot proceeded with, and by 1803 anadditional building was added to Capt.Kent's house to accommodate 104children, though there were not enoughfunds at this time to provide a similarinstitution for boys.

The situation of the School in Sydneywas far from ideal. There arereferences to the children becoming"victims of temptation', and in one

. instance it is called a "school forprostitutes"., so the site at Parramattawas presumabXychosen ~or Its isolatronfrom the bad influences 'of proximity tothe barracks. In some cases thechildren's parents were also considereddisruptive influences. Arthur's Hill, afew kilometres east of Parrama a, onthe northern side of the river, waschosen in 1810,-where~150 acres were setaside for the establishment. Sixtyacres of these had previously beengranted to ThQIDa§ A~ndell, assistant

HRNSW, 4, p , 135King to Johnson7 Aug 1800

HRNSW, 4, p.137

1bid p. 136

HRNSW, 4, 144, 145,232, 233

1bid p , 658

HRNSW, 5, p , 112King to Lord Hobart9 May 1803

ERA, 1, 9, p.719Macquarie to Bathurst12 Dec. 1817J. Lycett, Views in Aust.description

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Surgeon at Parramatta and ten of thesewere under cultivation by 1792. Anothersource states that "he had 18 acresunder crop and three more cleared, anachievement exceeded by only two otherpersons" . Bigge, however, states of thesite that whereas "the land had beenlately divided and fenced and someattempt has been made to clear it oftimber, and prepare it for cultivation

It was the opinion of personsexperienced in the agricultural of NewSouth Wales, that the land would notrepay the expense incurred in thisattempt."

The site of the building was elevated 54ft. (16.45 metres) above the river.The building was commenced in August1813, with an advertisement for lime andtimber to be delivered, and a formallaying of the foundation stone byGovernor Macquarie, accompanied by aparty of Ladies and Gentlemen.

On 19 July 1814, Macquarie noted thatthe brickwork was nearly finished, andMarsden wrote in October that year, thathe was putting the roof on and that itwas a "noble building". It was notcompleted until 1818.

The source of the plan of the buildingis deduced to be Airds House in Appin inScotland, where Mrs. Macquarie lived asa child and young woman. EnsignBarrallier's plan appears to have beenforgotten. The Campbell house at Appinhad a 3-storied main block linked byquadrant corridors to flanking 2~stored

pavilions. It was built of harledrubble masonry with exposed freestonedressings and rusticated quoins on themain block.

The building derived from it could notbe said to be particularly suitable forits purpose, with quarters on threefloors divorced from the groundsoutside, and with virtually no provisionfor bathrooms or proper drainage. Asfirst built it was not well adapted tothe Australian climate, with the roofset almost flush to the walls, withoutoverhanging eaves. It was soon adapted,however, with the addition of theverandah right across the north face in1826 and by caps to the windows on thewest side.

Aust. Diet. of BiographyVol. 1, entry under Thos.Arndell by B.H. Fletcher

J.T. Bigge, Report onAgriculture & Trade,1823, pp 39, 65, 70-73

Syd. Gaz. 14/8/1813Syd. Gaz. 25/9/1813

Macquarie's MemorandaML A772, p.82

Hassall Corresp. Vol. 2A167T2 ML P .136

J.S. Kerr - cardsRoyal Comm. on Hist.Monuments, LorneFig. 212, foIl. p. 244

I"It was in no sense a building designedto meet the requirements of an orphaninstitution, but it was a largegentleman's house that would embellishthe landscape in which orphans could bereared." It became a notable example of"Macquarie Picturesque."

J.S. Kerr ­"Des.i.qn forYork, 1977,

Thesis,Convicts",p.47 I

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5522-3

1bid f.3481-3482

B. T. Box 8, 1820pp 3392-3395

B.T. Box 20, p.3481Marsden to Bigge

B.T. Box 25

B.T. Box 26 f. 6033Marsden to Bigge30/1/1821

B.T. Box 27 f. 6366-815/3/1821 Marsden to Bigge

The supervision of the erection of thebuilding was entrusted to Rev. SamuelMarsden, as Treasurer of the Orphan Fundand pragmatic Christian. There were tobe no convict workmen, the building wasto be erected by contract and theexpense de£rayed from the ColonialFunds. Marsden, upon later enquiry ofCommisssioner Bigge, stated that he didnot know who had drawn the plan, butthat it was sent to him by theGovernor. He had thought it a very fineplan. It was drawn before he saw it,and when it was shown to him atGovernment House, "Mrs. Macquarieobserved that it was drawn upon the planat a Gentlemen I s House in Scotland." She"had seen such a House and knew itsadvantages and as the Governor and herapproved of the plan, it havingoriginated as far as I have ever heardwith the Governor and, Mrs. Macquarie",neither Marsden, nor any of theCommittee had objected to the plan.

Marsden; howeve~, was later to objectmost strongly to a statement made by theGovernor that he disapproved ofMarsden I s paying the workmen partly inproperty rather than solely in sterlingmoney, and to vindicate himself, sent adetailed statement to Bigge made by theRev. W. Cowper about these payments.(There was no rum in the payments). Theimputation that he had defrauded theFund in any way, or caused difficulty tothe progress of the building by hismethod of payment angered Marsdengre~tly~ He considered that he haddevoted- cons'iderable-time and energy· tothe School without reward, the wholething exacerbated the acrimony betweenhim and Macquarie. Mrs. Macquariehinted at this practice in her long 13 June 1820

i----------~I'-e::ct=t-:::e-=r;--:rt:-::o::-7COT:__Ersk~ne on tne orpnan..------B-;-T-;-BOX-2-2r----------I-Schools, and it may have been this that f. 4391-4396caused Marsden to make the unflatteringand dangerous comparison between her andHeriodias, casting himself as a parallelto John the Baptist. "What reward haveI received for all my toil and anxiety

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and labour and expenses, excepting asevere and unmerited censure covertlyimplied in the term Property and Iconceive intended to wound by feelingsand excite suspicion of my conduct insuperintending the Building of theOrphan House," he wrote to Bigge.

Nor did Marsden approve of Mrs.Macquarie's ideas of education for thegirls. "The Female Orphan Institution"he wrote sternly to Commissioner Bigge,"should not be like a boarding schoolfor young ladies who have some prospectsin life, but like a House of Industry."

The delays in the completion of thebuilding may have been due in part tothe difficulties of extracting theallocated funds from the Naval Officerto pay the workmen. Marsden does claimthat he gave checks on his own credit aswell as upon the Naval Officer. Hefound the different workmen "generallydrunken worthless characters." Probablythe labour available in the buildingindustry at Parramatta was severlyrestricted by Macquarie's own buildingprogramme.

Marsden had hired "such persons andmechanics as could be met with: "Mr.Elon" was the Principal workman. Thecarpenters and plasterers did their workby measurement and were paidaccordingly, the work being measured byMr. Greenway and Mr. Rouse on the partof Govt. and one person on behalf of theworkmen."

"Mr. Elon" may be a mistake in thetranscript, as elsewhere the Rev. Cowperstates that James Elder was theSuperintendent at 100 pounds per annum.Hilton a carpenter, Thomas Aitken abrickmaker, Stokes, Wells and AlIenbricklayers, Thomas Henshaw a plastererand John Hickey a glazier were otherworkmen working on the building.

The part that Greenway played in thisinitial phase of buildng appears to belimited to SUrveyi.ng the work on behalfof the Orphan School Committee. J.smith and R.Rouse had also previouslysurveyed work on 7 June, 1817.

B.T. Box 20, p.34811820 n.d.

1bid, f.6367

B.T. Box 26 f. 603330/1/1821

B.T. Box 20f. 3395

B.T. Box 25, f. 5522-3

Col. Sec. In-lettersBundle 11. No. 1-65 ML

On 30 June 1818, the Government Boatsreceived the Master & Matron, Itr. &Mrs. William .Hosking, and the children,with their necessary luggage and .conveyed them to the new Orphan House atParramatta. Numbers were to be limitedto 100 girls •. The Governor proclaimed aset of rules for the conduct of theSchool, and appointed a Committee ofeight, with five Patronesses, chief ofwhom was to be Mrs. Macquarie.

The composition of the Committee, whichincluded the senior officers of thecolony, reflected the important roleconceived for the school. They were tomeet every quarter. Children were to beadmitted at the age of five (though thiswas soon to be lowered), and apprenticedas servants at thirteen for five yearsor until married. Upon leaving theschool, each child would receive a Bibleand Prayer Book, and if well conductedwas eligible for a gift of a cow whenshe married. She was to be taught toread and to do needlework.

It seems that the building was onlybarely finished when the girls movedin. Chimneys were smoking, and a highfence was needed. There were problemswith the settlement of the centrebuilding, and dampness in the GroundFloor.

The Committee formed a Sub-Committee ofMarsden, Palmer and Hannibal McArthur tolook into the provi~ion of ancillarybuildings and services. "Many offices,outhou$es and buildings, such asstables, bakehouses, lodges, sheds,enclosures and other improvements beingstill necessary' to render the OrphanHouse adequately convenient in allrespects •.• " A plan for these wassubmitted by Francis Greenway asArchitect to the Committee and approved"generally as to-design." He wasrequested to finish the plan and makeout proper estimates.

Syd. Gazette27 June, 1818Govt. & General Orders

Syd. Gazette25 July, 1818Govt. & General Orders

Female Orphan SchoolCommittee consisted ofThe Lieu-Govr., JudgeAdvocate,JUdge of Supreme Court,Secretary to Govr.,Principal Chaplain,Senior Asst. Chaplain,John Palmer,Hannibal McArthur.

Orphan School Minutes14 Oct 1818AONSW 4/403 f .13

F. GreenwayThe Australian10 March 1825O.S. Minutes14 April 1819,AONSW 4/403 f.25

O.S. Minutes30 Oct. 1818AONSW 4/403 f.19

O. S. Minutes30 Nov. 1818AONSW, 4/403 f.23

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Tenders were called and received, butthe matter was deferred and nothingdone. Then on 14 July 1820, a plan andelevation of t~e improvements, correctedand approved by the Macquaries, waspresented, subject to approval by theLocal Committee. Tender advertisementswere to be inserted in the SydneyGazette.

In the meantime, Commissioner Bigge hadarrived in Sydney on 19 September,1819. He returned to England on 14February, 1821. (The Macquariesdeparted on 15 February 1822). On theOrphan School, Bigge remarked that "aplan had been recommended, and was underconsideration at the period of mydeparture, for the improvement andextension of the principal building, aswell as the offices, which were bothinconvenient and ill-constructed."

At this stage, we need to look at theonly early plan located for thebuilding. This is in the BiggeAppendix, Bonwick Transcript, Box 36.It bears the name Jas smith, Sydney. Itis undated, and it is not known if it isin fact a plan devised b~ smith or acopy by smith of another plan, eitherthat given by Mrs. Macquarie to Marsden,or, possibly, devised by Greenway in1818 to accommodate the additionsrequired by the Cormnittee. At no stageis smith named as the architect byMarsden or the Cormnittee. Nor doesGreenway claim it as his design.However, one cannot help but notice somesimilarities between this plan and thatof Greenway's Hyde Park Barracks, withthe arrangement of the service yards tocontain small one-room service buildingsat the corners, the balance ofarchitectural elements and enclosuresdesigned to form a finished design. Inthis plan, there is a distinction inshading made between the main block,passages and front rooms of the wings,and the rear wing rooms, service yardsand fowl houses, the segmental enclosingfence and the two detached butsymmetrically placed outbuildings. Thedistinction in shading appears toindicate that they were to be added tothe original block. There is also theproblem of the segmental passageways,which lead to a blank wall in thisdesign. If they were not built

O.S. Minutes14 April, 1818

O. S. Minutes.14 July, 1820

J.T. Bigge Reporton Agriculture andTrade, 1823, p.71

B. T. Box 36Plan 16 (a)

Endorsed Bigge App.Vol. 133, 63093Plan 16(a)

AONSW 9/2653Claims of FH Greenwayagainst the ColonialGovernment

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originally as straight passages, thenthey were altered soon after 1818.Unfortunately, the only clear butdistant picture of the building fromthis period, by Joseph Lycett, isambiguous about these.

There is still some physical evidence ofa structure having been butted againstthe east wing (Chapter 3). However,there is no specific mention of thepassages being rebuilt amongst thespecifications and estL~ates in theCommittee's Minutes, or in the paperS ofthe Church and School LandsCorporation.

In the meantime, a stone floor was laidin the former Master's Bedroom on theground floor, and it was converted to apantry in 1819. Room uses werechanged. Both Mrs. Macquarie and MajorWest recommended that the buildingneeded screens to shield it from thenorthern sun. This suggestion wasrejected'by the Committee, but"projecting outside caps" were to beprovided for the schoolroom. A smallhut was to be built in the Garden forthe gardener, and the male servantslodged in the workman's· hut.

On 24 April 1821, a contract with Mr.Watkins, builder, for the alterations ofthe house and premises was drawn up andsigned. Work was to be completed byAugust 1822. George Williams acted assurety, and Francis Greenway was thearchitect. By August, there werecomplaints that progress was very slow.It may be that Greenway and Watkins,associated also in the construction ofthe Female Factory, which was inprogress at the, same time (9 July 1818 ­early 1821) were over-extended. On 13Nov. 1823, a third instalment -. of 384pounds was paid to. Mr. Watkins and 30pounds f'b:r: Mr:' Greetrway, but- the'·Committee, irritated by the delays,decided to sue Mr. Watkins and hissureties and appoint Mr. smith ofParramatta to estimate the cost ofcompletion.

On 11 December 1823, a letter fromGreenway vindicating Watkins was read tothe Committee, which then determinedthat Greenway's services also bedispensed with.

O.S. MinutesAONSW 4/403 f.13

O. S. Minutespassim

O.S. MinutesAONSW 4/403 f.64 & f.67f. 70

O.S. Minutesf.72

1bid f. 92

ibid f.93

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The estimate for completion by Mr.smith, this time as builder, was £823-15­9. The final account rose to £1223-16­11. The extensions were presumablycompleted by the time the newlyappointed Governor Brisbane, suddenlyand unexpectedly decided to relieve theConunittee "from the irksomeness of theirpast duties," on 1 January 1824. TheConunittee, including its Chairman, JudgeBarron Field, was stunned. It caused tohave written in the Minutes: "Resolvedthat this meeting will not affect to saythat they obey the above sudden andunexpected order with(out) reluctanceand sorrow for they never found anyirksomeness in the task of benefittingthe rising generation of the Colony andthey would have been happy to havecarried into execution any newprinciples upon which the Governorshould have deemed it expedient to modelthe institution."

Governor Brisbane's action was takenmore in haste than with discretion. Andso it proved. Two of the three newTrustees were Henry Grattan Douglas andthe Rev. this period, see ThomasReddall. The first, the generalhospital and the Female Factory atParramatta, was a quarrelsome, litigiousman, who, as Marsden's enemy, may havebeen instrumental in having the originalcommittee disbanded. The Rev. ThomasReddall was expected to take the lead inestablishing the Madras System into the~ublic schools. He pursued instead athis Glen Alpine estate south ofCampbe11 town , an ideal of ruralgentility unobtainable in the colony.Both men neglected their duties at theFemale Orphan School. The Committee wasalso responsible for the NativeInstitution at Parramatta, and appointedthe Rev. William Walker, a Methodistminister who had run the Aboriginalmission, as Master. Walker brought withhim several Aboriginal children, but theexperiment proved unsuccessful. It wassaid that the white children picked up a"loathsome complaint in the head" fromthem.

1bid f.100,. f.106

Ibid, f. 111

1bid, f. 111

For a full account ofthis period, seeBarry Bridges' thesis."The Sydney OrphanSchools 1800-1830", FisherLibrary, University ofSydney.

B.T. Box 53W. Walker to Rev. R. Watson7/2/1825

Review of Peter Cunningham'sTwo Years in New South Wales

Walker also fell foul of ArchdeaconThomas Hobbes Scott, who, visiting theinstitution as 'Kings Visitor' (orInspector) in November 182~, had foundthe children unattended, and "in ahorrid state of disease and filth." InApril 1826, Walker and his wife ElizaHassall, resigned.

During 1825, it was noted that there wasan insufficient supply of water, poordrainage, and that the brick arches weredangerous. A plan for a.verandah 10feet wide was made, to be carried rightacross the northern side of the buildingand along the west of the west wing.

This work was surveyed on 24 May 1826,so may have been completed by then.There was flagging in the cow shed andservants rooms, excavations and drains.1 Rod 256/272 brickwork in gable ends ofnew building and connecting walls ofpassages was carried out for 20 pounds.

The Clergy and School Lands Corporationwas then established by Letters Patenton 9 March 1826, following RoyalInstructions given to Governor Darling.It was to receive a seventh in value andextent of all the lands in each countyin New South Wales and to be responsiblefor churches and schools. It wasdissolved on 4 February 1833, afterseven years of trying to establish aviable administrative system withoutsuccess. During this time, the FemaleOrphan School was its major educationalinstitution.

The Colonial Office in London in themeantime was studying a similarexperiment in Canada, where large tractsof land ,had been granted, a similar'amount to the 419, 199 acres in New SouthWales for the same purpose under ascheme established in 1791. By 1828,the Canadian clergy derived an income ofonl 930 ounds earl from this land,and spent most of it collecting therent. Clearly the experiment was afailure there, as it was proving to bein New South Wales. The Corporation hadneither the financial nor adm Lnd s't.ratrdv ereso-urces ~o undert&ke such a huge task,and its Minutes reveal a body trying to

B.T. Box 53, p.15711579Gov. Despatch A.1267 -"pp 723-724, 268

AONSW 4/346f. 5-17, 31-33Syd. Gazette 25/8/1825

AONSW 4/346, f.1471bidf.155

See Summary, Concise Guideto Archives of NSW

G.P. Shaw,Patriach and PatriotWillialt\ Grant Broughton.1788":'18'53,M. U. P. 1978Chap. 3, p. 40

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deal with a vast sea of detailed matters- on building, contracts, agreements,employment, arguments - that it couldnot resolve. Responsibility foreducating the Colony's Children was morethan the church body could undertake atthat time.

Nevertheless, it devoted concernedattention to the Female Orphan Schooland its Minutes give a detailed accountof the history of the School during the1826-33 period. The Rev. Samual Marsdenwas once again on the Corporation.

A summary of its "Letters fromArchitects and Mechanics" is in Volume 2of the Notes, giving a unique day-to-daypicture of what was necessary to adaptthe building as an orphanage and to keepit in repair.

There were numerous alterations andrepairs, and the problem of the watersupply was tackled in 1827, 1828 and1829. The roof of the main building wasreshingled, 1831. A bark boat-house wasre-built, 1831. A wharf was tenderedfor 1830. Tenders for new kitchen andstore-roam were called for in 1829.

In 1833, when the Clergy and Schoollands Corporation relinquished controland the Female Orphan School became aschool establishment maintained by theState, Governor Bourke called the'building "handsome and conuuodious." Theinstitution was largely contained withinthe main brick 3-storey building withtwo wings, with possible extensions tothe eastern,side, and possibly with thecourtyards as set out in the BiggeAppendix Plan. In addition, there werehuts for the workmen and someoutbuildings.

The Female Orphan School was a goodexample of the early adaption of afrankly derivative design to Australianconditions by the addition of theverandah across the north face of thebuilding in 1826 and by caps to thewindows on the west side. This verandahwas subsequently useful as an externalcorridor, establishing a pattern whichwas extended in the later buildings ofthe complex. The verandahs thereforeallowed cheaper construction ofinstitutional buildings.

AONSWClery & School LandsCorporation. Letters fromArchitects & Mechanics4/346, 4/347A, 4/347B

See aboveand Building Chronology

Governor's DespatchesA1267-5p.535HRA Ser.I, Vol. 18, 1835p.205VPLA 1845 Pt. 1 p.445Broughton to Col. Sec.

AONSW 4/346 f.147B.T. Box 26, f.67O.S. Minutes, 3 Jan 1821AONSW 4/403 f.67

L

The difficulties of procuring anadequate water supply to the buildinginitially and the badly-organiseddrainage led to considerable attentionbeing paid to this during the 1820s byJohn Busby, with the constru~tion ofdrains, building of an engine house,1827, the installatin of a pump and thecompletion of a dam on Vineyard Creek by1831. A water-borne sewerage system issuggested by Bridges. Even then, thewater supply was found to be inadequate,and tanks were later built behind themain building to catch and store rainfrom the roofs.

The punitive attitude of the day towardsthe little girls was expressed in 1829by the building of three cells forsolitary confinement adjoining thekitchen, as well as by the wearing of awooden collar by a girl and theattaching of a log of wood to a child'sleg to prevent her from climbing treesand "other wild conduct".

As Governor Bourke considered that theCatholic children have their ownorphanage, funds were directed towardsthe building of the Catholic Orphanageduring the 1840s rather than toextending the original institution.

In 1850, the Boys' Orphan School atCabramatta was closed, and the boysmoved over to Rydalmere, which was fromthen on called the Protestant OrphanSchool. In the year of the move, only£835-11-11 was spent on additions andrepairs, so there was no great programmeof extention envisaged, merely thebarest conversion of toilet and otherfacilities and the separation of boysand girls by a central wall in thegrounds.

Major additions had to wait until 1865,when the 2-storey hospital and DrillMaster's block were built. In 1870,further major extensions were made,including the building of the new largeschool block connected by a covered way(cost 3000 pounds). This was a largepolychrome brick structure, with acentral bell-turret, clerestory windowsand roof ventilators in the s~ate roof.

AONSW 4/346 f.267321-323, 337

AONSW 4/347B f.473B. Bridges Thesis, p.95

VPLA 1868

AONSW 4/347A f.219

O.S. Minutes 7 Aug 1821AONSW 4/403 f.77O.S. Minutes 14 Aug 1822AONSW 4/403 f.90

p. 773J. Jervis'The Cradle City ofAustralia', p. 109.

VPLA 1851, Vol. 4

AONSW Plan No. 2360 (.a)

AONSW Plan 2362Govt. Pr. Photo SH1746

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItII

It had a wide verandah on the southernside, which was later extended allaround the building, and was connectedto the main block by a covered walk­way. By 1874, the buildings werereported to be "tolerably complete" for250 children by R.C. Walker, theInspector of Public Charities, Walker'sreport gives a good description of theinstitution, its buildings and routineat that time, together with an accountof its history.

By 1882, the State Children's ReliefDepartment was inaugurated, and adopteda policy of boarding-out the children,so numbers began to drop. By 1886,there were only 50 boys and 15 girls.

In 1888, the buildings were handed overto the Inspector-General of the Insanein bad repair. The Inspector-General,however, had been recommending since1884 that they take over the buildingsand ground for imbecile children, and sothe change was welcomed. It firstbecame a branch of the ParramattaHospital for the Insane, and 30 selectedpatients were moved in to preventfurther delapidation and commencetidying up.

In 1890, extensive alterations wereundertaken (see Building Chronology).

A major extension was the new EpilepticWard (now the Administrative Block, andfrom the date of its erection, 1891-93,the orientation of the complex changedfrom south to north, facing VictoriaRoad rather than Parramatta River.Attention was paid to the re-planting ofthe grounds.

Two excellent site plans drawn at thisperiod allow an appreciation of theconsiderable expansion programme.Surveyor E. Ebsworth's Plan of 1893 andS. Fred V. Arnheim's site plan of 1901.

There were alterations to Female OrphanSchool main building. In 1894, a planand elevation of the Porch to the oldmain building is signed by W.L. Vernonand was probably built that year,changing the appearance of the frontfacade. In 1905, the back stair block

VPLA 1873, V. 6, p.90VPLA 1873--4, Vol. 6,Report Public CharitiesCommission.

VPLA 1885-6, V. 2 p.593

VPLA 1885-6, V. 2 p .662

Gov. Gazette2 May, 1888

Inspector-General ofthe Insane, Reportfor 1888

Report of Insp. Gen. ofthe Insane 1890.AONSW Plan No. 2365, 2367PWD Site Plan MH 9/78See Building Chronology

AONSW PhotoLands Dept.MS 682 Sy 3000Negative in Regr. Genl.

MS 1746 Sy 3000Lands Dept.Negative Regr. Genl.

AONSW Plan No. 2368

was built and connecting passageways tothe wings were converted to two levels,with stone balustrades. The iron roofwas added later. The internal stairswould have been removed at this time.

In 1901 work commenced on the Clyde toCarlingford railway which crossedParramatta River and followed the lineof Vineyard Creek, encroaching slightlyon the Hospital land.

The extensions undertaken in the periodafter 1888 fall into six phases - thefirst from 1888 to 1900 the second from1900 to 1910, the third from 1911 to1920, the fourth from 1920 to 1930, thefifth from 1931 to 1945 and the sixthfrom then to the present time.

During the early periods the additions,in an official version of the Federationstyle, followed the line of the higherground, being grouped in an ovalpattern, with buildings of a fairlydomestic scale. The original three­storey Orphan School Block remains themost formal building within the wholecomplex.

The Hospital building program began withthe construction of the Epileptic Ward(now _the Administrative Block) in 1893,facing north. Cottages for· the Matronand Nurses were built to the north-eastof this ward and a Gate-keeper's hourseat Rydalmere Avenue. The two-storeyMedical Superintendent's Residence andChief Attendant's Cottage were builtnear the river, and a new Boat Shed andlanding stage.

The new Wards, grouped in a loose ovalarrangement were begun c.1900 with twonew Female Wards, with single roomblocks in between, and then extendedalong the, northern side py two dorm~tory

bl.ocks with another single·-:r;·orn: block anda hospital block. A·large .RecreationHall was built near the Epileptic Wardin 1898.

I

IIIIIIIIIIIIII

I

e serv:tc-e-s-b-m-I--o.rrgs-were-re-bui-:L-t-arrdl---------------------tre-organised, as a range of buildingslinking the colonial complex to thesouth-west of the site to the Federationcomplex to the north-east.

II

IIII·1·1,I

1I

The old orphan school hospital block andl~undry were converted to a ward, and anew steam laundry and engine room,kitchen and store were built. Thiskitchen replaced one that had been builtbetween the original orphan school blockand the schoolhouse in the early 1890s,which was then removed.

Various minor buildings were also addedincluding the Mortuary, laundress'sCottage, urinals, night tub shed andsoap store. A conservatory and bushhouse were built and stocked with plantsand the grounds re-organised. A cricketpavilion, notable for two tallventilator shafts, was built between1900 and 1920 (recently burnt down) •

An interesting thing about the patternas it has developed is that not many ofthe main buildings appear to have beendemolished. They were altered, re­arranged and even re-built on the samesite or incorporated into otherbuildings. The complex as a whole has acertain organic rather than formalunity, which is more apparent from theplan than from the buildings on the site

. at present.

Abbreviations

See BuildingChronology

E. Ebsworth's1893 Survey PlanLands Dept.

See 1903 planGovt. Arch.

.:1

I.1

II

AONSWAust Dict of Biog.B.T.

Govt. Arch.HRA

HRNSWMLO.S.PWDSyd GazVPLA

New South Wales State Archives OfficeAustralian Dictionary of BiographyThe Bonwick Transcripts of the Bigge Appendix,Mitchell Library

Government ArchitectHistorical Records of AustraliaHistorical Records of New South WalesMitchell Library, SydneyOrphan SchoolNSW Public Works DepartmentSydney GazetteVotes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly

I2.2 BUILDING CHRONOLOGYPROGRESS OF THE FEMALE ORPHAN SCHOOL BUILDING 1810-1905 Reference I

1813 14 Aug Tenders for lime, timber, cartingbricks.

Brick work nearly finished.

Orphan School received funds fromNaval Officer.

Decision to build on Arthurs' Hilltenders called for building.

III

II

IIIII

II

I

S. Marsden, HassallCorresp. Vol 12 ML A1677-2 p.136O.S. C'tee B.T. Box 12 1

p. 32.0.

O.S. Committee B.•T. Box12, Vol. 130, p.320.

Syd. Gaz. 14/8/1813 p.2

Syd. Gaz. 7/6/1810

J.S. Kerr, D. Phil Thesis1977 York U.K. "Design forConvicts in the AustralianColonies during theTransportation Era."Royal Commission HistoricMonuments, Lorne p.244.Fig. 212BT Box 8, p.3394Bigge Appendix, B.T. Box20, p.3481 Cf- DumfriesHouse, Country Life,13/6/1974 p .1561

Macq. Memoranda ML A772,P.82

Macq. Memoranda ML 1813p.3, 63 A772 B.T. Box8, p.3392

~ Gaz. 24 Ap., 23 act,1813.

HRNSW, 1.2, 611; Aust.Dist. Biog. Vol. 1

expended on

expended on building.

880 pounds j/10~

building.

Now putting roof on, to contain 200girls. -::

60 acres of site granted to ThomasArndell, assistant SUrgeon atParramatta, 18 acres under crop,3 cleared

Foundation stone laid by MacquarieMarsden to Superintend the erectionof the building. Plan sent toMarsden by the Gov.Source of Plan: Mrs. Macquarie'srecollection of Airds House atAppin.Rev. S. Marsden stated plan drawnfrom a Gentleman's House inScotland, originated from theGovernor and Mrs. Macquarie."I dont know who Drew it".

e 1335-4-9~

24 Aug

1814

1814 19 Jul

1814 8 act

1810 7 Jun

1813

1813

1792 4 oct;

1813

I1814 . Inscription on central. pedimentstone: Female Orphan Institution,erected under the Superintendence ofthe Rev. S. Marsden 1814 L.

I---------------.,M.--a-c-q-,-,-uar~eGovernor·-.-----------------------------'--I-

i-'-- 1815 £ 1028-13-0~ expended.

II

1/8 only of Colonial Revenue forF.O.S. and schools.

Patronesses appointed, incl. Mrs.Macquarie.

Survey of carpenters and joinerswork by J. smith and R. Rouse.

F.O.S. lately completed "on a largeelegant and conunodious plan" builtby contract, expense defrayed fromCol. Funds.

No. 58 order co 201.82Macq. to Bathurst MLA3250.

Col. Sec.In-letters 1817 p.324.

Col. Sec. In-lettersBundle 11.No. 1-65 1817ML

M. Ellis Greenway p.100.

Government & General Order21 Dec 1816.

O.S. CItee B.T. Box 12,p.320

expended.£962-1-2l.z

Macquarie ordered Greenway to planFemale Factory. Tender given toWatkin and Payten for 4788 poundsdespite opposition from Marsdenand James smith who tendered14,000 pounds.

21 Jun

12 Dec

1817 7 Jun

1816 21 Dec

1816

1817 29 Jan

III

I

II

1,I

1817 £472-11-7l.z expended. O.S. C'tee B.T. Box 12,p.'320.

:1,'il~I

1818 27 Jun

25 Jul

1818 ?

Problems re Marsden's payments inproperty, a later source of acrimonybetween Marsden and Macquarie.

Children to be moved on 30 June.

Rules and Regulations for F.O.S.

Statements from Marsden re payments.

Greenway examines building, aserious settlement had taken placein the centre building, pine injoiners work in decay.

B.T. 412-429B.T. Box 26, P .5745B.T. Box 20, p.3481

Syd Gaz. G & GO 27/6/1818

Syd Gaz. G & GO 25/7/1818

B.T. Box 25 p.5522-3B.T. Box 26 p.6033-6036

The Australian March 10,1825.

1818 14 act Chimneys smoking, high fence needed. O.S. Minutes Aa 4/493 f.13

I 30 act Claim of Greenway to 2J.:z% ofSurvey of carpenters work.

1bid f. 16

.;1 Many offices, outhouses andbuildings, such as Stables,Bakehouses, lodges, Sheds,Inclosures and other Improvements,.•• still necessary. Sub-committeeof Marsden, Palmer, H. McArthur.

O.S Minutes Aa 4/403

1bid f .19

~I

I

I30 Nov

1819 14 Apr

Draft plan of improvements as to the 1bid f.23additional Buildings, Outhouses.•. submitted by Mr. Greenway, asArchitect to the Committee, Generallyapproved.

Only one tender received. 1bid f.25

II

Panelled frame put up in end roomfor Mrs. Collicott. IGround floor room damp, to be pavedas Pantry.

1bid I1820 13 Jun Request from Mrs. Macquarie that

all payments to workmen be made instirling money only.

B.T. Box 22 4391-4396

I14 Jul Plan and elevation of improvements

corrected and approved undersanction'of Patron and Patroness.Subject to further approbation ofapartments by Local Committee.

O.S. Minutes AO 4/4031bid f. 46 I

I

29 Jul

Mr. Greenway to advertise forcontracts and to carry into'effectRearrangement of Matrons Room andSchoolroom.

Marsqen leaves for New Zealand,returns Dec.

1bid f.48

1bid f.48; B.T. Box 23,p.4779

Yarwood Samuel Marsden

II

12 Aug Advertisements in Sydney Gazette forimprovements. I

1821 24 Aug Mrs. Macquarie's concern for theimprovements she had pointed out tobe made to the Grounds (as she wasleaving the Heads). She hadplaced men there to do the work.Projecting outside caps forschoolroom windows.Small hut to be built for gardener;workmen t shut.Contract with William Watkinsexecuted. Work to be completedAugust 1822

O.S. Minutes AO 4/403f.65-66B.T. Box 26, p.5745

AO 4/403 f.67

1bid f. 70

1bid f. 72

IIII

7 Aug Progress very slow, neitherArchitect nor Builder in attendance.

1bid f.73

I1bid f .82

f.83

Bedrooms infested with bugs.I-nterior to-be-l-me-WQSll-e-d,~;l(:)O-awor-k~-------------------II-

painted.

14 Nov

III

.1

.1I

I

·1

1

1

1

.1

14 Aug

1822 13 Nov

1822 13 Nov

11 Dec

1823 13 Dec

1823 12 Feb

14 Aug

12 Nov

1824 1 Jan

1825 7 Feb

25 Aug

Mr. Greenway forfeited claim to anapprentice, report on Mary Greene,an orphan from the Female OrphanSchool.

Third instalment paid to Watkins384 pounds.30 pounds paid to Greenway.

Very little done to building,contract overdue. Mr. smith toestimate cost of completion, anotherbuilder to do it under hissuperintendence. Mr. Garling to sueWatkin and his sureties.

Letter from Greenway vindicatingWatkins. Committee dispensed withGreenway's services.

Mr. smith stated completion wouldcost 700 or 800 pounds.

Tenders for painting and glazing.

smiths bill of completion £832-15-9and 37-10 for window blinds. Houseto be whitewashed.

smith' s bill £J 223-16-11.

Verdict of damages against GeorgeWilliams, Watkins' surety for 500pounds forgiven 150 pounds of this.

Orphan School Committee suddenlyrelieved from "Irksomeness of theirpast duties". Committee to be HenryGrattan Douglass and Rev. ThomasReddall. Mrs , Sweetman as Matron.Committee aggrieved by dismissal.

The meeting left the followingdemands for adjustment:Mr. Greenway £159-15-0.

O.S. children neglected. Experimentof uniting the Aborigines with theEnglish children by Rev. WilliamWalker.

Rules for management establishedby Archdeacon Scott.

Grand Jurors' visit - insufficientsupply of water, poor drainage,brick arches dangerous.

1bid f .87

1bid f .93

OS Minutes AO 4/403£.92

1bid f.93

1bid f. 94

Syd. Gaz. 13/12/1822

0.5. Minutes AO 4/403£.100

1bid £.106

1bid f .108

1bid f. 111

1bid f .114

B.T. Box 53, W. Walkerto Rev. R. Watson7/2/1825 p.1470

Gov. Desp.A1267 pt.4 p.184

Syd. Gaz. 25/8/1825

I29 Jul . Specification and estimate of

repairs and alterations from WmAird 10 ft. wide flagged verandah,45 columns 7 to 8 ft. apart (Rightacross northern side and alongwestern wing). Wall connectingwings to main building to be carriedup to match pitch of verandah.

Room in east wing adapted to laundry,store converted to washing house,brick wall to playground.

20 Sept Tenders for alterations and repairs

3 act Mr. & Mrs. Sweetman ill, succeededby Rev. Mr. Walker

Aboriginal children.

Aa 4/346 f.5-17, 31-33

Syd. Gaz. 20/9/18253/10/1825

Gov. Desp. A.1267 Pt.4p.184 Brisbane to Bathurst

IIIIII

5 Nov Archdeacon T.H. Scott visits andfinds no one superintendingchildren. Big row with Wffi, Walker,children in "horrid state of diseaseand filth".

B.T. Box 53 p.1571, 1579Gov. Desp. A.1267-11 pp.723-724, 268.

II

1825 29 Dec

1826 5 Apr

James smith's bondsmen for contractare Daniel Jackson master mason,Wffi, Patman, master Carpenter. Worksare now in considerable progress.

Rev. Wm. Walker resigns.

Aa 4/346f.57

Syd. Gaz. 5/4/1826

II

1826 22 Mar

23 Mar

Survey by Wm, Aird 2180 ft.chiselled flagging. Verandah inrear of main building @ -/10£90-16-8, 5 rods 108/272 Brickworkservants rooms, stable and cornhouse £b6-13-4. 5 Window sills 1.Countersigned Alex KinghorneCarpenters Work - Batman and Lentz.

Fascia for verandah, shingling.

1bidf.147

1bid f. 141

III

1826 9 May Quote on pipe and pumps - JohnBusby.

AO 4/346 f.95-97 II

1bid f.15524 May Survey by W. Aird 780 ft chisseledflagging to verandah, flagging incow shed and servants rooms,excavations, drains.

~------lRod2567'Z7Zl3r~ckWorka n g1iJ5Te'---------------------I-ends of New Building and connectingwalls of passages £20-7-7.

II

fi1II-I

11

·~I

':1

:1'··;1

2 Aug

1827

1827 July

Nov

1827 28 Nov

1828

1828 11 Aug

20 Sept

1829 19 Jan

3 Feb

22 Apr

28 Apr

15 May

28 May

Site of F.O.S. formally granted tothe Trustees of the Clergy andSchool Lands of N.S.W. and forgoverning the children at Schooland in apprenticeship.

Engine house - correspondencethrough March-July.

John Brown & John Busby. Plan.

Whitewashing, colouring, plastering.

99 bushels of lime.

Chimneys did not carry sparksclear of shingling. Roofcaught fire causing triflingdamage.

Rev. Wilton to enclose ground aroundthe house in the Garden.

Intention of new building to uniteMale and Female O.S. (Not proceededwith at this stage).

Pulling down and putting up 2ceilings to nursery - G. Hopkins.

Reshingling recommended by wm. Aird.

Tender from George Hopkins for NewKitchen and Store Room. Stonework£32 Brickwork £65 (see detailedlist) •

Hopkins tender for stone walls,flagging. One wall in approbationyard 81 perches, one 610 perches.

Estimate of alterations and repairsincl. walling up windows, buildingparty, wall, beam filling, newceiling.

New Ceilings

13-~ rods paling fencing.

Cow shed converted to wash house.

Syd. Gaz. 12/8/1826VPLA 1868-69, V.3, p.484Act of Pari. 7 Geo VII,No. 4, 1826

AO 4/346 f.267, 321-323337.

Gov. Desp. A1267-11Enclosures 1827-9 4 July

AO 4/346 f.345 27 JulyF.O.S. letters, Wilton toScott 27th Nov. 1827AOO 4/326

AO 4/292 Proc. of C'teesNo. 1

ML A1202 Gov. Desp. 1828

AO 4/346 f. 429

1bid f.453

AO 4/347A f.5

1bid f. 31

1bid f .109

1bid f .125

1bidL141

1bid f. 151

2 Jun Rules for the internal management ofF.O.S.

AO 4/291 Proc. of GeneralCourts. Church & SchoolLands Corpu.

17 Aug Tender for 3 cells adjoiningkitchen.

20 Oct Drainage plan for site (See Folder 2)

23 Jun Criticism of Rev. C.P. Wilton byArchd. Scott for squandering moneyon the Institution withoutauthority.

1830 6 Jan 2 weather boarded brick noggedPrivies - Account from EmanuelMarvin. Also fencing and makingdoor.

11 Jun Repairs to Boat House.

7 Dec Tender for Wharf

*1831 19 Jan Tender from Thos. Haines for~eshingling main building.

3, 14 Feb Tender from E. Marvin "shinglestotally decayed", gutter, waterspouts.

19 Feb Tender for Boat house, 21' x 17'covered with bark.

30 Mar Dam completed.

12 Apr Estimate plasterers, painting.

AO 4/347 f.219

1bid f.247

Gov. Desp. A1205 Vol. 16p.475

AONSW 4/347A f.293

1bid f.361

1bid f .419

1bid f.443

1bid f.453, 457

AD 4/347B f.473

1bid f~473

1bid f. 481

IIIIIIIIII

30 Aug

Jul

1833 5 Jan

4 Feb

30 Sep

Tender for rebuilding oven.

Repairs cesspool, drain and gutterrebuild chimney.

Rev. H.T. Stiles appointed Master.

Church & Schools Corporationabol;i.shed.

Building called "handsome andcommodious" by Gov. Bourke.

1bid £.561

1bid f.727

Rev. H.T. Stiles Papers1832-56 ML A269 p.3

Order-in-Council.Concise Guide to State­Arctives- p.64 Church &School Lands Corp.

Gov. Desp. A1267-5 p.535

IIII1-III

-------------------------------------------------_. -~. --

I:1

Ii'lI:1",

I

I'I,

1834 11 Mar

1836 Aug

1840

1841 Nov

1850 29 Mar

1850

1851

1852

1852

1854

1861

1863

1865

Bourke's comments: attention paidby Archd. Broughton to O.S. beyondpraise. Need for general system foreducation in colony. New committeenot named but arrangements forproper maintenance. Broughtonremoved from control and the F.O.S.became a school establishmentmaintained by the State.

Bourke considers R.C. childrenshould have their own orphanage.

New orphan school to be built,2000 pounds estimated.

Ready 'for roof in 6 or 8 weeks.

Intended for Male ~rphans but usedfor R.C. orphans.

Boys Orphan School at Cabramattaclosed. Boys moved to F.O.S., nowcalled Protestant Orphan School.Mrs. Martha Betts 1 Marsden,l s youngerdaughter, became Matron, husbandMaster, clerk and storekeeper (d.1863) Mrs Betts still Matron in1874.

