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![Page 1: Ruth Campbell BSc (Pharm) Interior Health Authority Provincial Academic Detailing Service Statins and Cardiovascular Disease.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e045503460f94aefb09/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ruth Campbell BSc (Pharm)
Interior Health AuthorityProvincial Academic Detailing Service
Statins and Cardiovascular Disease
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It is a matter of perspective
AMADA INNR
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When we look with care:
Benefit is most apparent in the secondary population
Primary population – in terms of MCE reductionHigh risk men benefit Women do notElderly do not
We lack evidence to “treat to target”
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Why the confusion
• Interpretation of relative risk reduction as being the most important thing
• Composite Endpoints
• Calculating risk and inferring statin benefit
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Our drug reduces your risk by 50%
Drooping Ear Lobe disease disappears overnight in 50% of
cases
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Primary Composite Outcome
MI, Coronary Heart Disease Death, All Cause mortality
Stroke
Coronary revascularization and Hospitalization for unstable Angina
Is the benefit illusion? Should we care?
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COMPOSITE OUTCOMES
Canon NEJM 2004:350:1495-504
PRIMARY OUTCOME = combination of 5 different events CHD Death, MI, Stroke and Revascularization and Hospitilization
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COMPOSITE OUTCOMES
Canon NEJM 2004:350:1495-504
FATAL EVENTS
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COMPOSITE OUTCOMES
Canon NEJM 2004:350:1495-504
NON-FATAL EVENTS
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COMPOSITE OUTCOMES
Canon NEJM 2004:350:1495-504
“Softer outcomes”
CLINICIAN-DRIVEN ENDPOINTS (procedures, medical decisions)
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COMPOSITE OUTCOMES - what is true?
Canon NEJM 2004:350:1495-504
Statistical significance is reached only in coronary revascularization and hospitalization for unstable
angina
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COMPOSITE OUTCOMES
Canon NEJM 2004:350:1495-504
FATAL EVENTS
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Balance the risk with the benefit
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What is the risk?
Run In Periods eliminate those at risk
Those studied less likely to be at risk
Harm reporting – illusions in statistics
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Serious Adverse Events aren’t consistently reportedSerious Adverse Events aren’t consistently reported
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Risk
MyopathiesIncident diabetesNeuropathies
Hemmorhagic strokeCancer?Confusion?
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Who Benefits?
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Secondary prevention
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Secondary Prevention - What is the benefit?
Treating 28 patients for 5 years prevents one Major Coronary Event
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A reduction in all cause mortality has not been documented in women
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And the Elderly?
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RECENT ISCHEMIC STROKE or TIA SPARCL
non-disabling stroke or TIA, no history of CHDrecent (non-acute); in the past 1-6 months
No cardiac sources AFib, subarachnoid hemorrhageatorvastatin 80 mg vs. placebo x 5 years
RESULTS
subsequent strokeARR = 1.9%; NNTB 53 x 5 years
major coronary eventsARR = 1.7%; NNTB 59 x 5 years
all-cause mortalityneutral
Amarenco N Engl J Med 2006;355:549-59
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Women – Primary prevention
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Lack of Evidence for benefit in women
No Statistically significant benefit for:Non fatal MI Coronary Heart Disease deathAll Cause Mortality
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“ Conclusion—JUPITER demonstrated that in primary prevention rosuvastatin reduced CVD events in women with a relative risk reduction similar to that in men, a finding supported by meta-analysis of primary prevention statin trials.”
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Evidence for benefit in women?
No Statistically significant benefit for:• Non fatal MI • Coronary Heart Disease death• All Cause Mortality
Statistically Significant improvement in:• hospitalization for unstable angina• coronary revascularization
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Primary prevention elderly?
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Prosper?
