Ryans Psy Ch03 2010
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Transcript of Ryans Psy Ch03 2010
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3 BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIORSection 1: The Nervous SystemSection 2: The Brain: Our Control CenterSection 3: The Endocrine SystemSection 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Human Nervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON3
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What are the two main parts of the nervous system?
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cordPeripheral nervous system
Everything else…
Section 1: The Nervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON4
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
In order to understand how it works, we must first understand what the nerve cells are and how do they communicate.
Nerve cells are called neurons.…send and receive messages from other structures in the body.
Section 1: The Nervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON5
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What are the components of a neuron?
Cell bodyDendritesAxon
Section 1: The Nervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON6
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: How do neurons communicate?
Synapse: a junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.
Section 1: The Nervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON7
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: If there is no physical connection between neurons, how is the message relayed?
Neurotransmitters: chemicals that are stored in sacs in the axon terminals.The message is converted into an electrical impulse that travels the length of the neuron.It is then transmitted to the next neuron by neurotransmitters until it arrives at its destination – usually the brain.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON8
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: Why are neurotransmitters so important?
Section 1: The Nervous System
Neurotransmitters are involved in everything we do.Some diseases and psychological disorders may be caused by the presence of too much or too little of various neurotransmitters.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON9
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Researchers have identified dozens of neurotransmitters and their functions.
Acetylcholine: involved in muscle controlDopamine: primarily motor behaviorNoradrenaline: “fight or flight” chemicalSerotonin: involved in emotional arousal and sleep
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON10
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
HumanNervous System
CentralNervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON11
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
the spinal cordthe brain
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON12
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What is a spinal reflex?
…a simple automatic response to something.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON13
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
HumanNervous System
CentralNervous System
PeripheralNervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON14
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
…is responsible for transmitting messages between the central nervous system and all parts of the body.There are two main divisions of the PNS:
Somatic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON15
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
HumanNervous System
CentralNervous System
PeripheralNervous System
SomaticNervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON16
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What is the Somatic Nervous System?
…is the portion of the nervous system responsible for voluntary body movement and for sensing external stimuli. All five senses are controlled by the somatic nervous system.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON17
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
HumanNervous System
CentralNervous System
PeripheralNervous System
SomaticNervous System
AutonomicNervous System
_______________________
_________________________
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON18
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What is the autonomic nervous system?
… is the part of your nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as the beating of your heart and the widening or narrowing of your blood vessels.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON19
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: Why would psychologists be interested in the autonomic nervous system?
… because of its involvement in the experience of emotion.…particularly when someone experiences something stressful in the environment.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON20
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
HumanNervous System
CentralNervous System
PeripheralNervous System
SomaticNervous System
AutonomicNervous System
SympatheticNervous System
ParasympatheticNervous System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON21
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic system…activated when a person is going into action.“fight or flight” response
Parasympathetic system…restores the body – constant opposition to the sympathetic system“rest and digest”
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON22
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON23
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
END OF SECTION 1
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON24
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What are the major structures of the brain, and what is the function of each structure?
MAJOR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAINHindbrain – lower part of the brain involved in many vital functions such as heart rate, respiration and balanceMidbrain – includes areas that are involved in vision and hearingForebrain – front area of the brain involved in complex functions such as thought and emotion
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON25
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What are the major structures of the hindbrain?
The "lower" brain, or hindbrain, mainly supports vital bodily functions.
medulla ~ heartbeat, blood pressure and breathingpons ~ face sensation and movement, sleep/wake cyclecerebellum ~ balance & coordination
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON26
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What is the function of the midbrain?
… is the smallest region of the brain that acts as a sort of relay station for auditory and visual information. … controls many important functions such as the visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement. Contains part of the reticular activating system.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON27
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What is the reticular activating system?
…is like a filter between your conscious mind and your subconscious mind.Important for attention, sleep, and arousal.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON28
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What are the four major areas of the forebrain?
ThalamusHypothalamusLimbic systemCerebrum
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON29
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What is the function of the thalamus?
…serves as a relay station for sensory stimulationi.e., input from eyes and ears for interpretation
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON30
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What is the function of the hypothalamus?
…thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure, and links the nervous system to the endocrine system.
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What is the function of the limbic system?
…involved in learning and memory, emotion, hunger, sex, and aggression
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON32
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What is the function of the cerebrum?
…things like perception, imagination, thought, judgment, and decision occur here.70% of the weight of the brainSurface is called the cerebral cortex.
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The Cerebral Cortex: What Makes Us Unique!
Composed of two sides called hemispheresThe two hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosumEach hemisphere is divided into four parts or lobes.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON34
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question: What are the four parts of each hemisphere?
FrontalParientalTemporalOccipital
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON36
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Question:
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON37
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODYPituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of many different hormones that affect various aspects of behavior such as the growth hormoneThyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects the body’s metabolismAdrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland, or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development
Section 3: The Endocrine System
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON38
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body?
Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone that play an important role in development, development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and have psychological as well as biological effects
Section 3: The Endocrine System
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY (continued)
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity, and how do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits?
ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITYGenes are the basic building blocks of heredity and traits are determined by pairs of genesMost normal human cells contain 46 hormones which develop particular traits in an individualThe 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the male or female sex
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
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PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity, and how do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits?
THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY Role of heredity in studies through various types of kinship research such as:A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and nurtureB. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the effects of
nature and nurtureC. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins reared
apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their separation
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background