Additions and repa~rs to P.O.S.ptta. £:835-11-11.

Nothing found.

Estimates only 50 pounds.

Alterations and repairs P.O.S.£171-3-9.List of staff - 17 people.

Erecting Hospital l sheds etc.estimate 250.

Additions made (unspecified).

Edward M. Betts, son, became Master.

Plan of 2 storey Hospital buildingand elevated tank.Rooms damp 1 badly ventilated l

bathroom unsuitable.

Gov. Desp. A1267-5 p.602HRA Series I Vol. XVIII,1835 1 p.205VPLA 1845, Pt. 1 1 p.465Broughton to ColonialSecretary.

Gov. Desp. A1267-5 pp.773-774

J. Jervis p.109

SMH 29/3/1850

VPLA 1873-74 Vol.6p.92

VPLA 1851 Vo1.4Expenditure foi 1850

VPLA 1851, Vol.1 p.587/35

VPLA 1852 Vol. 1

AO Col. Arch. 2/632 (JK)

Jervis p.109

Jervis p. 109

AONSW Plan No. 2360(a)

VPLA 1868-9 1 Vol.3 p.481

1865

1868

1870

c.1870-80

1874

1877

(It appears li~ely that the DrillMaster's block, similar in plandouble hipped roof without veran~ah

was also erected then. it was thereby 1868).

Plan of pump, pump house, cart shed,and wooden shed to be enclosed as adining room for boys.

New kitchen building detached fromsouth wing, covered way to servantshall. No proper pr.ovision forlavatories or bathroom for boys.

Stone wall between playgrounds, andhigh paling fence.

Dining room for boys too small, alsoused as infants school.

Plan of proposed additions.

Shows: Hospital, south verandah,bathroom; new cart shed.West wing: "New" dining room,Matrons New Kitchen, New Pantry,Verandah Extension.Ext. East Wing: Girls new bathroom,New Laundry, New Grocery Store.Ext. West Wing: Boys new Bathroom,New Laundry.New Wash House, laundry, linen room(detached building).Shelter sheds moved to newlocations

New large school block withverandahs and bell turret andcovered walkway Cost 3000

Vine growing on front facadeof main block & east passage

Buildings 11 tolerably compLe t.e" for250 children (100 girls).

Roof in bad repair, some delapidatedplaster, but "a model builing as aschool".

Glimpse in G.Pr PhotoSH 1729/1887

AONSW Plan No. 2360(b)

VPLA 1868-9 Vol.3p.481-487.Progress report ofInspector of Charities

12 Oct 1868 Describesroom uses. Very useful

AONSW Plan No. 2361Details of plan showchanges in window, door­openings.Original needs to be seen.

AONSW Plan No. 2362

Govt. Pr. Photo 1887 SH1746VPLA 1873 v.6. pp 90-92

Govt. Pr. Photos SH1728,SH 1730

VPLA 1873-74 V.6 2nd-- .Report Public CharitiesConunission.

VPLA 1877-78 V.2 JudgeDowlings Report p.657

I,II

IIIIIIIIIIII

1------.".88·;4-1-------,On-e~ro6m-aaa.~t~on to~-=s:'It:-:e:-::r""'s=-----~-A"""'O""N""S..,W,-,PTai1N<::;o-.~2.,..3.,..,6::-4,,---------1­

Residence (Presumably built c.1880).

Proposed wooden fodder store and cowshed.

AONSW Plan No. 2363 III

I

III

III

I

~I

,IIII

18?2

1882

1884-6

1886

1887

1888

1890

1891

1892

1893 16 Jan

c.1892

1891­1893

Forty bed dormitories added toWest Wing.

state Children's Relief Dept.inaugurated. Policy of boarding outwith forster paxents adopted.

Recommendation for use of P.O.S. ashospital for imbecile children.

Still 50 boys and 15 girls remainingat Orphanage.

Photographs of complete P.O.S.complex viewed from river.

Buildings handed over to lunacy, inbad repair.Branch of Parramatta Hospital forthe Insane.School house altered, infilled,exterior changed, verandahs added.Use changed to Dining & Day rooms.Ext. East Wing: oven removed, newverandah, closets, new kitchen, withventilators and large chimney andnew store built in courtyard behindmain building.Ext. West Wing: New bathroom andclosets.2nd storey added to Master'sResidence for Superintendent.

Windows in west wing had highlightsadded, also window units in eastwing.

Staircase, bathroom to closets.

Independent Status, Rydalmere Hosp.for the Insane.

Stable for Medical Superintendent(wooden). Shingle & terracotta

SUrvey plan done by E. Ebsworth ofsite, Lands Dept. shows buildingsand grounds scale 60 links to 1inch. Contours, vegetation, dams.Excellent site plan.

Photograph of front of building,hoods over windows, neat garden.(a prestige establishment)Epileptic ward, now Administrativeblock, constructed bathroom blockand block of single rooms.

VPLA 1882 V. 2 p. 10 15

VPLA 1885-6 V.2 p.593

VPLA 1885-6 V.2 p.662

G. Pr. SH1735, SH1727

VPLA 1889 v.5 p.697

AONSW Plan No. 2365

AONSW Plan No. 2367AONSW Plan No. 2367Also PWD large site planMH 9/78

AONSW Plan No. 2366

of AONSW Plan No. 2364PWD MH 9/76

smith & small V. 1 P .59 I

;

PWD MH 9/77

VPLA 1892-3 v.7 p.1071

Smith & small V. 1 p. 60

MS 682 Sy. Neg. Reg. Gen.3000

AONSW Health Comm. 4/8686

VPLA 1892-3 V.7, p.10711894 V.3, p.907PWD MH 9/95

1894

1894

n.d.

Porch plan & elevation signed W.C.Vernon and new. Doorway (?)

Matrons Cottage (dem)

Nurses Cottage

AONSW Plan No. 2368

PWD MH 11/4

PWD MH 11/7

III

Boat Shed and landing stage.

1895

1895

Assistant(now goneN-W gate.Rydalmere

Medical Officers Cottagenear gate). Residence,

Gatekeepers House, offAve (now gone)

PWD MH 11/6

PWD MH 11/9 R~f No. 9

II

1895

1898

c1900

c1900c1900c1900c1900c1900c1900

1901 9 Jan

1904

1904

1904

Farm Attendant's Cottage (nearBoiler house r now gone) .Not located.

New Dining Hall, Recreation HallKitchen Block.

Single rooms adjacent to FemaleWard No. 1, 2Female Wards No. 1, 2Dormitory Block 'A'Single Rooms Block 'B'Dormitory Block 'c'Hospital Block 'D'Pavilion

Survey Plan by S. Fred V. Arnheimprovides summary of buildings tothis date - Lands Dept. Showsgrounds and buildings named. Scale1 chain to 1 inch.Range of buildings connectinghospital and laundry block (Ward 4)numerous other new buildingsincluding mortuarYr Southern rangeof new Female Wards 4 blgs r 2 wards,2 single room blocks, gatekeeperscottage, Ch. Att. Cott. storekitchen steam laundry/engine roomlaundress's Cott, various urinals,night tub shed and soap store,conservatory and bush house. Walls,feriqes, ditches; dr,aip$, trackq•

Balustrades added to Wings tomake 2 levels South Side onlySecond storey School block

Store, stone, rectangular

PWD MH 11/12

PWD MH 11 /8 r 18PWD MH 11/13

1746-30001746-3000MH11/22MH11/22MH11/23MH11/23MH11/23

MS 1746 Sy.Neg. Rag. Gen. 3000.

PWD MH 11/27

PWD

III

IIIII

ItI

IIIII'III·1.1I

I

II1.1

1905 13 Mar

1907

1907

c.1910-20

1909

1910

1920

Pre-1926

1930

1931

1934

19381938

1938

1930' s

1947

194919491940' s

Post War

Plan, signed Mr. Mitchell showingadditions to Central Block - backstair block.Further level added 1954 forhot water system, boiler in a shedat its base.Presumably, internal stairremoved also in 1905.Connecting passageways to wingsconverted to two levels withstone balustrade. Iron rooflater.

Water Closet and Enclosed Verandahto BIc8/BIe3Stair and Toilet Block to BIe2

Pavilion (between 1904-1914).

Ward, now Day Room builtadjoining old Drill MastersBuilding

Additions to back of Med.Superintendents Residence

Club House

Two-storey addition toNurses' Cottage

Refrigeration Room

Second floor added to blockadjoining East wing

Extensions to BIIIbl

Mattress Sterilizer BuildingVerandah and Balcony to BIIIa19

Verandahs of Orphanage Hospitalclosed in

Toilet Additions to BIIIc11

Office and Toilets adjacent toBIIIa 18

Day Room Male Ward 4Day Room Male Ward 3Air Raid Shelter

Additions to Recreation Hall,Wards 8 & 6

Lent by Mgr. Rydalmer~

Hosp. to J.S. Kerr.

MH11/45MH11/45

PWD MH 11/32smith & small V.1, p.63

PWD MH 11/33

Site Insp.

smith & small V.1, p.63

MH11/43

PWD MH 11/45

MH11/49

MH11/57MH 11/55

PWD MH11/55

Site Insp.

MH11/66

MH11/76MH11/77Site Insp.

Smith & small Summary used

1955/56

1957

195919591959195919591959

1960

1961

1961

Female Ward No. 7

Additions to Ward 8

Rotunda adjacent to Bllla3Ward for dying Male PatientsElectricity SUbstationMorgueNew Main KitchenX-Ray Facilities

Scale Room for Weighbridge

Male Ward

Extension to northern sideof Victoria Road

MH 11/192, 3,4, 9, 100

MH11/113MH11/112MH11/119MH11/115-116MH11/107-9

MH11/118

MH11/122, 24,26-7

Smith & smale summary used

IIIIII

1962 Day Room to Ward No. 2 and Dining Roomto Ward No.4 MH11/211,207 I

19631963

196419641960' s1960's1960' s

1976

KioskSolarium

Medical RecordsBoilerhouse and Tank StandResidence in NW corner of siteCombined Factories BuildingMiscellaneous Sheds and"AGLEnclosuresLinen Handling.Facilities Block

MH 11 /210MH11/272

MH11/287-8MH11/273MH11/275MH11/295

Site Insp.

IIIIIIIIItIII

I-II

:1

;1:1•.;1~

;1~I

::1

-3.0 ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL AND DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCEW. THORP.

3.1.0

3.2.0

INDEX

Definition of Study: Aims, Methods, Constraints

Period I : Female Orphanage Occupation

III

Period III : Hospital for the Insane

Period IV : Psychiatric Centre

Period II : Combined Orphanage Occupation.3.3.0

3.4.0

3.5.0

3.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.53.2.63.2.73.2.83.2.9

3.3. 13.3.23.3.33.3.43.3.53.3.6

3.4.13.4.23.4.33.4.43.4.53.4.63.4.7

3.5. 13.5.23.5.33.5.43.5.5

Definition of phases and archeological potentialPhase la c.1813-1818Phase Ib c.1881-1821Phase Ic c.1822-1823Phase Id c.1825-1826Phase le c.1827-1836Phase If c .1837Phase Ig c.1838-1849Summary of Units and Features Recorded Period I

Definition of Phases and Orphanage OccupationPhase IIa 1850-1860Phase lIb 1860-1870Phase IIc 1870-1880Phase lId 1880-1888Summary of Units and Features Recorded Period II

Definition of Phases and Orphanage oc'cupationPhase IlIa 1888-1899Phase IIIb 1900-1910Phase rltc 1911-1920Phase IIId 1920-1930Phase IIIe 1931-1945Summary of Units and Features Recorded Period III

Definition of Phases and Archaeological PotentialPhase IVa 1945-1960Phase IVb 1960-1970Phase IVc 1970-1982Summary of Units Recorded Period IV

IIIIIIIIIII

3.6.0

3.7.0

3.8.0

Complete Index to Units and Features Recorded

Compl.'ete"· Index ~Unit~,_ ReeordedComplete Index Archaeological Features Recorded

Recommendations

3.7.1

3.7.23.7.3

Assessment

II1-III

II KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS, NOTATIONS, TERMS

ABBREVIATIONSII.1

M.L.S.A.P.W.D.L.D.NLAG.P.NSP

Mitchell LibraryState Archives Office of N.S.W.Public Works DepartmentLands DepartmentNational Library AustraliaNew South Wales Government PrinterNot shown on plan

NOTATIONS

Element: "B""L""A"

Building - a standing structureLandscape element -" from "natural" environemntArchaeological feature with an assigned period,

phase, item and provenanceThree possibilities: with assigned period, phase,

item and general provenance e.g. AXIa1with assigned period, item e.g. AXI1with only item e.g AX1.

II1 Period:

"AX"

III

IIIIV

Female Orphanage OccupationCombined Orphanage OccupationHospital for InsanePsychiatric Centre

c 1813-18501850-1888·1888-19451945-1982

Phase: " a""b"

denotes earliest recognized phasenext earliest phase etc.

IItem:

TERMS

"1" The number of single units in each"2" etc. phase or period - arranged as far as possible

in a chronological sequence, "1" being the earliest etc.

·1

·1

:1II

"archaeological record": denotes the underground accumulated layers ofsoils, debris, structural remains etc. which maybe interpreted to provide a sequential developmentof building and history on site.

I3. 1 DEFINITION OF STUDY: AIMS, METHODS AND CONSTRAINTS IThe role of the archaeologist on any historic site.is a synthesis of manyfunctions and roles with the addition of their own specialised training.It is generally their task, with the help of many other specialists, toexplain how and why a site has achieved its current form at the given timeof study. At ~ydalmere I have broadly grouped my work into two areas; arationalisation of the development of the built environment and secondlyan explanation of the same.

Each item on this. site, represents a specific need or intention of thevarious institutions at certain times in their respective developments andeach must be explained as a function of these requirements. Various itemsmay be classed together as representing the sequential development of oneparticular institution and I have seen it as my role, in b~oad terms, todetail not only when a building was constructed or changed but also why orin response to what stimulus. It must not be forgotten that a site is theend expression of human activity and it is the archaeologist's primaryfunction to interpret this activity and stimuli.

In carrying out this function, while it is neces.sary to observe theindividual element, it is vital to see these in the entire matrix of theirorigin, that is, a single room within a single building, a single buildingwithin a group of buildings, a series of buildings within an area. It iswith this approach in mind that the site of Rydalmere as it now appears maybe explained.

In performing this function the archaeologist depends greatly on theavailability of historical dqcumentation. In the case of Rydalmere thismaterial was vqriable in both quality. and quantity and this factorconsiderably influehced the methods I used subsequently to survey thesite.

IIIIIIII

As to the later, briefly, I chose to examine the structures on aprecinctual system, each precinct being roughly equivalent to an historicalphase of development on site as it was revealed by the archival material.This provided an over-view of both the chronolgical and geographicaldevelopment of the eI1vironment as it spread from the southern river side ofthe site to the northern Victoria Road side.

II

II

IWith regard to the geographic features it is imperative that the builtenvironment and the landscape elements are seen as integral units. Thelandscape is as much a result of the human activity on this site as are thestructural elements, one often being a function or requirement of theother.. By not interpreting the two together much o-f the logic and meaningof the development 'of this 'site is lost.

The schema adopted to notate the units recorded reflects this purelyarchaeological approach rather than an architectural survey because it hashad to include not only structures but certain elements of the landscape

f--------=a""n=--a.,....r"'e""as' wn~cn maroIll-y-~e-cl-a-s-sTf·re-d-Qs-archQe-o±og iCdl si tes in the,----------'I­traditional form and meaning.

III.

IIIIIII

-III

I

',1

III

In the case of the later these are determined as areas of possible sub­surface structural remains (for example wells, drains, tanks, buildings)which would only be revealed by excavation; accumulated remains such asdumps; stratified layers of debris or soils material such as might befound under floors or within the landscape which could, with controlledexcavation, reveal information unavailable by any other means; elementswhich I have termed "expected archaeological features" ie those which ananalysis of a given period has shown as being likely to exist on site andwhich may be revealed by future works programmes although no evidence waslocated in this survey.

The notation is designed to provide both an historical and chronologicalidentity for a unit and a determinant of its nature. There are a maximumof four elements in a notation for a single unit. The first is denoted byan upper case letter "B", "L" or "A" corresponding respectively to"Building" (a standing structural element); "Landscape" (an element fromthe "natural" environment); "Archaeological", a feature as defined in theprevious paragraph.

The second element used is a Roman numeral I, 11, III or IV. Thesenumerals are keyed to a documented period of occupation on site viz I.represents the first Female Orphanage occupation c 1813-1850; 11 theCombined Protestant Orphanage period c 1850-1888; III the period of theHospital for the Insane c 1888-1945; IV the modern Psychiatric Centre c1945-1982.

'I'he third element is a lower case "a", "b", "c" etc. It represents aspecific phase of development, if it may'be determined, within the majorhistoric period. The earliest phase identifiable is given the nomen lI a " ,the subsequent later phases "b", "ell, "dll and so on.

The final element in the notation is an arabic numeral 1, 2, 3, 4 etc.This represents the number of single units which may be assigned to a phaseor if a phase cannot be determined, an historic period. An example of acomplete nomenclature for the earliest building on site would be,therefore, under this system BlaI. It is recognized that all structureshave undergone considerable alterations after their initial construction,however, assignment to a given historical period is based on the earliestelement identified in the unit.

Archaeological features that may be assigned to a certain period arerecorded in the same manner, although phases of development in this caseare not always possible. In this instance a typical designation for anarchaeological feature would appear as AII2, meaning the second such siterecorded for the second period of occupancy.

In cases of archaeological features for which there is a reasonaA~e

expectation of some evidence being uncovered in the future and wherereferral to a certain period of occupancy is possible, for example thebarrel drains of Period I, an IIAX" number is assigned with perioddesignation and item number. Using this example, these drains would becomeAXI1.

In the final case of features which have either been identified on site orfrom aerial photographs for which no definite period of life may beattached, these are given only the designation IIAX

II and a number, forexample "AX6".

The major constraints met in working at Rydalmere were, to begin with thesize and complexity of the features involved in the survey. Well overtwo hundred standing structures and potential archaeological sites had tobe individually identified and investigated in the very limited timeavailable.

It is recognized that the resultant surveys of certain areas were, at best,brief. In some cases, particularly the earliest buildings identified onsite, far more time was aportioned to their survey than to more recentdevelopments and it is acknowledged that this is a value jUdgement initself in terms of what is significant on this site. It is my opinion,however, that the correlated results of the work have validated thisdecision. To compensate, though, for areas given less detailed attention,recommendations have been provided detailing specific action required.

Pertaining to these recommendations are areas to which limited access, andin some cases, no access was available owing to their continued use in themodern psychiatric centre. I do not consider that the results of the finalsurvey have been prejudiced due to the inavailability of this material. Theareas in question have been in constant use in the Centre and have beenextensively remodelled for their current functions. Minimal additionalinformation would have been achieved by reviewing them.

The following work is organized along the system of the notation schema.The major sections correspond to the four major historic periods. Withineach of those the phases of development, as may be determined, are analysedcombining historical, architectural and archaeological data. Appended toeach is the list of structures and sites located in the survey with theirnotations relevant to the phase and/or period.

At the conclusion of the survey I have attempted an exposition of the sitein the terms in which I originally defined my role reviewing both theentire-physical development and the reasons for this development atRydalmere.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

----------------'1-

III

Rydalmere was occupied as a female orphanage between the years 1818 and1850. Within this primary historical period seven secondary phases ofactivity relating to the built environment may be identified.

I11

:1

3.2

3.2. 1

PERIOD 1: FEMALE ORPHANAGE OCCUPATION

DEFINITION OF PHASES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

II

1'I·1~I

I.1

·1IIII·1·1

First tenders for the construction of the establishment were called in1813. By 1817 this major building phase (la) was largely completed, aninspection of the same being carried out in 1818. This same inspection ofthe completed work (Ib) revealed serious faults and inadequacies in thebuildings. A draft plan of improvements was submitted by Francis Greenwayin 1819, further corrected in 1820 and tendered for in the same year. By1822/23 this phase of improvements and additions (Ic) had been completedand apparently sufficed for a short time.

In 1825/26 further faults and requirements were brought to light andanother series of renovations were carried out (Id). Between 1827 and 1836a number of small structural repairs, cosmetic repairs (whitewashing,painting and the like) and limited additions were put into effect (le). In1837 major repairs were recorded for the entire complex (If).

Between 1838 and 1850 the archival evidence is minimal, however, whendocumentation resumes it suggests that this later phase (Ig) ischaracterized by a similar programme as that carried out during Phase le.Certainly by 1845 the buildings are said to be in good repair and wouldseem to remain so until Period 11.

The original development of the Female Orphanage centred on the crest of arise known as Arthur's Hill. It was aligned on a NE/SW axis with a view tothe Parramatta River although the oblique angle it presents to this isunusual and merits further research.

The location and natural features of the site are a major factor inanalysing the subsequent development and appearance of the Orphanage. Thealignment of the school towards the river is a logical outcome of theprincipal means of transportation and access at this time. The fact of theriver being the major mode of communication with the school determines theconsideration of a number of specailised structures to facilitate thisfunction (boat sheds, wharves, jetties etc.), as well as the secondarypaths and tracks connecting these to the major occupation site. Asalternate means of communications are created these are likely to be eitherabondoned or destroyed, thereby influencing the extent of evidence to befound.

Availability of fresh water is another key determinant on site, a largefresh water stream originally being found on the eastern perimeter.However, as this water is reasonably distant and downhill, the means ofwater supply to the school and surrounding crops must be explored and thepotential of any evidence being retained in the archaeological record.Evidence, also, of attempts to improve the natural water supply withearthworks such as dams must be considered.

It should also be noted that for this period evidence of early drainagepatterns will more than likely be located in this area (ie. the southernsection of the site) draining towards the river. The location of any cropsor planting and, therefore, the subsidiary structures erected to facilitatethis site usage are also likely to be governed by the proximity of water aswell as the "valley" areas between the crests.

The initial construction of the orphanage buildings has more than likelyleft a notable impact on the immediate surrounding stratigraphic record.It is possible that the initial clearance of the site has done the samealthough this is dependent on the method of clearance used. Any futuredisturbance of the site must be carried out with an awareness of thepossibilities of revealing stratified construction layers and work areas.

In this same context evidence of the earliest surrounding surface finishesmay come to light, this very possibly being packed or tamped earth as ithas been found on other comparable institution sites. Without the benefitof either documentation or controlled excavation these details with reg~rd

to the early school are unknown.

The key to understanding the development of the built environment in thisperiod and in later periods is in recognizing the inadequacy of theoriginal design to cope with the expanding needs of the orphanage. The'initial plan apparently consisted solely of the central main block (BlbI)connected to two flanking pavilions (BIb2 and BIb3) by curved passages. Itwould seem evident, though, that additional structures such as privies musthave existed of which we have no knowledge.

The developments of Phase Ic are a clear acknowledgement of the deficiencyof the original plan. Similar additions and renovations in the subsequentphases underline the lack of foresight<· on the part of the planners.

The effect of this extensive. building and renovation campaign in te·rms ofthe archaeological survey of the site ~s to leave a potentially enormouswealth of sub-surface remains, relics and features. It is evident from theminimal documentation available that the concentration of the potentialdata base should be to the north and south-east of the school and possibly,to a lesser degree, to the east and west.

It is impossible to determine precisely the number of structures and relicsthat have existed in this area during Period I. In addition to theoriginal three buildings and the 1822 and 1825 additions there were at thevery least the following detached structures: a comprehensive systems ofdrains (some brick-barrel in style), sewers, cesspits, wells, cisterns,tanks, pumps, external boundary walls for yards, huts, stables, sheds,bakery, a wash-house " cow- sheds,· s ervant.s rooms, an engine house, a­separate residence, kitchens, privies, a cornhouse, cleaning shed andsolitary cells. .

All these, cumulatively, would have left an enormous impact on thearchaeological record but as it is impossible to gauge the extent of whichthese were located from the main buildings it is equally difficult todetermine the maximum likelihood of extant evidence. Certainly thoselocated immediately next to the school have less chance of beingundisturbed due to the extensive later nineteenth century buildingprogrammes in this area. However the extent of damage these work haveinflicted cannnt be assessed, there£ore, the entire area must be' grantedthe highest archaeological priority.

IIIIIIIII~

IIIIIIItIII

I,II

1.1IIII

As well as evidence of the structural development on site the other primaryarcheological consideration from this period must'be in terms of thepotential artefactual evidence. There are two possibilities. The dailybreakage and loss of small items in an institution of this size has beendemonstrated from the artefact assemblage at Hyde Park Barracks to bepotentially enormous.

Requisition lists for the School indicate a comparable assemblage to thatfound at the Barracks, hence the possibility of a similar situation must betaken into account. The extent of this potential data base has, however,been limited by the replacement of all floors within the former orphanagebuildings removing, therefore, the primary underfloor deposits.

The second large potential artefact grouping comes from the dumping ofaccumulated wastes and rubbish from the school These areas (area?) weremore than likely close to the school. Ash pits are also likely to be foundin this locale if it is still extant.

The following sections analyse the archaeological possibilities in terms ofthe seven subsidiary phases defined.

Summary of Sub-Phases

·1

I'11;

I·1II

laIbIcIdleIfIg

Initial Construction 1813-1818First Completed Structures 1819-1821First Extensions 1822/23-24Second Extensions 1825/26Consolidation and Limited Expansion 1827-1836Extensive Repair Programme 1837Ongo~ng ~aintenance Programme 1838-1849.

3.2.2 PHASE la: INITIAL FE~.iALE ORPHANAGECONSTRUCTION c1813-1818

II

The "Sydney Gazette" notices fo'r building supplies for the initialconstruction of the orphanage simply confirm the observable facts on sitewith regard to the basic techniques and materials. Similarly it isindicated by these same notices that evidence of of on-site materialspreparation, for example, brick clamps, should not be expected, thematerials being conveyed to the site complete.

The major expected archaeological features to be derived from this periodare, there£ore, evidence of the clearance programme with same indicationsof the methods used and evidence of the construction t.echnLques and workareas. Both, unless extremely disturbed by later work programmes shouldhave left very clear evidence in the stratigraphic record.

Features Recorded Phase la

AIaI: Evidence of the earliest building phase and clearance programme usedon site.

Stratified construction debris and work areas, likely to be in theimmediate environs of the school.

IIIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

·1

UNITS RECORDED PHASE Ib

Blb1: Central Three Storey Block of former FemaleOrphan School

As to the location of these the only reference, apartfrom that of the gardener's hut, is to the hut of theSuperintendent being "placed in a bad situation withrespect to the Farm,* indicating that it was perhaps atsome distance from the major construction site •

In addition a wharf must have existed on the river fromthe earliest period, it was certainly in existence by1821.* By this year also further servant accommodationmay have been in existence, as there were then elevenmale convicts and three females empolyed at theschool.*

* Macquarie toErskineLoc.cit.

* O.S.MinutesS.A.41403.,70

* M.L. B.T.36

* Evidence ofRev. Hill.22. 1. 1821Bigge ReportB.T.8., 3512M.L.

* Ibid., 3517

* Macquarie toErskineJune 15,1820B.T.22., 4393M.L.

* Ibid* Ibid

PHASE Ib: FIRST COMPLETED STRUCTURES c1818-18213.2.3

It is evident, though from the documentation that otherstructures, if not as substantial as those of the mainschool precinct, had been erected on the grounds duringthis period. In 1820 Mrs. Macquarie refers to "theHouse wherein the Superintendent at present resides".*She describes it as "very bad"* and as a "wretchedhut" . * As the subj ect o£ this letter pertains to theinefficiency of the overseer with regard to stockmanagement on the property, it is also likely that hewas possessed of a hut for accommodation. Presumablyalso there were some form of rough shelters for thestock. Certainly in 1820 it was resolved that a smallhut or cottage be built in the garden for the use ofthe gardener.*

The first structures constructed on Arthur's Hill forwhich there is positive proof were the central and main.thr~e storey block (BlbI) and two double storeypavilions to the front (Blb2 and Blb3) connected by,it is suggested, curved passages (AlbI and Alb2). Theplan of c1819*, presumably tendered by Greenway tooutline his proposed developments, details theseexisting structures.

I

I

I

I

I

.1

I

:1

.1

:1"

Location: Southwest area of site, overlooking theParramatta River.

Development o£ Function

I

Evidence for the period is minimal, however, it wouldseem to have been originally designed to house thedormitories, quarters for some staff and possibly theschoolroom. It appears to have retained these functionswell into Period II. During Period III and largely ,into Period IV, until abandonment, it served as wardsfor the Hospital for the Insame and for thePsychiatric Centre, later being converted to offices.

I

Plan and Elevations

The major alterations to this unit were concernedprimarily with the introduction or removal of variousfeatures such as doors and windows. Essentially thesame in its external detailing as BlbI the majorexception concerns the fenestration along the front(southern) facade.

Both the Lycett drawing* and the c1819 plan* indicatethree windows on both floors, however, the earliestdocumentation* as well as the site inspection indicateonly two windows ever having been constructed. Thediscrepancy between. the various pieces of evidencecannot be satisfactorily explained.

Other major alterations to the facade include thebricking in of the gable, apparently during Period 1,*and the possibility of either the introduction of, orthe alteration for a window in the northern corner ofthe eastern facade.

This is proposed on the assumption that the curved linkpassage (AlbI) originally enclosed this section. Ifthis was the case this area is likely to have been adoor, subsequently altered to accommodate a. window whenthe facade became free-standing. Alternatively if adoor was not present the window was added after theremoval of the passage. The former seems more likely.

The 1825/26 (Phase le) works programme may have changedother details on the northern facade, however, thisarea has been completely renovated wit~ theintroduction of large windows cut into the masonry atapproximately the turn of the century.*

On the western elevation the addition of a coveredpassage and dormitory (BllaI) has obsured the facade.A photograph of the later 1870s* clearly shows thisfacade before these additions revealing single windowson both storeys, the hearth. line and a very distinctivechange in the brickwork between the Phase Ib and Phasele units.

Despite these alterations around the facade th~

original, length Of the 1818 work is stilldatermjne~.by

the preservation' of' stQheqUoins' i~ the NE corner.These have been obscured by the addition of a toiletblock built during the 1930s or 1940s.* 'A secondsingle storey toilet also from this period is attachedto this facade.

The rooms were originally planned as single spaces~*

however, the irregularity in design of the southernwindow arrangements might suggest internal partitionsran north-south. The internal walls have been hardIendereg henGe there is no means by which to ascertainthis.

* Lycett,J.View of theFemaleOrphanage M.L.

* B.T. 36 M.L.* AO Plan 2361

S.A.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* SH.1728

* Siteinspection

* Plan 1819B.T. 36 M.L.

II.IIIIIIIIIIIIIItIII

IIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIII

A second major period of renovations, occurring betweenthe 1930s and c1950 is also evident in the joinerydetails. * Heax·ths were much altered during the laterpart of Period III in both appearance and function.All are now in the form of cupboards,* previouslybeing used as commodes.

The floors of the original orphanage at least on thefirst and second floors were timber. It is difficultto determine how much of the original joist supportsystem is intact though it is apparent that somepercentage of it remains. Some sections of the groundfloor may have been flagged. This is the subject offeature Alb3. All the current floors are timber anddate in the earliest examples from the turn of thecentury with some replacements and patching occurringa little later.*

All the ceilings are ripple iron and date from the turnof the century. *

Services and Finishes

There is no evidence in the elements relative toservice functions of anything predating periods Ill-IV.The only extant features are for water supply andand electricity. All gas fittings have been removed.*

Painting and whitewashing were carried out in BlbI fromPhase Ib onwards, however, the current finishes are allfrom Period IV.* The walls have been hard-rendered so

·it is possible that some evidence from the earlierperiods may have been sealed beneath this.

In the ground floor southern entrance room sections ofstenciIled decoration from Period III (c1890s) may beobserved under the current finish.

Blb2: Western Front Pavilion of former Female OrphanSchool

Location: Immediately south/west of BIb1, connectedby the arcade structure.

Development of Function

The documentation is inadequate to define the originaluse of this pavilion during Period I. By 1837 it mayhave been a dining room but this is by no meanscertain. By 1870 it had become part of the boys'department of the combined orphanage, containingdormitories and attendants' rooms. It appears to have

. housed dormitories into the later part of thenineteenth century, however, early in this century ithad become part of the ward accommodation.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

Plan and Elevations

The major alterations to this unit were concernedprimarily with the introduction or removal of variousfeatures such as doors and windows. Essentially thesame in its external detailing as BIbI the majorexception concerns the fenestration along the front(southern) facade.

Both the Lycett drawing* and the c1819 plan* indicatethree windows on both floors/ however/ the earliestdocumentation* as well as the site inspection indicateonly two windows ever having been constructed.' Thediscrepancy between the various pieces of evidencecannot be satisfactorily explained.

other major alterations to the facade include thebricking in of the gable/ apparently during Period 1/*and the possibility of either the introduction of/ orthe alteration for a window in the northern corner ofthe eastern facade.

This is proposed on the assumption that the curved linkpassage (AIbl) originally enclosed this section. Ifthis was the case this area is likely to have been adoor/ subsequently altered to accommodate a window whenthe facade became free-standing. Alternatively if adoor was not present the window was added after theremoval of the passage. The fonner Seems more likely.

The 1825/26 (Phase lc) works programme may have changedother details on the northern facade, however/ thisarea has been completely renovated with theintroduction of large windows cut into the masonry atapproximately the turn of the century.*

On the western elevation the addition of a coveredpassage and donnitory (BIIaI) has obsured the facade.A photograph of the later 1870s* clearly shows thisfacade before these additions revealing single windowson both storeys/ the hearth line and a very distinctivechange in the brickwork between the Phase Ib and Phaselc units.

Despite these alteration$ around the facade theoriginal length.of the 1818- work is st~ll detennined bythe preservation-of stone quoins. in the. NE corner.These have been obscured by the. addition of a toiletblock built during the 1930s or 1940s.* A secondsingle storey toilet also from this period is attachedto this facade.

The rooms were originally planned as single spaces,*however/ the irregularity in design of the southernwindow arrangements might suggest internal partitionsran noth-south. The internal walls have been hard

___rende~ed hence there is no means by which to ascertainthis.

* Lycett/J.View of theFemaleOrphanage M.L.

* B.T. 36 M.L.* AO Plan 2361

S.A.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* SH.1728

* Siteinspection

* Plan 1819B.T. 36 M.L.

III

IIIIIIIIII

III

IIIII~I

IIIII

I

I,I

III

If the room was divided on a transverse plan initially,though, certainly by 1870 it had become a single spacewith only a small stud-walled enclosure in the SEcorner. This persisted into the early years of PeriodIII (1880s). During the later part of Period III andinto Period IV the area reverted to being a singlespace.*

The upper floor cannot be similarly detailed due tolack of documentation, however, it seems likely that avery similar course of events occurred.*

Detailing

This is similar to that found in BIbI although noexamples of Period I work have survived and possiblyonly one extant Period II door. The remainder of thejoinery has been added during the same renovationschemes discussed for BIbl from the 1880s - 1900 andc1930s-50s.* Many of the details, for exampleskirting boards, are identical.

The timber floors and ripple iron ceilings have beenadded at the turn of the century,* although themassive joist members of the original first floorappear to be intact. The ground floor may originallyhave been flagged and is the subject of feature AIb4.

Services and Finishes

The existing services, water and electricity, date fromthis century, all evidence of earlier fixtures havingbeen removed or covered. All the walls are hardrendered and the finished are from the later twentiethcentury. *

BIb3: Eastern Front Pavilion of former Female OrphanSchooL

Location: Immediately south/east of BIb1 connectedby the arcade structure.

Development and Function

This is the only section of the earliest construction forwhich a stated function survives as early as c1819, viza kitchen.* It is impossible to reconstruct functionsduring the later part of Period I and early Period II.By 1870 the lower floor had become the servants' diningroom, two store rooms and a scullery with an internalconnecting stair to the first floor.* During the earlypart of Period III the function of the area is obscurealthough by later Period III and Period IV it served asward accommodation with solitary cells.*

* AO 2361 S.A.MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* 1819 PlanB.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

Plan and Elevations

Similar alterations to those recorded for Blb2. Thegable was bricked in presumably at the same time asthat in Blb2 and the removal of the curved passage(Alb2) necessitated the alteration of a door to thecurrent window.*

The 1825/26" (Phase Ic) extensions to the north appearto have made little impact on Blb3. The majoralteration to the unit is the construction of a toiletblock early this century on the north-west cornergiving access to the main rooms on all floors. Adoor at the southern corner of the eastern facade rstill clearly visibler in use as early as 1870 wasblocked in 1888.*

Although the space was planned as a completely openarea* it seems likely that early in Period 11 orpossibly late Period I it was subdivided on thesouthern side. By 1870 there were two store rooms, ascullery and internal stair in this section.* At thebeginning of Period III (1888) the arrangement that isnow found i.e. solitary cells on both floors wasconstructed by removing the earlier partitions and theconnecting staircase.*

There is no evidence to be observed of the earlierarrangements. A small stud-walled enclosure on theground floor is of the early-mid twentieth centry.*

Detailing

A similar pattern as observed in BlbI and Blb2 is- repeated here. The joinery mainly belongs to the later

1880s-90s with some from the early-mid twentiethcentury. *

Both floors are timber and date from the turn of thecentury. There is a possibility that the ground floorwas originally flagged and it is the subject of featureAlb5.

Both ceilings are ripple iron and date from the turn ofthe century.* There is no evidence of the hearth onthe eastern wall described on the "181 9", 1870 and 1888plans. * - - --- - - - -

Services and Finishes

The services are all from later Periods Ill-IV beingelectricity and water. No evidence of earlier fixturesremain. All the walls were hard rendered probablyduring the 1880s* and the finishes all date fromPeriods III-IV.*

* Siteinspection

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* 1819 PlanB.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* B.T. 36 M.L.AO 2361 S.A.MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

* Ibid

I

IIIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

IIII

IIIIII.1-I

IIIII·1

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDED

AlbI: Western Curved Passage

Documentary Evidence

The only archival evidence for this structure is theplan of c1819.* Other major features of this documentare to be seriously questioned therefore, caution mustbe exercised in accepting the details of AlbI as fact.However, extrapolating from subsequent documentationand current site evidence there is a strong likelihoodthat this curved passage was constructed during PhaseIb and then dismantled during Phase Ic. These Phase Icextensions necessitated a straight wall to link themain building to Blb2 and BIcI.

Site Evidence

This is minimal, there appears to be a change in thebrickwork at the point where the curved wall would havemet the facade of Blb2 and a difference in thetuckpointing of the eastern window. It is proposedthat this window is in the location of a former doorwhich would have given access from the passage to BIb2.The difference in tuckpointing is thereby explained ashaving been carried out in Phase Ic, rather than lb.

Serious disturbance in this area has complicated thestructural evidence and drainage lines may havedisturbed much sub-surface evidence.

AIb2: Eastern Curved Passage

Documentary Evidence

The same as that recorded for AIbI with the singleexception of the later c1890s photograph of thesouthern facade. There is a very clear indication onthe western facade of BIb3 of a previous structure,single storey with a pitched roof attached preciselywhere the curved wall would have been. It is possiblethat this is a "ghost" of the former structure.*

Site Evidence

The same as that recorded for AIbI, however, thereappears to be less disturbance of the surroundingstrata than on the western site.

AIb3: Underfloor Deposit Blb1

Documentary Evidence

Suggests that this area may originally have beenflagged* though there is considerable uncertainty withregard to this.

* B.T.36 M.L.

* Health Comm.Photo 418686S.A.

* 41403f 25 S.A.

Site Evidence

An archeological investigation may be able to determinewhether the area was 'flagged. Secondly if any 'underfloor deposit of considerable age and detail survivesin this building it is likely to be here.

Inspection of the area was unable to define the natureof the material. It is further recognized that if thisfloor was flagged and then converted to timber the areais likely to have been excavated for ventilationpurposes, hence all earlier evidence will have,been r$IDoved or at least badly disturbed. Thedesignation of the deposit to Period I on this basisis, therefore, tentative.

AIb4: Underfloor Deposit BIb2

Documentary Evidence

Similar to that for AIb3, the possibility of a flaggedfloor originally being present.

Site Evidence

Site inspection of the deposit was unsatisfactory withregard to defining its nature and significance, hence,an archaeological investigation is justified if thedeposit is to be disturbed. The same problems withregard to excavation of the area for underfloorventilation once it was converted to timber are noted.

AIb5: Underfloor Deposit BIb3

Documentary Evidence

Suggests that this area may originally have beenflagged* though there is considerable uncertainty withregard to this.

Site Evidence

Site inspection of the ,deposit was unsatisfactory withreg~rd to defining its nature and significance, hence,an archaeological. investigation. is justified if thedeposit-is to be ·disturbed. The same problems withregard to excavati6n~of-fh~areafor underfloorventilation once it was converted to timber and noted.

* 41403f 25 S.A.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

I~------------------I-

III

IIIIII

1

,I

,I.1I

III

AXIb1: Evidence of Early Boat Shed (and AssociatedStructures?) (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

That a boatshed and wharf existed at this time is bothlogical and indicated by archival sources although itsprecise location is not known. It also seems likelythat one or more structures or sheds were associatedwith it. However, the earliest detailed reference isfrom June 1830 when a tender was issued for repairs tothe boat shed.*

The earliest plan showing such a feature is from 1833*and indicates a boatshed and bathing house. It isreasonable to assume that these were either on or nearthe earlier structures, viz. at the mouth of a smallcreek at the south eastern corner of the site.

Site Evidence

The area being part of a tidal flat is severelydisturbed and although some minimal evidence exists(remains of what may have been a small dump, buildingmaterials etc.), these appear to come from laterperiods. A large peppercorn tree (schinus aeriea)exists at the site and may mark the former location ofthe structures.*

A thorough investigation may reveal more evidencebut it is unlikely considering the flimsy nature of thestructures, later building activity and tidal action.

AXIb2: Wharf (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

It is logical to assume that a wharf existed from theearliest'phase on site and presumably close to the boatshed, however, the documentary evidence does notmention one before 1821.* The earliest illustrativeevidence for a wharf is in 1833 when a survey of thearea shows a wharf constructed more to the western sideof the site, nearly on an axis with BIbI.*

There is a form of "negative" evidence indicating thatan earlier wharf existed on the site of the boatshedand bathing house. An estimate for 1837 recordsrepairs to the Bath House viz, "To take out the oldwharfing, bottom the Creek and erect new wharfing

"* It is unusual, though, that if an earlier wharfdid exist in 1837 it was not shown on the 1833 survey.

Site Evidence

If an earlier wharf did exist at the location of thebath house the same problems of retained evidence asdefined for AXIb1 apply to this structure.

* 413494f. 361 S.A.

* AO Plan4902 S.A.

* Burton, C.,LandscapeInvestigation

* EvidenceRev. Hill22. 1. 1821Bigge Report3512 B.T.8 M.L.

* AO 4902 S.A.

* Col. Arch.4/2347.2 S.A.

'With regard to the site of the wharf shown on the. 1833survey, the area is much overgrown with lantana andmangroves and is also on a tidal flat. Locating anyevidence, therefore, is difficult and any indicationsare likely to be minimal owing to the flimsy nature ofthe structure and the tidal motion. A small scatter ofbuilding stone and brick was identified in this area,however, it belongs in style to a later period. Nopositive indications of an earlier structure could beidentified.

AXIb3: Evidence of Superintendent's Hut, Overseer'sHut?,. Miscellaneous Structures and Fences (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

Minimal and mainly oblique, the only positivereferences being to the Superintendent's hut* and thegardener's hut.* The general impression is that allof these were temporary and very flimsy.

Site Evidence

The precise locations of all these are unknown, hencethe survey could not elect areas of investigation. Itis unlikely that evidence of these will be recoveredowing to the probable nature of' their construction~

* B.T.22,4393M.L;

* O.S Minutes4/403.,70 S.A.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

III

--------------------------------------------------- ---~~

I

After the completion of the Phase Ib structures it wasrecognized that "Many Offices, OUthouses and Buildingssuch as stables, Bakehouses, Lodges, Sheds, Enclosuresand other Improvements ...• (were) •.•. still necessaryto render the Orphan School adequately convenient inall respects."* The Phase Ic programme was designed toprovide these necessities.

III

3.2.4 PHASE Ic: FIRST ALTERATIONS c1818-1822/23

* O.S. Minutes4/403.,19 S.A .

.1III

I

I

,I

The plan of c1819* gives precise definition of what wasintended, however, there are a number of reasons forsuggesting that all the improvements described in thisplan were not carried out. This is amplified in thefollowing analysis.

In essence the Phase Ic renovations were intended toprovide the following: the two pavilions (Blb2 and 3)were to be extended by the construction of doublestorey rooms on their respective northern facades (Blc1and Blc2). The walls (AlbI and Alb2) linking the mainbuilding (BlbI) to the two pavilions were to be alteredto a straight plan. More outbuildings were to beprovided by constructing two extra "cells" each on theeastern and western perimeters of the complex to belinked to the two pavilions and each other by walls,thereby creating two enclosed wards.

A further definition of the space surrounding theschool was to be created by the construction of curvedwalls with a central gate to the north of the mainblock. This created a yard behind BIbI and theextended wings. A stable and cowshed were to be placedoutside this precinct on the eastern and western sidesrespectively.

Apart from these details it is evident from laterdocumentation that additional improvements were createdat this time for which there is no extant archivalevidence. In this context particularly are drains,sewers, at least one well, privies and a pump. Allthese were aparently in the close vicinity of theschool. The supply and disposal of water and wasteswas seen to be a considerable problem at this timeobviously related to the location and distance of thewater supply.

This second major phase of alterations would have lefta very distinctive impression on the surroundingstratigraphy. It is also likely that defined surfacefinishes, possibly tamped earth, would have beenprepared and should be recognizable in anarchaeological context.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

UNITS RECORDED PHASE le

Blc1: First 'Extension Western, Pavilion

Location: Attached to north elevation of Blb2.

III

Development of Function

No stated function on the 1819 plan*, however, as theyard next to it is styled "bleaching yard" it may haveserved as a laundry and wash room (the plan shows adivision on the ground floor). There is nocorroborative evidence for this hypothesis. If it wasthe case, though, the area was changed soon after, 1825specifications record the removal of both thesefunctions to the eastern wing.*

Occupancy during later Period I and well into Period 11cannot be determined. In 1870 it is shown as being thelocation for the new Dining Room.* During Period IIIit became part of the dormitory accommodation for theHospital for the Insane and then a ward. It stayedthus until abandonment.*

Plan and Elevations

The addition of this unit in 1822 was carried out withconsiderable sympathy to the existing structure ofBlb2. The external detailing on the two storeys isvery close to that of the 1818 building, however, thereis a clear distinction in the brick work between thetwo phases.

The first major addition to the facade was theconstruction of the verandah (AldI) on the eastern"northern and probably western elevations. The secondaddition in the later 1820s (or early 1830s) ofanother two storey wing to the northern facade (BleI)obscured any windows which may have been in thisfacade. The verandah th~t now runs along the westernfacades (Bllla2) appears to date from the 1880s(altho~gh much altered)*.

The 1819 plan* indicated that, at least on the groundflo.or, this unit was to be sub-divided into two rooms,the transverse wall running north-south, with noconnection betwEH:m -che two halves. --It'i's'- apparent ,fromthe 1870 plan* that this arrangement was carried outalthough two hearths on the northern wall weresubstituted for a single hearth on the we~tern wall.It is impossible to determine the development of thearrangemen s on t e upper oor.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* 41346 f.32 S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Plans682-3000 L.D.A46-3000 L.D.

* Siteinspection.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.

IIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

II Detailing

Services and Finishes

Blc2: First Extension Eastern Pavilion

Development of Function

* B.T.36 M.L.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Plan c1819B.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* ME 9/78 P.W.D.

As a northern extension of Blb3.Location:

The walls are all hard rendered and finishes date fromthis century. Similarly the services are from the sameperiod, all earlier evidence having been removed.*

Both floors of this unit are now timber although thereis a possibility that the lower floor was originallyflagged. This is the subject of feature Alc11. Bothtimber floors date from the very late nineteenthcentury or early twentieth century.* The first floorhas obviously been raised above its original level andthere appears to be at least a percentage of theoriginal fioor support system intact. The ceilingsdate from the early twentieth century.*

Designated on the c1819 plan as being a bakery andpantry with an oven attached at the NE corner,*however, there is no certainty as to whether this wasthe case. The subsequent documentation is bothconfused and contradictory. It is discussed in thesection of Alc16.

The major changes to the detailing of this section arethe alterations to the windows. The original planshows both the eastern and western facade blank,*however, by 1890 there were two windows in the westernfacade and a door and window each on the eastern.* Itis impossible to determine from site evidence whetherthose were in the original construction (hence a changein design) or a later introduction. The arrangementdefinitely persisted until 1888* and seems likely tohave done so until approximately the turn of thecentury when the current form was introduced.*

The majority of the joinery in BIcI follows the patternobserved in BIbI, 2 and 3, being added in at least twomajor renovations carried out in the 1880s-c1900 andc1930s-50s.*

I

I1

11

1

1

1"·1

:1

:1'·1

The function of the area during later Period I andearly Period 11 is impossible to determine with anyaccuracy. By 1870 it formed part of the girls'establishment, housing a dining room on the groundfloor and dormitories above.* During Periods III andIV it was used for ward accommodation. It is nowabandoned.

* AO 2361 S.A.VPLA 3.,485M.L.

Plan and Elevations

The first major alteration to the facade was theconstruction of the verandah (AldI) on the western,northern and probably eastern sides in 1825/26.

The construction of the second extension of the easternpavilion (Ble2) was the next major alteration. As inthe case of BlcI, this was done with sympathy althoughit probably occasioned much change to the northernfacade of Blc2.

The final major alteration, if it can b~ termed such,was ·the construction of rooms partially on the easternelevation shown on the 1870 plan to be a flour storeand bakery* (Blc8). The date for the construction ofthese is conjectural, possibly being contemporary withBlc2 or a little later. It is more likely to be theformer.

By 1870 any division of space in Blc2, at least on theground floor, recommended on the 1819 plan* had beenaltered, that is if it has initially been put into effectthe site inspection could not ascertain this). The areabecame one large space with a hearth on the northernwall.* In 1888 the wall and' hearth dividing the PhaseIc work from the Phase· le construction was removedleaving the space as it is seen today.*

Detailing

Both floors in this unit are timber and date from earlythis century,* although there appears to· be aconsiderable percentage of the original floor supportsystem of the first floor intact. The construction ofthe original ground floor cannot be determined.Bothceilings are ripple iron and date from the turn of thecentury. *

Joinery conforms to the well-established pattern beingprimarily from the later 1880s-c1900 and c1930s-50s.One and possibly two doors may be the except~ons tothis, seeming to date from the 1870s.*

* AO 2361 S.A.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2;361 S.A.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII·1

Location: Below Blc2. IDocumentary Evidence

II

IIII1I

I

The earliest reference to the cellar occurs in 1825when a specification states that they are to be cleanedand whitewashed.* The location of a cellar beneathBlc2 gives credence to the possibility that thissection was devoted originally to food preparation andstorage.

Description of Unit

In plan, a central north/south narrow passage with sixrectangular bays opening off it, three either side. Thelower section is constructed in stone, the upper inbrick.

The only entrance visible is from a low door on theeastern facade of Blc2. The difficulty of accessthrough this suggests that another earlier entrance mayhave existed, but none may be detected in the fabric.The existing entrance appears, also, to have beenaltered. There is some evidence of ventilation gratespossibly used originally as bays for admittingsupplies. Frequent whitewashings evident.

* 41346.2 S.A.

Blc4: Western Link Passage

The floor has been disturbed and is the subject offeature Alc12. It appears to have been originally acombination of both stone and brick, possibly flaggedwith brick dish drains around the wall and possibly inthe centre of the passage.

III Location: Arcade joining BIb1 and Blc1.

1III-I"

:1II

Documentary Evidence

It has been proposed that after the construction of thecurved passage AlbI the change in design in adding thewing BlcI necessitated a straight corridor leading fromBlbI to the extended western wing. The lower,originally single storey, section of BIc4 is,therefore, dated to the Phase Ic alterations, howeverit should be noted that on the 1819 plan* of proposedadditions straight walls are not shown. Possibly theintent to build such is indicated by the straight lineslinking BlbI to the extended pavilions.

In c1825 (Phase Id) the first major alteration to thissection was carried out when the walls were raised tomatch the pitch of the verandah (AldI) constructedalong the northern facade,* although the unit remainedas a single storey. This extension is clearly evidentin the later 1870s photograph of the facade.* A thirdaddition was carried out during 1904 constructing abalustrade on the southern side of a second storey.*

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* 41346:, 7 S.A.

* Health Comm.4/8686 S.A.

* ME 11/27 P.W.D.

Plan and Elevations

A comparison between the plan of the curved passagewalls* and the lower section of'the Blc4 indicates·thatthe outward design of the Phase Ic wall followedclosely the earlier wall (AlbI) with three windowsalong the front wall. The central window though, isto be dated to the late nineteenth century.* Theappearance of the northern elevation is also mainlyderived from Period Ill-IV renovations.*

The plan of the curved passage shows that this area wasoriginally perceived as an open 'space,' however, nodetails are ave.i.l.abLe for ..the earliest arrangement ofthe straight passage Blc4. The earliest indication isfrom 1870* which shows an equal division into threerooms. A note states that the partitions were removedat this time. It is evident, therefore, that at leastduring part of Period I the area was subdivided withaccess to both BlbI and the passage between Blb2 andBlcI. In 1888 the passage is clear with the same accessavailable. * During the 1940s-50s the area wasextensively renovated, converted to a bathroom andaccess to BlbI was cut off at this time or possiblyslightly earlier.*

Detailing

The ground floor' is oonoze.t.e and evidently comtemporarywith the bathroom conversion. The first floor coveredpassage is flagged and. is likely to be contemporarywith the renovations of this area.*

The joinery in this section has been accumulated duringall the major renovations. One.door appears to datefrom Period 11, although much altered. The windowjoinery is also altered but would seem to have beenoriginally added in the later nineteenth century. Theremainder of the detailing was added during theconversion to the bathroom. The ceiling is also fromthis time.*

Services and Finishes

All the services relate to the bathroom conversion~

The. sur f ace finishes, aze also from. the phase..The walls are hard rendered.*

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* AO 236 1 S. A.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

II I Blc5: Eastern Link Passage

Documentary EvidenceILocation: Arcade Joining Blb1 and Blc2.

III:1IIIII1

II

A similar history and programme of changes as recordedfor Blc4. The lower section was constructed duringPhase Ic with the first major addition being in 1825the walls being raised to match the pitch of the newverandah.* The final addition of the balustraded walkwas carried out in c1904.*

This area, like Blc4, was planned as an open area andthe documentation suggests that it remained so untilwell into this century when access to BIbI wasblocked. * The area is now storage space.

Plans and Elevations

The front elevation with the exception of the singlewindow appears to be very much in keeping with theoriginal design of the curved passage Alb2. This windowin the central fenestration dates from at least the1870s it being shown in a photograph of that period*although it is not evident in the plan of 1870.* It islikely, therefore, to be of mid 1870s date.

The rear elevation appears to be very much as it was inplan when first constructed. Certainly thefenestration details described in the 1870s plan* arethose still current. The cast iron gutter on thiselevation should be noted.

As described previously it is apparent that the onlychange to the internal plan occurred in this century.

Detailing

At least some of the joinery in this section, primarilythe northern window architrave is probably from PhaseIc. It is very simple in design and constructed incedar with hand forged nails. The floor is timber andis dated later nineteenth or early twentieth centry.*The underfloor deposit is the subject of feature Alc14.The ceiling is of the same period as the floor.*

Services and Finishes

The walls have been hard rendered and the finishes areof Period IV as are the services (electricity only)*

* 41346:, 7 S.A.* MH 11/27 P.W.D.

* AO 2361 S.A.MH 9/78 P.W.D.Site insp.

* Health Comm.4/8686 S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Ibid

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection.

IBIc6: Outer SE Pavilion

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence of this element is the plan of c1819outlining Greenway's proposed extensions.* There is nopositive proof that it was ever constructed andanalysis of later documentation would seem to suggestthat in fact it was not, along with a large part of theother proposed works.

As there is considerable confusion in the documentationwith regard to these extensions this unit has beenincluded as an item in the standing structures owing tothe coincidence of its plan with that outlined in the1819 proposal. It is recognized, however, thatsubsequent detailed investigation may invalidate thislisting.

If this area was constructed in c1822, along the linesof Greenways proposal by 1870 it had been incorporatedinto a long wing to the east of BIb3/BIc2, similar tothe arrangement that is current.*

At that time it housed servants bedrooms. By the laternineteenth century it became part of a bath-house andearly in this century a dispensary and later wardaccommodation which it remained as until itsabandoment.*

Plan and Elevations

The plan of 1819* indicates that this structure ifbuilt, was to be two storey with a flight of stairs onthe northern external facade leading to the upper.storey (or roof?) with an entrance on this facade and asecond on the eastern. If the current building wasbuilt in 1822 clearly the second storey of this part wasnever constructed or the roof has been substantiallyaltered.

* B.T. 36 l-'1.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Plans682-3000 L.D.1746-3000 L.D.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

IIIIIIIIIIII

I

I

II

* AO 2361 S .A.

* ME 9/78 P.W.D.

The earliest plan of the structure, from 1870,*indicates a door in the central weste+n facade and onein the southern facade on its eastern corner. ~wo

windows ,were constructed, one in the cent~e of theeast.e+n. facade., the ot.hez- on the. southern' facade. at ,t!).!;,western corner'.

This complete re-arrangem~nt, obviously designed tocomplement the internal arrangement of two rooms isfurther cause to be suspicious of an 1822 date for this

I----------:-s='"u..c=ur=""e:-,-.-al.~nougn abv~ously ~t.na:o.neen constfliC"Uill------------------I­by mid Period 11. The same arrangement was current in1888* and there is an indication that the door in theeastern facade was introduced at this time.

II

IIII

IIIIIII

I.1.1

The elevations as they are now appear to be the productof work carried out early in this century.* .The doorin the southern facade has been converted to a windowand the door in the western facade blocked (this isonly evident on the internal elevation, the entireexternal facade has been hard rendered). The window onthe eastern facade is blocked.

The internal space has also undergone considerablechange. The space was originally conceived in c1819 asbeing a single unit,* however, the structure shown in1870 is divided completely in half by a transverse wallrunning north/south with hearths on oblique angles inthe NE and NW corners respectively*. By 1888 thisarrangement had completely disappeared.* The unit isnow a single space.

Detailing

The floor and walls (to the dado) have been tiled, theupper sections of the walls are hard rendered. Theunderfloor deposit is the subject of feature AIc15.The ceiling is constructed of reinforced masonite panelsand is contemporary with the final conversion.*

The joinery is a mixture of details ranging from verylate nineteenth century to early twentieth centurymanufacture.* The latest examples are the majoralterations on the northern wall where the removal ofthree hearths (two in this room and one in theadjoining room) have occasioned practically a completeremoval of this wall.

The current partition is a half timber half glazed studwall that appears to have been constructed in the1920s.* This is difficult to determine, though, withany certainty the element having been much altered.The two hearths that shared a common flue with a thirdin the adjoining room have been removed.

Services and Finishes

All finishes, both tiles and paint, are from the midtwentieth century. The services, both water andelectricity, are from the same period.*

~

BIc7: Section Eastern Enclosure Wall?

Documentary Evidence

The designation of a section of this facade as beingpart of an enclosure wall indicated on the c1819 planis eve~ more tentative than the designation of BIc6.The extensive rendering of the entire unit has maskedall the construction details, however' certain anomoliesobserved in the structure could be explained usingthis theory. The designation may well be disprovedfollowing closer investigation .

* Siteinspection

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* siteinspection

The only evidence for the enclosure wall is in th~

proposal of 1819* hence there is not positive evidencethat .it was ever built. The total absence of th;i.sfeature and the whole system of which it was intendedto be a part on the corresponding perimeter in 1870*would suggest that it was never built.

There is no extant documentation relative to thedestruction of such a large area and there is noapparent reason for its removal if it was not to bereplaced. Therefore r if this section was not built thelikelihood of its counterpart on the eastern side beingconstructed must also be lessened. However r as thereis a large element of uncertainty, caution necessitatesaccepting the possibility of an early date until it isproven otherwise.

Site Evidence

The entire facade is heavily rendered and draughtedobscuring all details r however, an indentation on thewall surface at the approximte height of the enclosurewall as well as a sudden "break" in this feature wherelater additions were built might suggest that, if awall was here from c1822 it was used as a foundationfor the later construction of buildings along thisperimeter. This would be consistent with contemporarypractice.

Blc8: Bakery

Location: Attached to east wall of eastern pavilionof the F.O.S.

Documentary Evidence

There is no evidence to prove that this structure wasbuilt during this programme of.work, it is rather, acase of assumption from negative evidence. It isevident that a bakery existed by 1828, renovationsbeing made in that year to cover the roof of the oven.*

It is not referred to in the specifications of 1825/26as being constructed at that time, therefore, it islikely to have been in existence.. The most logicalperiod of ·construction.beoomes in this case the lcphase of renovations~---T:tlat-thiswas the site of thebakery must again be proven by negative evidence viz. a·kitchen was constructed in 1829 to adjoin the bakeryand the only possible situation for the kitchen (Blc3)by extrapolation of the evidence places this as thebakery.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* 41346f. 455 S .A.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

Development of Function

The area was still in use as a bakery and flour storein 1870,* however, by 1888 this function had lapsed.*During the later nineteenth century and into thetwentieth century it served as ward and dormitoryaccommodation. It is now used as a carpenters' shop.

Plan and Elevations

The earliest plan of the area is from 1870* when it wasused as a bakery and flour store with oven opening offit to the north east (AIc17). The unit at that time wassingle storey* and divided roughly in half by a singlepartition.*

In 1870 a passage through to a grocery store (Bllc3)was cut along the facade of the 1822 addition it faced.There was only one window and one door in the southernfacade.*

In 1888 the plan of the area changed dramatically withthe passage being blocked, the door being converted toa stair (now blocked though evident on the facade) andanother window substituted in the southern facade. Theoven and the internal partition were removed.* Thegrocery store had at this time been extended to createa continuous wall along the northern facade of thebakery, thereby enclosing this wall as a centralpartition.

During the 1890s it appears that this internalpartition (former external wall) was removed. It wasno longer there in 1907.* Another window had also beenadded to the southern facade.

Early this century the second storey was added as wellas a central two storey urinal block on the northernfacade.*

Detailing

Both the floors in this unit are timber and date fromearly-mid twentieth century.* The ceilings arerein£orced masonite and are from the same period.* Thejoinery is a mixture of late nineteenth and earlytwentieth century manufacture. The stairs leading toBIe3 date to the turn of the century.* The floordeposit is the subject of feature AIc17.

Services and Finishes

All services and finishes are from mid-late twentiethcentury date.*

* AO 2361 S.A.* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Site insp.* AO 2361 S.A.

* Ibid

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* MH 11/45 P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Ibid

* Ibid

* Siteinspection

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDED PHASE Ic

Alc1: Outer S.W. Pavilion (corresponds to Blc6)

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence for this structure is the proposal of1819* which indicates a single storey, single roomconstruction. It has no designated function. On the1870 plan* there is no structure here at all whichgives serious doubt to the supposition that it was everbuilt. In 1882 BlldI was constructed partially overthis area.

Site Evidence

There is no evidence to be seen on site. In additionif this unit was built the construction of BlldI wouldhave disturbed an extensive section of the site.

Alc2: outer N.W. Pavilion, "Fowl House"

Documentary Evidence

Like AlcI the probability that this unit, designated afowl house in c1819*, was ever built is minimal for thereasons outlined in that discussion. By 1870 alavatory block was on this site and it may have beenconverted out of an earlier cart shed on thislocation. * However, as there is considerableuncertainity in this regard further investigation ismerited if the area is to be disturbed.

Site Evidence

No evidence to be observed on site. The area wouldhave been extensively disturbed by the construction ofthe lavatory block (cart shed?) which had also sincebeen demolished.

AIc3: Outer N.E. Pavilion, "Fowl and Fancy Pigeon House"

Documentary Evidence

The designation of this area as an archaeologicalfeatur,e' r at.her t.han a standing structure" as, in the,case of Blc6, is-in 'one'sensesubjective as the samearguments brought to bear in the later case cansuccessfully be applied to Alc3.

However, the major factor in assigning the basicstructure on this site to a later period is theevidence of a tender for a kitchen of 1829.* Asynthesis of the ~vidence suggests that the structurein question (Ble3) is probably based on construction ofthe later period rather than 1822. Therefore any

I------pr.eceeding structure, in th;!"~ caae the, "Fowl and FancyPigeon House"* of c18'19 must become a sub-surfacearchaeological feature.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* AO 2361 S.A.AO 23606 S.A.

* S/347A £.5S.A.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

IIII,IIIIIIIIIIIItII

IIIIIIIII·1IIIII

III

However, the documentation is very contradictory~ Byusing this same evidence of the 1829 tender one must

-immediately assume from the wording of the .specification, that no structure was ptanding on thesite before the construction of the kitchen ie. thatthis section of the 1819 proposal was neverconstructed. This would be commensurate with theevidence discussed for the corresponding structures onthe western perimeter. The documentation is inadequateto resolve the problem.

Site Evidence

None visible due to the extensive construction in thearea and it is unlikely, even if it can be proven thatAlc3 was built, that any evidence would come to lightdue to the extensive disturbance of the laterstructures, although the extent of this disturbancecannot be gauged.

Arc4: Stable

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence for the structure is the c1819proposal~. A stable certainly existed by 1826although its location unknown.* By 1870there is nothing on this site.* During this centurythe area has been extensively built over.

Site Evidence

The site is completely built over, hence any evidencewould be sub-surface if it is still extant.

ArcS: Cowshed

Documentary Evidence

As with Alc4 the primary evidence for the structure isthe plan included in the c1819 proposal*, hence thereis nothing to confirm that it was ever built.Certainly a cowshed had been built by 1826*, however,it cannot be proven that it was the same structure asthat shown in 1819. By 1870 nothing stood on the sitedesignated by the proposal.*

Site Evidence

There is nothing to be seen on site and the area hasbeen partially built upon. Any evidence, if it exists,will be sub-surface and possibly partially disturbed.

* B.T. 36 M.L.* 4/346., 147

S.A.* AO 2361 S.A.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* 4/346., f 155·S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

IAIc6: South-West Enclosure Wall IDocumentary Evidence

The only evidence for its construction is the 1819proposal*. By 1870 it was no longer extant, if it hadever been built*. Its absence, in 1890, with nothing toreplace it ie., to effect a reason for demolition, mustcause doubt as to its initial construction.

* B.T. 36 M.L.* AO 2361 S.A.

II

Site Evidence INone to be seen and the qrea is likely to have beendisturbed by the construction of BIIdI.

Arc7: south-East Enclosure WallI

Documentary Evidence IThe only evidence for its construction is the 1819proposal*. By 1870 it was no longer extant, if it hadever been built*. Its absence, in 1890, with nothing toreplace it ie., to effect a reason for demolition mustcause doubt as to its initial construction.

Site Evidence

* B.T. 36 M.L.* AO 2361 S.A. I

INone to be seen~ however, the area appears to berelatively undisturbed. IArc8: Western Enclosure Wall

Documentary Evidence

As for AIc7 with the exception of the lavatory blockshown on the site in 1870*. If this was convertedfro~ a cart shed* already present on site, thelikelihood of this wall having been built initially islessened.

* AO 2361 S.A.* AO 23606b S.A.

III

Site Evidence

None to be seen and the extent of the disturbance onthe site cannot be gauged.

AIc9.: _ North-West a,nd. North-Ea·st .Enc.los~re wallEL

III

* B.T. 36 M.L.* AO 2361 S.A.

The only evidence for its construction is the 1819proposal*. By 1870 it was no longer extant, if it had

,--,-----:;:--::-:::----::;:-=-:;,.---=--=-------1ever been built*. Its absence, in 1890, with nothing toreplace it ie., to effect a reason for demolition mustcause doubt as to its initial construction.

Documentary Evidence

II

IIIIIIIII,II

,II

Site Evidence

No evidence to be seen and both areas have beenextensively built upon. Any evidence, therefore, islikely to be sub-surface and probably disturbed tovarying degrees.

AIc10: Northern Precinct Walls and Gate

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence for its construction is the 1819proposal*. By 1870 it was no longer extant, if it hadever been built*. Its absence, in 1890, with nothing toreplace it i.e. to effect a reason for demolition mustcause doubt as to its initial construction.

Site Evidence

None to be seen and the area has been extensively builtupon and disturbed. Any evidence, if extant, will besub-surface and likely to be disturbed.

AIc11: Underfloor Deposit BIc1

A similar problem to that discussed for the Phase Ib 'structures. If the floor was originally flagged (andthis is uncertain) the subsequent alterations for atimber floor probably necessitated the excavation ofsame of the fill to provide ventilation. The currentfloor dates from the 1880s* and appears to have beenlargely undisturbed.

The floor deposit, therefore, is likely to consist ofat least a century of accumulated debris. However, asthe whole nature of the deposit is unknown furtherinvestigation is warranted if future work is proposedin this area.

AIc12: Cellar Deposit

There is virtually no documentation' relative to thisand all details of its early appearance andconstruction are unknown. The area has beenconsiderably disturbed, however site inspectionrevealed what appears to be a combined stone and brickfloor (possibly flagged with brick drains) and anoverlying (and possibly underlying) deposit.

Alc13: Underfloor Deposit Blc4

The entire nature of this deposit is unknown owing to'the hard sealed floor. It is likely to have sufferedsome damage during the construction of this floor,however, the extent of this cannot be gauged. It ispossible that more data, with regard to the alterationof the walls from curved to straight design, may begained from an exploration of the sub-floor deposits.

* B.T. 36 M.L.* AO 2361 S.A.

* Siteinspectionand MH 9/78P.W.D.

AIc14: Underfloor Deposit BIcS

The nature of the underfloor deposit is unknown andsimilar information to that described for AIc13 may be·gained here, particularly as the area appears to beless disturbed than its counterpart.

Alc15: Underfloor Deposit BIc6

The nature of the deposit is unknown, hence adefinition is required. Furthermore investigation inthis area may help to determine the construction dateby Blc6.

AIc16: Bakery Oven

On the 1819 proposal* this is shown as opening off theNE corner of Blc2, however, there is considerable doubtwhether this, like large sections of this proposalalready considered, was ever constructed.

The earliest reference to a bakery is in 1828 and it isclear from this that the structure had been inexistence for some time and furthermore that it wasfreestanding*. In 1829 a kitchen was constructed whichled directly into the bakery from a Lower level (itrequired a flight of stairs).

The only arrangement which appears to fit thisspecification is the bakery shown on the 1870 plan inrelation to ·the bathrooms (which, it is proposed arebeing remodelled from the old kitchen).* If this wasthe case it would seem unlikely that the bakeryindicated on the 1819 proposal was ever built.

However, the evidence is further complicated by areference in 1831 to the oven being re-built*. Whetherthese were structural repairs to an existing unit or acompletely new construction is unclear. There is alsoa further tender in 1865* for building an oven butlocation and type are not specified.

The docum~ntary evidence is inadequate to solve theproblem. The area in question, at the NE corner ofBlc2, has been. extensively built over.apd disturp~d andany evidence., if· ext.ant,., is like.:)..y to have suffered.some damage. - -- -~-~ --

Alc17: Bakery Oven and Underfloor Deposit Blc8

The underfloor deposit of Blc8 partially encloses aprevious archaeological feature,-AIc16, the proposed1819 bakery oven, however it is considered that theentire extent of this area should be investigated, ifdisturbed, due to the confusion of documentaryresources.

* B.T. 36 M.L.

* 41346.f •. 455 S. A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* 41346f. 561 S.A.

* Gov. GazetteOct. 17 r 1865 • ,2310 M.L.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

III

IIIIII:1II

II

I

IIII

Furthermore the site of the oven opening off Blc8* isproposed as a potential archaeological site. The areamay have been partially disturbed because of the lateraddition of a verandah and grocery store, however, itis considered possible that some evidence will remainof the earlier structure.

AIc18: Construction Debris" and Early Surface Finishes(NSP)

The large scale of the Phase lc programme would haveleft a considerable impact on the archaeological recordand any future work must be carried out with anawareness of the possibility of revealing stratifiedconstruction debris and work areas. Similarly with thecreation of enclosed yards in the immediate environs ofthe school (if these were constructed), a preparedsurface is likely to have been made and this alsoshould be evident in the underlying stratigraphic record.

AXlc1: Early Drains, Sewers, Well and Pump

The documentation gives clear indications that a numberof these features were present in Phase lc, however,the location of the same, other than being in theimmediate environs of the school are impossible todetermine. It is more than likely that extensive workon site will reveal evidence of these, particularly thedrains.

AXIc2: Miscellaneous Structures not Documented

It is evident that a number of structures existed inthis period of which there is no extant documentationfor example privys, stock buildings, possibly servants'accommodation etc. The location of these cannot bedetermined hence the probability of any evidence beingextant cannot be gauged.

* AO 2361 S.A.MH 9/78 P.W.D.

I3.2.5 PHASE Id: SECOND EXTENSIONS c1825/26

The construction programme of Phase Ic apparently metmost needs for a number of years, however, by 1825attempts were made to solve the major problem of thesite viz. water supply and disposal. In addition asmall works programme was carried out to increase thestill too small premises and rearrangements were madein the existing facilities viz. a wash-house to be inthe store-room, the laundry removed to the east wingand cosmetic repairs and improvements were also carriedout such as cleaning and whitewashing the cellar,cobbling the 'stables and cow shed. A structural repairto the settlement of the walls was also effected andthe walls linking the main building to the eastern andwestern wings were raised.

IIIII

ARCHAEOLOGICAL'FEATURES RECORDED PHASE Id

Ald1: Northern Verandah

Documentary Evidence

II

Stated to extend "the whole extent of the rear of theMain Building and Wings"*, the specification statesthat this was to comprise eighty superficial feet offlagging, to be ten feet wide, the flags to be fiveinches thick, laid in mortar one inch below thedoorstep. There were to be forty-five turned timbercolumns, lath and plastered ceiling, fascia ahdshing~ed roof. A stone dish drain was to run the fullextent 'of the verandah two inches below the outeredge.*

The plan of 1870* indicates that at that time a largepercentage of the original structure still existed andthis is probably the verandah which is partially seenin the photograph of the rear of the school in thelater 1870s.*

* 41346f. 31 S.A.

* 41346f. 6-8 S. A'.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* SH 7730

IIIII

Site Evidence

Minimal evidence is available on site and it cannot beconclusively stated to belong to this period andfeature, further site research is necessary toascertain this ..

II

I

I

I

(

A number of sandstone flags. are· in situ which appearto mark the furthest perimeter of the verandah,however, these may be of a later period. Similarly anumber of features on the walls of the main building,pa-g-sa-ge-s-anu.------wrn-gs llLay inCli.--cate-the-l-±ne-o£-t-he---------------------I­verandah, however, it is equally possible that theseare from a later structure. Further site work isnecessary to determine the matter.

II

I--I

11---!I

I

IIII

'1

.1

.1

-I·il

II·1III

AId2: Log House (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

The intention is stated that "a Log House (is) to bebuilt to contain apartments viz. Stable, Cow Shed,Kitchen and Bedroom"*. The latter two were to be forthe male servants. This was obviously necessitated bythe rearrangement of certain of the existing structuresfor new purposes.

The specification stated that foundations one foot andsix inches deep and 1 foot wide were to be dug, thewalls to be forty-six feet long and thirteen feet wideconstructed of iron bark posts ten feet long, fourinches thick and ten inches wide, three partitions tobe set inside with one opening three feet and six·inches wide and two openings two feet and ten incheswide and six feet and six inches high for doors and twoother openings for windows. A brick fire-place threefeet wide and three feet high and one foot eight inchesdeep was to be constructed.* The gable ends were to bebricked.

Site Evidence

The location of this structure is not specified and itdoes not appear on any extant plan. No evidence may beseen on site.

AIc13: Brick Wall to Playground (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

It was recommended that "a brick wall (was) to be builtin lieu of the present paling enclosed playground".*There is no reference made in the specifications to anysuch wall being built, however, in 1868 it is reportedthat a stone wall separated the playrounds.* It cannotbe determined whether this was built in place of thebrick wall or whether it was from a later period.

Site Evidence

The reference 'would seem to indicate that theplayground was to the immediate north of BIb1 in whichcase the wall would have run north-south. There is noevidence to be, seen on site.

* 41346f. 33 S.A.

* 4/346f. 9,12,13 S.A•

* 4/346f. 31 S.A.

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport 1868.

AXId1: Various Drains, Sewers, Pump and Tanks (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

The recommendations list as necessary the following : apump to be erected on the well with a barrel drain tocarry water to the privies*, the sewer in the rear ofthe building to join the sewer from the well toprivies*, a sewer from the wash-house to the drain from.the privies to the cesspool*, thi~ sewer from priviesto cesspool repaired*, a sewer from cowshed toprivies*.

The specification indicate that all these sewers arewithin the immediate environs of the school, for examplethe sewer from the rear of the buildings to the privieswas only 130 fe~t long*i that from the well to theprivies 116 feet*i that from the wash-house to theprivies 100 feet.* They were all brick barrel in stylevarying in diameter from one foot to one and a halffeet*.

Site Evidence

Although it is evident that these drains were all closeto the rear of the main building no evidence may befound on site inspection or from the aerialphotographs. The area has been extensively built overand much is likely to have been disturbed.

AXId2: Miscellaneous Buildings~ Limit~d Referenc~

(NSP)

It is evident that during this phase other buildingsexisted on site for which no documentation is extant.One building, a cornhouse, receives only a passingreference. * The location cannot be determined.

* 4/346f. 31 S.A.

* Ibid* Ibid* Ibid* 4/346

f 13 S.A.

* 4/346, 6 S.A.* Ibid* Ibid

* 4/346f. 12-13 S.A.

* 4/346f, 147 S .A.

'IIIIIIIIIIIIII

III,

I

III

III

:111

3.2.6 PHASE le: CONSOLIDATION AND LIMITED EXPANSIONc1827-1836

In the general development of the school, Phase lemight be regarded as a period of consolidation.Service facilities are both amended and extended andthe major problem on site, of water supply anddisposal, is dealt with. In addition, consideration isgiven to the improvement of the grounds and thebuildings.

With regard to the later, large systems of fencedenclosures were created and two impoundments. Duringthis time the buildings were often plastered,whitewashed and "coloured" the only colours mentionedthough are black and white. Paint scrapes and furthertests are likely to reveal other evidence in this area.

The problem of water supply and disposal was solved atthis time by the construction of an Engine House, pumpand extensive system of drains, pipes, tanks andcisterns all apparently running toward the river in theSE corner of the site.

There are only three identifiable structures on sitewhich are likely to have been built during this phase;the second set of extensions to the wings and a kitchenand store. All three will require extensive site workto confirm this dating. Particular attention should begiven to the underfloor deposits.

It is evident from the documentation that otherstructures were extant on site at this time, althoughthere are few details supplied with regard to them.These are simply grouped together in one unit notation.

UNITS RECORDED PHASE le

Ble1: Second Extension Western Pavilion

Documentary Evidence

.

~ILocation: Immediately north of BlcI and west of the

Orphan School Central Block

.:1~I

There is no single reference to the addition of thistwo storey extension and its assignment to this phaseis entirely conjectural, based on site inspection •Furthermore the sequence of numbering in the unitsrecorded for Phase le is possibly not representative ofthe true chronological sequence of events, no archivalevidence being available to provide a basis for thissequence.

Development of Function

It is tmpossible to detail the function of this unitduring Periods I and II, no references being available.By Period III it had become part of the dormitoryaccommodation and ward accommodation during Period IV.It is now abandoned.

Plan and Elevations

Although there is a clear join in the brickwork betweenthis unit and Blc1, both are very similar andsympathetic to the earlier work in materials anddetailing and this is considered strong evidence for aconstruction date within this phase. It is clear fromthe 1870* plan that, at least in Period II, this unitwas an entirely separate entity from Blc1 with twopartitions on the ground floor (these possibly laterthen the original construction). There is no recordfor the first floor. In 1870 the wall separating thesetwo units was removed, leaving the space as it is seentoday.

Detailing

Both floors are timber, that on the ground floor beingthe earlier, appearing to date from the 1880s*, thaton the first floor is of later nineteenth or earlytwentieth century construction*. The floor deposit Lsthe subject of feature Alc6. The ceilings are ofcomparable dates.*

The joinery details are the same as those found in BIc1being primarily of the late nineteenth century c1880s-1900.* There is one hearth extant on the ground floorof late nineteenth century detailing, it is obvious,however, that this replaces an earlier form. To theside of this hearth there is a blocked door clearlyvisible. This door was introduced between 1870 and1888*. The windows on the ground floor were introducedearly this century.

Services and Finishes

Ther~ is no evidence of services predating thiscentury, howewer , the· wall finish in this ··arep. app.earsto be of the later nim=te·entrr~c·entury..*

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Siteinspection.

* Siteinspection.

* Siteinspection.

* Siteinspection

* AO 2361 S.A.MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

I

IIIIIIIIII

~------------~------I-

III

II Ble2: Second Extension Eastern Pavilion

Documentary Evidence

As with Ble1, there is no single piece of documentaryevidence with regard to this unit, however, it isevident from its construction details that it iscontemporary with Ble1 and is therefore assigned tothis phase.

III

Location: Immediately north of Blc2 and east ofOrphan School Central Block

IIIIIII.1II

II.1:1

Development of Function

Cannot be determined for Period I, however, by 1870 ithad became, at least on the ground floor, an infants'nursery with a water closet.* This function waspresumably put into effect at the beginning of thecombined orphanage phase. During Period III it servedas part of the dormitory accommodation and then as partof a Ward as Period IV. It is now abandoned.

Plan and Elevations

The external detailing is identical to Ble1, hence thecontemporaneity of construction. The first additionwas the construction of a verandah on the northernfacade* although the date of this feature cannot bepositively ascertained.

In 1907 a two storey· staircase was added to thenorthern facade.* This was later incorporated into atwo storey bathroom/toilet addition to the same facade.

The original intention of the new extension was to haveit as a separate entity from the 1822 addition(Blc2) and it remained so until 1888 when the dividingwall was removed to leave the space as it is now seen.*

It is impossible to determine the original allotment ofspace, however, by 1870 the ground floor at least had adivision into a small water closet in the NW cornerwith an internal staircase in the SW corner.* Thepositioning of the hearth in this arrangement, offcentre to suit the large room to the east, would seemto indicate that this was close to, if not the same as,the original plan. The partitions and stair case wereremoved in 1888.* The northern wall has been muchaltered on both floors to admit entrance to thestaircase and toilets"

* AO 2361 S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* MH 11/45 P.W.D.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

Services and Finishes

All the joinery details conform to the patternpreviously observed viz. from a renovation programme ofthe 1880s-1900 and another of the c1930s-50s.* Thereis no evidence of the hearth having been completelyremoved by the alterations necessitated by the additionof the.brick bathrooms.

Detailing

Both floors are timber and these date from thelate nineteenth to early twentieth centuries.*ground floor deposit is the subject of featureBoth ceilings' are ripple iron and are from theperiod.*

veryThe

Ale7.same

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

IIIIII

There are no services apparent predating the latertwentieth century and all surface finishes are from thesame period •*

Ble3: Kitchen and. Store 1829

Location: Immediately east of the extensions tothe eastern pavilion of the Female Orphans School.

Documentary Evidence

A detailed specification exists which gives a clearindication as to the appearance of this structure viz •

. c60' x 2Q', single storey brick construction on a stoneplinth with gable roof, possibly three doors andwindows with a chimney and small oven. A door and aflight of stairs l~d from the kitchen to the bakery.Both the kitchen and the store room flagged.*

No precise definition is given for the location,however, it is apparent from the reference to thebakery that if the location of this feature (Blc8) hasbeen correctly placed, only two locations for thekitchen are likely viz. the area immediately to thewest of the bakery (Ble2) or to the east designated onthe ,1870 plan as a new girls' bathroom and lavatory.*

The former may be eliminated as a possibility as it istwo stqrey and too smal.l, an area,.' It is. consideredmost likely, theref6re~-that t:qer-site-6f the-new kitchenand storeroom was the building later used as bathroomand lavatory.

Development of Function

The earliest plan of this structure is from 1870* whenit is designated as a "new" lavatory and bathroom,however, this does not refer to the entire structure asbeing new, only the adaptation of use.

* Siteinspection.

* 4/347Af. 5. S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Ibid

IIIIII

II1-III

IIIIII-I

IIII

~I

I~I

-IIII

The key to the plan indicates that the p~p~ng, whichwas designed to the building's requirements, wasalready present ie. that the structure was in existencebefore the adaptation. The report of 1868 clearlyidentifies this as a wash-house and laundry.*

A second detailed plan of the unit was drawn in 1888showing the completed adaptation to the new functionwith further minor renovations being carried out.* In1907 further renovations are recorded* bringing theappearance of the structure close to what it is today.It is now used partially for storage space, theremainder is abandoned.

Plan and Elevation

The specification of 1829* suggests that the originalplan of the structure was a free-standing gable-endedbuilding with an internal division into two rooms. The1870 plan* would seem to confirm this arrangement (inplan) in the northern section of the building. It wasremoved at that time. At the end of this phase ofalterations the basic plan was tripartite, the bathroomand lavatory at either end with a passage between.

In 1888 this arrangement was altered by removing thepartitions to create a single space. At the same timean addition of timber and brick, housing water closets,was added to the northern facade extending slightlybeyond this to the east to meet a verandah whichenclosed part of the facades of BIe3, BIc8 and BIe2joining up on the western side of BIc2 with the alreadyexisting verandah (presmuably AId1 or a laterreplacement). This is still largely intact except atthe northern end of BIc8 where it has been partiallydestroyed to accommodate the brick addition to thisunit.*

At the beginning of this century stud walls wereinstalled to implement a tripartite division of space.The facades are, in general, close to the appearance asdesignated on the 1870 plan with the exception of ablocked door on the eastern side and the creation ofnew doors on the west. The facade has been extensivelyrendered making site inspection difficult.

Detailing

All the floors are cement, hence the underfloordeposits are sealed and unknown. They are the subjectof feature AIc8. In addition it is possible that thefloor may have changed levels considerably. Aphotograph of the school in c1880 shows the door in theeastern facade to be at ground level.*

* Report ofInsp. atCharities

* Aa 2367 S.A.* MH 11/45 P.W.D.

* 4/347Af. 5 S.A.

* Aa 2361 S.A.

* Aa 2367 S.A.MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* SH 1727

The walls are rendered making site inspection for·construction details impossible. Very little joineryremains, however, that which does is a mixture of laternineteenth and early twentieth century manufacture. Theceilings are the later twentieth century.*

Services and Finishes

All the services are from early-mid twentieth century,being water and electricity. The finishes are of asimilar date.*

ARQHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES. RECORDED

Ale1: Engine House (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

During 1827 effects were m~de to combat the seriousproblem of water supply (and disposal) to the school.The major thrust of the programme was the constructionof an engine house to enable water to be pumped from .the river.

The t~nder for the building was let during March 1827*and apparently began to be carried into effect soonthereafter. The building was evidently primarilytimber thirteen feet and four inches· square with asingle door (six 'feet and four inches) and window (thelater having three iron bars across it).*

It seems probable, from inferences in thedocumentation, that it was situated to the south or,more likely, south east of the main complex.

Site Evidence

No evidence could be located on site because of theuncertainty of the location, however, it is possiblethat some may be brought to light if work is carriedout in this area.

AIe2: Wall of Approbation Yard 1829 (NSP)

Documen~arY'Evidence

The only evidence for this feature is a tender inFebruary 1829 for "81 perches 7 1/2 feet of storecosting 51.18.10, 1 wall 610 perches 6 feet

1- --"3~9'-'Q_. 17.9 "*

Site Evidence

There is no specified location for this feature,although it. is likely to have been within the immediate

~------environs o-f 'Ehe schoo.L i nor is there any certainty thatthe feature was built. There is no evidence to belocated on site.

* Siteinspection

* Siteinspection

* 4/346f. 267 S.A.

* 4/346f. 271 S.A.

* 4,L3 4 7 A

f. 31 S.A.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

I

I.1II.1

:1

·1II

AIe3: Three Cells Adjoining Kitchen 1829

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence for these structures are the tenderssupplied in this year from James Byrnes* and GeorgeHopkins.*

If it is assumed that the kitchen in question is BIe3(and the discussion in the section concerning Phase Igshows that this might not necessarily be the case) the1870 plan* shows an area in the southern facade of thisunit used as a "meat shed". The area in question waslarge enough for three cells and it could be theorizedthat feature AIe3 may have been constructed in thislocation and then either adapted or destroyed to allowthe later use. There is however, no corroborativeevidence of this hypothesis .

Site Evidence

There is no evidence to be located on site.

AIe4: Privies, 1830

Documentary Evidence

There is an account* for two weather-boarded privies,brick nogged and whitewashed with cesspits attached,from 1830 and this must represent an attempt to expandthe existing accommodation, however, the location ofthese facilities is unknown.

The plan of 1870* shows two sets of water closets andurinals, one in the immediate northern school grounds,the other slightly to the east of the main complex.The water lines indicate that these had been inexistence for some time hence 'it is possible thateither may have been the subject of this specificationor popssibly an earlier programme. They are bothassigned the same identifying number.

The eastern structure is clearly seen in the photographof the school in c1880*. All were present in 1888*although those in the school grounds had had a smallsection removed. All had been demolished by 1893*.

Site Evidence

There is no evidence of the northern building, however,same stone foundations may be present of the easternbuilding.

* 4/347A £.215S.A.

* Ibid. 219

* AO 2361 S. A.

* 4/347Af. 293 S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* SH 1727* l"lH 9/78 P.W.D.* 682-3000 L.D.

AleS: Boat House, Bath House, Wharf 1830-31

Documentary Evidence

It has already been discussed (in AXlb1) that a wharfand boat shed probably existed from the earliest phaseon this site, however, the first references to suchfeatures are during this period. These take theform of a number of tenders* to construct the same andit has been assumed that these new structures were onor near the earlier features.

A survey of 1833* shows the precise location of theseand a sketch of the area in question.* It cannot bedetermined when these were abandoned although itsevident tha~ as early as 1835 the buildings were in avery poor state requiring repairs in Phase If.*

Site Evidence

As with the earlier feature AXlb1, the location of thesite (tidal flat and subject to flooding) is such thatany evidence of the features has been either coveredor, more likely, completely removed. There is minimalevidence to be located and even this appears to be froma later period.

Ale6: Underfloor Depos;i,t Ble1

The floor in this unit indicates that the deposit hasnot been disturbed or only minimally disturbed, for atleast a century, although the extent of the dist~rbance

at the time cannot be gauged. The deposit may be ableto provide more positive data with regard to theconstruction date and original use of Ble1.

Ale7: Underfloor Deposit Ble2

Similar to Ale6 although the deposit is likely to havebeen more disturbed. Investigation may provide moredata with regard to the original construction andfunction of the unit.

If site Lnapeotd.orr -o'f' B,Te'3'- cannot; -cl:m:finn ;imeauthenticity of this unit as'the location of the 1829store and kitchen an investigation of the deposit maybe able to do so.

~s no~own ~f the k~tchen and store originally hada flagged floor and this would have left an impact onthe archaeological record, however, it is recognisedthat in the later conversion to alternate functionsconsjderable disturbance may have occurred within thisdeposit.

III

* 4/347A f.417, I419. 4/347Bf. 431, 517, I535 S.A.

* AO 4209 S.A.* Martens, C.

IView ofp'matta 1837.M.L.

* Col Arch. I1835 S .A.

IIIII'IIIIlII,I:

-------------------~------------------------- _ ....._-

,II

III

I.1

1

:1

~I

I.1II

It is equally possible, though, that the floor d~posit

has undergone minimal disturbance if it is found thatthe floor level has been considerably raised from itsoriginal level. Because of the uncertainty with regardto this area archaeological investigation is warrantedif the area is to be d~sturbed.

AXle1: Cisterns and Tanks (NSP)

Because of the considerable efforts made in this phaseto correct the problems associated with the watersupply cisterns, tanks, pipes, drains and the like area feature to be expected in the archaeological record.

There were a number of tenders for cisterns let duringthis phase,* however, there are no precise referencesto the location of these features although it isapparent that many were in the immediate vicinity ofthe school. Most were very substantial structures,constructed in stone.* It is therefore, most likelythat some evidence of these will come to light in anyfuture works programme.

References to tanks are less common* although adiagrammatic sketch of a section of the site in 1829*shows two tanks at the rear of the laundry. These mayhave been recently exposed at the rear of Ble2.Certainly this feature would appear to date from thisperiod. This is the only underground tank shown on the1870 plan* as existing at that time.

AXle2: Miscellaneous Pipes and Drains (NSP)

There are' numerous references to pipes and drains beinglaid at this time to bring water from the engine to theschool and to remove water and wastes from the schoolto the river.

The pipes and drains constructed and laid at this timetook a nUmber of forms, mainly lead pipes* and brickdrains.*

There is no evidence to be seen on site at present,however, it is very likely that any future disturbanceon site will reveal evidence of these.

AXle3: Miscellaneous Structures, LimitedDocumentation (NSP)

It is evident from both contemporary and succeedingdocumentation that more structures existed on site thanthose for which reliable evidence is available. It isalso equally clear that these were probablyconstructed before this phase, if only a short timepreviously. Ho~ever, as the first documentedappearance of them is from this phase they arearbitrarily groupe~ together for convenience.

* 4/346 f.333346, 365 S.A.

* 4/3465. 343 S.A.

* 4/347A f.299S.A.

* Ibid f.247

* AO 2361 S.A.

* 4/346 £.321­23, 326, 329,333. S.A.4/347A f.247,299 S.A.

* 4/346£.365, 469S.A.

Nursery (NSP)

There are a number of references to the, nursery, mainlywith regard to repairs* and it is very possible thatthe nursery was housed within the major building BIb1,however, the plan of drainage lines to the site in1829* would seem to indicate that the nursery was aseparate structure and a bill for repairs at theorphanage in the same year lists a "Gate to Nursery"* afurther indication of the same.

If the interpretation of the 1829 sketch is correct thenursery was situated to the NE of BIe2. If so it wascertainly no longer extant by 1870.* The area has beendisturbed and the likelihood 6f any evidence beingretained in the archaeological record is minimal.

Probationary Class (NSP)

The 1829 drainge plan* indicated that this may have beena separate structure in the near vicinity of the nursery.If so there is the same likelihood of evidence beingretained in the archaeological record as described forthe nursery.

"Gallery" (NSP)

There are few references, only tenders,* to theconstruction of a gallery at the school. There are noindications as to what was intended by this, or whetherit was built.

"House in the Garden" (NSF)

There is only one reference to this residence* in 1827it had obviously been constructed before this phase.The documentation concerns the enclosure of groundaround the house by the Reverend Mr. Wilton. Itappears likely, therefore, that this was a privateresidence. It may have been located in the SE or SWcorner of the site and, depending on the nature of thecons~uction, there is a good likelihood of someevidence being retained in the archaeological record.

AXIe~: Improvements to the Site: Fence and Dams (NSP)

The''-dam over Vineya-rd-Cr-eek wa:s-'constructed' in 1830*and was still extant in 1893*, however, theconstruction of the railway line was largely destroyedthis side of the site.

I------,..s tr1e-l-crnCi-s-c-ape-inveS1:i'ga'1:.ton nas ai:'S'<:us sed-r;--tneplanting of the period was characterized by fencedenclosures and there are numerous references to anumber of fences being constructed at this time ofvarious types, primarily paling* and post and rail*.

______ ~ It is extremely unlikely that any evidence will remainof these.

* 4/346f.429 S.A.4/347£.125, 335 S.A.

* 4/347A4.247 S.A.

* 4/347Af. 103-5 S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* 4/347Af. 297 S.A.

* 4/346Af. 479 S.A.

* 4/292f.304-5 S.A.

* 4/347Af. 415 S.A.

* 682-3000 L. D.

* BUr'Eorr;-C.LandscapeInvest.

* 4/346 f. 4654/347£.141 S.A.

* 4/347Bf. 539 S.A.

IIII

IIIIIIIIII.I

III

III

I

3.2.7 PHASE If: EXTENSIVE REPAIR PROGRAMME 1837

Extant documentation indicates that in this yearconsiderable repairs and renovations were carried outas part of a major maintenance programme. However, thenature of this work has ensured that in the followingnumerous programmes most of this has been obliterated.

The major value of the documentation during this phaseis to indicate the size and complexity of the site ofwhich one is able to reconstruct very little with anycertainty. The data is summarised as follows.

'I

I

I

Bath house:(AIe5 )

Kitchen:(BIe3 ?)

"Passage" :

Bake House:(BIc8 )

CleaningShed:

Erecting new wharf, repairing walls,laying new floor and reshingling.

Repairs to joinery, plastering, brickwork,chimney and fittings.

(From kitchen to bakery?).Repairs to door and lining; repairs tojoinery and plaster, repairs to stair,new flagging.

Repairs to door and oven; flagging,shingling and roofing.

New door.

Dining Room: Lathe and plaster ceiling, flagging.(In BIb1?) Repairs to joinery and windows.

.,1

>.!

I.~I

..1

·1

I

School Room:(In BIb1?)

Passageleading toCook'sKitchen:

Hall:(In BIb1:)

"BoardedPassage":(Either BIc4

or BIc5)

"StonePassage":(Either BIc4

or BIc5)

New flooring and joists.New window linings and chair rails.Repair of skirtings and architraves,doors, windows.

(Appears to refer to a second kitchen)New door fitting; reducing flagging;

new plastering; repairs to joinery.

Lining under stair, new chair rail;repairs to window.

New skirting.

New flagging, refixing skirting, repairs,plastering, window and door.

Mangle roam: Repair to skirting and window.

Infirmanydoor andKitchen

Stair:

BackKitchen:

Privys:(Ale4)

stone:(Ble3 ?)

TeachersRoom:

SolitaryCells:

ChildrensDressingRoom:

Laundry:

Wash-house:

CommitteeRoom:

"RoamAdjoining":

Passageabove hall:

Childrens'Bedroom E:

Childrens'Be4,room F:

Childrens "Bedroom A:

Repairs to door and chimney.

Lining and window glass.

Repairs to plastering, sKirting andwindows.

Shingled.

Repairs to brickwork, timber and windows.

Repairs to floor and joists.

Repairs to brickwork and floors.

Repair to door, window and floor.

Repairs to brickwork, door, window stair.

Repairs chimney, copper and window.

Repairs to window door.

Plastering and skirting.

Repairs to windows.

Repairs window, plaster, taking dOwn apartition.

Re.pa Lz s . door, f Looz., joinery, window.'

New'floor, joists, . repairs plastering,windows, joinery.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Passageetween "A"'-------------------------------------------II-

and "D": New joinery and window glass.

Small room:"D""t"

PlasteringRepairs to windows.Repairs to joinery, brickwork, plastering,windows.

III

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDED PHASE If

It is evident that a number of these areas are withinpreviously mentioned features or units and have beenrecorded, those which are not are recorded below althoughit is obvious that they were constructed in previousperiods. The phase If designation is used forconvenience.

III1II1I

NurseryRooms:(AXle3)

ServantsRoom:

MastersBedrooms:(BIb1 )

Repairs to windows, plastering, joinery,chimney.

Repairs to stair.

New flooring and joists

Repairs to drains, whitewashing,varnishing, painting and colouring.* -* 4/2342

f. 2. S.A.

11I1-I-I1

1~I

II

AIf1: Cleaning Shed (NSP)

Obviously a small structure, the location is unknownthough it is likely to be in the immediate environs ofthe school. If this was the case the likelihood of anyextant evidence is minimal.

AIf2: "Cooks Kitchen" (NSP)

Would appear to be entirely separate from the kitchenand store constructed in 1829. May also have beenwithin part of the already detailed complex connectedby a passage, however, this is considered unlikely. Ofbrick construction, plastered and flagged.

AIf3: "Back Kitchen" (NSP)

Would seem to refer to a kitchen presumably to the"back" of the main complex ie. in the northernenclosure although it may have been enclosed within apreviously detailed building.

3.2.8 PHASE Ig: ONGOING MAINTENANCE PROGRA~m 1838-1850

Any discussion of this period is severely biased by theminimal amount of available documentation in comparisonto the earlier phases. What appears to be simply aminimal and ongoing maintenance programme may in factbe the complete opposite, if the key documentation wasavailable to prove this. From the small amount ofinformation it would appear to be reaso~ably safe toassume that this was not the case.

It is evident from the type of work that is recorded inthis phase that, although some impact would be made onsite, on the whole none is to be observed. Nostructures appear to have been created at this timehence no units or features are recorded for thisperiod.

Precis of Documentary Evidence

IIII

AXI1: Dumps (NSP)

This is a generic term for all evidence of wasteremoval from the school. during Period I, mainly w~th

reference to rubbish tips and ash pits. No evidencecould be located on site of any such feature and thismust be considered ~usual. An institution of thissize must have generated a large amount of waste and itis to be presumed that some area of the site,presumably away from the main complex, was set aside toaccommodate it. The lack of site evidence suggest~

that either the site has not been disturbed or that ithas been totally destroyed.

1839:

1840:1841:1844:

1845:

Minor repairs and painting Blb1Repairs to privys and drainsInspection of Engine*Whitewashing buildings*Fencing and Gates*Establishment said to be in good repair withonly sundry minor repairs*As' above ~*

* Estimates4/2450 S.A.

* Col-Arch •.4/2484.1 S.A.

* Col Arch.4/2524.1 S.A.

* Estimates4/2609.2 S.A.

* Estimates4/2726.2 S.A.

IIIIIIII

3.2.9 SUMMARY OF UNITS AND FEATURES RECORDED FOR PERIOD I

liB" Nos:Blb1Blb2Blb3Blc1Blc2Blc3Blc4aresBlc6Blc7Blc8Ble1Ble2Ble3

IIII

III

"AX" Period Nos

I;1

II.1

I'I:1

II

"'.1'··1":1.'1. '

I'III1,I

"A" Nos:Ala1

Alb1Alb2Alb3Alb4Alb5Alc1Alc2Alc3Alc4Alc5Alc6Alc?Alc8Alc9Alc10Alc11Alc12Alc13Alc14Alc15Alc16Alc17Alc18

Ald1Ald2Ald3Ale1Ale2Ale3Ale4Ale5Ale6Ale7Ale8AIf1AIf2Alf3

AXlb1AXlb2AXlb3

AXlc1AXlc2AXld1AXld2AXle 1AXle2AXle3AXle4

"AX" Nos.AXI1

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES~vidence earliest building phase and clearance programmesused on site.Western curved passageEastern curved passageUnderfloor deposit Blb1Underfloor deposit Blb2Underfloor deposit Blb3Outer SW PavilionOuter NW Pavilion, "Fowl House"Outer NE Pavilion, "Fowl and Fancy Pigeon House"StableCowshedSW enclosure wallSE enclosure wallWestern enclosure wallNE and NW enclosure wallsNorthern precinct walls and gateUnderfloor deposit Blc1Cellar depositUnderfloor deposit Blc4Underfloor deposit Blc5Underfloor deposit Blc6Bakery oven (i)Bakery oven (ii) and deposit Blc8Construction debris and early surface finishes

Verandah to rear of main buildingsLog houseBrick wall to playgroundEngine House 1827Wall of Approbation Yard 1829Three cells adjoining kitchen 1829Privies 1830/31Boat house, bathing house, wharf 1830/31Underfloor deposit Ble1Underfloor deposit Ble2Underfloor deposit Ble3Cleaning shed"Cooks Kitchen""Back Kitchen"

Evidence of boatshed (and associated structures?)WharfSuperintendents' hut, overseer's hut? and miscellaneousstructures and fences.Early drains, sewers, well and pump.Miscellaneous structures not documented.Miscellaneous drains and pump. 'Miscellaneous structures, limited referencesCisterns and tanksMiscellaneous p~pes and drainsMiscellaneous structures not documentedImprovements to site: fences and dams

Period I dumps, ash pits etc.

:~

I

-'----

3.3 PERIOD 11 COMBINED PROTESTANT ORPHANAGE OCCUPATION1850-1887

3.3.1 DEFINITION OF PHASES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

The second major period of occupation at Rydalmere/known during this time as the Combined PortestantOrphanage/ was occasioned by the closure of the MaleOrphanage at Cabrammatta and the transference of theboys from there to the girls' school in 1850. Thisperiod of occupancy lasted until 1888.

Of the four major historical periods defined thesecond is by far the most difficult with regard todocumentation of the development. Archival materialduring these three and a half decades is limited/sporadic and variable in quality.

The results of the site survey are necessarily biaseddue to this/ weighed down on either chronolgical "side"by masses of documentation. The second historicalperiod/ in comparison to these/ would appear to be oneof relative inactivity with regard to the builtenvironment, however/ this is unlikely to be the casealthough Periods I and III are ,similar in intent beingtimes of creation of entirely new institutions whereasPeriods 11 and IV are times of continuation andexpansion of existing facilities.

Because of the insufficiency of the archival material,it is impossi~le to create. meaningful phases ofstructural activity as was the case with Period I.However, to enable the material to be handled andassimilated more readily arbitrary phases have beenassigned on a decade basis. Phase IIa covers theinception of the combined orphanage in 185 0 until' 1859;Phase lIb from 1860-1869; Phase IIc from 1870-1879;Phase lId covers the final years of the orphanagebefore it was handed over to the Lunacy Departmentviz.1880-1887. It is stressed that these phases do notrepresent actual periods of activity, they are merelyassumed for convenience.

Certainly the large scale building programme of PeriodI .were not .rep~a,ted during this time., ins,tead the.existing, accommodation'was ,expanded to meet the needs­of an orphanage ae~sigriecrfor· one school and housingtwo. If'not in scale, though, certainly somestructures constructed during these years equal inimportance those built during Period I. Perhaps Period11 might be described as the "formalisation" of theinstitution which had grown rather hapharzardly duringits first years of life.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

III

III

IIIIIIII,I

II:1IIII

That is not to say that an organized planning app~oach

was adopted for the site; buildings were still createdas the need arose. No forethought was given to theexpanding needs of the combined orphanage at itsinception, however, there does appear to be a change inattitude with respect to the location of these newunits. Rather than the haphazard growth characterizingPeriod I after the Phse Ib construction, a certainsense of symmetry in design and layout may be observedduring Period 11. This change in attitude, albeitprobably subconscious, is also noted in the developmentof the landscape.*

As it is to be expected, at the time of the combinationof the two schools in 1850 considerable money was spentto create new additions and effect repairs althoughdetails are lacking. During the first decade of use,it is apparent that the most obvious deficiences in theexisting facilities were corrected, for example a newhospital was constructed during 1854.

The majority of extant documentation survives from thelatter half of the following decade and it infers thatanother programme was carried out to enable thepremises to meet still more demands in its facilities.This apparently carried over into the early 1870s.

For the remainder of the period there is only one recordof a major addition, this being a forty bed dormitoryconstructed in 1882.

It is evident that during Period 11 problems that hadbeen originally dealt with in Period I again come tonotice. In particular water supply and disposal nowhad to cope with a double demand and wastage. Two ofthe major structural units recorded for this periodwere associated with this problem. Furthermore land tothe north of the precinct was developed with thisaspect in mind.

With regard to the later, this "extended" view of thesite is a unique characteristic of Period 11, definingit from its predecessor. During Period I nearly thewhole concentration of available data- is concerned withthe major structural complex and/or land and featuresin its immediate environs. There is very little directreference to the rest of the property and itsdevelopments, albeit that these were basic.

During Period 11 there is a definite awareness of thesite as both a major structural precinct and acultivated (or semi-cultivated) setting with associatedminor structures. This is certainly the result of theschool expanding from a rather isolated "introspective"plan to an expanding "open" design.

* Burton, c.LandscapeInv.

The major axis of the school remains to the southernriver side as in Period I, however, the clearance anddevelopment of the northern side of the site' duringthis period prepared the way for a gradual reversal ofthis axis during Period Ill, culminating in Period IV.

This gradual expansion of the physical limits of theschool also widens the potential archaeologicalresource, however, in practical terms it still remainslargely centred during this period in the majorstructural precinct.

Similar potential data resources as those described forPeriod I will therefore apply again during Period 11viz. features associated with water transport, watersupply and waste disposal, construction evidence andsurface preparations.

However, with the expansion of the site the latter mustbe thought of on a larger scale ego drains extendingfurther north, evidence of more fencing and enclosures,miscellaneous structures associated with thecultivation aspect of the site (also to the north)rubbish dumps which are statistically likely to bedouble the size of those previously in use (if thosewere abandoned) and a change and/or addition andincrease in artefact types.

The following sections discuss the units and featuresof Period 11 and are analysed in phases.

Summary of Phases

IIIIIIIIIII

IIaIIbIIcIId

1850-591860-691870-791880-87

IIIII1-11

,I

III

I:1·1

3.3.2 PHASE IIa: COMBINATION OF THE ORPHANAGES1850-59

The documentation of this phase is minimal and much ofthe development of the site is only pieced togetherfrom inferences. In 1850 when the two schools werecombined 835.11.11 was spent* on additions and repairs,however, there are no extant details. It is possiblethat AIIa1, the boys' dining roam was constructed atthis time but this is by no means certain.

Apparently this programme of works sufficed forimmediate needs, expenditure for 1852 is recorded onlyfor alterations and repairs totalling 171.3.9*. Thefinal documentaion for the period is an estimate forerecting a hospital and sheds in 1854.*

Apart from these structures a number of other units maybe deduced as being constructed during this phase ofwork for which no records survive. It is also evidentfrom the inspection of buildings previously discussed,for example BIb1 or BIb2, that at the time of thecombination of the two schools a programme; was put intoeffect to clean and alter minor details such as joineryand the like, however, all the evidence indicates thatthis wa~ apparently a small scale operation. Most ofthe site evidence has been lost because of later, moreextensive programmes.

UNITS RECORDED PERIOD II

BIIa1: The Hospital

* VPLA1851 Vo1.4 M.L.

* VPLA1851 Vol.1 M.L.

* Col. Arch.2/632 S. A.

Location:east.

Adjacent to main block BIb1, towards north

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Development of Function

This is the earliest standing structure known to havebeen built during this phase in 1854.* The earliestplan of the unit is from 1865* when a new bathroomverandah and balcony was added. A photograph of c1880*shows these additions apparently unaltered.

A ward for boys, a convalescent ward and a dispensarywere originally housed on the ground floor. The secondfloor held a matron's room, convalescent ward andgirls' ward. The bathroom was on the verandah.

In 1868 the roams of the hospital were described as not"well adapted for hospital purposes, being very damp atthe south-east end and badly ventilated"*. The boys'ward was said to be unhealthy and the bathroomsinconvenient and without lavatories.*

The unit continued to serve as a hospital until the endof the ni~eteenth century.* During this century it hasserved, combined with BIlc1, as ward accommodation.

* Col. Arch.2/632 S.A.

* AO 3360a S.A.* SH 1727

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport 1868.

* Ibid

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.682-3000 L.D.

Plan and Elevation

When first built the hospital was free standing andsome attempt appears to have been made to make this asympathetic addition in external details to theadjacent structures. A verandah was added in 1865* tothe northern and eastern facades and another verandahon the southern side in 1870.* The northern verandahhoused boilers, coppers and what was termed a bathroom*,that on the southern side water closets.*

The original entrance .was in the centre of the' southernfacade with one window on the first floor. The easternand western facades both had four windows on eachfloor. The northern facade was similar to the easternalthough the upper window in this case was changed to adoor in 1865*.

A small addition was made to the NW corner of the illlitin the early 1890s*, however, this was overwhelmed inthe later 1890s when Blla1 was joined to Bllc1 by theconstruction of a block of single rooms.*

In the 1930s-40s a double storey toilet extension wasmade on the eastern facade and a small single storeyroom adjacent to this thereafter.* In 1949 a day roomwas construqted on the SE corner of the unit. Theplans for this extension survive*. This effectivelydid very little to the facade of Blla1 except on thevery south-eastern corner where a ramp was added to theeastern facade. A porch was added to the day room in1957* but this did not effect Blla1 but the additionof a solarium to the day room did, obscuring most ofthe remaining eastern facade.* In 1959 virtually theentire southern facade was obscured by the qonstructionof a ward on an angled plan for dying male patients.*

The internal space on both floors was conceived asbeing three major rooms with a passage and stair well.*and this arrangement was intact in 1888*. It is likely,although there is no extant documentation, that with thefirst major addition to the north the sense of a selfcontained unit became erroded.

There-'a:re no other' plans of - the,- interior of this· urri.t,until 192,6* whi.cl1 shQws~~_ ~tQ .;l, s'gpJ:"_i:::;ingc..:.d.~gre·e., that' acertain sense of the earlier arrangement was retainedalthough all the-hearths and stair well had beenremoved. However, in this year an extensiveremodelling programme was put into effect.*

Detailing

Access could not be gained to examine the structure asit is now found. It seems likely that most of thedetailing will be from the last progra,mme. The-under f'Loor deposit on the ground floor and subj-ect, toinspection, the first floor, are 'the subjects offeature Alla4.

* AO 2360a S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.* AO 2030a S.A.* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* AO 2360a S.A.

* 682-300'0 L. D.

* 1746-3000 L.D.

* Siteinspection

* MH 11/76 P.W.D.

*MB. 11/111 P.W.D

* MH 11/272 P.W.D

* MH 11/112 P.W.D

* AO 2360a S.A.AO 2361 S.A.

*MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* MH 11/212 P.W.D

* Ibid

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BIIa2: Drillmaster's Residence/Teacher's Residencec18S4/S

Development of Function

This unit is very badly documented. It is assumed thatthis building was constructed at this time i.e.contemporary with or slightly later than BlIa1 becauseof the great similarity in plan and the apparent intentto use this to balance the location of the former.*There is no documentation to confirm this.

During Period 11 it was used as part of the boys'department and would seem to be referred to in 1868 as"the school building which is detached and about thirtyyards from the main structure"*. Some data with regardto its then current function was ·supplied viz "that itwas intended when first constructed for the residenceof the male teacher but was appropriated to boys'dormitories and a schoolroom, the latter housed on theground floor".* On the first floor there were threedormitories.*

In 1870, however, it is shown as housing, in the groundfloor, the drill masters bedroom and sitting room andboys reading room.* Its use during the 1880s isunknown though by 1893 it had become the warder'squarters* and by 1901 the attendant's dining room,*which it continued to serve as during the early part ofthis century. In the later part of this century itserved as ward accommodation*. It is now abandoned.

Plan and Elevation

The original plan and elevation of BlIa is very similarto Blla1 hence the likelihood of its contemporaneity ofconstruction. Both were two storey with the samefenestration details and three major roams on eachfloor with connecting stairwell.*

By 1888 verandahs had been added to the eastern andsouthern facades and a new room to the NW corner.* Inthis same year partitions were added to subdivide thelarge southern room*. By 1893 a verandah and steps hadbeen added to the northern facade.*

The only other addition to the unit was theconstruction of a block of day roams in 1909 on theea~tern facade which entailed bricking in a number ofwindows. *

Detailing

The ground floor is concrete and the first floor timberand both appear to date from the later nineteenth toearly twentieth centuries. The underfloor deposit isthe subject of feature AlIaS.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport 1868

* Ibid* Ibid

* AO 2361 S.A.

* 682-3000 L.D.* 1746-3000 L.D.

* MH 11/21SaP.W.D.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Ibid* 682-3000 L.D.

* MH 11/39 P.W.D.

1The ground floor ceiling is timber, the upper fibrousplaster and both are of twentieth century date. 'Thefirst floor ceiling would seem to be no longer at thelevel of the original.*

The internal arrangements seen on the earlier plansseem to be at least partially intact although there arenumerous timber partitions of Edwardian style and date.The majority of the joinery is of the same period.*The northern verandah was infilled later.

Services and Finishes

* Siteinspection.

* Siteinspection.

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The walls are plastered and all finishes date from.thiscentury. There is no evidence of services earlier thanthis century.*

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDED PHASE IIa

* Siteinspection.

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* Insp. ofCharitiesReport· ,

* AO 2360b S.A.

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport 1868

* AO 2361 SeA.

Alla1: Boys' Dining Room and Covered Way

There is, however, a.plan from 1865* whioh shows therenovation of a cart shed to a dining ro.om for boys.The buildings are similar in size and appearance andlikely to be the same, howeve~, there is no way ofconfirming this.

The building termed "boys dining room" in 1868* is infact probably of later Period I construction, however,the earliest reference to its existence is theaforementioned reference.

In 1868 it was called a general dining room for boys,detached, 25' x 18' with no covered way to the mainbuilding. It was too small to house the boys, so it isunlikely that its original function was similar. Theroom was also used as an infants' school.*

Documentary Evidence

In 1870, probably due to the criticisms of the 1868report with' regard to the lack of proper bathrooms andlavatories, this unit was converted to house thesefacilities. A covered way was either built at this timeor possibly the year be£o+e.* The former is morelikely.

At some time between 1870 and 1888 a room housingboilers or coppers was attached to the eastern facadebut this was removed in 1888*. A detailed plan of the * ME 9/78 P.W.D.

-----~fEfature is av ailab:te-in-th±s-year7*'---------------**-A0-2-3-6-G-S-.-A..-.------1-There is no further documentation available other thanto comment that the aerial photograph of c1931 shows itto be a still intact structure, however, later in this

____~ y_ear _it had been demolished. * * Note onAO 2360b S.A.

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Site Evidence

There is no evidence on the surface, but due to therecent demolition and lack of disturbance in the area,there is likely to be sub-surface evidence.

AIIa2: Boys I Play Shed

Documentary Evidence

This may have been an addition of 1850* but is seemsmore likely to have been built in 1854 at the same timeas the hospital.*

It is probably referred to in 1868 as the "open shed"in which the boys washed in basins and buckets exposedto wet and cold weather.* It is indicated on the 1870plan by broken lines.* At this time it was relocated.

Site Evidence

There is none to be seen on site and because of theapparently flimsy nature of the construction onlyminimal evidence, if any, is likely to be extant in thearchaeological record.

ArIa3: Girls' Play Shed

Documentary Evidence

Was situated immediately north of BIb1 and was likely tohave been constructed at the same time as AIIa2. The onlyreference to it is in 1868 when it was described ~s beinglarge and intended to protect the children against theweather.* It is indicated by broken lines on the 1870plan* and was removed to its later location thereafter.

Site Evidence

It was constructed immediately beneath the new school(BIlc2) and therefore, all traces are likely to havebeen removed at that time.

AIIa4: Floor Deposit BIIa1

Because of the extensive alterations carried out onthis unit it is unlikely that the floor deposits willhave remained undisturbed, however, especially due tothe inability to examine them, both ground and firstfloor deposi~s should be investigated by anarchaeologist if they are to be disturbed.

ArIaS: Floor Deposit Blla2

Both deposits are sealed and could not be examined.They are likely to be far less disturbed than those inBIIa1, hence, should be investigated, if any futurework is planned in this unit.

* VPLA 1851Vol. 4 M. L.

* Col. Arch.2/632 S.A.

* Insp. ofchs . Report

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport 1868

* AO 2361S.A.

"----------------~--~-..-

3.3.3 PHASE lIb 1860-69

The majority of documentation for this period comesfrom this decade but in comparison to the earlierperiod even this is severely limited. A number ofadditions were made during these years, most a+eunspecified, a few are (viz. a pump, an elevated tankand a new kitchen). Only one is extant.

Most of the archival material is concerned with repairsand alterations, mainly to the privies and an oven.Some alterations were apparently extensive, however,there is very little evidence of these to be seen onsite.

UNITS RECORDED PHASE lIb

B~lb1: Kitchen c1865

Location: Part of the eastern block associatedwith the Orphans' School, now attached to Ble3.

Documentary Evidence

This unit is first recorded in 1868 when it is referredto as a "new building".* It is described as being theonly kitchen in use for both departments.* It wasconnected to the servants' dining hall (Blb3) by acovered way (Allb4).

The earliest plan of the unit is from 1870*. It showsa simple rectangular plan, hearths at northern andsouthern ends, two windows on the eastern wall, twowindows and a single door in the western wall, the doorleading directly to the covered walk. To the north ofthe kitchen was a meat shed, to the south Blc6 (at thistime being used as servants' bedrooms).

The function of this unit during the 1880s is notdetailed although it seems reasonable to assume that itremained as a kitchen until the establishment changedhands. In 1893 it formed part of a bath-house* andthen, early in this century, a dispensary.* It becamepart of the ward accommodation and now is used as forstorage space and computer facilities.

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport 1868

* Ibid

* AO 2361 S.A.

* 682-3000 L.D.* 1746-3000 L.D.

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During the 18}Os -a·n,d ear,ly--1-880s-itis- evident, thata number· of alterations were carried·out~ The plan of1888 indicates that the northern hearth had beencompletely removed and replaced by shelving and thesouthern section was scheduled to be altered at this

I-------lt-~;-,·I".[(e~.*-------------------------------;*<-MH-9i-9-8-p..w..-D,••-----II-There is no further documentation.

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Site Evidence

Access could not be gained to this unit only the twofacades could be examined and these are completelyrendered. Only enough detail was evident to be able torecognise the entity of the structure. The facade hasaltered most on the western side with the door beingreplaced by a window. All three windows have detailingfrom early - mid twentieth century manufacture.

It is likely that most of the internal detailingwill have been altered. The floor deposit is thesubject of feature Allb3.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDED PHASE lIb

AlIb1: Elevated Tank

Documentary Evidence

The plan for this is extant* and shows a structurefourteen feet in total height and 17 '6" X 10 12" ,metal on stone piers. It is mentioned in 1868 ascontaining 6000 gallons "ratsed several feet, to give afall of water so as to convey it through pipes whichhave been laid on the various parts of the building;this is filled from a creek some 300 yards off, by aforce pump worked by a horse mill.* The tank had nocover .«

There is an excellent photograph of the feature fromthe later 1870s*. This defines a room underneath thetank and some form of framing to the western side. In alater plan the room is described as a boiler room.*

When a large kitchen was constructed in this area in1888 the tank was incorporated into the design.* Itremained so until c1902 when the entire kitchensculleries and tank group was demolished.

Site Evidence

The area may be seen as having been a demolition siteand the aerial photograph clearly defines a sub-surfacestructure. Evidence is likely to be intact.

AIIb2: Pump, Well and Housing (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

The tank AIIb1 was said in 1868 to have been fed froma force pump worked by a horse mill.* A plan existsfrom 1865 of a force pump and well housing* and it maybe this to which the report refers. It is stated to beeighty feet from the river bank and this is likely toplace it in the south-east section of the site.

* AO 2360a S.A.

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport 1868

* Ibid* SH 1730

* AO 2367 S.A.

* Ibid

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport 1868

* AO 2360b S.A.

It is clearly-evident on the photograph of c1880looking at the school from across the river.* It hadbeen demolished by 1893.*

Site Evidence

No evidence could be defined on site inspection,although there are some very slight indications on theaerial photograph. There is likely to be good evidencein the archaeological record.

AIIb3: U~derfloor Deposit BIIb1:

Owing to the inability to examine this area, theunderfloor deposit is unknown. It should be examinedbefore any work is carried out in this area. It mayassist in defining the exact date of construction forthe unit.

AIIb4: Covered Way from BIIb1 - BIb3

Documentary Evidence

The covered way was probably contemporary inconstruction with BIIb1 and appears to have been stoneor brick paved* with five columns either side leadingto a flight of steps into BIb3*. In 1888 both stepsand covered way were removed.*

Site Evidence

The line of this feature can be clearly defined and itappears that some of the paving may be intact althoughvery ov er'qrown ,

AXIIb1: Miscellaneous Site Improvements, Fences andSewers (NSP)

There is a number of "Gazette" notices* for fences andsewers to be erected during the later part of thisdecade. There are no indications for location and withrespect to fencing it is unlikely that any evidencewill come to light. There is, however, a stronglikelihood for some complete or partial remains ofsewers to be extant.

* SH 1735* 682-3000 L.D.

* Siteinspection

* AO 2361 S .A.MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* Gov. Gazette1868, 1196,1044, 1376,1751 M.L.

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3.3.4 PHASE IIc: 1870-79

Documentation for this period is sparse, however, thefirst detailed site plan is preserved from 1870.* Anumber of important structures were constructed duringthis phase and some, although much altered, are stillextant.

The earliest unit constructed appears to have been thenew laundry (Bllc1) and this in fact may have beenconstructed the year before. It certainly seems to bepresent in 1870 in comparison to other buildings suchas the school (Bllc2) which is only shown as a "site".

Apart from the school and laundry, the other majorunits built during this period were shelter sheds, cartsheds and tanks. There were also a number of tendersfor alterations, repairs and one for painting.* Thesite inspection revealed that at least some overhaul ondetailing such as joinery was carried out, but most ofthis has been lost in later programmes.

UNITS RECORDED PHASE IIc

Bllc1: "New" Laundry

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Gov. Gazette1879 M.L.

Development of Function

It continued to function as a laundry until 1895*,however, by 1901 it had become ward accommodation*which it remains to the present time.

The alteration of the wash-house and laundry to agirls' lavatory and'bathroom (Ble3) obviouslynecessitated the construction of a new laundry. Theplan of this was included on the 1870·site plan.* Theone building housed a linen room, laundry and .wash-house. There is one photograph of the building inc1880 looking towards the eastern facade.*

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Location: Attached to south end of Blllb2

* AO 2361 S.A.

* SH 1727

* 682-3000 LaD.* 1746-3000 L.D.

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Plan and Elevation

The plan of the original structure* described a singlestorey rectangular building with a verandah on thesouthern and eastern facades. A surface drainsurrounded all but the northern side. The roof wascovered in slate tiles. The major entrance was in thecentre of the eastern elevation opening into thelaundry. There was another entrance in the southernfacade into the linen room. The northern third of thebuilding housed the wash-house. The photograph ofc1880* indictes that, at least on external details,the laundry was built to plan.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* SH 1727

IThe plan of 1888* however, indicates that some detailshad differed or perhaps been altered by that time (itis impossib~e to determine which was the case). Themajor change was that the eastern facade was notstraight but "indented" in one section. In generalthough, the structure had not changed very much. AW.C. and coal house (Alld2)' had been added to thenorthern facade. These were probably demolished inc1891 to allow an open passage to be built between thelaundry and an adjacent block of single rooms.*

The final major extension to Bllc1 occurred as thelater 18905 with the addition of a block of singlerooms.* A number of small additions"probably toilets,appear to have' been made earlier this century to thewestern facade but t.he'se have largely been removed. * Anumber of ramps also have been added to the easternverandah earlier this century.

There is very little documentation for the changes tothe internal arrangements. The only details being from1962 'and these show that the entire internal space hadbeen completely a~tered.*

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* 1746-3000 L.D.

* Ibid

* Siteinspection

* ME 11/212 P.W.D

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Site Evidence

Access could not be gained. however, it is eviqent fromthe 1962 plan, as well as the external detailing th~t

although some later nineteenth century detailing maysurvive, in general it is derived from this century.*

Bllc2: The Combined School Building

* Siteinspection.

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Location: On axis of and directly north of FemaleOrphans School buildings.

Development of Function

One of the best documented structures on site, it wasplanned in 1870* and built probably shortly thereafter.During the combined orphanage period the buildinghoused the school, however, when the site was handedover for the Hospital for the Insane this unit was usedas day and dining rooms which it continued to housewell into this century. After this it was used as wardaooommodab.Lon ,

* AO 2362 S.A.

IIIII* SH 1746

* SH 1729* AO 2365 S.A.

There, is an excellent photograph of the building takenin c1880* and another* shows sections of the northernelevation, shelter sheds and stone dividing wall. Majoralterations were carried out in 1888*, these mainly

------currcerned-wi-th-the-northern---se-ct-±on-o-f--che-bu:i.-l-d-i-Il-<g'o.------------------1-

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Further extensive alterations to add a second storeydonnitory were carried out in 1904* and these were'completed in 1907.* A day room was built in 1962,connecting to the eastern facade. The final additionwas the construction of the Medical Records Office andward in the northern facade in 1964/5*.

Plan and Elevations

The original plan of the unit described an "E" shapedbuilding, the "E" facing north. In the western thirdof the building was a boys' school room, cloak room andclassroom. On the eastern side were the samearrangements for the girls with an infants' school roomin the centre.

Boys' and girls' lavatories were situated on therespective western and eastern sides of the infants'school. A flagged pavement extended along the entiresouthern facade, intersected by a covered way (AIIa4),linking the school to the main complex.

There were two veranda,hs between each ann of the "E" onthe northern side. Surface drains surrounded theschool. A feature of the design was a central Gothicbell tower.

The major effect of the 1888 renovations was to alterthe "E" shape to a rectangular plan by removing theverandahs and infilling to create a straight facade.This necessitated the Femoval of a number ofpartitions, the construction of windows, blocking doorsetc. The verandah was extended around the eastern,western and northern facades with a central flight ofstairs on the latter. A stone wall, eight courses highbisected this flight and extended northwardstenninating in a block of water closets. A ha-ha raneast~west either side of the closets.*

The effect of the 1904 and 1907 extensions was not somuch to alter the ground plans, although these werealtered, but to change the appearance of the elevationsarriving at the general appearance seen today. Theintrusion of the Medical Records Office obscures largesections of the northern facade.

Detailing

Access could be gained to this unit. Externaldetailing suggests that a pastiche of elements from thefirst construction to the final alterations will bepresent. The line of the southern verandah may stillbe traced and the original windows on this facadealthough bricked in may still be located. The originalsouthern entrance has also been infilled.

* MH 11/25-26P.W.D.

*MH 11/29-30P.W.D.

* MH 11/288P.W.D.

* AO 2365 S.A.

Bllc3: New Grocery Store

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Documentary Evidence

Location: Northern extension of Ble8.

IThis new addition has largely been discussed in Blc8.Briefly, in 1870 a new room was added to the north ofthe flour store with the baking oven on its easternside and the infants nursery (Ble2) on its western.Entry was gained by a flight of stairs to the southof the flour store and a passage cut through the sameopening into the grocery store. There were two windowsin the northern facade.*

In 1888 the oven was demolished and the northern facadeof Blc3 was extended to join Ble3 enclosing, therebythe old bakery*.

Site Evidence

The section of the northern facade relevant to Bllc3 isstill evident although the eastern partition has beenremoved and the southern partition dividing this fromthe flour store has also gone.

Detailing has been discussed in Blc8, it mainly belongsto the turn of the century. The underfloor deposit isthe subject of feature Allc13.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* ME 9/78 P.W.D.

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Bllc4: Matron's Kitchen and Pantry

Documentary Evidence

Location: Northern exten9ion of Ble1.

I~

IIn 1870 a kitchen for the Matron was added to the NEcorner of Ble1 with a pantry adjoining.* Both wereentered from a verandah extension (Alld6) to Ald1. Thekitchen and pantry were still present in 1888 with theaddition of a small shel~ed room opening from Ble1extending half way along the facade of the kitchen.*

The kitchen, at least, seems to have survived into thiscentury, being included in the extensions of new dayrooms to the' north of Blc1.*

Site Evidence

The pantry has been completely removed and there is noevidence to be seen on site though there is goodlikelihood of sub-surface evidence.

The kitchen would seem to be at least partially intactin the present structure, however, the alterations havebeen so extensive that it is difficult to determine. A~horough investigation o~ the area is required.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* MH 9/78 P.W;D.

* ME 11/32 P.W.D.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDED PHASE IIc

Allc1: Boys' Shelter Shed

Documentary Evidence

Construction in 1870/71 near the NW corner of theschool building, it is described on plan as beingrectangular with an open surface drain around theeastern, western and southern facades.* The smallsection seen in the photograph of the later 1870s*indicated a substantial timber building. The shed wasdemolished in the 1870s.*

Site Evidence

The location of the shed may be easily identified onthe ground. It is now the location of a volley-ballcourt. There is a good likelihood that sub-surfaceevidence remains.

AIlc2: Girls' Shelter Shed

Documentary Evidence

Constructed at the same time, and on the same plan asthe boys' shelter shed* near the NE corner of theschool. It is glimpsed in a photograph of the later1870s.* It is evident that the two shelter sheds wereidentical in construction.

The shed was still intact in 1827*, however, by 1953 ithad been demolished.*

Site Evidence

There is limited evidence to be seen on site but the,area is still identifiable. There is a good likelihoodthat sub-surface evidence remains.

Allc3: Cart Shed 1870-71

Documentary Evidence

The conversion of the old cart shed to a boys' diningroam in 1865* necessitated the construction of a newshed and the plan for this was included on the 1870site plan.*

It apparently was intended as a partially open timberframe building located to the north of the laundry(Bllc1). A photograph of c1880 shows it to be timberbut enclosed.*

The structure was still there in 1893* but had beendemolished by 1901*.

* AO 2361 S.A.* SH 1729

* MH 11/353P.W.D.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* SH 1729

* PWD 34086* MH 11/215a

P.W.D.

* AO 2360b S.A.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* SH 1735

* 682-3000 L. D.* 1746-3000 L.D.

Site Evidence

The area has been extensively built over and it isunlikely that any evidence will remain.

AIlc4: Covered Way Blb1 - Bllc2

Documentary Evidence

It was constructed in 1870/71 to link the new schoolblock (Bllc2) with the main building BIb1.* Itextendeq from the edge of the verandah (AId1) into thebody of the school. It was· sandstone flagged withtimber posts supporting a shingled roof. It may beseen in two photographs of the later 1870's.*

In 1888 a section extending two posts back from theverandah surrounding the school and the sectionextending into that building (Bllc2) was removed toallow a cart access. A step was added at thetermination of the long section (ie the cart way wascut into the existing surface). Another step wasplaced at the school side.*

It is difficult to determine when this feature wasdemolished. It is still sho~~ on site plans existingat least as a'path if not a full structure a~ late as1953*. The aerial photograph shown a completely intactstructure in c1931. It had certainly been completelyabandoned in the 1960s.

Site Evidence

The sandstone paving is intact for certain sections andthe line of the columns may be followed. The currentroad follows the line of the cart way and has beenbuilt up to the former level.

AIlc5: New Bathroom

Documentary Evidence

A small bathroom is shown on the 1870 plan* atached tothe verandah (Ald1) on the western side between Blb1and Blc1. If it was constructed it was no longerextant in. 1888~. The· phptograph of the-rear of thebuildings in the -1·a-1::er-1-87-0-s--ea·nnot r-esolv-e--theproblem, a section of the verandah appears to beenclosed, but the perspective of the photograph isdeceptive.* -

* AO 2361 S.A.

* SH 1730SH 174 6

* AO 2367 S.A.

* MH /215A P.W.D.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* SH 1730

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I------~i-;e-Ev±den-c-e----------------------------------------1-

No distinctive evidence may be observed.

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Allc6: Verandah Extension to Ald1 (1870/71)

Documentary Evidence

The extension of the western wing by the addition ofBle1 meant that the verandah originally constructed,Ald1, only reached halfway along the eastern facade ofBle1. The verandah was extended along this facade in1870/71, this initiated by the construction of theMatron's Kitchen and pantry at which point the verandahterminated. * The verandah appears to have been intactuntil the 1970s.*

Site Evidence

Minimal evidence, but the line of the extension may beobserved.

AIlc7: Verandah to Ble2

Documentary Evidence

The first evidence for this feature is the plan of1870.* It is not clear whether this verandah wasalready in existence or was added at this time. It wasin existance until Ble2 was extended.

Site Evidence

The line of the verandah appears to be intact.

Allc8: Underground Water Storage Cisterns North ofBle2

Documentary Evidence

During the Phase Id programme a number of cisterns andtanks were constructed in the grounds but there is noclue as to their location. The large tank described onthe 1870 plan* may be one such but it is impossible toconfirm this. This plan is the first evidence of thisfeature.

The 1888 plan* indicates an underground tank in thislocation, however, there is also a feature runningnorth-south which is labelled as an underground tank.The meaning of this is unclear. A second featuremarked "tank" on the 1870 plan is also faintly seen onthe 1888 plan and it is clearly marked on the 1903plan.

Site Evidence

One tank running east-west in the location described bythe 1870 plan has been breached by workmen. It cannotbe determined whether a second tank runs off this.

* AO 2361 S .A.* MH 11/353

P.W.D.

* AO 2361 E..A.

* AO 236 1 S •A.

* MH 9/78 P. W• D.

AIIc9: Underground Tanks, Pump

Documentary Evidence

This system of tanks and a pump in an iron enclosurewas created in 1870/71.* It is also seen on the 1888*plan. There is no indication with reg~rd to size orquantity.

Site Evidence

There is none to be seen, however, it is likely that1

the features are still present.

AIIc10: North-South Wall to the East of BIId1

Documentary Evidence

This feature described on the 1870 plan* was certainlyin existence by this date and may be the wall referredto in the 1868 report* dividing the twoplaygrounds which, on plan, it effectively does. If soit is probably to be dated to Phase IIa, however, asthis cannot be confirmed the feature has been placed inthis phase for convenience.

By 1888 most of this wall had been demolished, only asmall section remaining to the north of BIe1.* Theremainder was demolished or replaced when new day roomswere constructed on this location in 1909.*

AIIc11: Underfloor Deposit BIIc1

* AO 2361 S.A.* MH 9/78 P.W.D.

* AO 2361 S.A.

* Insp. ofCharitiesReport

* l'IH 9/78 P.W.D.

* ME 11/32 P.W.D.

IIIIIIIIIII

Also likely to have been disturbed, however, it requiresinvestigation if it is to be disturbed.

AIIc12: Underfloor Deposit BIIc2 (Combined SchoolBuilding)

Because of extensive remodelling carried out in thisbuilding it is unlikely that the floor deposit of theold laundry would have remained intact however, untilan inspection is carried out the potential of the areais noted.

AIIc~3: Under,floor DepositBIIc3 (New Grocery Store),

IIII

As part of the area of Blc8 it is likely, to have beendisturbed to some degree but the extent of this cannotbe determined. It will require further investigationif it is to be disturbed.

AIIc14: Underfloor Deposit BIIc4 (Matron's Kitchen)

The area is sealed, hence no investigation of thedeposit could be carried out. It will require furtherinvestigation if the, area is to be disturbed.

I1-III

IIIIIII

3.3.5 PHASE lId. 1880-1887

The last seven years of th~ combined orphanage periodseem to witness a decrease in the building activity onsite with few repairs and few additions, though thismay be the bias of limited documentation. The majorunit constructed was a forty-bed dormitory to the east'of Blb2.

UNITS RECORDED PHASE lId

Blld1: Forty Bed Dormitory Attached to Blb2 c1881

Location: Attached to the western elevation of thewest pavilion Blb2.

Documentary Evidence

IIIII

In 1880 a tender was let for the construction ofadditional dormitories at the Protestant Orphan School*and presumably these were built during 1880/81. In1882 they are recorded as camplete.*

In 1888 the structure is shown as rectangular on planwith a hearth on the western side entrance in theeastern and five windows each on the northern andsouthern facades. A small stud wall enclosure was inthe North-east corner. A note on the plan states that"balconets" added to the windows were similar to thoseat Callan Park*. At this time a new door was made inthe area between Blld1 and Blb2.*

With the change to the hospital for the Insane thisunit became a ward* and later dormitory accommodation.It is now abandoned.

Site Evidence

Blld2: Master's Residence

Location: Southwest corner of site adjacent to FemaleOrphans Home.

Documentary Evidence

* Gov. Gazette1880 M.L.

* VPLA 1882Vol. 2 p. 1015H.L.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.* Ibid

* 1746-3000 L.D.

~I

III

The earliest plan of the structure is from 1881 when asingle roam was added to the rear.* The residence is * AO 2364 S.A.likely to have been constructed in the later 1870s; itappears in a photograph of c1880 complete.* It has * SH 1735been assigned to this phase on the basis of theearliest well dated evidence.

Originally of single storey construction it had two majorroams on the east surrounded by a verandah on threesides. A passage and three rooms were behind as well as asmall verandah. In 1881 a single storey dining room wasadded to the NW corner.* * AO 2364 S.A.

By 1893 another room was added to the SE corner tobalance the design. Each of these later additionsapparently had verandahs attached on the easternelevations. *

In 188B when the building had become the residence ofthe medical· superintendent the second storey was added*.Extra second storey additions, a bay window andenclosed verandah were constructed in 1910.*

Ground and first floor plans of the building in 1926*show it to be much as it is now with the exception of aweatherboard addition on th~ NE corner built during the1940s.*

In 1964 the residence was converted to a wardoccasioning extensive alterations.*

Site Evidence

Access could not be gained to this unit and it isrecommended that a detailed examination be carried out.The exterior details show a mixture dating from the1880s to the early 1900s primarily, with more recentexamples from the 1960s. The 1964 plan* indicatesthat most of the internal detailing is likely to befrom that period.

The floor deposit is the subject of feature Alld5 andis of special interest because of the earlierrefer.ence, in 1827 to a "house in -the garden"* •Obviously the current structure is of later nineteenthcentury manufacture, however, possibility of continuoussite utilisation must be recognized.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDED PHASE lId

Alld1: Stable to Master's Residence

Documentary Evidence

This is likely to be contemporary with the Master'sresidence, therefore, originally of later 1870s ­early 1880s date, however, the earliest evidence forits existence is the photograph ot the complex takeninc1880.*-· .-- --- - -- --- - .

Another photograph of a section of the building takenin the 1890s defines a very ornate building withdecorative brickwork and roof tiling and intricatebargeboards.*

The only plan of the building is from 1926.* It showstwo large rooms at other end with four stalls between.The stable was demolished in 1981.

* 682-3000 L.D.

* PWD 9/70

* MH 11/33 P.W.D.

* MH 11/104P.W.D.

* Siteinspection

* l'lH 11/177P.W.D.

* Ibid

* 4/292f 304-5 S.A.

* SH 1735

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

III

IIIIIIIIII

'I

II'I

Site Evidence

All the foundations are intact and many of the tilesand other details are to be found scattered around thesite.

AIl d2 : W.C. and Coal House Attached to Laundry BII c 1

Documentary Evidence

Attached to the northern elevation of the laundry, theonly evidence for these structures is a smallpencilled description on the 1888 plan *. Obviously,very flimsy and had been demolished by 1893.*

Site Evidence

None to be observed on site and it is likely that ifany sub-surface evidence remains it will take the formof stratified layers of ash and coal.

Alld3: Proposed Fodder Store and Cow Shed 1881 (NSP)

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence of this structure is a plan andelevation dated 1881.* It cannot be identified withany of the structures on the 1893 survey* withcertainty. A note on the drawing stated that aninspection made in 1936 found this building to havebeen demolished.

Site Evidence

As the location could not be defined a site inspectioncould not take place.

AIld4: Underfloor Deposit Blld1

Some disturbance is likely to have occurred, however,as the deposit is sealed the extent of this could notbe gauged. Further investigation wil be necessary ifthis area is to be disturbed.

AlIas: Underfloor· Deposit Blld2

This could not be examined, hence, it will requirefurther investigation if it is to be disturbed. Thedeposit, apart from providing further data with regardto the changes within the unit, may also containinformation of an earlier structure, "the house in thegarden"* of 1827 if continuous site utilisation hasoccurred.

* MH 9/78 P.W.D.* 682-3000 L.D.

* AO 2363 S.A.* 682-3000 L.D.

* 4/292f 304-5 S. A.

AXII1: Various Site Improvements; Fencing, Path~ (NSP)

The landscape investigation has ide~tified that moreextensive enclosures, fencing and paths wereconstructed during this period. The likelihood ofevidence being retained for those is minimal. Theywere located in the northern sector of the site.

AXII2: Dumps (NSP)

Waste removal during the early part of Period II was asimilar problem to that of Period I and it is expectedthat similar dumps and pits (if not a continuation ofthose in use during the earlier period) were exploited.These could not be located during this initial survey.

AXII3: Evidence of Prepared Surface Finishes (NSP)

The photographs taken during this period indicate amixture of grass, tamped earth and paths but it cannotbe determined whether this is indicative of the wholesite. Clear evidence should have remained in thearchaeological record.

AX1: Structure Located Photo SH1735 East of LaundryBIIc1 (NSP)

A substantial building can be identified on thisphotograph of the l~ter 1870s-early 1880 adjacentto the laundry BIIc1 and cart shed AIIc3. The functionand date of construction of the, feature are unknown.It bears some resemblance to the cow and fodder shedproposed in 1881*, however, the photograph is tooearly for this structure to have been completed.Furthermore all farm buildings were located to thenorthern section of the site.

Site Evidence

The area has been built over/ however, because thenature of the structure cannot be determined, thelikelihood of sub-surface evidence cannot be assessed.

AX2: Structures Located Photo SH1735 Adjacent toMaster,' s ResiQ.ence, BII,d2 (NSP)

Three separate structures may'ne iden~ified adjacent tothe Master's Residence. One, to the south, iscertainly a privy and therefore likely to becontemporary with the construction of the residence.

The remaining.two/ ho~ever/ to the rear (west) of thehouse were very large and substantial. They were nolonger extant on the 1893 survey* anq there is nodocumentation which may be identified with them, hencetheir date of construction is unknown. The site hasbeen'destroyed by the c9nstr~ction of the road.

* AO 2363 S.A.

* 682-3000 L.D.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1--

II'I

II 3. 3. 6 SUMMARY OF UNITS AND FEATURES RECORDED PERIOP

II

"AX" PERIOD!pHASE NOt S

I,I

II

·1

II

I'II

"B" Nos.

Blla1Blla2

Bllb1BIIc1ar tezBIIc3BIIc4BIId1BIld2

"A" Nos.

AIla1

Alla2AIla3AIla4AIIaSAIIb1AIIb2AIlb3AIIb4AlIc1AIIc2AIIc3AlIc4AIlcSAIIc6Allc7AIIc8AIlc9AIIc10AIIc11AIIc12AIIc13Allc14AIId1AIId2

AlId3Alld4AIIdS

AXIIb1

Standing Structures

Hospital 1854Drill Masters residence/teachers residence? c184S/S5Kitchen 1865"New" laundry 1869/70Combined school c1870/71New Grocery Store (part of Blc8)Matron's Kitchen and Pantry 1870/71Forty bed dormitory c1881/1882Masters residence c1880.

Archaeological Features

Boys dining room (cart shed?) and coveredwayBoys play shed (i)Girls play shed (i)Floor deposit Blla1Floor deposit B11a2Elevated tank 1865Pump, well and housing 1865Underfloor deposit Bllb1Covered way from Bllb1-Blb3Boys shelter shed (ii) 1870/71Girls shelter shed (ii) 1870/71Cart shed 1870/71Covered way 1870/71"New" bathroom 1870/71Verandah extension (i) to Ald1 (1870/71)Verandah to Ble2Underground water storage cisternsUnderground tanks, pumpWall to east of Bllc2Underfloor deposit Bllc1Underfloor deposit Bllc2Underfloor deposit BlIc3Underfloor deposit Bllc4Stables to Masters ResidenceW.C. and Coal house attached to laundryBllc1Proposed fodder store and cow shed 1881Underfloor deposit Blld1Underfloor deposit Blld2

Miscellaneous site improvements, fencesand sewers

IJAX" PERIOD NO's

AXII1AXII2AXII3

"AX" NO"s

AXI

AX2

Various. site improvementsPeriod 11 dumps, ash pits etc.Evidence of prepared surface finishes

Structure located Photo SH1735 east oflaundry Bllc1Structures located Photo SH1735 adjacentto Masters Residence Blld2.

IIIIIIIIIII

I

II

L------------------I-

III

3.4.1 DEFINITION OF PHASES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

However, at the turn of the century large scale construction of wards anddormitories was begun to encircle the plateau to the north-east of the oldschool buildings. This effectively re-orientated the school towards thenorth. Paths, bridges and plantations emphasised this new alignment.

Throughout the third period of occupation on the site a massive and farreaching development was carried out and this was a direct result of thechange in function. When the site was handed over to the Hospital for theInsane extensive new facilities were required for both patients and staffand throughout the 1890s a slow but steady stream of structures wereerected for these purposes, mainly in the eastern sector of the site. Theriver frontage was also developed during this phase.

IIIII,I

3.4 PERIOD Ill: HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE

I,I

I

I~I

,I

I

it is evident that during the early years of the new Hospital for theInsane no expense was spared to make the site a show-place. This ceased,however, about 1911 and up to and including the 1930s with very few newbuildings or even additions being built. The emphasis was on upgradingexisting structures. It was at this time that electricity was brought tothe site.

During the final years of this period a similar programme of few extensionsbut extensive maintenance may be observed. Particularly during the 1930semphasis was placed on safety requirements and improved sanitaryconditions. Most of the fire stairs and additional toilet blocks to beobserved on site are from this period. Other measures such as retilingkitchens were effective and a site inspection reveals evidence of largescale painting and refurbishing programmes.

Period III alters also, to a degree, the trend of archaeological evidenceto be considered. During these years the first large scale demolitionprogra~es were initiated, removing some of the older buildings or parts ofthem. Ironically it is some of the major buildings constructed during thisperiod which' have fallen prey to later demolitions.

It is because of improved and more thorough demolition machinery andmethods 'devised at this time that the likelihood of sub-surface evidencebegins to decl~ne although it can never be categorically stated that allevidence of an earlier structure has been completely removed from thesub-surface archaeological record.

Under floor deposits form a large percentage of archaeological featuresrecorded for Period Ill, however, the relevance of these must necessarilychange as these deposits are laid down closer to our own time. Whereas forprevious periods these may be viewed as potential resources to determineanswers to problems concerning the early construction periods or functionsof particular units, those deposits underneath extant buildings of c. 1900onwards must be regarded as a kind of "trust fund" for future research.,

It has always been a problem that, if one is a.contemporary or near­contemporary, of a structure its importance, is thought to be minimisedbecause it is not "old" enough to be granted an ersatz sanctity. A toiletof 1820, therefore, is a monument of national heritage, one of 1920 is aneyesore and best demolished. It is because of this attitude that a largepercentage of the development of the site of Rydalmere has been extremelydifficult to determine, as buildings once considered to be of no importancehave been demolished leaving no trace and creating serious gaps in ourunderstanding of the sequential development.

The underfloor deposits, therefore, of buildings from this century areelected as archaeological features not so much for this study but forfuture work, in recognition of the fact that the "eye-sore" of today is themonument of tomorrow. It should also be added that many of the buildingserected this century are by no means clear in their development and thosesame deposits may well help the contemporary study.

Because of changing taste with regard to landscape design major earthworksform significant archaeological features in this period particularlyha-has and alterations to the water-ways. These are regarded asimportant archaeological features on two counts; as evidence of a formerpreference in landscape design and secondly, depending on the nat~re of thefill material, these may be regarded in a similar way to underfloordeposits.

Although there is certainly a major programme of construction carried outduring the first twenty years of this period I have elected to base thephases on a decade basis as I have done prevLousl.y , assuming that it iseasier to assimilate and handle the material in this manner. Hence fivephases are defined for Period III viz:

IIIa 1888-1899IIIb 1900-1910IIIc 1911-1920IIId 1921-1930IIIe 1931-1954

IIII

IIIIIIIIIII1-III

The early years of the new Hospital for the Insanecovered by this phase saw a slow but steady developmentof facilities to meet the demands of extra staff anddifferent requirements of the new institution.Alterations were also carried out on the existingstructures to bring them up to standard and apparentlyas a matter of taste.

IIII

3.4.2 Phase IlIa: INITIAL OCCUPATION c 1888-1899

IIIIIIIIIIIIII

:1I

The documentation for this phase is relativelyplentiful and gives the impression that no expense wasspared in making the Rydalmere hospital a showpiece.In doing so, however, much evidence of the earlierperiods was lost, consequently a great deal of theevidence to be seen on site now dates from this periodof extensive renovation and construction.

UNITS ~CORDED PHASE IlIa

Bllla1: Verandah to Ble2, Bllc3, Ble3 c.1888

Documentation

Described on the 1888 plan* as being "new", itsurrounded part of the western elevation of Ble3, theentire northern elevation of Bllc3, part of the easternelevation of Ble2, encompassed the verandah then extanton the northern elevation of the latter (Allc7) andpart of the western elevation of Ble2 joining the olderverandah Ald1 half way along this unit.

It is shown on a detailed plan as being asphalt with astone kerb and timber posts supporting the roofstructure. The area along the western facade of Ble2was latticed*. A section along the northern facade ofBle3 was altered early this century* and the sectionalong the north of Ble2 was lost because of the 1907extensions (B~IIb12).

Site Evidence

A large section of the verandah along Bllc3 is intact,including timber posts although a toilet block intrudesinto the roof structure. The section along the westernelevation of Ble2 has been demolished. The timbercolumns along Ble3 have been removed, the area infilledwith a half brick - half glazed wall. The roofstructure is, however, intact.

* M.H.9/78 P.W.D.

* AO 2367 S.A.* Site

inspection

IBllla2: Verandah to Blld1 and Blc1/Ble1 c. 1888

Documentation

Would seem likely to have been built at the same timeas Blld1 to provide covered access from this unit tothe other dormitory (Blc1/Ble1) and ultimately thebathroom (Alla1), however, the earliest evidence ofthis feature is on an 1888 plan*. It has beenassigned to this period therefore, pending affirmationof an earlier date -

The only other extant documentation fqr this unit isincluded on a plan of 1909 where it is shown as havingan extension to bring it up to the newly constructeddayrooms*. (Blllb13)

*AO 2366 S.A.

*MH 11/32 P.W.D.

IIII

Site Evidence

The verandah is still intact but it has had manyreplacements and repairs and alterations. Somedetailing appears to be original, or close to thattime, but most would seem to have been added at theturn of the century and slightly later*. * Site

inspection

III

Bllla3: Epileptic Ward/Administration_Ward 1891

Location: Adjacent to main carpark. IDevelopment of Function

constructed in 1891 as day and dormitory roomsconnected to a bathroom and lavatory and single rooms*.By 1901 it had become the_Epileptic ward*, andcontinued to be used as ward accommodation until the1970s. It is now the administration block.

Plan and Elevations

* MH 9/75 P.W.D.* 1746-3000 L.D.

III

I

I

I

I

* ME 11/77 P.W.D.

* MH 11/59 P.W.D.

* MH 9/75 P.W.D.

* CompareMH 11/294 P.W.D.& MH 11/98 P.W.D

* MH 11/294 P.W.D

The original design of the bui.lding is "Free Style withcolonial revival elements"*. In plan it was symmetricalwith two large central rooms, blocks of small rooms toeast and west, four slightly larger rooms, at eachcorner and a long front (northern) verandah.

This arrangement persisted'unt~l 1941 when a new dayroom was planned for the NE corner*. This was notconstructed. In 1949 a secohd day room and ramp wereplanned and constructed at the NW corner*. In 1956another extension, a telephone room, was added to the SE

orne-r* • Bet-we-en-1--9-5-6-ancl-1-96~-a-sm-al-l-add±ti·o-nn-:,,-------"'*'---M!i-1-1-1-9-8-P-i-W-oB-i·-----I­

enlarging the bathroom, was made on the southernfacade* and in the early 1960s the single rooms andward were joined.

II

IIIIII

·1

1I

·1:11

:1.1·1

There is very limited documentation for the changes tothe internal plan, however, by 1929 the original·arrangements were still largely intact*. In 1963 thearea was largely subdivided by partitions and elementssuch as hearths were removed at this time*. As far asmay be observed this final arrangement is that which islargely there now. The under floor deposit is thesubject of feature AIIIa8.

Detailing

Only limited access available. Some elements of theoriginal construction still extant but altered,however, most of the detailing is from mid-latetwentieth century manufacture*.

Services and Finishes

All examples that may be observed are from the latestalterations.

BIIIa4: Bathroom attached to BIIIa3 1891

Development of Function

Constructed at the same time (1891) as BIIIa3 andconnected to this by a lobby, the major section housedbaths and sinks wi th ~. small section for toiletfacilities*. It continued to serve as a bathroom wellinto this century.

Plan and Elevation

There is very little documentation for this unit. By1929 the plan had changed very little*, a verandah hadbeen attached to the southern facade of BIIIa3 therebyenclosing the lobby area of BIIIa4. A small additionwas made to the NE corner in the early 1960s*. It waslargely remodelled in 1963* and the external facadewith its blocked windows is from this period. Theunderfloor deposit is the subject of feature AIIIa9.

Detailing

Only limited access available but it is apparent thatmost of the extant evidence is from the last majorrenovation.

* MH 11/213 P.W.D

* Siteinspection

*MH 9/78 P.W.D.

*MH 11/89 P.W.D.

*Site inspection*MH 11/213 P.W.D ..

BIIIa5: Single Rooms Attached BIIIa3 1891

Location: Immediately south of BIIIa3.

Development of Function

Constructed at the same time as BIIIa3 in 1891, it wascompletely separate from this unit. It was originallyused to house single rooms for the epileptic ward. Ithas continued to be used as single ward accommodationto the present day.

Plan and Elevation

Similar in style to BIIIa3, the groUnd plans andelevations have not changed greatly from the originaldesign. The major alterations are the linking passageconnecting this unit to BIIc1 and the toilet blockbetween this unit and BIIIa3 constructed in 1963*.A number of minor alterations to doors, windows, ventsetc. are evidenced on the exterior walls. Theunderfloor deposit is the subject of feature AIIIa10.

Detailing

Limited access available; it is evident from this thatthe major renovations of 1963* have removed or coveredmuch of the earlier evidence.

BIIIa6: Toilet Block Adjacent to BIIIa3 c. 1891

Location: Adjacent to Administration Building(BIIIa3) •

Documentation

First appears on the 1893 survey*, but it appearslikely that it was part of the overall design of theepileptic ward (BIIIa3), airing court etc., hence to bedated to the same period. It has had one majorextension to the eastern facade during the middle ofthis century*.

Plan and Elevation

The basic construction is, still intact although manyminor renova-t±ons" ±n -addition to the maj-or extension.

BIIIa7: "Carpenters Shop" Now Offices c. 1893 ?

Location: Immediately south of Administration. (BIIIa3)

Development of Function

The first definite evidence of this structure is the1893 survey* although it may appear in a panorama ofthe school in the 1880s* but this is far from certain.

*MH 11/213 P.W.D.

*MH 11/213 P.W.D.

*682-3000 L.D.

*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

*682-3000 L.D.*SH 1735

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

IIIIIII

i-I

:1

111.11

:1

11I·1

In 1893 it served as a carpenters' shop and continuedto do so into this century. By 1927 it had become themanagers office. It now houses the chief engineer'soffice, clinical supervisor's office and library.

Plan and Elevation

There is very limited documentation available. The1901 survey shows this to be a simple rectangularbuilding in plan*, the same as that shown in 1893*,however, by 1927 a verandah has been added along thewestern facade* and a small building housing adentist's office had been attached to the NE corner.Bay windows had been added to the eastern facade by1949*. In this year considerable alterations weremade to the internal divisions and appearance bringingthe structure close to its present appearance*. Afinal addition to the southern facade was made afterthis time. The underfloor deposit is the subject ofAIIIa 11.

Detailing

Limited access available. The majority of thedetailing dates from the turn of the century to the mid1960s with an emphasis on the latter. The servicesand finishes mainly date from the last majorrenovation* .

_ ....

BIIIa8: Bridge c. 18931

Location: Incorporated in old entrance road, north­west area of site.

Documentation

First seen in the 1893 survey* there is no definatedate for its construction. At that time, it crossedan open flowing stream running east-west across thesite. At the turn of the century this creek had beenfilled and drainage lines crossed the site in itsplace.

Site Evidence

Large sections of the original structure are intactalthough it is evident that portions of timberwork have been removed. There is now a tarred roadwayover it.

BIIIa9: Retaining Wall at River c. 18931

Documentation

First seen on the 1893 survey*, there is no evidencefor when it was first constructed.

*1746-3000 L.D.*682 - 3 000 L. D.

*PWD 34086

*MH 11/78 P.W.D.

*MH 11/78 P.W.D.

* Site inspection

*682-3000 L.D.

*682-3000 L.D.

Site Evidence

Largely intact although some sections are damaged andovergrown.

BIIIa10: Nurses Cottage 1894

Location: East of Recreation Hall. (BIIIa1b)

Development of Function

Constructed in 1894/95 as a facilities block fornurses, the original plan is extant*. It remained aspart of the nurses residence until the 1970s. It isnow used as a craft building.

Plan and Elevation

The original design* was for a single storey QueenAnne style building housing a sitting room, dining room,pantry, bathrooms and laundry. By 1901 a detachedkitchen had been added to the northern facade*.

The external detailing retains many elements of theoriginal construction with a few replacements from thiscentury*. The underfloor deposit is the subject ofAIIIa16.

Detailing

Access could not be gained, but it is apparent that aconsiderable amount of the original construction hasbeen retained.

BIIIa11: Porch to Main Building (BIb1) 1894

Documentation

Constructed in 1894/5, the original plan is extant*.

*MH 11/7 P.W.D.

*MH 11/7 P.W.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

* Site inspection

*AO 2368 S.A.

II1II1II1I1II

Site Evidence

Location: Adjacent to Recreation Hall. (Bllla1b)

As constructed, with the exception of the windows in theeastern and western walls which have only recently beenblocked.

Bllla12: "New" Steam Laundry~ 1894 ~ _

I1I

Development of Function

Originally constructed to house a complete laundrycomplex; a receiving room, mangle and ironing r9om,wash house, drying room, sewing and folding room.Attached was the engine room and workshop and boilerhouse, chimney and coal shed. On the eastern side of

-----the complex was a drying yard with clothes,lines*. *MH 11/101

1-III

I-II

I~I

I

;1::11

;1i

--~I-'!

:1

I

The building continued to be used for laundry pur~ses

well into this century, it houses workshops, store andprovisions.

Plan and Elevation

The laundry had a basic north-south alignment withverandahs on both the east and west. The arrangementof the ground plan was designed to facilitate thelaundry processes, the functions being arranged toallow a clockwise motion of the linen. The mechanicsof the laundry were situated to the south-east*.

By 1927 a blacksmith's shop and plumbers workroom hadbeen added respectively to the south-east andsouth-west sides of the workshop area*. By this timealso the large single storey weatherboard extension hadbeen added to the western elevation of the laundry. Agood plan of the facilities exists from 1926*.

In 1959 further additions were made, particularly tothe NE section of the building, and a small section tothe SW*. By this time the entire internal arrangementsof the complex had been altered*. In 1960 furtherminor additions and alterations were made to theeastern side of the complex*. The underfloor depositis the subject of feature AIIIa17.

Detailing

Access could not be gained except in limited areaswhere it is apparent that a good percentage of theoriginal detailing is intact although much altered inplaces and with many recent additions.

BIIIa13: Boat Shed 1895

Location: on the riverbank, slightly east of theFemale Orphan School axis.

Documentation

A retracing of the original plan dated 1895 isextant*. It shows the shed surrounded by waterchannels with a slipway to the river.

Site Evidence

The shed is intact but was "renovated" in 1982 toimitate the original detailing. All the internalfittings and the winching machinery have gone. Thewater channels are evident, but the slipway has beenentirely removed. The underfloor deposit is thesubject of feature AIIIa21.

P.W.D.

*MH 11/101 P.W.D.

*MH 11/104 P.W.D.

*MH 11/114 P.W.D.*Ibid

*MH 11/120 P.W.D.

*MH 11/9 P. W. D.

BIIIa14: Stairs from Carriage Way to River Walk andRetaining Wall c. 1895

Documentation

The first evidence for the stairs and wall is the 1901survey*, however, it is evident that this entiredevelopment of the landscape was planned as one unit,hence the date assigned to these features.

Site Evidence

The stairs are intact and in good repair. Theretaining wall is largely in the same condition thoughsome sections have be~n damaged.

BIIIa15: Chief Attendant's Cottage 1895

Location: East of circular drive in front of FemaleOrphans School. (BIb1)

Development of Function

Originally built as a residence for the Chief Attendantit has remained as a private residence to the presentday.

Plan and Elevation

The original plan for this structure survives* anddescr~bes a single storey Queen Anne style cottagehousing two bedrooms, sitting room, dining room,kitchen laundry, bathroom and pantry. There was to bea verandah at the northern and southern elevations.

If the original plan had been put into effect as drawn(and this cannot be ascertained). by 1901 there had beentwo additions to the northern facade*.

A plan of 1926 shows a further extension to the SWcorner*, and same alterations to the internalarrangements. Further small additions had been made tothe northern and eastern elevations by the mid 1960s*bringing the structure to its current appearance. Theunderfloor deposit is the subject of feature AIIIa23.

Detailing'

No access available to interior, the exterior retains alarge amount of the original decorative details andtimber work as well as later additions and repairs.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*MH 11/6 P.W.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*MH 11/14 P.W.D.

*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

IIIIIIIII-I-I:1-I:1:1~I

-I

I-I,'I

'-~ .. -. ,. -.~ . -'-"--

BIIIa16: Recreation Hall 1898

Location: Centre of site, adjacent to The Avenue.

Development of Function

Originally built as a recreation hall the unit hashoused a chapel, dining room, kitchen, projection room.

Plan and Elevation

A copy of the original plan for this building survive$*dated 1898. In the same year a dining hall andassociated rooms were added to the southern elevation*.In 1934 the pantry and scullery attached to this dininghall on its eastern side were altered and extended tobecome a kitchen, reusing some of the elements such aswindows from the earlier structure*.

A ground plan of the building as it existed in 1946exists*, in the following year further alterations weremade to the kitchen with the addition, on the east of achange room for female domestics*. The final majorextension was built in 1965 at the northern end of therecreation hall, a projection room was attached to thesection housing the altar* thereby enclosing thestained glass windows. There have been a number ofminor alterations since that time*.

With regard to changes to the ground plan, the mainbody of the hall is intact and the various additions tothis basic unit are still largely as they were builtand easily identifiable. The underfloor deposit is thesubject of feature AIIIa24.

Detailing

In the recreation hall and dining room, although thereare a number of alterations and replacements, in generalthe detailing is largely intact, this includingjoinery, hearths and stained glass windows and roofstructure. The services and finishes are largely ofthe later twentieth century.

In the later additions, detailing and services are amixture of contemporary work and later upgrading ofservices.

BIIIa17: Kitchen 1899

Location: South-west of laundry chimney, fronting theAvenue.

Development of Function

Constructed as a kitchen in 1899 and converted to astore in 1960.

*MH 11/8 P.W.D.

*MH 11/18 P.W.D.

*MH 11/48 P.W.D.

*MH 11/64 P.W.D.

*~rn 11/68 P.W.D.

*MH 11/198 P.W.D.

* Site inspection

IPlan and Elevation

The construction drawings are dated 22/11/99 anddescribes a single storey "L" shaped building whichsteps down the site, simply laid out with a front(western) verandah and one to the southern wing on itsnorthern elevation*.

There are no apparent changes to the building until1930 when a chilling and engine room was constructed onthe southern wing in the centre of its southernfacade*. This opened into the then butcher's shop andwas constructed in a sympathetic manner. A detaileddrawing of the structure -fr?m the following yearindicates that the internal arrangements had not ­appreciably changed*.

*MH 11/3 P. W. D.

*MH 11/43 P.W.D.

*MH 11/15 P.W.D.

III

IThe only documented alterations to the structure, untilthe time of its conversion in 1960, occurred in 1935when the entire kitchen area was tiled*.

In 1960 when the kitchen was converted to serve as astoreroom some alterations are apparent on plan*,however, it is apparent that in general these wereminor and had little effect on the unit. Theunderfloor deposit is the subject of feature AIIIa25.

*MH 11/50 P.W.D.

*MH 11/209 P.W.D.

III

Detailing

Access could not be gained to the interior. IBIIIa18: ~tore Building c. 1899

Location: Immediately south of the AdministrationBuilding, adjacent to the weighbridge. (BIIIa3)

Development of Function

There are no construction drawings to provide adefinite date for this unit, however, it does appear onthe 1901 survey* and because of the similarity inappearance to BIIIa17 it is dated to the sameconstruction phase.

*1746-3000 L.D.

III

The building has be~n in continuous use as a store and,in addi, tioD, , now houses ,a pharmacy" I

I

IPlan and Eleva~ion

Because there are no construction drawings the earliestevidence of the plan is the 1901 survey which simply

1-----dese-r-i-bes-a-bk0ek---pJ.-an-0-f-~e-i;a_n~-l;1J.-a,r--sha:P~Th.e'-------*:::-:L7A6=311D.01--LL......wDU-e-.------1-earliest detailed plan of the unit is from 1926*. *MH 11/104 P.W.D.

1 This shows a tripartite arrangement, with front(western) verandah and basement area.

II

The building remained this way certainly until 1938*.In 1947 the dispensary was added to the southern·side*. This has been the only addition to Bllla18.

In 1960, when the kitchen BllIa17 was converted tobecome the main store room, minor alterations were alsocarried out on the existing store room* but thesewould appear to have had a limited impact. Theunderfloor deposit is the subject of featureAllla26.

Detailing

Limited access only. A large percentage of the joinerydoes seem to date from the initial constructionthough major elements such as the floor, have beenreplaced.

BlIla19: Ward of Single Rooms Adjacent to OldHospital (Blla1) c. 1899

Location: Attached to the west of BlIa1.

Development of Function

Poorly documented with regard to both development andfunction and construction. It first appears on the1901 survey*, however, due to its similarity ofappearance and construction details to Bllla17 andBllla18 it is to be placed in the same phase ofbuilding.

Apparently originally constructed as a ward of singlerooms it still serves this function.

Plan and Elevation

The 1901 survey describes a long, narrow building on aneast-west axis with an extension on the east, roughlysquare, linking the old hospital building (Blla1) to the1870 laundry (Bllc1).

The only major addition to this was the construction ofa double storey verandah and balcony on the easternside in 1938 (Bllle7)*. A small toilet block has alsobeen added to the southern facade probably during the1930s*.

The elevations have only had a few minor alterations tothe details.

Detailing

Access to the interior unavailable. The underfloordeposit is the subject of feature Allla27.

* Block planto ME 11/57P.W.D.*~ili 11/66 P.W.D.

*MH 11/209 P.W.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*MH 11/55 P.W.D.

* Site inspection

Bllla20: Old Mortuary c. 1899

Location: Immediately east of the Female OrphansSchool. ( BIb 1 )

Development of Function

Poorly documented with regard to development ofconstruction, however, it appears on the 1901 surveydesignated as a mortuary*. This is the first extantpiece of documentation for the structure. It has beenassigned to the earlier phase on the basis ofstylistic comparison with Bllla17, Bllla18 and Bllla19.It continued to be used for this purpose until 1959when the new morgue was built. Thereafter it served asthe staff training centre* and is now used for storage.

Plan and Elevation

There are no extant records with regard to theconstruction and subsequent alterations, however, it isapparent from external details that, with the exceptionof one blocked door, the unit is intact.

Detailing

Access could not be gained.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDEDPERIOD IlIa

Allla1: Kitchen 1888

Documentary Evidence

Constructed in 1888 in order to extend the facilitiesrequired for the Hospital for the Insane, it waslocated immediately north of Blb1 and adjacent to thecovered way (Allc4)*. A detailed plan of theoriginal construction survives* and shows a completearea encompassing c 46' x 50' including the elevatedtank built in c 1865 (Allb1) in the south-easterncorner. Within this complex were a butchers room,kitchen, scullery, cooks room, large chimney, toilet,verandah and' yard.

It had been demolished by -1903.

Site Evidence

*1746-3000 L. D.

*~lli 11/294 P.W.D.

*MH 9/78 P.W.D.*AO 2367 S.A.

IIIIII

IIIIIIIII

1--------'The-a-e-r-:i.-a-I-I:>het-Gg-:t'a-pll-inGA£-a-i=e-s-i;ha--t-soo""-Slll'-f-a-Ge:--------------------1­evidence is likely to exist and site inspection shows aslight scatter 0:1; artefacts and building materials. _

1II

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Allla2: store Room 1888

Documentary Evidence

Constructed at the same time as the kitchen (Allla1)*adjacent to this unit on the other side of the coveredway. The original plan survives and shows a majorstore room, 30' x 16', with a smaller (12' x 16')vegetable room attached to the north-eastern corner*.It had been demolished by 1903.

Site Evidence

The aerial photograph indicates that, like the kitchen,some sub-surface evidence is likely to exist and thearea has a similar surface scatter to that of thekitchen.

AIlla3: Coal Depot c 1888

Documentary Evidence

This feature is indicated only by a pencil sketch onthe 1888 survey* so it may have been built slightlylater. It was certainly in existence by 1893*. Itwas still extant at the time of the aerial photograph,c 1931, however it had been demolished by the mid1960s*.

Site Evidence

The area is slightly raised and some foundations mayhave been reused in the current curbing. There is astrong likelihood of sub-surface evidence remainingintact.

AIlla4: Stone Wall from Second Phase of School(Bllc1) c 1888

Documentary Evidence

This feature is shown on the plan of renovations to theschool during 1888. It is described as 120' long andeight courses high*. It is shown on a contemporarysurvey to terminate in a block of water closets*. Itwas still extant in c 1931*, however, by 1952 most ifnot all the wall had been removed*. The MedicalRecords office has removed all the final evidence.

Site Evidence

Some of the stone used in the wall appears to have beenreused in numerous small retaining walls in the area.None of the wall is intact and the entire area has beenbuilt over. There is no likelihood of any sub-surfaceevidence remaining.

*MH 9/78 P.W.D.

*AO 2367 S.A.

*MH 9/78 P.W.D.*682-3000 L. D.

*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

*AO 2365 S.A.*MH 9/78 P.W.D.* aerial photo*MH 11/85 P.W.D.

Allla5: Water Closets at the Termination of AIIIa4c 1888

Documentary Evidence

A detailed plan of the feature survives from 1888* andit is also shown on the 1888 survey*. It was stillextant in 1931* but had gone by 1959*.

Site Evidence

The entire area has been built over. There is nolikelihood of any sub-surface evidence remainingintact.

AIIIa6: Water Closets North-West of School (BIIc2)c 1888

Documentary Evidence

This feature is only shown on the 1888 survey* at whichtime the closets were scheduled to be removed. Itis likely therefore that these were built in ~n earlierphase, however, there is no extant documentationdetailing this.

Site Evidence

The' area has been extensively built over and the:r:e isno likelihood of any extant sub-surface evidence.

AIIla7: Ha-ha 1888

Documenta~y Evidence

Constructed at the same time as the closets AIlIa5 andthe wall AIIla4, it ran obliquely east-west. The ha-haconsisted of an open ditch with concrete retainingwalls either side and a metal fence above these*. In1946 this feature was extended to the single rooms(BIIla5)*. The ditch was filled in 1952*.

Site Evidence

The .line"of the, feature. is., c l.eaz.Ly evLd ent;', altho~ghfilied. 'The concrete retaining walls are ext~nt,

however, the fence has been removed.

Allla8: Underfloor Deposit Bllla3 1891

*AO 2365 S.A.*MH 9/78 P.W.D.*MH 11/85 P.W.D.

*MH 9/78 P.W.D.

*AO 2365 S.A.MH 9/75 P.W.D.

*MH 11/65 P.W.D.*MH 11/85 P.W.D.

IIIIII

IIIIIIIII

I

------Th-±s-eeu±a-ne.t---be-4-n-spee-t;ea.....----ri=-i-s-l-i:-ke-l-y---toe-lla-v-e-been~----------------I­disturbed in the later renovation prorammes, however,the extent of this cannot be gauged. Apy disturbance ofthe deposit should be proceeded by investigation.

I

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AIIIa9: Underfloor Deposit BIIIa4 1891

Could not be examined. Any disturbance of the depositshould be proceeded by investigation.

AIIIa10: Underfloor Deposit BlIla5 1891

As for AIIla9.

AIIIa11: Underfloor Deposit BIIla7 1893

This could not be investigated and it is likely to havebeen disturbed in later renovation programmes, however,the deposit may well be able to give a closerdefinition of the original construction date andsubsequent alterations to this unit.

AIlla12: Residence of the Chief of Asylum 1893

Location: NW Corner of Site

Documentary Evidence

This feature is first seen on the 1893 survey* but itis likely to have been built a few years earlier. Itretained this function during this century. At thetime of demolition in 1960, due to the widening ofRydalmere Avenue, it was used as the Manager'sresidence*.

The various survey plans indicate that it had variousextensions and additions until the time of itsdemoliton, although only one detail of these isextant* and only one complete plan of the structureshowing it in 1926*.

Site Evidence

The site was completely destroyed by the road wideningprogramme.

AIIla13: Nightwatchman's Cottage 1893

Location: On the river bank NW of Boathouse BlIla3

Documentary Evidence

This is first seen on the 1893 survey*, however, it islikely to have been built slightly before thi~ date.It is first shown as a small cottage, by 1903 it hadgained a small verandah. A plan of 1926 shows asimple two room building with a verandah on one and ahalf sides*. The cottage was still extant in c 1931*but had been demolished by 1967*.

*682-3000 L. D.

*MH 11/121 P.W.D.

*MH 11/33 P.W.D.*MH 11/14 P.W.D.

*682-3000 L. D.

*MH 11/104 P.W.D.*Aerial photo*MH 295 P.W.D.

ISite Evidence

It is likely that some sub-surface evidence is extant,however, the area is too overgrown to be certain. Someremnants of the surrounding planting are extant.

AIIIa14: Summer House 1893

Documentary Evidence

This was located in the centre of the courtyardassociated with the Epileptic ward built in 1891(BIIIa3) and is likely to have been built at the sametime, however, the earliest evidence of the feature isthe 1893 survey*. It appears to have been extantuntil the present rotunda was built in 1959.

Site Evidence

There is no evidence to be seen and none likely to beintact beneath the current structure.

AIIIa15: Ha-ha Surrounding Courtyard Adjacent toEpileptic Ward (BIIIa3) 1893

Documentary Evidence

This is likely to have been constructed at the sametime as the Epileptic ward in 1891, however, the firstevidence is found on the 1893 survey*. The ha-ha was.extant in c 1913* but it has been filled by 1967*.

site Evidence

The area is still evident but has been nearly levelled.

AIIIa16: Underfloor Deposit BIIIa10 1894

This could not be examined but due to the relative lackof interference to the structure the deposit may becomparitively intact. Will require furtherinvestigation if the. area is to be disturbed.

AIIIa17:. O~derfJ.o9r Reposit BIHa1.2 1894

Could not be exam'in-ed~--W'iil require furtherinvestigation if the" area.is·to· be disturbed.

AIIIa18: Laundress's Cottage 1894

*682-3000 L. D.

*682-3000 L. D.*Aerial photo*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

II.1IIIIIIIIIII,

J:>o-cumentary-Ev±d-en-ce-----------------------------------II'

First seen on the '1901 survey* it is likely to havebeen constructed at the same time as the steam laundry(B~IIa12). The earliest (and only) plan of the structurei$ from 1926*. The survey of 1927 indicates that aminor extension had been constructed*.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*MH ·11/14 P.W.D.*PWD 34086

II

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··1·1

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I

The building was later used as a Nurses Home*. Thestructure was intact in .1967* but has since beendemolished.

Site Evidence

None to be seen.

AIIIa19: Matron's Cottage 1894

Documentary Evidence

Constructed in 1894/5 the original plan survives andshows a single storey "H" shaped building withverandah's between the two "arms" of the "H". Itcontained a sitting room, kitchen, pantry, threebedrooms, bathroom, toilet, coal and woodstore*. Itwas still extant in 1967* and appears to have onlyrecently been demolished.

Site Evidence

There a large amount of building materials and smallartefacts scattered around the site but it cannot bedetermined on site inspection whether any sub-surfaceevidence is extant.

AIIIa20: Gatekeepers Cottage 1895

Documentary Evidence

This feature was built in 1895* and is shown on the1901 survey* as being located adjacent to the DrillMaster's residence. It had been demolished by 1903*.

Site Evidence

The site has been destroyed because of the widening ofRydalmere Avenue.

AIIIa21: Underfloor Deposit BIIIa13 1895

Partially covers the site of AX3. The laying of thecurrent concrete floor is likely to have disturbed thedeposit.

AIIIa22: Slipway c 1895

Constructed at the same time as the boat shed BIIIa13*,it was forty feet long and ten feet wide.

It appears to have been at least partially intact intothe 1970s and finally totally removed during 1982.

*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

*MH 11/4 P.W.D.*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

*MH 11/16 P.W.D.*682-3000 L.D.

*MH 11/9 P.W.D.

Site Evidence

The slipway has been totally destroyed although some ofthe building materials are scattered around and one ortwo pieces may be in situ.

AIlla23: Underfloor Deposit BIlla15 c 1895

Could not be investigated, therefore its potentialsignificance should be noted pending furtherinvestigation.

AIlla24: UnderfloQr Deposit Bllla16 c 1898

Could not be investigated, however, due to the relativelack of interference to the building the deposit islikely to be comparatively intact.

AIlla25: Underfloor Deposit Bllla17 c 1899

Could not be investigated, therefore its potentialsignificance must be noted pending furtherinvestigation.

AIlla26: Underfloor Deposit Bllla18 c 1899

Could not be ~nvestigated, therefore its potentialsignificance must be noted pending furtherinvestigation.

AIlla27: Underfloor DepQsit Bllla19 c 1899

Could not be investigate~, therefore its potentialsignificance must be noted pending furtherinvestigation.

AIlla28: Infilled Creek c 1899

Documentary Evidence

This ran east-west across the northern section of thesite flowing under the bridge Bllla8 and emptying intoVineyard Creek. The creek was still running in 1893*,however, it had been f'illed in by 1901*. Tp,e line ofthe watercourse is very clear in the ,aerial photograph.

Site Evldence------- ---- ..-

A drainage line appears to follow the line of thecreek. The material used to fill the, creek may havesome interest.

II-IIIIIIIIIII

*682-3000 L,'D. I*1746-3000 L. D.

III~

III

I---------~----------------------- --

AXIIIa1: Miscellaneous Drains, Sewers 1888-1899 (NSP)

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The 1893 survey* indicates a large number of surfacedrains, both open and closed, crossing the site. Inaddition to these extensive sewerage and drainagelines must have been created to service the largenumber of buildings constructed in the later years ofthis place although the documentation for these isless certain. A number of lines are evident on theaerial photograph and some may be detected on theground. Far more are likely to be detected if the areais to be disturbed particularly in the near vicinity ofany of the structures built at this time.

AXIIIa2: Miscellaneous Paths (NSP)

With the more extensive planting patterns establishedduring this phase more tracks, paths and roads wereestablished. Some are indicated on the 1893 survey*and some are still in use. The remainder which have nowbeen lost will have left a clear indication on thearchaeological record.

AXIIla3: Miscellaneous Fences (NSP)

The 1893 survey indicates that an extensive system offences was in use at this time. These were of varioustypes although mainly paling and galvanised iron. Noneare extant and there is no evidence to be. seen. Thereis little likelihood of any evidence rema~ning intacton the archaeological record.

AX3: Boat Shed? Located 1893 Survey

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence for this shed is on the 1893 survey*.It had gone by 1895 probably being demolished for theconstruction of the boat shed (BllIa13) in that year.There is no documentation for when it was built.

AX4: Wharf Located 1893 Survey

Adjacent to the 1895 boat shed (BIIIa13) it was alreadyin existence by 1893* and presumably it and the shedAX3 were near contemporaries. There is nodocumentation for when it was first constructed.

Site Evidence

The site is still clearly evident, part of the stonewharf is still intact, although very overgrown, the .majority has, however been destroyed •.

*682-3000 L.D.

*682-3000 L.D.

*682-3000 L.D.

*682-3000 L.D.

AX5: Mill Located 1893 Survey

Documentary Evidence

This is seen only on 1893 survey*south-eastern corner of the site.reference at all to a mill in thedocumentation, therefore·the datecannot be ascertained. It had to1901*.

Site Evidence

in the extremeThere is no

previousof its constructionbe demolished by

*682-3000 L.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

IIIII

The area has been extensively disturbed by theconstruction of the railway and no definite evidence ofthe mill location may be found. An incinerator andgarbage area in the near vicinity are built on stoneswhich may have come from the former structure, butthere is no ·evidence to confirm this.

AX6: Miscellaneous Cowsheds and Piggery EasternSector of Site Located 1893 Survey

Various farm buildings are known to have existed fromthe earliest period on the site, however the date ofconstruction of the.se shown on the 1893 survey* cannotbe ascertained and all appear to have been demolishedby the turn of the century*.

Site Evidence

The area has been extensively disturbed by the railwayconstructions. There are various small surfacescatters of building materials and artefacts in thearea but these canot be definately associated with theformer farm buildings.

AX7: Sheds Adjacent to BIIIa7 Located 1893 Survey

Documentary Evidence

Three sheds are shown on the 1893 survey, onedesignated a fowl house*. There is no record of theirconstruction and all appear to have been demolished bythe turn of the century*.

Site Evidence~~- .

The area has been extensively built over and there islittle likelihood of any evidence of these shedsremaining intact.

*682-3000 L.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*682.-3000 L.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

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3.4.3 PHASE IIIb: 1900 - 1910

The second phase of development in t~e history of theHospital for the Insane is noteworthy for a massivedevelopment of the site largely between the years1900-1905 tapering off towards the end of the phase.

The work was solely concerned with the expansion offacilities, mainly wards and dormitories, with a lesseremphasis placed on upgrading or altering existingstructures. There is very little documentation for thelatter, however, the site inspection has shown that aconsiderable amount of extant detailing was added atthis time. The major extensions to extant structureswere the addition of balustrades to the wings BIc4 and5 and the second storey to the school (BIIc2) both in1904.

At the same time, however, the beginning is seen of aslow but steady destruction of earlier features andunits as they either became redundant or the space wasrequired. These have been discussed in the previoussections, same for example being the kitchen andstore room both of 1888 (AIIIa1 and AIIIa2) and thegatekeeper's cottage of 1895 (AIIIa20).

UNITS RECORDED PHASE IIIb

BlIIb1: Single Rooms Adjacent to Female Ward No. 1c 1900

Development of Function

Poorly documented, the construction drawings are nolonger extant and the first appearance of the structureis on the 1901 survey* hence it is likely to have beenbuilt in the very early part of that year or the veryrecent previous years. The survey describes it asbeing used for single rooms. Continued to serve asward accommodation well into this century and is nowonly partially used as a ladies hair salon.

Plan and Elevation

The 1901 survey shows the unit to be an integral partof a group of wards and dormitories curving around theeastern side of the plateau. It was joined to theadjacent ward (.AIIIb1) * •

There have only been two major extensions to this unit.The first to the south-western elevation being carriedout in 1934*. This took the form of an "L" shaped wingof single rooms.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*1746-3000 L. D.

*MH 11/49 P.W.D.

The second extension was a sleep-out attached to thesouth-eastern section of the verandah at some timebetween 1950 and 1967*. Both extensions are stillextant and the entire facade has been changedminimally, mainly in the alteration of windows.

The only details with regard to changes to the internalarrangement are from 1950 when it is recorded that somewalls were removed, some partitions added and somewindows were altered. Sky lights were added to theverandah at this time*.

Detailing

Access could not be gained, however, 'it seems likelythat due to the apparent lack of interference to theunit at least some percentage will remain intact.

BIIIb2: Single Rooms Adjacent to Female Ward No. 2c 1900

Location: Midway down site, close to eastern boundary.

Development of Function

As with BIlIb1 very poorly documented, the constructiondrawings are no longer extant, however, as it isalready shown as having been constructed on the 1901survey* it is likely to hav~ been built earlier thatyear or in the few years preceeding.

Built as single rooms it contipued to serve as wardaccommodation into the 1970s.. It is now used as agymna·sium.

Plan and Elevation

There have been only two small extensions to this unitfrom c 1930s - 40s*. There is only one ground planextant from 1948* and this shows that, although theeastern section of the "T" was relatively intact, theentire ward arrangement of the western section had beenremoved. The position ·of these walls is still evidentin the structure. The cell arrangement in the easternsection is still largely intact.

A large percentage of the detailing is still intactfrom the original construction in the eastern sections,the western area has been largely renovated, removing

r- ~a=l=l~~r~e~v~ious detailing. The services and finishes arealso largely from the later twentieth century.

* compareMH 11/80 & P.W.DMH 11/294 P.W.D.

*MH 11/80 P.W.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

* Site inspection*MH 11/73 P.W.D.

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Blllb3: Toilet Adjacent to Blllb2 c 1900

Location: East of Gymnasium (BlIIb2)

Documentary Evidence

Seen on the 1901 survey and obviously planned and builtat the same time as BIIIa2 and the adjacent structures*connected by a path with a central partition. Only oneground plan of the unit survives from 1948*.

Site Evidence

Some foundations of the path are in situ and theunit is largely intact with a number of alterations.The positions of the wall and covered way are clearlyevident on the unit.

BIIIb4: Dormitory Block A 1900

Development of Function

Very poorly documented with regard to development ofboth function and construction although the originalconstruction drawings are extant*. These describethe original function as being for two largedormitories with central day and dining rooms withadditional small nurses rooms, store and scullery. Averandah ran along the northern side. The unit isstill used for ward accommodation.

Plan and Elevation

The original plan was for a "T" shaped builqing on anorth-east/south-west axis joined to the adjacent blockB. A day room and dining room were housed in thecentral axis of the two, the dormitories to either sidewith nurses rooms in the southern corners of eachdormitory* •

There is no other extant documentation which detailsany changes to this arrangement. The 1927 survey*shows that no extensions had been added by this time,however, by c 1931* a sleepout had been added to thenorth-eastern corner and this is till extant.

Apart from the enclosure of the verandahs and a numberof minor alterations and small additions of toiletblocks the external detailing is still largely faithfulto the original construction.

Detailing

Access could not be gained to the interior.

*682-3000 L.D.

*MH 11/73 P.W.D.

*MH 11/21 P.W.D.

*MH 11/21 P.W.D ..

*PWD 34086·

* Aerialphoto.

IBIIIbS: Single Room Block "B" 1900

Development of Function

The original construction drawings show two blocks ofsingle rooms with additional single rooms along acorridor. Two nurses rooms were in the "corners" ofthe arm of the double "T" plan and a bathroom in thecentre. A covered way led from this to a block ofwater closets*. *MH 11/22 P.W.D.

III

By 1967 this block served as an admission centre withthe coverd way being used as a sleep-out*. The areais now used as ward accommodation.

Plan and Elevation

*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

IThe original design was for a double "T" shapedbuilding adjoined to Blocks A and e curving around theplateau. Each "T" contained a block of single roomswith central corridor opening into a corridor with moresingle rooms, nurses room and dressing room. The two"T"s were joined by a bathroom which led to a coveredway and earth closets*. A verandah ran along thenorthern facade.

*MH 11/22 P.W.D.

III

There is no extant documentation detailing any furtheralterations to this arrangement. With the exception ofthe enclosure of the verandah and alterations to thecovered way the unit has remained f'aithful to theoriginal construction.

Detailing

II

Access could not be gained.

BIIIb6: Dormitory Block "e" 1900

Development Function

II

Poorly documented with regard to development offunction and construction. The original drawings statethat it was identical to Block "A" and therefore,presumably in function viz dormitories, day and diningrooms. It has continued to serve as wardaccommodation.

III

*MH 11 /23 P. W• D.

Plan and Elevation

The construction drawings state that Block "e" is"similar in all respects" to Block A*, viz. a liT" shaped

d.-an-adj-oi-ned----to-:s-l-ocks It B" and----'-'-f)-,,-On-a-northi-south------------------I-alignment with verandah along the northern facade.

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There have been no major extensions to the unit onlysmall toilet blocks and no detailed changes to thearrangements. Apart from a few minor alterations tothe facade and the enclosure of the verandah the unitis faithful to the original design.

Detailing

Access could not be gained.

BIIIb7: Hospital Block "D" 1900

Development of Function

Poorly documented with regard to the development offunction and construction. The original constructiondrawings describe the unit as an hospital housingsingle rooms, dormitories, day room, bathroom,storeand nurses room*. It was continually used as anhospital to the 1960s* and is still used as part ofthe ward accommodation.

Plan and Elevation

Originally designed as a roughly liT" shaped building ona north/south axis with a covered way leading to earthclosets on the north-east corner. By 1927* anextension of a long shed had been added to thenorth-west corner and this is still extant. This isthe only addition to the unit. With the exception of afew minor alterations the unit is faithful to theoriginal design.

There is no documentation with regard to the internalchanges.

Detailing

Access could not be gained.

BIIIb8: Kiosk c 1900

Documentary Evidence

Appears on the 1903 survey* and there are no documentedalterations.

Site Evidence

In fair condition and as built.

*MH 11/23 P.W.D.*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

*PWD 34086

*PWD 34426

BlIIb9: Store 1904

Location: Immediately south of Laundry (BllIa12)

Development of Function

The entire workshop area has been included in thisunit, however the documentation is inadequate to definethe development and detailed site investigation isrequired to ascertain this.

Part of the structure is over the site of the night tuband soap store (AIIlb6), however, while possible it doesnot appear that any of this feature has been includedin the present struct~re although some of the materialsmay have been reused.

A plan for a store building survives from 1904* and itis proposed that this was built onto the easternelevation of the then extant night tub store. At sometime before 1926 it seems likely that this building wasdemolished and the materials reused in building a largepercentage of the ilL" shaped building attached to thesouthern facade of the 1904 store. There appears tohave been a small sandstone building already extant atthe' farthest end of the "L" and this was incorporatedinto the new store. Sections of' the new building werefinished in ripple iron and at'the same time the interiorand exterior facades of the 1904 store were altered.An open shed maY,have been attached to the easternfacade of this unit, at this time. This has since beenbricked in and a concrete block garage added to thenorthern side. Stone buttresses have been added to theeastern facade of the 1904 store and the windowsblocked. It is stressed th~t this 'is a speculativedevelopment and is largely based on the only extantplan of the unit from 1926*.

Detailing

In recent times most of the interior partitions havebeen removed although the former positions are evidenton the unit. A large percentage of the joinery is fromthe early twentieth century and the floors, with theexception of the concrete floor laid in 1982, are ofearly-miq twentieth centurY cons~ruction.

BIlIb10: Stair Block 1905

Documentary Evidence

*NH 11/10 P.W.D.

*MH 11/104 P.W.D.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

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I-n-1-ge-5-a-thr-e~-storey s ta±r-b±-o,C-k-wa-S-achteu-to-t1rer=r------------------t'northern elevation of BIb1 constructed at the edge ofthe verandah with a short linking passage to the mainblock. The covered way (AIIc4) was attached to thenorthern facade of the stair well.

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The effect of this unit on BIb1 was to remove the needfor the internal staircase and to alter this entiresection of the northern facade to allow doorways wherewindows had been.

In 1954 the roof was raised on the stairwell to allow awater tank to be admitted*.

Site Evidence

The unit is still extant although the top section isdamaged. Some detailing has been removed mainly wherethe covered way has been removed. In general the unithas not altered greatly.

BIIIb11: Water Closets and Enclosed Verandah toBIc8 and BIc3 1907

Documentary Evidence

In 1907 a small brick extension was added to the northof BIe3 housing a boiler and water closets. At thesame time the section of the verandah along the westernfacade of BIc3 was enclosed. The original constructiondrawings are extant*.

Site Evidence

The unit is extant and with the exception of a smallchange to one section of the water closets no changeshave been made to the construction or detailing.

BIIIb12: Stair and Toilet Block to BIe2 1907

Documentary Evidence

In 1907 a double storey stair and toilet block wasadded to the northern facade of BIe2. It terminated onboth floors in a toilet*. This was later extended inthe 1920s or 1930s with a double storey bathroomaddition. The combined extension has obscured theentire northern facade of this unit.

site Evidence

The double extension is still in situ with virtually noalterations.

BIIIb13: New Day Rooms 1909

Development of Function

In 1909 a block of day rooms was constructed to thenorth of BIe1 and BlId1 linked to BIla2*.

It has continued to serve as ward accommodation to thepresent day.

*MH 11/87 P.W.D.

*MH 11/45 P.W.D.

*MH 11/45 P.W.D.

*MH 11/39 P.W.D •

Plan and Elevation

The unit is poorly documented with regard to itsdevelopment although the original construction drawingsare extant*. These describe a single storeyrectangular building on an east-west axis with a majorcentral division and lesser partitions dividing eitherside into three rooms. A verandah extended along thecomplete northern facade and turned a 90 0 angle at theeast to link to the verandah around Bllc2. On thewestern elevation the building was joined to BlIa2*.

There have been no extensions to the unit and the planbasically remains the same.

Detailing

Access was not available, however, it is evident that amajor renovation was carried out during the c 1960swith the facade being altered e.g. the windows beingreplaced by aluminium types. It is likely therefore,that the interior has also been changed.

BlIIb14: Extensions to.BIe1 1909

Development of Functi9n

In 1909 a second storey extension was added to theextant matron's kitchen (BIIc4) at the north of BIe1.This housed a stair block, two single rooms and anattendant's room on the second storey. The ground floorwas used as a store, with a single room being addedto the north*. A wall was constr.ucted between thenorth-west corner of this unit and BIIla13 to act as ascreen and a verandah was built along the western side.The wall was constructed on old foundations*.

The extension continued to be used as storage space andward accommodation until abandonment.

Plan and Elevation

The basic plan and elevations have not changed sinceconstzuctd.on,

Detailing

Most of the detailing dates to the originalconstruction with some later additions from the 1920sand 1930s.

Detailing

All the services and finishes are from the later halfof the twentieth century.

*MH 11/32 P.W.D.

*MR 11/39 P.W.D.

*NR 11/32' P.W.D.

* Note toMR 11 /32 P. W.D.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDEDPHASE IIIb

AIIIb1: Female Ward No. 2 c 1900

Documentary Evidence

First seen in the 1901 survey*, it was constructedas the ward block between the two blocks of singlerooms (BIIIb1 and BIIIb2). There are no constructiondrawings for the unit and no records of its detailing,however, it is apparent that it must have been verysimilar to the surviving ward blocks "A" and "c"(BIIlb4 and BIIIb6). The structure was current untilthe 1970s.

Site Evidence

The unit has been completely destroyed although thelocation is clearly identifiable. It cannot bedetermined whether any sub-surface evidence is extantalthough it seems likely that this is the case. Thereis a wide surface scatter of building materials andsmall artefacts.

AIIIb2: Female Ward No. 1 c 1900

Documentary Evidence

As with AIIIb1 it is first seen on the 1901 survey*constructed as a ward block at the northern side ofBIIIb2. There are no construction drawings for theunit and only one ground plan from 1948*.

It is apparent that it was originally the same asAIIIb1 and, therefore, similar in design to the wardblocks "A" and "c" (BIIIb4 and BIIIb6). It wasdemolished at the same time as AIIIb1.

Site Evidence

The unit has been completely demolished but the site isclearly defined. It cannot be determined whether thereis any extant sub-surface evidence but it seems morethan likely that this is the case. There is awidespread scatter of building materials and smallartefacts.

AIIIb3: Coal Shed Adjacent to AIIIb2 c 1900

Documentary Evidence

First seen on the 1901 survey* it is defined as a longrectangular building at the north-eastern corner ofAIIIb2. It was still extant by 1927* but appears tohave been demolished by c 1931*.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*MH 11/73 P.W.D.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*PWD 34086* Aerial

photo.

ISite Evidence

The site may still be located and it appears that somefoundations may be in-situ.

AIllb4: Pigeon House c 1900

II

Documentary Evidence IConstructed in the north-west corner of the courtadjacent to the epileptic ward built in 1891 (Bllla3)it may have been constructed at the same time as thisunit, however, the first documented evidence of thefeature is on the 1901 survey*. The pigeon house wasstill current in 1927* however, it appears to havebeen demolished by c 1931*.

Site Evidence

*1748-3000 L.D.*PWD 34086* Aerial

photo.

III

There is no evidence to be observed on site and thereis little likelihood of any remaining in thesub-surface deposit. IAlllb5: Bush House and Conservatpry c 1900 IDocumentary Evidence

First seen on the 1901 survey* i~ the centre of thepath leading around the river, there were two separatebuildings, a large bush-house to the south and asmaller conservatory to the north. There is no recordof ,when the bush-house and conservatory were destoryedand the current nursery built over the top. A glass­house had been added to the south-eastern corner ofthis by 1967*.

*1748-3000 L.D.

*MH 11/295 P.W.D.

III

Site Evidence

This is now the location of a nursery, however, thefoundations of the bush house and conservatory form thebase for the new structure. The steps into the bush­house are still in-situ.

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*1746-3000 L.D.

AIllb6: Night Tub and Soap Store c 1900

This is first seen on the 1901 survey* adjacent tothe old kitchen and store (Bllla17, Bllla18). There isno other documentation relevant to this feature,however,-i-t-rra-s-he-en-argue-d-th-at-at-s-orrre-d:nre-b-etwe-em------------------I­1904 and 1926 the building was demolished and thebuilding materisl reused in constructing the -"L" -shapedworkshops now on this site (Blllb9). There is noevidence to confirm this.

Documentary Evidenee-:-,

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Site Evidence

The site is under one extension of the workshops and ifthe proposed development of this area is correct noevidence will remain in the archaeological record.

AIIIb7: Urinal in South Western Corner of Site c 1900

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence for this feature in The extreme southwestern sector of the site is the 1901 survey*. Itappears to have been demolished by c 1931*.

Site Evidence

There is no evidence of this structure and there is nolikelihood of any being extant. The construction of thenew bridge over the river has severely disturbed thisarea of the site.

AIIIb8: Miscellaneous Sheds Adjacent to Stable(AIId1) c 1900

Documentary Evidence

First seen on the 1901 survey* they are simplydesignated as two sheds and a fowl house. By 1927only one shed remained* and this appears to have beendemolished by c 1931*.

Site Evidence

A small section of bricks appears to relate to one ofthe sheds but the area has been disturbed due to theroad widening programme.

AIIIb9: Conservatory and Shed Adjacent to MastersResidence (BIId2) c 1900

Documentary Evid~nce

First seen on the 1901 survey*, a small conservatorywas located at the north-west corner of the Master'sresidence with a shed adjacent to this. Both werestill in existence in 1927* however they had beendemolished by 1967*.

Site Evidence

There is no evidence to be seen on site and it, cannotbe deter:mined whether there is any likelihood of anysub-surface evidence remaining.

*1746-3000 L. D.* Aerial

photo.

*1746-3000 L.D.

*PWD 34086* Aerial photo

*1746-3000 L. D..

*PWD 34086*MH 11/295 P.W.D.

IAllIb10: Urinal Adjacent to "Carpenter's Shop"

(BIIIa7) c 1900 IDocumentary Evidence

First seen on the 1901 survey* it was still inexistence in 1927*. There is no record of itsdemolition.

Site Evidence

There is a "ghosting" in the vegetation on the site andit is possible, therefore, that there is extantsub-surface evidence.

AIIIb11: Residence North-Eastern Sector of Sitec 1900

Documentary Evidence

*1746-3000 L.D.*PWD 34086

IIIII

First seen on 1901 survey* it is simply designated asa residence.

*1746-3000 L.D.

IIt eventually became the medical officers residence*.It appears to have been demolished in the later 1960s.

Site Evidence,

A wide sqatter of building materials and somefoundations appear to be in situ.

AIlIb12: Underfloor Deposit BIIIb1 c 1900

*MH 11/121 P.W.D.

III

This could not be. examined and defined. It shouldremain as undisturbed as possible.

AIIIb13: Underflo~r Deposit BIIIb2 c 1900

This could not be examined and defined. It shou~d

remain as undisturbed as possible.

II

AIIIb14: Ha-ha Adjacent to BIIIb1-2 c 1900 I

II*1746-3000 L.D.

*PWD 34086Seen. 'on the 190,' survey* suzr-ound.i.nq ,the airing courtsto the· east. Lt was' still. c.urx~nt_in 1927* and thereis no record of when it was· filled.

Documentary Evidenc~

Site Evidence The ha-ha has practically beenlevelled and is partially under the road now circling

I-- this_a_r-ea_.-----------------------------------------~I-

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AIIIb15: Excavation for Pond c 1900

Documentary Evidence

This large excavation in the northern section of thesite is first seen on the 1901 survey*. There is norecord of when it was filled. It is clearly evident onthe aerial photograph.

Site Evidence

There is no evidence on the site which provides a clueto the nature of the fill.

AIIIb16: Shelter Shed Adjacent to Hospital Block liD"(BIIlb7) 1900

Documentary Evidence

A small twelve feet square shelter shed was constructedin the centre of the northern airing court adjacent tohospital block "D"". It was still extant in c 1931 * buthad been demolished by 1968*.

Site Evidence

There is no evidence of the structure to be seen onsite and it cannot be determined if any sub-surfaceevidence is extant.

AIIIb17: Ha-ha Adjacent to Ward Blocks A-D (BIIIb4-7)1900

Documentary Evidence

First seen on the 1903 survey* it was still currentin 1931*. There is no evidence for when it was filled.

Site Evidence

The site is marked by a slight depression. There is noevidence for. the nature of the fill.

AIIIb18: Underfloor Deposit BIIIb4 1900

This could not be examined. It should remain asundisturbed as possible.

AIIIb19: Underfloor Deposit BlIlb5 1900

This could not be examined. It should remain asundisturbed as possible.

*1746-3000 L. D.

* Aerial photo*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

*PWD 34426* Aerial

photo.

AIIIb20: Underfloor Deposit BIIIb6 1900

This could not be examined. It should ra~ain asundisturbed as possible.

AIIIb21: Underfloor Deposit BIIIb7 1900

This could not be examined. It should remain asundisturbed as posslble.

AIIIb22: Nurses Accommodation Adjacent to NursesCottage BIIIa10 c 1903

Documentary Evidence

Very poorly documented; a large rectangular block hadbeen attached to the nurses cottage (BIIIa10) andkitchen (AIIIb22) by 1903*. By 1926 a two storey "L"shaped extension had been added to the western facade.The Dnly plan of the unit is from this year*.

The feature was current in 1967* with apparently nochanges to it. There is no record of its demolition.

Site Evidence

The area has been extensively disturbed and there is alarge scatter of building materials and small artefactsover the area. It is impossible to determine whetherany sub-surface remains are extant.

AIIIp23: Underfloor Deposit BIIIb9 c 1904

Only sections of the unit will be ~elevant, a concretefloor having been recently poured in one, area. Theextant deposit could not be examined and it shouldremain as undisturbed as possible. It is likely tocontain evidence that will determine the development ofthis unit.

AIIIb24: Additions to Stair Block BIIIb10

Dqcumentary Evidence

There were single storey additions to the stair block onthe east, west and north an~ at least 'one. h~d beenadded to the east..!,by -"90,3 *.-- -This' -was a boiler room.Those to the west (a switch room') and to the north (afuel stores room) appear to have been added in the1930s - 1950s. A detailed plan of all three was drawnin 1954*. They appear to have all been demolished

1-----0,-ur-:i:-n-g-1-9~-0s•

Site Evidence

The foundations of all three are intact.

*PWD 34426

*MH 11/11 P.W.D.

*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

*PWD 34426

*MH 11/366 P.W.D.

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AIIIb25: Underfloor Deposit BIIIb13 : c 1909

The dayrooms were constructed partially over anunderground tank (AIIc9) and this is still intact. Theremaining deposit could not be examined. It shouldremain as undisturbed as possible.

--3.4.4 PHASE HI: c1911-1920

This is the least documented phase of any on the site,there i~ fact being no records that survive from thisperiod. Only one known structure may have beenbuilt during this phase, but this is by no meanscertain. It is evident from site inspection that acertain amount of refurbishing was carried out at thistime, however, certainly no major projects wereinitiated during this phase.

FEATURES RECORDED PHASE IIIc6

AIIIc1: Cricket Pavilion

Documentary Evidence

There are no construction drawings for this featurealthough a detailed set of plans and elevations wasdrawn in 1980 before its destruction*. It is on thebasis of these that the pavilion was asigned to thisphase on stylistic grounds. There is no other extantdocumentation. It was burnt down in 1980.

site Evidence

A small concrete path runs from the road to thelocation of the former pavilion and there is a smallscatter of-building materials on the site.

IIIIII,

I*MH 11/381,

2, 6 P.W.D. IIII1IIII1-III

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3.4.5 PHASE IIId: 1920-1929

This phase is only a little better documented than thepreceeding phase. ~he majority of the documentation isconcerned with recording extant structures for thepurposes of facilitating the connection of electricityto the site. A number of additions, such as firestairs, were made but very few new structures werebuilt and there is no documentation for any of thosewhich were made. Only one is extant .

UNITS RECORDED PHASE IIId

BIIId1: Shed Attached to Hospital Block "D"(BIIIb7) c 1927

Documentary Evidence

The first (and only) evidence of this structure iswhen it appears on the 1927 survey*. There are nodetails extant with regard to its construction oralterations.

Site Evidence

Of fibro and weatherborad construction it would appearto have had few alterations and only one addition sinceconstruction.

FEATURES RECORDED PHASE IIId

AIIId1: Additional Building North of Bush-Houseand Conservatory c 1927

Documentary Evidence

The only evidence for this structure is the 1927survey*. It had been demolished by 1967*.

Site Evidence

Some foundations of this building are still extant.

AIIId2: Occupational Therapy Room c 1927

Documentary Evidence

This is first seen on the 1927* survey and there isone good plan and elevation of the feature from 1948* •It was still extant in 1967* and has since beendemolished.

*PWD 34086

*PWD 34086*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

*PWD 34086*MH 11/73 P.W.D.*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

Site Evidence

The site may still be identified but it cannot bedetermined if any sub-surface evidence exists.

-Allld3: Coal Shed Adjacent to Alllb3

Documentary Evidence

First seen on the 1927 survey* and appears to havebeen demolished by c 1931*.

Site Evidence

No evidence to be seen and it cannot be determinedwhether any sub-surface evidence remains.

Allld4: Pumping Station c 1927

Documentary Evidence

First seen on the 1927 survey* it was still extantin 1967*. The area is now the location of anincinerator and garbage loading bay.

*PWD 34086* Aerial

photo.

*PWD 34086*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

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3.4.6 PHASE IIIe 1930 - 1945

The major emphasis during this final phase of PeriodIII was in upgrading the sanitary and safetyfacilities. Many new fire escapes were added as wellas toilet blocks and measures such as tiling kitchensand laying concrete floors were carried out. Very fewnew units were constructed and even less additions, themain one being the second storey to Blc8 in 1932*.

UNITS RECORDED PHASE IIle

BIIle1: Refridgeration Room to BIlla17 1930

Documentary Evidence

The plan for" this small extension is extant* and thereare no detailed alterations.

Site Evidence

The unit does not appear to have had any majoralterations.

Bllle2: Extension to BIIIb1 1934

Documentary Evidence

The construction drawings for this extension areextant*. There are no documented alterations to theunit.

Site Evidence

Only minor alterations are to be observed to the uniton the facade. Access could not be gained.

BIIIe3: Mattress Sterilizer Building 1938

Documentary Evidence

The construction drawing for this unit is extant*.In 1967/68 this unit was converted to a garbage canwash area*.

Site Evidence

The unit is intact and most of the detailing is fromthe final conversion.

BIIIe4: Verandah and Balcony to BIIIa19 1938

Documentary Evidence

The construction drawings for this unit are extant*and there have been no major documented alterations.

*MH 11/44 P.W.D.

*MH 11/43 P.W.D.

*MH 11/49 P.W.D.

*M.R 11/57 P.W.D.

*~lli 11/343 P.W.D.

*MH 11/55 P.W.D.

Site Evidence

Largely as constructed with only a few minoralterations.

BIII45: Toilet Addition to BIId1 c 1930s

Documentary Evidence

No extant documentation.

Site Evidence

A two storey brick toilet block at the ~w corner ofBIId1.

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3.4.7 SU~~RY OF UNITS AND FEATURES RECORDED PERIOD III

B. Nos STANDING STRUCTURES

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BIIla1Bllla2BIIla3Bllla4BIIla5Bllla6BIIla7Bllla8Bllla9BIIla10BIIla 11BIIla 12BIIla 13BIIla 14

BIIla 15BIIla 16BIIla 17BllIa18BIlla 19BIIla20

BIllb1BIIlb2BIIlb3BIIlb4BlIIb5BIIlb6BIIlb7BIIlb8BIIlb9arrn.ioBIIlb11BlIIb12BIIlb13BIIlb14

BIIld1

Bllle1BlIIe2Bllle3BIIle4BIII45

Verandah to Ble2, Bllc3, Ble2 c 1888Verandah to Blld1, Blc1/Ble1 c 1888Epileptic ward 1891Bathroom to Bllla3 1891Single rooms to Bllla3 1891Toilet adjacent to Bllla3 c 1891"Carpenters'" shop c 1893Bridge c 1893Retaining wall on river c 1893Nurses Cottage 1894Porch to Blb1 1894New Steam Laundry 1894Boat Shed 1895Stairs from carriage way to river walk andretaining wall c 1895Chief Attendant's Cottage 1895Recreation Hall 1898Kitchen 1899Store c 1899Ward of Single Rooms adjacent to Blla1 c 1899Old mortuary c 1899

Single rooms adjacent to Female Ward No. 1 c 1900Single rooms adjacent to Female Ward No. 2 c 1900Toilet adjacent to Blllb2 c 1900Dormitory Black A 1900Single rooms Block B 1900Dormitory Block C 1900Hospital Block D 1900Kiosk c 1900Store 1904Stair block 1905Water closets and enclosed verandah .to Blc8 and Ble3 1907-Stair and toilet block to Ble2 1907New day rooms 1909Extensions to Ble1 1909

Shed attached to hospital block "D" c 1927

Refridgeration Room to Bllla17 1930Extensions to Blllb1 1934Mattress sterilizer building 1938Verandah and balcony to Bllla19 1938Toilet addition to Blld1 1930s

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES

Kitchen 1888Store Room 1888Coal depot c 1888stone wall from second phase of school (BIIlc2) c 1888Water closets at the termination of AIlla4 c 1888Water closets north-west of school (Bllc2) c 1888Ha-ha 1888Underfloor deposit BIIIa3 1891Underfloor deposit Bllla4 1891Underfloor deposit BIIla5 1891Underfloor deposit BllIa7 c 1893Residence of 'the Chief of the Asylum c 1893Night watchman's cottage c 1893Summerhouse c 1893Ha-ha surrounding courtyard adjacent to Epileptic ward(BIIla3) c. 1893Underfloor deposit BIlla10 c 1894Underfloor deposit Bllla12 c 1894Laundress·s Cottage c 1894Matron's Cottage 1894Gatekeeper's Cottage 1895Underfloor deposit Bllla13 c 1895Slipway 1895Underfloor deposit Bllla15 c 1895Underfloor deposit BllIa16 c 1898Underfloor deposit BllIa17 c 1899Underfloor deposit Bllla18 c 1899Underfloor deposit BllIa19'c 1899Infilled Creek c 1899

AllIa1AlIIa2AlIla3AIlIa4AIlIa5Allla6AIlIa7Allla8AllIa9AIlla10AlIla 11AIlla12AIIla 13AIIla 14Allla15

A. Nos

AIIIa 16Allla17AIIla 18Allla19Allla20AIlla21AlIIa22AILla23AIIla24AlIla25AIlla26AllIa27AIIla28

AIIlb1AIIlb2AIIIb3AIIlb4AIIlb5AlIIb6AlIIb7AIIlb8AIIIb9

AIIlb10AIIIb11AIIlb12AIIIb13AIIIb1.4 'AIIIb1~

A:I;IIb16

Female ward No. 2 c 1900Female waLd No. 1 c 1900Coal Shed adjacent to Alllb2 c 1900Pigeon house c 1900Bush-house and conservatory c 1900Night tub and soap store c 1900Urinal in S.W. corner of site c 1900Miscellaneous sheds adjacent to stable (Alld1) c 1900Consevatory and shed adjacent to Masters residence(BIId2) c 1900Urinal adjacent to "Carpenters" shop" (Bllla7) c 1900Residence north~eastern sector of site c 1900Underfloor deposit BIIlb1 c 1900Underfloor deposit BllIb2 c 1900Ha-ha adjacent to, BTIIb14 _c 19.00Excavation for- pond--190·0----- ----.Shelter shed adjacent to hospital block "D" (Blllb7)1900

AIIIb17 Ha-ha adjacent to ward blocks A-D (BlIlb4-7) 1900AIlIb18 Underfloor deposit BIllb4 1900

1------A"I.,.-I.,....,....I15i9----una-errT6or depos~t K[,n~woC7'o.------------------------I-AIIlb20 Underfloor deposit BlIlb6 1900AIIIb21 Underfloor deposit BIllb7 1900AIIlb22 Nurses accommodation adjacent to Nurses Cottage

(BIIIa10) c 1903

II

"AX" Period Nos

IIIIIIII

I

il

I

AIIlb23AlIIb24AIIlb25

Alllc1

AIIld1

AIIld2AIIld3AlIId4

AXIlla 1AXIIla2AXllla3

"AX" Nos

AX3AX4AX5AX6

AX7

Underfloor deposit Blllb9 c 1904Additions to stair block Blllb10Underfloor deposit Blllb13 c 1909

Cricket pavilion

Additional building north of bush-house and conservatoryc 1927Occupational Therapy Room c 1927Coal shed adjacent to Alllb3 c 1927Pumping station

Miscellaneous drains and sewersMiscellaneous pathsMiscellaneous fences

Boatshed? Located 1893 surveyWharf located 1893 surveyMill located 1893 surveyMiscellaneous cowsheds and piggery eastern sector ofsite located 1893 surveySheds a~jacent to Bllla7 located 1893 survey

3.5 PERIOD IV: PSYCHIATRIC CENTRE 1945 - 1982

3.5.1 DEFINITION OF PHASES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL·

The final period of occupation between 1945 and 1982 represents. anothersignificant expansion of facilities at Rydalmere, however, in this caserather than the construction of buildings to meet entirely newrequirements, facilities were replicated as the old buildings were thoughtto be too small or not meeting improved standards. Hence, during thisperiod new wards, day rooms, a morgue, kitchen, dining room and linenhandling block were constructed.

Technological developments in the medical profession necessarily creatednew requirements such as X-ray facilities and a solarium and certainchqnges in attitude with regard to the patients may be reflected in theinclusion of a kiosk and factory building within the grounds.

There is little evidence of a planned approach to construction on thesite and it is probably~ at this stage, not to be expected. Newconstruction at Rydalmere has been very much dictated by the buildingprogrammes which preceeded it. New developments appear to have been placedwherever sufficient space could be found although there does appear to be acertain loose precinctual organisation viz. the "industrial" or serviceaspects such as kitchens, factory, linen handling, sewerage works,electricity substations, morgue, workshops and store being generally in theeastern side of the site; wards and care centres generally to the north;administration and recreation to the centre. The residential areas havebeen completely transferred across Victor~a Road and the former focus ofthe site, the orphan school buildings in the south, is now abandoned.

No archaeological features are recorded for this period. Some of thePeriod IV buildings are over the locations of earlier definedarchaeological sites and these have been discussed in the relevantsections. The underfloor depbsits, even of buildings of such recent date,are still considered to be important as representing our own era and are tobe considered in the same light as those discussed for Period III, however,they are not assigned numbers in this case, the accumulation of arepresentative deposit still being in process, I am unwilling to "seal"them at this time.

The period has been assigned three phases and these are again based on anallotment to decades rather than defined work programmes. The phasesdefined, therefore, are

IVa 1945-1960IVb 1960-1970IVc 1970-1982

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-

III

I:1,II1I

I

,I

:1:1

3.5.2 PHASE IVa: 1945-1960

Three of the major buildings from this period wereconstructed during this phase viz. the main kitchen(1959), the morgue (1959) and the X-ray facilitiesblock (1959). It is significant that all three arefrom the same year and this immediately before the1960s when a "boom" in building is evident on site.

The majority of construction, however, during phase IVais concerned with significant expansions to existingstructures, mainly day rooms and wards. The war yearsappear to have touched lightly, the only "concession"being the construction of three air raid shelters andit is apparent that the threat of a raid was perhapsnot considered a serious threat; all three are in astraight line and in the open.

UNITS RECORDED PHASE IVa

BIVa1: Offices and Toilets Adjacent BIIIa18 1947

Location: Adjacent to The Avenue, central area of site.

Designed as an extension to the store building, a twostorey office and toilet was stepped down the hill tothe south of BIIIa18*. There are no documentedchanges to the building and none are apparent on site.

BIVa2: Day Room Male Ward 4 (BIIa1) 1949

Constructed at the south eastern corner of the formerhospital'building*. There are no documented changesto the building although a ward for dying male patientswas attached to the southern facade of BlIa1 joining upto BIVa2 with a porch in 1959*. Only minimal 'changesto the external detailing. Interior access notavailable.

BIVa3: Day Room Male Ward No. 3 (BIIIa3) 1949

*MH 11/66 P.W.D.

*Mli 11/76 P.W.D.

*MH 11/112 P.W.D.

Location:Building.

Attached to north-west of Administration(BIIIa3)

I

I-I

Constructed as a day room (with ramp) at thenorth-eastern corner of the former epileptic ward*.The unit is now used as a conference room and is as itwas when built with minimal changes.

BIVa4: Female Ward No. 7 1955/56

Location: Built in the north~eastern sector of thesite a number of construction drawings are extant*.There are no documented alterations and only minimalchanges to be observed. Interior access not available.

*MH 11/77 P.W. D.

*Mh 11/92 P.W.D.MH 11/93 P.W.D.MH 11 /94 P. W•D•MH 11/99 P.W.D.MH 11/100 P.W.D.

BIVa5: Rotunda Adjacent to BlIIa3 1959

Located on the site of a former summerhouse (AIIIa14)the construction drawings are extant*. There have beenno alterations.

BIVa6: Ward for Dying Male Patients AttachedBIIa1 1959

Designed on an angled plan the construction drawingsare extant*. There are no documented alterations andnone to be ob~erved. Interior access unavailable.

BIVa7: Electricity Sub-Station 1959

Location: South-east of site, adjacent to RailwayStreet.

Adjacent to the laundry (BIIla12) and store (BIIIb9)the construction drawings are extant*. There are nodocumented alterations and none to be observed.

BIVa8: New Morgue 1959

Location: South of main kitchen.

Adjacent to the store (BIIIb9) the constructiondrawings are extant*. There are no documentedalterations and none to be observed.

BIVa9: New Main Kitchen 1959

Location: South-east corner of site, adjacent tostore.

Adjacent to the store (BIIIb9) the constructiondrawings are extant*. There are no documentedalterations and none to be observed.

BIVa10: X-Ray facilities 1959

Location: Adjacent to The Avenue, north-east of maincarpark.

Adjacent to War,d Block A (BIIlb4) the constructiondra.wings.' are' extant*'. There are' no docu:mentedalterations and-none:to be ·observed.

BIVa11: Three Air Raid Shelters 1940s

Location: Eastern side of site, adjacent to RailwayStreet. No construction drawings extant, minimalchanges to be observed.

*MH 11/113 P.W.D.

*MH 11/112 P.W.D.

*MH 11/119 P.W.D.

*MH 11/115 P.W.D.MH 11/116 P.W.D.

*MH 11/107 P.W.D.MH 11/108 P.W.D.MH 11/109 P.W.D.

III1I1IIIIIII1II1-III

II1I1II11.1:1

-.1

:1

'1

II

3.5.3 PHASE IVb: 1960-1970

The primary phase of construction for the final periodof occupation when most of the major buildings of recenttimes were constructed.

BIVb1: Scale Room for Weighbridge 1960

Adjacent to the old kitchen (BlIIa17) the constructiondrawings are extant*. There have been no alterations.It replaced an earlier weighbridge.

BIVb2: Male Ward 1961

Location: On.the west boundary mid-way betweenVictoria Road and Parramatta River.

On the extreme western sector of the site north of theold school (BlIc2) the construction drawings areextant*. Only minimal alterations to be observed.

BIVb3: Day Room to Ward No. 2 and Dining Room to WardNo. 4 (Attached Eastern facade BlIc2) 1962

Location: Adjacent to BIIc2 •

The construction drawings are extant*. No observablealterations.

BIVb4: Toilet to BlIla3 1963

Location: Constructed between (29) and (25A).

Joined the block of single rooms (BIlIa5) to formerepileptic ward (BlIIa3). The construction drawings areextant*. No observable alterations.

BIVb5: Kiosk 1963

Location: South of oval at Junction of Entrance Roads.

To the north east of BIVb2 the construction drawingsare extant*. No observable alterations.

BIVb6: . Solarium 1963

Attached to the day room BIVa3 the constructiondrawings are extant*. No abservable alterations.

BIVb7: Medical Records Office 1964

Location: Western area of site, immediately north of( 16 ) •

*~lli 11/118 P.W.D.

*~lli 11/112 P.W.D.MH 11/124 P.W.D.MH 11/126 P.W.DMH 11/127 P.W.D.

*MH 11/211 P.W.D.MH 11/207 P.W.D.

*MH 11/213 P.W.D.

*MH 11/210 P.W.D.

*MH 11/272

IOriginally designed as project wards the constructiondrawings are extant*. No observable alterations tothe exterior.

*MH 11/288 P.W.D.MH 11/289 P.W.D. I

BIVb8: Boiler House and Tank Stand 1964

Location: Immediately west of Administration.

Adjacent to the north-east corner of BIIIa3 theconstruction drawings are extant*. No observablealterations.

BIVb9: Residence North-West Corner of Site 1960s

*lfili 11/273 P.W.D.

III

No construction drawings extant and only one detailedextention*. It was extant in 1967* and in stylebelongs to the early part of this phase.

*Mli 11/275 P.W.D.*MH 11/294 P.W.D.

IBIVb10: Combined factories Building Later 1960s I

3.5.4 PHASE IVc: 1970-1982

BIVb11: Miscellaneous Sheds, A.G.L. Enclo?uresLater 1960s

Built after" 1967*, no construction drawings have beenfound.

Constructed after 1967*, no construction drawings havebeen found.

I

II

I*MH 11/295 P.W.D.

*MH 11/295 P.W.D.

South-east corner of site, adjacent toLocation:river.

UNITS RECORDED PHASE IVc

BIVc1: Linen Handling Facility Block 1976 ILocation: South-east corner of the site.

The construction drawings are extant*. No observablealterations.

*MH11/371 P.W.D.IIII

-1-

III

II

3.5.5

BIVa1

I BIVa2BIVa3BIVa4

IBIVa5BIVa6BIVa7BIVa8

I BIVa9B1Va10BIVa 11

I BIVb1BIVb2

IBIVb3BIVb4BIVb5BIVb6

I BIVb7BIVb8BIVb9

IBIVb10BIVb11

IBIVc1

IIII-III

<III

SUMMARY OF UNITS RECORDED PERIOD IV

Offices and Toilets Adjacent to BIIIa18 1947Day Room Male Ward 4 (BIIa1) 1949Day Room Male Ward 3 (BIIIa3) 1949Female Ward No. 7 1955/56Rotunda Adjacent to BI1Ia3 1959Ward for Dying Male Patients attached BIIa1 1959Electricity Substation 1959New Morgue 1959New Main Kitchen 1959X-Ray Fa-cilitiesAir Raid Shelters 1940s

Scale Room for weighbridge 1960Male Ward 1961Day Room to Ward No. 2 and Dining Room to Ward No.- 4 1962Toilet BIIIa3 1963Kiosk 1963Solarium 1963Medical Records Office 1964Boiler House and Tank Stand 1964Residence north-west corner of site 1960sCombined factories Building 1960sMiscellaneous Sheds, A.G.L. Enclosures 1960s

Linen Handling Facilities Block 1976

3.6 COMPLETE INDEX OF UNITS AND FEATURES RECORDED

3.6.1

Blb1Blb2Blb3Blc1Blc2Blc3Blc4Blc5Blc6Blc7Blc8Ble1Ble2Ble3

Blla1Blla2

Bllb1BIlc1ar rezBIlc3Bllc4BIld1sr rez

COMPLETE INDEX OF UNITS RECORDED

Central three storey blockWestern front pavilionEastern front pavilionFirst extension western pavilionFirst extension eastern pavilionThe cellarWestern Link PassageEastern Link PassageOuter SE PavilionSection of eastern enclosure wall?BakerySecond extension t western pavilionSecond extension t eastern pavilionKitchen and store 1829.

Hospital 1854Drill Masters residence/teachers residence? c1845/55Kitchen 1865"New" laundry 1869/70combined school c1870/71New Grocery Store (pa~t of Blc8)Matron's Kitchen and Pantry 1870/71Forty bed dormitory c1881/1882Masters residence c1880.

I1I11IIIII

BIIla 1Bllla2BIlla3Bllla4BIlla5Bllla6BIlla7Bllla8BIlla9Bllla10BIlla 11Bllla12BIlla13Bllla14

BIllqJ5BI'IIai16.BIIla17Bllla18BIlla 19Bllla20

Verandah to Ble2, Bllc3, Ble2 c 1888Verandah to ar rat , Blc1/Ble1 c 1888Epileptic ward 1891Bathroom to Bllla3 1891Single rooms to Bllla3 1891Toilet adjacent to Bllla3 c 1891"Carpenters'" shop c 1893Bridge c 1893Retaining wall on river c 1893Nurses' Cottage 1894Porch to Blb1 1894New Steam Laundry 1894Boa.t Shed 1895Stairs from carriage way to river walk andretaining wallc 1895Chief Attendant's Cottage 1895Recreation Hall 1898Kitcnen--1899.-Store c 1899Ward of Single Rooms adjacent to Blla1 c 1899Old mortuary c 1899

IIIIII1-1II

---------------------------------------- -----~_._ .._---

II

BIIlb1BIIlb2BIIlb3BIIlb4

I BIIlb5Blllb6BlIIb7

IBIIlb8BIllb9BIIlb10BIIlb11

I BIIlb12BIIlb13BIIlb14

I BIIld1

IBIIle1BIlle2Bllle3BIIle4

I Bllle5

BIVa1

·1BIVa2BIVa3BIVa4

IBIVa5BIVa6BIVa7BIVa8

I BIVa9BIVa 10BIVa 11

I BIVb1BIVb2

·"1BIVb3BIVb4BIVb5BIVb6

';1 BIVb7, ' BIVb8

BIVb9

~IBIVb10BIVb11

BIVc1

.1!

'I

I'·1·1

Single rooms adjacent to Female Ward No. 1 c 1900Single rooms adjacent to Female Ward·No. 2 c 1900Toilet adjacent to Blllb2 c 1900Dormitory Black A 1900Single rooms Block B 1900Dormitory Block C 1900Hospital Block D 1900Kiosk c 1900Store 1904Stair block 1905Water closets and enclosed verandah to Blc8 and Ble3 1907Stair and toilet block to Ble2 1907New day rooms 1909Extensions to Ble1 1909

Shed attached to hospital block liD" c 1927

Refridgeration Room to Bllla17 1930Extensions to Blllb1 1934Mattress sterilizer building 1938Verandah and balcony to Bllla19 1938Toilet block addition to Blld1 1930s

Offices and Toilets Adjacent to Bllla18 1947Day Room Male Ward 4 (Blla1) 1949Day Room Male Ward 3 (Bllla3) 1949Female Ward No. 7 1955/56Rotunda Adjacent to Bllla3 1959Ward for Dying Male Patients attached Blla1 1959Electricity Substation 1959New Norgue 1959New Main Kitchen 1959X-Ray FacilitiesAir Raid Shelters 1940s

Scale Room for weighbridge 1960Male Ward 1961Day Room to Ward No. 2 and Dining Room to Ward No. 4 1962Toilet Bllla3 1963Kiosk 1963Solarium 1963Medical Records Office 1964Boiler House and Tank Stand 1964Residence north-west corner of site 1960sCombined factories Building 1960sMiscellaneous Sheds, A.G.L. Enclosures 1960s

Linen Handling Facilities Block 1976

I3.6.2 COMPLETE INDEX OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES RECORDED

"A" PERIOD/PHASE NO I s IAla1

Alb1Alb2Alb3AIMAIb5Alc1Alc2.Alc3Alc4Alc5Alc6Alc7Alc8Alc9Alc10Alc11Alc12AIc13Alc14Alc15Alc16Alc17Alc18

Evidence earliest building phase and clearance programmesused on site.Western curved passageEastern curved passageUnderfloor deposit Blb1Underfloor deposit Blb2Underfloor deposit Blb3Outer SW pavilionOuter NW pavilion, "Fowl House"Outer NE pavilion, "Fowl and Fancy Pigeon House"StableCowshedSW enclosure wallSE enclosure wallWestern enclosure wallNE and NW enclosure wallsNorthern precinct walls and gateUnderfloor deposit BIc1Cellar depositUnderfloor deposit Blc4Underfloor deposit Blc5Underfloor deposit Blc6Bakery oven (i)Bakery oven (ii) and deposit Blc8Construction debris and early surface finishes

IIIIIIII

I

II

II

I

Verandah to rear of main buildingsLog houseBrick wall to playgroundEngine House 1827Wall of Approb~tion Yard 1829Three cells adjoining kitchen 1829Privies 1830/31Boat house, bathing house, wharf 1830/31Underfloor deposit Ble1Underfloor deposit Ble2Underfloor deposit Ble3Cleaning shed"Cooks Ki tchel1""Back Kitchen"

AIIa"1

Ald1Ald2Ald3Ale1Ale2Ale3Ale4Ale5Ale6Ale7Ale8AIf1Alf2AIf3

Boys· dining z'oom (cart shed?) and covered"way __ ~ __

Alla2 Boys. play shed (i)Alla3 Girls play shed (i)Alla4 Floor deposit Blla1Alla5 Floor deposit B11a2

f- Allb_1 Ele3T at e d tank.-J11-C8ll::6>..::5:>- I_Allb2 Pump, well and housing 1865Allb3 Underfloor deposit Bllb1Allb4 Covered way from Bllb1-Blb3AIIc1 Boys shelter shed (ii) 1870/71Allc2 Girls shelter shed (ii) 1870/71

-------AIIc3 Cart ~hed 18-'70/71

II

IAIIc4

I Allc5AIIc6Allc7

IAllc8Allc9AIIc10Allc11

I AIIc12Allc13AIIc14

·1 AIId1AIId2

IAIId3Alld4AIId5

il Allla1AIIla2AIIla3

'1 Allla4Allla5AIIla6Allla7

I AIIla8Allla9AIIla 10

I Allla 11AIIla 12Allla13

IAIIla 14AIIla 15

AIIla 16

"1 Allla17Allla18Allla19

'1 AIIla20AIIla21AIIla22All Ia23

I Allla24Allla25AIIla26

I Allla27Allla28

IAlIIb1AlIIb2AIIlb3AIIlb4

I AIIlb5AlIIb6AIIlb7

I AIIlbBAIIlb9

II

Covered way 1870/71"New" bathroom 1870/71Verandah extension (i) to Ald1 (1870i71)Verandah to Ble2Underground water storage cisternsUnderground tanks, p umpWall to east of Bllc2Underfloor deposit Bllc1Underfloor deposit Bllc2Underfloor deposit Bllc3Underfloor deposit Bllc4stables to Masters ResidenceW.C. and Coal house attached to laundryBllc1Proposed fodder store and cow shed 1881Underfloor deposit Blld1Underfloor deposit Blld2

Kitchen 1888Store Room 1888Coal depot c 1888Stone wall from second phase of school (BIllc2) c 1888Water closets at the termination of Allla4 c 1888Water closets north-west of school (Bllc2) c 1888Ha-ha 1888Underfloqr deposit Bllla3 1891Underfloor deposit Bllla4 1891Underfloor deposit Bllla5 1891Underfloor deposit Bllla7 c 1893Residence of the Chief of the Asylum c 1893Night watchman's cottage c 1893Summerhouse c 1893Ha-ha surrounding courtyard adjacent to Epileptic ward(BIIla3) c 1893Underfloor deposit Bllla10 c 1894Underfloor deposit Bllla12 c 1894Laundress's Cottage c 1894Matron's Cottage 1894Gatekeeper's Cottage 1895Underfloor deposit Bllla13 c 1895Slipway 1895Underfloor deposit Bllla15 c 1895Underfloor deposit BIIla16 c 1898Underfloor deposit Bllla17 c 1899Underfloor deposit Bllla18 c 1899Underfloor deposit Bllla19 c 1899Infilled Creek c 1899

Female ward No. 2 c 1900Female ward No. 1 c 1900Coal Shed adjacent to Alllb2 c 1900Pigeon house c 1900Bush-house and conservatory c 1900Night tub and soap store c 1900Urinal in S.W. corner of site c 1900Miscellaneous sheds adjacent to stable (Alld1) c 1900Conservatory and shed adjacent to Masters residence(Blld2) c 1900

"AX" PERIOD/PHASE NOs

AlIIb10AlIIb11AIIlb12AIIlb13AIIlb14AIIlb15AIIlb16

AIIlb17AIIlb18AIIlb19AlIIb20AlIIb21AlIIb22

AlIIb23AIIlb24AIIIb25

AIIIc1

AIIId1

AIIId2AlIId3AIIld4

AX1b1AXIb2AX1b3

AX1c1AXlc2AX1d1AXld2AXIe1AXle2AX1e3AXle4

AX11b1

AX1l1a1AXII1a2AXII"ra3

Urinal adjacent to "Carpenter's shop" (BIIla7) c 1900Residence north-eastern sector of site c 1900Underfloor deposit BIlIb1 c 1900Underfloor deposit B+Ilb2 c 1900Ha-ha adjacent to BIllb14 c 1900Excavation for pond 1900Shelter shed adjacent to hospital block liD" (Blllb7)1900Ha-ha adjacent to ward blocks A-D (Blllb4-7) 1900Underfloor deposit BlIlb4 1900Underfloor deposit Blllb5 1900Underfloor deposit BIllb6 1900Underfloor deposit BllIb7 1900Nurses accommodation adjacent to Nurses Cottage(BIIla10) c 1903Underfloor deposit B111b9 c 1904Additions to stair block Blllb10Underfloor deposit Blllb13 c 1909

Cricket pavilion

Additional building north of bush-house and conservatoryc 1927Occupational Therapy Room c 1927Coal shed adjacent to Alllb3 c 1927Pumping station

Evidence of boatshed (and associ~ted structures?)WharfSuperintendents,' hut, overseer's hut? and miscellaneousstructures and fences.Early dr,ains, sewers, well and pump.Miscellaneous structures not documented.Miscellaneous drains and pump.Miscellaneous structures, limited referencesCisterns and tanksMiscellaneous pipes and drainsMiscellaneous structures not documentedImprovements to site: fences and dams

Miscellaneous 's,ite improvements i fences and sewer

Miscellaneous drains and sewersMiscellaneous pathsMisc~;I;l!'lI1eQus_feI1cE::s"

IIIIIIIIIIIII

I11AX 11 PERIOD NOs IAX11 Period I dumps, ash pits etc.

1- -=X,.L1c.l.I-J1 y-ariolls-Site..-.im.p.:r:mT-ements., fend ng-,_paths;__.ee~t:!c::_._ I_AXII2 Period 1I dumps, ash pits etc.AXI13 Evidence of prepared surface finishes

III

Structure located Photo SH1735 east of laundry Bllc1Structures located Photo SH1735 adjacent to MastersResidence Blld2Boatshed? Located 1893 surveyWharf located 1893 surveyMill located 1893 surveyMiscellaneous cowsheds and piggery eastern sector ofsite located 1893 surveySheds adjacent to Bllla7 located 1893 survey

I

3.7.1 STANDING STRUCTURES

c. That detailed site records are made of each structure as they nowstand.

b. That all standing structures are thoroughly surveyed to providedetailed chronologies as aids to assessments for future work.

a. That immediate action is taken to prevent further damage occurringto any structure or associated feature and to stabilise that which hasoccurred.

I

I

I

I

RECOMMENDATIONS3.7

d. That no floor deposit is to be disturbed or exposed without thepresence of an archaeologist.

I,e. That, if a floor deposit'has been specified as an archaeologicalfeature, all attempts are to be made to preserve these intact. If this isproven to be impossible an archaeologist is to test the respective depositand recommend action as necessary.

3.7.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS

II

a. That thoses which are in immediate threat of disturbance (orfurther disturbance) be protected and stabilised. 1b. That all measures are taken to protect, undisturbed, those areasdesignated as potential archaeological deposits. Ic. That, if it is shown necessary to disturb such a site, anarchaeologist is' to either test the deposit beforehand and providerecqmmendations as necessary or that an archaeologist supervise the worksprogramme and take action as considered necessary.

3.7.3 SPECIFIC AREAS I,a. The River Frontage. That a complete and detailed survey of thisarea be carried out to locate and record any features which may still beextant.

Ib. Blb1: That stabilisation of the "cannibalised" wall on the thirdfloor be carried out immediately. Ic. BIc3 (cellar): That this area be securely sealed and stabilistionof, the, dePQsit be' carried out.at.;ter a thorol1gh investigation'of the extantevidence...._ ...- -

d. That the entire area around the orphan school buildings now fencedbe completely secured to prevent unauthorised entry.

I-------,e,.,-.----mna~newa'Eer 'EanR exposed by worKmen be g~ven adequa'E'e protec'E~on

against further damage.

I1-II

The Female Orphan School at Rydalmere was the first such institution builtfor this specific purpose, rather than making do with extant structures, inthis country. It had the protection and patronage of some of thecontemporary society's leading figures, not the least of which being theGovernor's wife, Elizabeth Macquarie. From her came the original designfor the school. It is evident that this plan in conjunction with. the lateramendments made by Francis Greenway were the first and last consciousattempts at overall site planning at Rydalmere.

IIII

3.8.0 ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE: SUMMARY

II,I

,I,I'I11

~I

The key to understanding the development of the built environment is inrecognizing the inadequacy of the original design to cope with theexpanding needs of the orphanage. The subsequent haphazard constructionwas in response to new requirements and different facilities urgentlyneeded by the successive institutions. Like Topsy, this site just grew.

The original plan is clearly based on the design for a gentleman's villaknown to ~trs. Macquarie and was placed in its setting with a view towardsthe river and probably to be presented as a view from the river much asLycett saw the site in 1822. When the inadequacy of the facilities wasrecognised, as early as 1819, the amendments proposed by Greenway weredesigned to compliment and expand the existing structures into anarchitectural unity, the likes of which were then being put into effect atHyde Park Barracks.

There is every reason to believe, however, that virtually none of theGreenway design was carried out with the exception of the two extensions(Blc1 and Blc2) to the existing eastern and western pavilions. The reasonsfor this cannot be guessed at although economics, politics and pettybickering all seem to be likely contenders.

The proof of the statement is even more tenuous. Decisive evidence willonly be gained by controlled excavation. My assertion is, at this stage,based only on a synthesis of site work and documentary analysis. It is tobe noted, though, that in my detailed analysis·of the period two additionalstructures (Blc6 and Blc7) have been included as being of possible 1822construction. This is for caution only and based on a similarity in designto the 1822 additions. I believe the features actually date from c 1865,however, only very detailed site analysis will conform this.Archaeologist's must always necessarily take the side of "guilty" (or inthis case earlier) until proven otherwise. Likewise the question of thecurved walls indicated on the 1822 plan where now straight passages standwill only definitely be proven by controlled excavation. I believe thecurved walls to have been built and then speedily altered as Greenway'sextensions necessitated a straight walkway.

The exact extent of the completed school at the end of Period I cannot bedetermined with accuracy. Certainly the main dormitory (Blb1), theattendant wings (extended a second time in the later 1820s), a bakery(Blc8) and a kitchen (Ble3) were in existence. In addition, but with noclue to their location, were farm buildings, additional servants'accommodation and kitchens, water closets, sheds, fences, walls, at leastone separate residence, a wharf and boat shed, water storage units, pump,wells, drains, sewers and the like.

Water and its availability were a key determinant on this site during itsearly development. The river, as the principal m~ans of transportdetermined the axis of the school towards the south and the construction ofwharves jetties and sheds on the river frontage was an early and primarydevelopment. Drains and' sewers from this period are all likely to belocated in the southern sector of the site as they drained towards theriver.

Fresh water for domestic and agricultural uses was also available fromVineyard Creek (now the location of the railway line) but the distanceinvolved and the fact that it was down hill from the school presupposesa preoccupation with means of making it available where it was needed. Aconsiderable' quantity of the early documentation is concerned with thisvery problem and as a corollary the evidence extant in the archaeologicalrecord of various forms is likely to be considerable.

In the same view the lengthy and indeed, practically continual constructionprogrammes undoubtedly have left an enormous impact on the site in terms ofconstruction debris, work areas, prepared surface finishes, etc. Inaddition the rapid destruction rate of these elements will also have leftits mark on the archaeological record. The sum total is a potentiallyenormous wealth of sub-surface evidence scattered all over the site,although centred around the primary building locations.

With regard to the latter, one of the major questions to be considered forboth the first and second periods of occupation concerns the disposal ofrubbish. Institutions of this size generate an enormous amount of wastematerial requiring disposal. The resultant "dumps" are one of the mostpotentially informative resources available to the archaeologist. Nosingle dump or pit of any kind, indeed any apprec.iable surface scatter, waslocated. Three possibilities may answer this anomaly, that rubbish wascarted away from the school which is unlikely, that the dumps haven't beenlocated; that they have been completely destroyed. Any furtherinvestigation on this site, hopefully, will.clarify the matter.

The second period of occupation was occasioned by the closure of the maleorphanage at Liverpool and the amalgamation of the two at Rydalmere. Thiscombination of the two schools encouraged the willy-nilly growth of thesite as facilities intended for one institution were made to cope with two.In addition, although the two schools shared the same site, for all intentsand purposes the males'and females were kept apart and this encouraged thereplication of facilities i.e. two bathrooms, two dining rooms, twoschoolrooms etc. Larger facilities such as the laundry and hospital werealso required.

If not a planned development, though, one senses a certain "formalisation"of~the arrangements., at. the schoul. Certainly building9.were constructed asthe' need arose but a _certain-sen~~ uf proportion or planning may be seenwith one unit being used to balance a second.

It is unfortunate that of the four periods of occupancy at Rydalmere thesecond is by far the worst with regard to extant documentation. As such

1----------~6nes v~ew of tne-aeveropment6~es~te~s necessar~Iy b~ased by thepreceeding and successive periods. However, Period 11 is, like Period IV,in a sense a lull in the development. Periods I and III represent entirelynew beginnings whereas Periods 11 and IV are consolidations and expansio~s

of existing institutions.

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It is in Period 11, however, that one gains the first "extended" view ofthe site, an awareness that there was more to the school than simply theclose cluster of buildings around those first constructed. Expansion atthis time necessarily went north with only minor developments to thesouth. The axis continued to be focused to the south but this gradual"creep" northwards prepared the way for the eventual reversal of alignmentin the successive period.

Problems encountered during the first period of occupation such as watersupply were again, and more successfully, tackled during those years.Corresponding to this, evidence in the archaeological record must needsincrease. In addition the horizons of this evidence must be expanded asthe perimeters of the school did so.

Period III heralded a massive development of the site as a new institutiontook control. It is evident, in both archival records and the testimony onsite, that no expense was spared to make the new Hospital for the Insane ashowpiece. The immediate resu~ts of this were twofold. The obvious wasconstructions of modern buildings in a different style and based ondifferent standards for the new hospital. The second, less obvious, wasthe upgrading of those facilities in existence to meet these new standards.It is no accident that very little evidence survives pre-Period III interms of interior detailing and that the majority of the same is to bedated between the 1880s - 1900.

It was during this time that the orientation of the school completelyreversed to focus on,the northern side of the site and this was in responseto Victoria Road becoming the principal means of' access and communication.

The major concentration of building activity at this time transferred tothe plateau to the north-east of the old school buildings. The distinctivecircular formation it makes in plan is certainly partly in response tothe natural features of the site but also equally it is likely to be areflection of the then current attitudes towards the mentally handicapped.A more protective or introverted design could not be created if it had beenpurposely planned. The railway which had taken the place of the formercreek was effectively shut out.

With regard to the latter it is evident that by this time the site hadachieved independence,of the natural water supply. As a corollaryexpectations of drainage, sewerage and water lines must also shift from thesouth to the north.

With this period also, expectations with regard to the archaeologicalevidence must necessarily change. The d~ps and pits of the previous erasare no longer a major concern as municipal cartage comes into being.Underfloor deposits of extant buildings, which for previous periods areviewed as a principal resource for uS to answer questions with regard toconstruction or functions, are necessarily to be treated differently.

I have in the respective section termed these deposits as "trust-funds" forfuture work. It is a common failing to view ones own contemporary or nearcontemporary structures as insignificant and in doing so, sew the seeds ofgreat distress and trial for the future commentators on our own society.If such an attitude had been current in, for example 1830, many of theproblems in reconstructing this site's develo~ment would not have occurred.

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As with Period III new attitudes with respect to the patients and advancedtechnology left their mark on the site. Facilities such as the X-ray andsolarium buildings are representative of this. A second major phase ofrefurbishing and improved standards of hygiene and cleanliness is alsoevidenced during this time, for example most of the additional sanitationunits were constructed between the 1930s and 1950s.

It is to be noted that no archaeological features are recorded for PeriodIV. Many of the extant structures stand on defined archaeological sitesand have, therefore, been discussed in the respective sections. Underfloordeposits also have not been specified, this not to minimise theirimportance but to respect that, especially in the later cases, these arestill forming and on~ is unwilling to "seal" them totally.

The overall growth of the site of Rydalmere has been haphazard, it has"just grown" but throughout it all there is -a kind of logic or at least athread of reason, that of necessity of four separate institutions. It- isvery rare that one is allowed the opportunity to see such a developmentover such a long pe-riod of time: with the additional element that the siteis still growing as it is studied. That makes Rydalmere a site of primaryimportance in historical, architectural, social and archaeological terms.

The developments of the final period of occupation on this site areprimarily dictated by those which went before. Any new construction wasnecessarily placed where space allowed. By this time a certain looseprecinctual arrangement had come into being. All residential areas areacross the other side of Victoria Road, wards and care centres areprimarily to the north, administration in the centre, service andindustrial works to the east, and the southern section of the site apartfrom a few minor facilities is largely abandoned.

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Iindeed one of thesociety, will probably be

Hence the underfloor'important as those pr~ -

The fact that this attitude is now current, andoutstanding features of contemporary Australianour own legacy to the development of this site.deposits of buildings post 1900 are regarded as1900.

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4.3 Period II

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4.6

Analysis of the Documentary & Physical Evidence(Landscape) - Craig Burton

General

Period I

Period III

Period IV

Identification of Elements

4.1 General

For the purposes of documenting the history of the landscape and setting ofthis site, certain precinct areas are identified and given an item numberand then related to a specific chronological period which reflected achange of use or uses on the site. This takes into account certainbiological historical, cultural and geographical factors. For each periodand each item, elements within the precinct are listed and brieflydescribed.

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The site and its setting has undergone considerable change from a ruralcontext in the early 1800s to a suburban/industrial context in the 1980s.The chronological sequence of events affecting this site are divided intofour major periods:-

Period IPeriod IIPeriod IIIPeriod IV

1813 - 18501850 - 18881888 - 19451945 - 1982

III

II

Period I deals with development of the site as a Female Orphan Schoolwhilst Period II is concerned with the Orphan School after the "introductionof boys (Protestant Orphan School). Period III reflects a change of use ofthe site to a Psychiatric hospital. Period IV deals with furtherdevelopment of the site as a Psychiatric Hospital to date. Five precinctsare identified in Period I. Six precincts are identified in Periods II andIII. Seven precincts are identified in Period IV.

The precincts reflect specific uses of the site. Precincts 2/ 3 and 4 11remain reasonably constant in extent throughout all the periods whilstPrecincts 1 and 5 are constantly changing. Precincts 6 and 7 evolve out of5 with the histo~ical development of the" site. 11Precinct 1

Precinct 2

Precinct 3

Precinct 4

Precinct 5

is the landscape and setting of the total site.

is the riverbank frontage to Parramatta River and is definedby a remnant band of predominately indigenous vegetation.

is the area of the original Orphan School buildings andimmediate grounds, representing the higher portions ofArthur' s Hill.

is the area of first cultivation including kitchen andflower gardens as well as orchards. Also includes thelocation of service buildings (stables, kitchen, laundryetc. )

is the are~ of Pastureland to the north of Arthur's Hillwhich became the focus for recreational facilities. Thisarea is characterised by gentle slopes to flat land.

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P-r-eG-i-nG-~t5,---i-s--E-ha-t-a-r-ea-04:--t-he-0:F-i:<iT-i-na-l-P-l:'-ee-i-nG-t:----§-w"1l-i-G-h-beGame--Gl.-i-V-i-Q.eQ~--I­

off by a new access road and subsequently cultivated both asa vineyard and orchard. T~is was later used as a buildingsite for new hospital accommodation.

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II Precinct 7

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is the lower part of Arthur's Hill and extensively reshapedat the beginning of the 20th Century for expansion of thePsychiatric Hospital accommodation. This precinct isdefined by the encircling Ha-Ha's which follow the contoursof the hill.

4.2 Period I, 1813-1850

The site is part of an original landgrant of 60 acres to Surgeon ThomasArndell.* This was Lot 26 in theParramatta District. Lot 26 wasbounded by Parramatta River in thesouth, Vineyard Creek to the east,Kissing Point Road to the north andMr. Palmers property "PembertonGrange" to the west. In 1791 Arndellestablished a farm on the site, ofwhich 3 acres were cleared and 18acres were under crop.*

The 'setting at this time was one of arural landscape with a backdrop ofindigenous Eucalyptus forest. Someinsight into the environment of thistime is given by a description of theParramatta district as perceived fromthe traveller on the packet boatwhich sailed daily between Parramattaand Sydney in 1793.*

"On both banks of the river onesattention is attracted by anumber of little creeks runningup the country, and the courseswhich are agreeably marked out bythe forest. Here at the verdantentrance of a stream isdiscovered the humble abode of anew colonist while the distantsound of the hatchet announceshis efforts and activity.Further on the eye is attractedby a natural meadow in whichwander the oxen, cows and horsesof a new established farm and thepicture is completed by theripening harvest of newlycultivated fields. Often on thesummit of picturesque hillock maybe discerned a large and elegantmansion surrounded by moreconsiderable cultivated lands. andcovered by greater numper offlocks and labourers allindicating it to be the propertyof a rich and industriousowner" •

In 1810 a decision* was made to builda Female Orphan School on ArthursHill on Arndell's grant. Arndell wasgiven a further grant in Baulkham!li.:I.I~ to compense.t.e ,

* Lands Dept. NSWMap & names of landholders in the Colonyof NSW

* Hist. Dictionary of NSW

* Rumsey, H.J.Notes on early Historyof Dundas (Rydalmere)Aust. Hist. Soc. J & Proc.V.3 pt.1 1915

* Sydney Gazette7 July-1810

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The foundation stone for thebuilding, designed by Mrs. Macquarie,was laid on 25th September 1813 andthe Sydney Gazette described:-

"the site is on an eminence onthe bank of the river oppositeMrs. MacArthurs Ground".

The principal building on the sitewas a symmetrical composition with adistinct Palladian referance,modelled on the Airds House inArgyll, Scotland by Mrs. Macquarie.The main facade faces ParramattaRiver and is built at an angle sothat the central axis of thecomposition faces south west towardsthe already established "Elizabeth_Farm".

The reasoning behind this orientationis unclear, although as no climaticadvantage is seen by the positioningof the building masses it would seemthe decision was predominatelyvisual. Certainly the river changesdirection towards the south-west justbeyond the Western boundary of thesite near the point where Clay CliffCreek (from the Macarthurs' property)joins the Parramatta. It may be thata more picturesque view over thewater body generated this angledsiting.

Another possibility is theconsideration that this building wassited as part of a more grandpicturesque landscape compositionincorporating the Whole settlement ofParramatta with key buildings such asGovernment House, St. Johns Church,the Gaol, the Rev. Marsden's Houseand the Female Orphan Schoolexpressed as objects in thelandscape. An oblique view of theOrphan School from the river or asfar as Government House would providean interesting view.

Mrs. Macquarie took an activeinterest in all these buildings andtheir settings as well as sitesSydney*. However further research isrequired to provide evidence forthese notions.

* Gothic TasteJ. Kerr & J. Broadbentp.38

The principal building was notfinished until 1818, when:-

"the land attached to it has beenlately divided and fenced andsome attempt has 'been made toclear it of timber and preparefor cultivation. It was theopinion of persons experienced inthe agriculture of N.S.W. thatthe land would not repay theexpense incurred in thisattempt" .*

By the end of 1818 a high fence waserected to prevent children gettingto the water or road and mention* wasmade of some 117 grazing cattle and354 sheep on the property.

In August 1819 John Matthews, thefirst gardener was appointed,although vegetables and potatoes hadto still be brought in as the groundswere not producing.* Matthew's staywas short and he was discharged inthe following year.

As Patroness Mrs. Macquarie wasconcerned about improvements and in1820 she strongly recommended furtherfencing to contain stock and that thechildren should be employed ingardening.*·By February 1821 theground was in cultivation. Elevennew convicts were' employed to carryout fencing and cultivating the landas well as fetching wood and water.The men were Superintended by Mr. E.Knox (overseer at Grose Farm) underMrs. Macquarie's direction, and waslater replaced by Mr. John Forester.By the end of 1822 a gardener was inresidence on the site. Grass seed(clover) and seed wheat were importedfrom~Grose:..Farm.*

The supply or fresn.--wa'Eer-was aproblem, particular.ly in times ofdrought which was common. Theeastern border of the property wasdefined by Vineyard Creek and it washere that two major impondmerits werecreated by darning with earth walls.*

* Bigge index p.71.

* F.G.S. minutesA. G. 4/403

* F.G.S. minutesA.G. 4/4031 Sept. 1819

* F.G.S. minutesA. G. 4/40314 July 1820

* F.G.S. minutesA.G. 4/403

* A.G. 13473D-March 1831

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A pathway from the main buildings tothe impondments defined the areas forcultivation (south-east corner of thesite) into a kitchen, garden and a~eat plantation with an orchardplanted later.

The productive sections of Colonialgardens were often removed, visually,from the principal building so as notto interfere with the composition ofthe setting which often resembled apark setting or pleasure grounds. Ifthis was difficult screen plantingwas employed to disquise the morefunctional aspect of the grounds asagainst the Picturesque. At theFemal e Orphan School site, theinstitutional quality and porbablelack of funds seemed to delayI improvements' in terms of ornamentalhorticulture. The location ofkitchen garden, crops and orchardswould seem to revolve firstly aroundfunctional requirements of wateringfrom Vineyard Creek and, secondlyfrom visual considerations. To sameextent the band of indigenousvegetation left along the riverfrontwould have acted as a visual screenwhen viewed from the river (thecommon viewpoint as it was thetransport 'corridor and link withSydney) •

Also many of the early drainage lineswere directed to the site ofcultivation as water was a scarceresource and the land fell towardsthe river. The scarcity of water mayhave had an influence on the appar~nt

lack of p~anting or ornamental garden­making other than cultivated crops onthe site. The pathway to the pondsalso gave access to a boathouse and abathing house located in this part ofthe site.* A large and old treeSchinus aeriea (peppercorn tree)existing on this site at the riverbank may mark the site of the earlyboathouse although further researchmay be needed to verify this. Awharf was constructed more to thewestern boundary and almost in linewith the central axis of the schoolbuildings.

* Map 1833A.O. 4902

This was an important link as theriver was used extensively fortransport. A road sweeps up from thewharf to link with the main entranceroad and carriage circle and carriedon to the stables. The early roadsappear to be ~arth tracks formed bycutting and falling into thehillside. *

The main access to the site by landwas along the western boundary(Rydalmere Road). With theinsufficient supply of water and thedifficuity in obtaining it the~e

appears to be little planting upuntil C. 1830s. *

The landscape was characterised bycleared and grassed areas, fencedenclosures with paling fences and thecreation of sharp visual interfacewith the remnant indigenous woodlandor forest. With the completion ofthe dams and the pipe and pump systemplanned by Brown & Busby water wasmore accessible and allowed forwatering exotic ornamental planting.Somewhere between 1832-1852 twoPopulus species (probably Populusdilatata) were planted symmetricallyto the main facade of the schoolbuilqings and remained there untilthe 1890s.*

4.~ Period II - 1850-1888

This represents the introduction ofboys from the closure of thecabramatta Orphan School and theconsequences of this were, moreenclqsures, further clearing, furtherplanting of exotic ornamentalvegetation and an increase in the

....aID.Q,unt_Qf ct:!It..ivatecLgro,uni!s. and.,pa.s truzaqe ,

* NSW Govt. Printer1870s ? Photographs

* Mason, Edward.Views of Sydney &

surrounding districts.1820s.

* Comparison of PhotographsNSW Govt. Printer'sOffice. SE 1735, SA 1727

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The enclosure entailed a major freestanding sandstone wall to divideboys and girls playgrounds as well astimber paling, picket and split railfences.* Ornamental plantingconsisted almost entirely ofconifers. Pinus species definePrecinct 3 with Precinct 6 with astraight row planting to the northernside of the paling fence containingthe orphans playground. TwoAraucaria heterophylla (NorfolkIsland Pine) were planted on theNorth-South axis and symmetricallylocated within the carriage circle.The two existing populus species werecontained within two symmetricalplanting beds, fenced off with whitepainted pickets.* The remainder ofthe area remained as a grass slopedown to the narrow band of indigenousvegetation along the riverbank.

The use of planting Norfolk Islandpines was very fashionable in theearly days of the Colony and theirchoice on this site reflects this.As a visual element they are a veryfo:rmal statement and suggestive of anattempt at creating an orderedenvironmental setting for the spacesadjacent to the main facade of theprincipal building. As elsewhere inthe Colony these were planted withinthe carriage circle. It was commonto provide an open sweep of grass toretain views or locate fo:rmalplanting expressed as objects withinthe grassed area on which to focus.The sparse treatment of the ground onthe Orphan School site would haveemphasised these plantings.

A further road was formed as a trackto the north to connect with thepasturage (that land to the north ofVictoria Road). * This ran to thenorth-western corner of the propertyand crossed the low lying land. Aditch was fo:rmed to drain this landit was drained towards a pond (usefulfor stock) and then fell towardsVineyard Creek.

* PhotographsNSW Govt. Printer'sOfficePlan DPRProgress reportInspector of Charities12 Oct. 1868 VPLA1868-9 v.3 p.481-487

* PhotographsNffiv Govt. Printer'sOffice SH 1735,SH 1727

* Site Plan,PWD 7401

A second track was formed towards thenorth-east to link up with a dairyand associated farm buildings in thenorth-ea~tern corner of the site.*

Both these tracks were later to formmajor access roads in Periods III andIV respectively.

4.4 Period III - 1888-1945

The Protestant Orphan School ceasedto function on the' site and in 1888the buildings wer handed over to theLunacy Department. This represents achange of use and perhaps the periodof greatest change in terms of thecultural landscape. In 1891 the sitegained independent status as theRydalmere Hospital for the Insane.This is the period of major treeplantations, extensive flower andfoliage beds, a terraced lawnembankment, flights of stone steps,stone retaining walls and stoneedging (both split and dressed) topaths and roads. Also a conservatoryand bush house were added to the sitewhich allowed bedding out to occuraccording to the influences of the'Gardenesque' landscape style. Largepla~ting beds occur with either anemphasis on flowering characteristicsor foliage characteristics andcontaining focal plants, particularlyCortaderia Selloana (Pampas Grass).*

A description of the 'Flower Qarden'*of 1880 fits well the situation ofthe Rydalmere site:-

"The beds should be symmetricaland fit nicely into each other,the simpler form_of bed ispreferred, and those in,which not

____,,-e~y_acute . ~Il:g,les:occur.

For separating the beds, nothingcan be better than a nice grassturf. It gives a pleasing groundwork for the lants,_and nearlyall the flowers will be harmonywith it".

* Map and Site planPWD 7401

* Comparison of Photographs.NSW Govt. Printer'sOffice andA.O. 4/8686

* Treseder, JohnThe Garden 1880pp 10-12

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"The flower garden always looksbetter if backed up with greenshrubs; not immediately around itbut away in the distance, and ifthe shrubbery is nicely arranged,pretty grassy glades may beformed throughout.

The curves of the shrub bordersshould come out full andgraceful, then recede and comeforward again, forming a recesswith only a narrow aperture atthe entrance. There may beplanted at the openings of theserecesses a specimen shrub, sayCedrus deodara, eryptomeriaelegans, Thuja lobbii or any oflike ornamental character."

Fashionable tree planting species ofthe 1880s and 1890s are all evidenton the site.* These include specimentrees such as:-

Cedrus deodara, Oriental Plane,Magnolia grandiflora, Ulmus chinensis(now parvifolia) and Schinus molle(now aeriea) •

Trees were either planted asspecimens in a lawn or in aplantation or boundary plantation,the latter fenced off to avoid damageby stock. Plantations were seen toattract birds and thus ~tend theexperience of nature whereas specimentrees were located for visual orhorticultural interest.

At Rydalmere specimen trees areconfined to the 'frontage' and aroundthe carriage circle and also inassociation with the moreadministrative areas of thehospital. Plantations were locatedat the northern boundary and in andaround the pasturage and later aroundthe recreational grounds which werevisible from the patients' wards.With the introduction of thePsychiatric Wards came airing courtsplanted out with specimen trees ­most commonly with Cedrus deodarareflecting the fashionable influencesof the end of the 19th Century. The·airing courts were defined in extent

* Site inspection. CB

Iby the construction of fenced Ha­Ha's. The courts all have straightlined formal paths interspersed withareas of lawn with sometimesshelters, pigeon houses and octagonalseating, usually located around aspecimen tree in a formal sYmmetricalcomposition. Each part of thecomposition was complete within'itself yet perhaps did not relate tothe total landscape.

The former pasturage areas becamegrassed recreational areas, includinga fdrmal oval, later known as thecricket ground. * The oval was, at~irst, fenced and surrounded byflower gardens and boundaryplantations. Later, by the end ofthe period, presumably because of thelack of maintenance and the removalof grazing stock, the oval andplantations were unfenced and theflower garden ceased to existallowing the grass to dominateagain.

* Site PlansPWD 7401

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* Comparison Site PlansPWD & Photographs,Govt. Printer's Office

* 1901, 1903

The kitchen garden, orchard andvineyard remained in a similar state,to that in Period II.* Straight lineformal paths'in these areas (as wellas in the airing courts) contrastsharply with the curving roads andpaths of t~e more recentdevelopment. *

The Federation period ischaracterised by the predominant useo.f...-nati-v-e-tree Planting-as---------------------------I­specimens. Plants used were:-Brachychiton discolor, Celtisaustralis, Castanospermum australe,Archontoph?enix cunninghamiana,Livistona australis, Grevillearobusta and Araucaria species.

A new entrance road was created,byformalising the track to VictoriaRoad in the north-western corner ofthe site thus taking the emphasis offthe older Orphan School Buildings asa point of arrival. An entrance gateremained off Orphan School Road(Rydalmere Road). However, thearrival experience was one of aninformaJ, park-like' errv Lnonmenti rather"thgp,· .the_ fQ~?!'l:i;~Y_~9:e- the Ol:"phg.-n'__School forecourt.

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Three phases of planting materialused on this site seems to haveoccurred with this period. * The £irstwas that of the 1880s and 90s with ause of conifers as anItalianate/Gardenesque influence.The second was that of the Federationperiod and corresponds to the massivedevelopment on the site between 1901and 1904. The third was that of the1920s when a revival of formalism inplanting layout and composition waspopular.

The 1920s phase also reintroduces thelawn as an integrating element in thelandscape. Formal avenues ofmonocultural species are introducedas well as symmetrical compositions.*The three most common plantsintroduced in this phase are:­Jacaranda mimosifolia, Cinnamomumcamphora (Camphor laurel) andCalodendron capense (cape chestnut).The single Ginkgo biloba specimenlocated in the centre of the carriagecircle probably also dates from thisphase. Further research is needed todetermine the exact dating of theseplants.

The intrOduction of formality inarrangement of spaces and in theplanting pattern is a reflection ofthe fashion at this time. Likespecies such as Jacarandahmimosifolia are planted in groups offour around a central object orpaving layout. This type ofarrangement is best represented inthe airing court spaces adjacent,tothe Wards. These formal attemptsonly relate to individual spaces anddo not relate to the overall designor setting.

Also during this period the previousditch running through the pasturagearea was piped under the oval andthen eventually to the vicinity ofVineyard Creek.*

* Site inspection CB

* Site inspection CB

* Site Plans PWD

A major impact on the setting in thisperiod was the redefinition of theeastern boundary by the inclusion oftwo railway lines cutting off visualand partially physical access toVineyard Creek.

4.5 Period IV 1945-1982

This period is characterised by a newchange in entrance roads followingresumption of land for ther~alignment of Rydalmere Avenue andVictoria Road. Also further buildingdevelopment has eroded-the unity ofthe landscape precincts. Thecharacter of the precincts havechanged in that they are not so welldefined. This is evident when the Ha­Hats were filled in from 1952 on.New roads were formed and an overpassbridge constructed over Victoria Roadto link the two parcels of land aswell as other roads and carparkspenetrating Precincts 3 and 6.Additional planting to Period IVI isminimal and is almost exclusivelyAustralian native plant material:­Callistemon species, Eucalyptusnicholii, Eucalyptus, citriodora,Eucalyptus haemastoma, Casuarinaglanca, Hymenosporum flavum, Acaciaspecies and Lepto spermum species.

This represents an expression of agrowing interest in the use ofAustralian native plant materialthroughout the period with anemphasis on the more recent years.

Apart from a general awareness ofreintroducing an Australian characterthrough the use of this nativematerial the choice is also made onthe basis of reducing maintenancecosts and-particularly wateringneeds-.

It is also a reflection of thefashion particularly strong, in thenational sense in the 1970s.

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4.6 Identification of Elements

The identification of elements arelocated on plan drawings and listedhere under Periods. The system ofidentifiction indicates; 'L' forLandscape, I, II, etc. (Ramannumeral) for the Period, arabicnumeral 1,2,3 etc represents theprecinctual area on the site, lowercase letters denote particularelements within a precinct andfinally another arabic numeral (ifnecessary) will indicate differentforms of that element, e.g., Plantingas an element but comprisingdifferent species.

PERIOD I

L-I1aL-I1bL-I1cL-I1dL-I1e

L-I2a

L-I3aL-I3bL-I3cL-I3d 1-2

L-I4aL-I4bL-I4c

L-I5a

PERIOD II

L--L1a

L-II2aL-II2d

L-II3aL-II3bL-II3cL-II3d 1-2L-II3d 3L-II3d 4-5L-II3eL-II3fL-II3g

L-II4aL-II4bL-II4cL-II4eL-II4f

L-II5aL-U5b 1L-II5cr;:":iise-- --L-II5f 1-2L-II5gL-II5hL-II5i

L-II6aL-II6bL-II6dL,-II6e

SettingEucalypt forestFencingEntry drivewayPonds

River front

Track to jettyEntrance driveGrassed bankPop~us species

Path to pondsKitchen gardenOrchard

Clearing and previously cultivated land

Setting

River frontSchinus aeriea

Track to jettyCarriage sweepGrass bankPoptl.lus speciesShrub planting (unidentified)Araucaria heterophyllaPicket fenceStone fencePaling fence

Path to pondsKitchen gardenOrchardPondCreek environment

Orchard~--------

Pathway to Victoria RoadPinus Species (radiata?)Ditch

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-

III

II PERIOD III

L-III1a

I L-III2aL-III2bL-III2d 1

I L-III2d 2-3L-III2d 4L-III2d 5

IL-III2d 6L-III2d 7

L-III3a 1

I L-III3a 2L-III3a 3L-III3a 4

"IL-III3a 5L-III3bL-III3c

"IL-III3dL-III3d 2L-III3d 3-4L-III3d 5-15

I L-III3d 16L-III3d 17L':"III3d 18

IL-III3d 19L-III3d 20L-III3d 21L-III3d 22

I L-III3d 23-26L-III3d 27-29L-III3d 30-39

I L-III3d 40L-III3d 41-51L-III3d 52

IL-III3d 53

L-III3d 54-64L-III3d 65

I L-III3d 66L-III3d 67-68L-III3d 69

"I L-III3d 70L-III3d 71L-III3d 72

IL-III3d 73L-III3d 74L-III3d 75-79L-III3e 1

"""IL-III3e 2L-III3e 3

'II'I

Setting

RiverfrontStone retaining wallSchinus aerieaAraucaria cunninghamianaMagnolia grandifloraUlmus speciesPinus sp .Brachychiton discolor

Road to jetty and boathousePath from carriage sweep to jettyPath to chief attendent's cottageAiring court pathsStone path from F.O.S. to School houseCarriage sweepTerraced grass bankFlower gardensFicus pumilaCedrus deodaraJacaranda mimosifoliaGinkgo bilobaAraucaria cunninghamianaAraucaria bidwilliiAraucaria heterophyllaPinus radiataPinus radiataCedrus deodaraPlatanus species (23 removed)Macrozamia speciesCinnamomum camphoraGrevillea robustaArchontophoenix cunninghamianaArecastrum romanzoffianum ?Hedge of : Olea africanaPittosporum undulatumPopulus species? (removed)Airing court grassed areasCastanospermum australeLivistona austral isHowea forsterianaWashingtonia palmAraucaria heterophyllaTristania confertaSchinus aerieaBrachychiton acerifoliumUnidentified trees (removed)Split stone edging"Dressed stone edgingBrick edging

L-III3f 1L-III3f 2L-III3f 3L-III3f 4L-III3f 5L-III3g

L-III4aL-III4bL-III4cL-III4d 1-6L-III4d 7L-III4d 8-9L-III4e 1L-III4e 2

L-III5aL-III5bL-III5cL-III5d 1-7L-III5d 8L-III5d 9L-III5d 10L-III5d -11L-III5d 12L-III5d 13-18L-III5d 19L-III5d 20L-III5d 21-31L-III5d 32L-III5d 33-45L-III5d 46L-III5d 47L-III5d 48-77L-III5eL-III5fL-III5gL-III5hL-III5iL-III5jL-III5kL-III51L-III5m

L-III6a 1-3L-III.6a 4L-III6bL-1II6c 1L-III6d 1-30L-III6d xL-III6d 31-38L-III6d 39-42L-III6d 43-47L-III6d 48L-III6d 49L-III6d 50-55L-III6d YL-III6e

Stone retaining wallTwo rail split fencePaling fenceEntrance gatesGalvanised iron fenceHa-Ha

Path to pondsVegetable and fruit gardenOrchardTrees (unidentified, removed)Hedge (unidentified)Trees (unidentified)Galvanised iron fenceWire fence

Grazing paddockRoad to old farm buildingsCultivated groundsPlantationsGrevillea robustaMelaleuca linifoliaEucalyptus speciesUlmus parvifoliaPlatanus speciesCalodendron capensePlatanus speciesCinnamomum camphoraJacaranda mimosifoliaSchinus aerieaUnidentified tree species (removed)Pinus radiataMorus albaCinnamomum camphoraDitchPondOValTwo rail split fenceFlower bedsMedical officers gardenTennis courtsBowling greenPaling fence

OrChardVinyard.PathDitchCinnamomum camphoraOrchard species (removed)Eucalyptus species (removed)Populus species (removed)Unidentified tree species (removed)Eucalyptus species (removed)Araucaria bidwilliiUnidentified plants (removed)Leptosp~rmum speciesStone edging t? driveway

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-III

IIIII.1IIIII

IIIIIII.1

L-III6fL-III6gL-III6hL-III6i

L-III7aL-III7b 1L-III7b 2L-III7b 3L-III7c 1-5L-III7d 1-10L-III7d 11-12L-III7d 13-34L-III7d 35-44L-III7 d 45-46L-III7d 47-48L-III7 d 49-53L-III7d 54-62L-III7d 63L-III7d 64L-III7 d 65-66L-III7d 67L-III7 d 68-72L-III7d 73L-III7d 74-75L-III7d 76L-III7d 77L-III7d 78L-III7d 79L-III7d 1-4

PERIOD IV

L-IV1a

L-IV2aL-IV2bL-IV2cL-IV2d 1-6L-IV2d 7I-IV2d 8L-IV2d 9L-IV2d 10-12L-IV2d 13L-IV2d 14

L-IV3a 1L-IV3a 2

L-IV3a 3L-IV3a 4L-IV3a 5-6L-IV3bL-IV3c

FenceHa-HaAiring courtGarden of Clerk of Asylum

Central lawnsRing roadCentral lawn pathsPaths between wardsAiring courtsCedrus deodaraEucalyptus speciesJacaranda mirnosifoliaCinnamomum camphoraPodocarpus elatusTristania confertaBauhinia speciesConifer speciesAraucaria cunninghamianaQuercus ilexUlmus parvifoliaQuercus ilexWashingtonia palmsCeltis sinensisBrachychiton discolorHymenosporum flavumSchinus aerieaCalodendrum capenseOlea africanaHa-Ha

Setting

RiverfrontRetaining wallIndigenous vegetationPinus radiataBrachychiton discolorMagnolia grandifloraUlmus speciesAraucaria cunninghamianaPinus speciesSchinus aeriea

Road to boathouseSteps & path from boathouse to carriagesweepPath to chief attendents cottagePaths to Ward 1 (II-B3)Airing court pathsCarriage sweep (paths & road)Terraced grass bank

L-IV3d 1-2L-IV3d 3-6L-IV3d 7-23L-IV3d 24L-IV3d 25L-IV3d 26-31L-IV3d 32-34L-IV3d 35L-IV3d 36L-IV3 d 37-40L-IV3d 41L-IV3d 42-43L-IV3d 44-49L-IV3d 50-53L-IV3d 54-64L-IV3d 65L-IV3d 66-77L-IV3d 78L-IV3d 79-80L-IV3 d 81L-IV3d 82L-IV3d 83L-IV3d 84-87L-IV3d 88L-IV3d 89L-IV3d 90L-IV3d 91L-IV3d 92L-IV3d 93L-IV3 d 94-95L-IV3d 96L-IV3 d 97-98L-IV3d 99L-IV3d 100L-IV3d 101L-IV3d 102L-IV3d 103L-IV3d 104L-IV3d 105L-IV3d 106-110t,-IV3d 111L-IV3d 112L-IV3d 113L-IV3d 114L-IV3d 115-116L-IV3d 117L-IV3d 118-119"

- ~~-~ ~ --- ---L-IV3e 1L-IV3e 2L-IV3f 1L-IV3f 2L-IV3g

Flower gardenCedrus deodaraJacaranda mimosifoliaGinkgo bilobaAraucaria cunninghamianaAraucaria bidwilliiAraucaria heterophyllaMagnolia grandifloraBrachychiton acerifoliumUlmus parvifoliaPinus radiataHowea fosterianaPlatanus' speciesMacrozamia speciesCinnamomum camphoraGrevillea robustaArchontophoenix cunninghamianaTrachycarpus excelsa ?Livistonia australisWashingtonia speciesHowea fosterianaHedgePopulus speciesTristania confertaEucalyptus salignaEucalyptus haemastomaStenocarpus sinuatusSyzigium paniculatumLigustrum sinenseViburnum speciesHymenosporum flavumLiquid amber styracifluaCastanospermum australeRondoletia speciesEucalyptus nicholiPicea speciesRose bedBauhinia speciesLagerstroemia indicaCitrus treesWisteria sinensisBlack berriesClivea bedNative vegetation plantationSchinus aerieaCastanospermum,australe~

Euca~~tus nicholiiDressed stone edgingBrick edgingStone retaining wallWire fenceHa Ha

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1-

III

IIIIII

1II-II1:1

-I

...

L-IV4aL-IV4bL-IV4cL-IV4d 1-4L-IV4d 5-8L-IV4d 9-10L-IV4d 11L-IV4d 12L-IV4d 13L-IV4d 14L-IV4eL-IV4f

L-IV5aL-IV5bL-IV5cL-IV5d 1-2L-IV5d 3L-IV5d 4L-IV5d 5-32L-IV5d 33-47L-IV5d 48-50L-IV5d 51-52L-IV5d 53-58L-IV5d 59-60L-IV5d 61L-IV5d 62-63L-IV5d 64L-IV5d 65L-IV5d 66L-IV5d 67

L-IV5 d 69-72L-IV5d 73-76L-IV5d 77L-IV5d 78-82L-IV5d 83L-IV5d 84L-IV5d 85

L-IV5eL-IV5fL-IV5gL-IV5hL-IV5i

L-IV6aL-IV6b 1L-IV6b 2L-IV6cL-IV6d 1-28L-IV6d 29L-IV6d 30-31L-IV6d 32-34L-IV6d 35-42L-IV6d 43-44

Path (partly demolished)Flower garden (demolished)OrchardCallistemon speciesEucalyptus nicholiJacaranda mimosifoliaEucalyptus citirodoraBrachychiton acerifoliumPinus radiataCinnamomum camphoraAsphalt pavingWire fence

Grassed areasNew entry roadHospital overpassHowea fosterianaUlmus parvifoliaCedrus deodaraCinnamomum camphoraJacaranda mimosifoliaGrevillea robustaPlatanus speciesCalodendron capenseSchinus aerieaMelaleuca linarifoliaEucalyptus speciesPinus radiataMorus albaCedrus deodaraMixed native plantings

Casuanna sp. dominantBauhinia sp.Conifer sp .Brachychiton discolorGrevillea robustaAraucaria heterophyllaSchinus aerieaArea of predominantly

Cinnamomum camphora &

Robinia psuedo-acaciaWire fenceTennis courtsBowling greensStone edgingstone retaining wall

Grassed areasRoad & carparkRoad to Ward BlockAiring courtCinnamomum camphoraAraucaria bidwilliiQuercus palustrisCupressus speciesCupressus species, 'varigata'Standard roses

L-IV6d 45-51L-IV6d 52-60

L-IV6d 61-96L-IV6d 97-101L-IV6d 102-106L-IV6d 107-108L-IV6d 109L-IV6d 110-111L-IV6d 112L-IV6d 113L-IV6eL-IV6fL-:-IV6gL-IV6hL-IV6iL-IV6j

L-IV7aL-IV7bL-IV7 c 1-3L-IV7d 1-11L-IV7d 12-13L-IV7d 14-37L-IV7d 38-47L-IV7d 48-49L-IV7 d 50-,51L-IV7d 52L-IV7 d 53-61L-IV7d 62L-IV7 d 63-64L-IV7d 65-69L-IV7d 70L-IV7d 71-72L-IV7d 73L-IV7d 74L-IV7d 75L-IV7d 76L-IV7 d 77-78L-IV7d 79

Leptospermum speciesPrunus speciesCallistemora sp.Leptospermum speciesEucalyptus nicholiiHakea salicifoliaLiquidamber styracifulaAcacia baileyanaBrachychiton acerifoliumGrevillea robustaCedrus deodarastone edging to old entry roadWire fenceAiring courtOld entry roadStone bridgeConcrete retaining wallwith stone base

Central lawnsRing roadAiring courtCedrus deodaraEucalyptus speciesJacaranda mimosifoliaCinnamomum camphoraPodocarpus elatusTristania confertaBauhinia speciesCupressus speciesAraucaria cunninghamianaQuercus ilexWashingtonia palms.Celtis sinensisBrachychiton discolorHymenosporum flavumSchinus aerieaCalodendrum capenseOlea africanaUlmus parvifoliaLagenaria patersonia

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

III

5.1 General Statement of Significance

The Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospitral is a complexremarkable for the physical survival of the evidenceof nearly 170 years of continuous governmentinstitutional use, containing:

III

Ii

..1

5.0

( a)

(b)

( c)

( d)

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

the first purpose built orphan asylum inthe colony together with its extensionsand adaptions

a fine group of late nineteenth and earlytwentieth century hospital accommodationpavilions and service structures

accretions and new construction many ofwhich reflect changing attitudes topsychiatric care, hygiene, safety and design

a substantially intact setting.

II11,·11:1·1

.1

I,II

As' such it demonstrates the evolution of architecturaland landscape attitudes to institutional care over alonger period than any other establishment in the State.For the same reasons it is also a site of unusualarchaeological potential.

The original Orphan School is substantially.intact andis significant in its association with Mrs Macquariewho provided the design. Despite being purpose-builtit was not a specialized structure for orphans, butwas based on Mrs Macquarie's family home 'Airds House'in Scotland and together with Government House, Marsden'sHouse and St. John's Church, Parramatta it wasintended to be a picturesque and nostalgic element inthe landscape. Such an approach was typical of theMacquarie period. The School is further associated withSamuel Marsden who supervised its protracted constructionand Francis Greenway who proposed improvements. It isnow the only surviving charitable institution buildingfrom the Macquarie period.

The development of the major asylum buildings at the turnof the century was the climax of thirty years ofexperimentation by Frederick Norton Manning, and theColonial and Government Architects, with the design ofpsychiatric and charitable accommodation at Gladesville,Callen Park, Parramatta, Rookwood and Kenmore. Itjoined a capacity for isolation and the convenience andsafety of single level development with reasonablecompactness. It also achieved a balance of dor.mitory,single room and day room accommodation which wassatisfactory for contemporary requirements.

The wards themselves curved gently round a central greencontaining supervisory accommodation and adjacent servicestructures. However they were not introspective and theairing yards were outward looking gardens from whicha sense of enclosure had been banished by the use ofHa Ha's. Environmental quality was enhanced by therelationship with the surrounding landscape and by acombination of modest scale, homogeneous materials,fine masonry detailing and picturesque roofline.These qualities remain important to the place.

5.2 Criteria for Assessing the Significance ofIndividual Elements

IIIII

The questions set out below will help in assessing thesignificance of individual elements within the precinct.The three primary questions in the left hand columnrelate to capacity to demonstrate some aspect ofinterest (A), to associations (B) and toaesthetic qualities (C). The second stage questionsin the right hand column will help determine thelevel of significance.

III

b. Is there documented evidence ofthe impact of the association on

I---------------------------------the-personj-s?

A. Does the layout, or fabricof the element itself,provide evidence whichdemonstrates

- a phase of institutional,philosophy or design?

- the taste of a period?the customs or usages ofa period?

- industrial or tradefunctions?

- sanitary disposal, water,gas, drainage, lighting,and cooking systems ofa period?

- workmanship?- use of materials?

B.Has-<-t:he--e±·ememt a- s<trongassociation with a pe!son orpersons of interest?

a. Is it a rare survival?

b. Is it an unusually intactexample?

c. Is it a fine example?

d. Is it an early example?

e. Is it a climactic example?

f. Is it a seminal example?

g. Is it one of a group thetotality of which isimportant to the place?

a. Is ~here evidence of ~he

association in <the fabric?

IIIIIIII1-

c. Has the association been sosignificant as to assume a Isymbolic as mythological aspect?

II

IIII

"'II

~I

1~I

1fl>:'1,

:1"I.'"

"'I1I·1

c. Does the element havesensory (i.e. largelyvisual) qualities * whichenable it to enhance itssurroundings?

* These may be potentialqualities whichconservation action mayrecover and thus enablethe element to enhanceits surroundings.

a. Does the texture and colour of itsmaterials harmonise with thecharacter of the predominant'brickof the precinct?

b. Is its form sympathetic to thepredominant nineteenth centurydesign characteristics of theprecinct?

c. Is its scale within a range thatis appropriate to the character ofthe precinct?

!i,,J,j

,',:

"

.,,

!",

. ,

, ,

6. 0 GRAPHIC EVIDENCE

I,IIIIIIIIIIIIIII1­II

I~

81e1 ,-....

8IcI

81b2

IIIIII·1IIIIIIIIII1I:1

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL6.1.1. IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURES PERIOD I

4IeSi"

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL6.1.2. IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES PERIOD I

, .

IIII1II1II'I.I'I'I:I'I~

1-

II,]

PERIOD 11

G-BIIOl

G-- GI:JBllo2

II1III1I1I·III·111 ~--=Blldl

. ~Bad2

III. RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALI 6. 2.1. IDENTIFICAT10N OF STRUCTURES

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL6.2.2. IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES PERIOD 1I

rIII

III·IIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIII1IIIIII1II·II

'-BlIIa8

LBIlIa14I "(Stairs)

r-BIlIaI3

BlIIa9 (R teatning l'.Q/{)

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL6.3.1. IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURES PERIOD III

jAlIIa13

- - AlIIa21A1IIb7 AlIIa2;?

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL6.3.2. IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES PERIOD 111

'lJ

•III

11IIIIIIIIIIIIII

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALI 6.4. IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURES PERIOD IV

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL6.5 PRECINCT SETIINGS PERIODS I -IV

PERIOD I

•III

•IIIIIIIIIIIIIII

PERIOD IV

PERIOD II

PERIOD ill

/I

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----1I\\\II

ff

ffIIIIIIII 1e\\IIIJ

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\\-------- \

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3c

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1c -- - - -- -- --T----- I

;< /// -, ///

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RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL6. 6. LANDSCAPE ELEMENT LOCATION PERIOD I

I;II:I

1II

11I

11I

11I

11I

I :I

I :I

1 !I

I \I

I :I-

I II

I :II

I 11I

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60

5a

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....jI\\\II

4f .II

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IIIIIIII\\

II

A"..... _J//\

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---- \---J..-.

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL6. 7. LANDSCAPE ELEMENT LOCATION PERIOD II

111PERIOD

2b

PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALELEMENT LOCATION

502

&dy1

0EJI

RYDALMERE6. 8. LANDSCAPE

IIIIII

. IIIII~ 1

e15i1--'I

15~4647I . J...--<:J~--'-'''

,IIIII'IIIIIIIIIIIIIII

LEGEND_ GALV. IRON FENCE-1-1- SPLIT RAIL FENCE- STONE WALL----- SPLIT STONE EDGING-- DRESSED STONE EDGING..........-- STONE RETAINING WALL~ CONC & STONE' RETAINING

WALL

11.

4b

2c

8~~--------------

2c

20 .

50

-B~__ __ 3 I \.!!.!:)

------- --- .»> 5e--

~2C _-f~--_"":_-- 2,..,..- 2c __ - - - - - - -- --.: f.--- ---

RYDALMERE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL --<,

6. 9 LANDSCAPE ELEMENT LOCATION PERIOD IV

..

School c1a19

/'

Reproduced with permission of the StateMitchell

Bonwick r Plan of FemaleML - BT Box 36 Plan 16c

6.10

I

I

IIIIIII

I

IIII

IIIIII

Reproduced, with permission of the Archives Authority ofNew South Wales.

IIIII

I

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6.11 Protestant Orphan School, 1870, Government (Colonial)Architect Plans of Public Buildings AONSW, A02361

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-----~OSPITAL ri.»t INSANE.

pARRAMATTA• P- Q,5C1I110 L

,

,

-N° I-

6.12 Parramatta Hospital for the Insane (Late P.O. School), 1888, PWD MH 9/78

6.13 Plan Showing Contours, Features and Buildings within areadedicated for Hospital for Insane Rydalmere, 1893, LD 682-3000.

Reproduction by permission of the Department of Local Governmentand Lands, New South Wales.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIII

6.14 Hospital for the Insane at Rydalmere, W.L. Vernon, GovernmentArchitect, 5/3/1903, PWD 34426

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIII

PIAN:"~ lootours Features and BUildt!\il:i·".ill area

.rbh or

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

J'AI(RA,~fATTA

IUIIIIItlIOIlUIIP..._..._....-

6.15 View of Female Orphan School, Parramatta, 1822, Lycett,ML Ref. F980.1/L

Reproduced with permission of the State Library of NSW,Mitchell Library.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

.~ ,

6.16 View of Female Orphan School, Parramatta, c1829

Augustus Earle 1793-1838Female Orphan School Parramatta New South WalesWatercolour 17.8 x 31 cmNK 12/30Rex Nan Kivell collectionNational Library of Australia

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

6.17 View from Parramatta, Female Orphan School, c1860,F.M. Montague, ML Re£. ZML703

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Reproduced withMitchell Library.

of the State Library of NSW,

II

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

6.18 View of Protestant Orphan School, c1870, NSW GP,

Photograph - New South Wales Government Printing

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

SH1735

IOffice

II

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII W

6.19 View of Protestant Orphan School, c1870, NSW GP,

Photograph - New South Wales Government Printing

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

SH1727

IOffice

II

----------~~~ - -

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

6.20 View of School House, after 1870, NSWGP, SH 1746

New South Wales Government Office

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIII f

IIIIII

6.21 View from South-West, Protestant Orphan School, withOrphans, c1880, NSWGP, SH1728.

Photograph - New South Wales Government Printing Office.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

6.22 View from North-East, Protestant Orphan School, withOrphans, c1880, NSWGP, SH1730

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Photograph - New South Wales Government Office

II

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

6.23 View from South-West, Hospital for the Insane, c1890,Photo, AO NSW, AO 4/8686

Reproduced, with permission of the Archives Authorityof New South Wales.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

6.24 View of Superintendent's Residence, c1890,Photo, AONSW, AO 4/8686

Reproduced with Permission of the Archives Authorityof New South Wales

-_.__ ..._ ......_-

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

6.25

6.26

View of Administration Block, 1893, Photo 1983,PWD Photographic Section.

View of Steam Laundry, 1894, photo 1983,

6.27

6.28

View of Recreation Hall, 1898, photo 1983

View of Dormitory Block, c1900 photo 1983

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIII

6.29 View of Cricket Pavilion, c1915, After Fire,Photo 1980, PWD Historic Buildings Group.

IIIIIIIII

6.30 View of Main Kitchen, 1959, photo 1983,PWD Photographic Section.

IIIIIIIII

6.31

6.32

View of Medical Research Office, 1964, Photo 1983,PWD Photographic Section.

Deterioration of Materials, Female Orphan School,Photo 1983, PWD Photographic Section

IIIIIIIIIII

_._ .....

"If I..."'I

IIIIIIIIIIII"~

IIIIII

1>".,t

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