“Interpretation: Pravastatin given for 3 years reduced the risk of coronary disease in elderly individuals. PROSPER therefore extends to elderly individuals the treatment strategy currently used in middle aged people”
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Men and Women benefit differently
Shepherd Lancet 2002;360:1623-30
Mean age 75
52% women
Prior CVD 44%
SBP 155DBP 84
TC 5.7HDL-C 1.3LDL-C 3.8
Smokers 27%
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PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CHD: Older Adults
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2, CD003160n = 26 K
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PRIMARY PREVENTION: Decision Making
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Calculate Risk – determining the benefit of statins for men at risk
Use the right tool for the job
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FRS-CHD
www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/index.html
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FRS-CVD
www.framinghamheartstudy.org/risk/index.html
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PRIMARY PREVENTION: Decision Making61 yr old , SBP 145/90, no Rx for HTN♂
non-smoker, non-DM, no family history of premature CVDTC 5.4 mmol/L, HDL-C 1.20 mmol/L, LDL-C 2.2 mmol/L
FRS-CHD 10 years FRS-CVD 10 years
12% 22%13%
Major coronary eventsNFMICHD death
Cardiovascular eventsNFMICHD deathCoronary insufficiencyAnginaIschemic strokeHemorrhagic strokeTIAPeripheral artery diseaseHeart failure
Cardiovascular eventsNFMICVD deathStrokeRevascularization
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PRIMARY PREVENTION: Decision Making61 yr old , SBP 145/90, no Rx for HTN♂
non-smoker, non-DM, no family history of premature CVDTC 5.4 mmol/L, HDL-C 1.20 mmol/L, LDL-C 2.2 mmol/L
FRS-CHD 10 years FRS-CVD 10 years
12% 22%13%
Major coronary eventsNFMICHD death
Cardiovascular eventsNFMICHD deathCoronary insufficiencyAnginaIschemic strokeHemorrhagic strokeTIAPeripheral artery diseaseHeart failure
Cardiovascular eventsNFMICVD deathStrokeRevascularization
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PRIMARY PREVENTION: Decision Making61 yr old , SBP 145/90, no Rx for HTN♂
non-smoker, non-DM, no family history of premature CVDTC 5.4 mmol/L, HDL-C 1.20 mmol/L, LDL-C 2.2 mmol/L
FRS-CHD 10 years FRS-CVD 10 years
12 22%Major coronary events
NFMICHD death
Cardiovascular eventsNFMICHD deathCoronary insufficiencyAnginaIschemic strokeHemorrhagic strokeTIAPeripheral artery diseaseHeart failure
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PRIMARY PREVENTION: Decision Making61 yr old , SBP 145/90, no Rx for HTN♂
non-smoker, non-DM, no family history of premature CVDTC 5.4 mmol/L, HDL-C 1.20 mmol/L, LDL-C 2.2 mmol/L
FRS-CHD 10 years FRS-CVD 10 years
12% 22%Major coronary events
NFMICHD death
Cardiovascular eventsNFMICHD deathCoronary insufficiencyAnginaIschemic strokeHemorrhagic strokeTIAPeripheral artery diseaseHeart failure
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PRIMARY PREVENTION: Decision Making61 yr old , SBP 145/90, no Rx for HTN♂
non-smoker, non-DM, no family history of premature CVDTC 5.4 mmol/L, HDL-C 1.20 mmol/L, LDL-C 2.2 mmol/L
FRS-CHD 10 years FRS-CVD 10 years
12% 22%Major coronary events
NFMICHD death
Estimated 5-year benefit from statin therapy (30% relative reduction)
very roughly 6% 4%
Cardiovascular eventsNFMICHD deathCoronary insufficiencyAnginaIschemic strokeHemorrhagic strokeTIAPeripheral artery diseaseHeart failure
Cardiovascular eventsNFMICVD deathStrokeRevascularization
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www.bcguidelines.ca
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iPhone, BB, android apps
• Qx Calculate• Framingham Risk Score (ATP-III)
• Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk predictor – predicts cardiovascular risk
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Fatal or non-fatal MIHaffner NEJM 1998;339:229-34
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Fatal or non-fatal MIBulugahapitiya Diabet Med 2009;26:142-8
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CTT Lancet 2008;131:117-25
Non-diabetic, primary prevention
8%
Diabetic, primary prevention
12%
Non-diabetic, secondary prevention
24%
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CTT Lancet 2008;131:117-25
Non-diabetic, primary prevention
8%
Diabetic, primary prevention
12%
Non-diabetic, secondary prevention
24%
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CTT Lancet 2008;31:117-25
Non-diabetic, primary prevention
8%
Diabetic, primary prevention
12%
Non-diabetic, secondary prevention
24%
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www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/riskengine/index.php
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Statin use in Diabetics vs non-diabetics
CTT Lancet 2008;371:117-25
Similar absolute reductions in major coronary events
No diabetes (n = 71 370) ARR = 2.4%Diabetes (n = 18 686) ARR = 2.2%
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Treating to Target
Trials which look at clinical outcomes after titrating dose to achieve particular targets
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CTT Lancet 2005;366:1267-78
Observation of a trend greater proportional reductions in major vascular events being associated with greater LDL cholesterol reductions in different statin trials CTT 2005
LDL-C TREATMENT PARADIGM (CTT)
Absolute reduction in LDL-C
Relative reduction inmajor vascular events
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LDL-C TREATMENT PARADIGM
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LDL-C TREATMENT PARADIGM
Genest Can J Cardiol 2009:25:567-79
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Acute Corononary Events Stable Coronary Artery Disease
PROVE-IT A TO Z TNT IDEAL SEARCHAtorv 80
vs Prav 40
Sim 80 vs
Simv 20
Ator 80 vs
Ator 10
Ator 80 vs
Simv 20
Simv 80 vs
Simv 20
LDL-C OBSERVED IN HIGH DOSE ARM
1.6 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.2
MCENSS
MCENOTSS
MCESS
MCENOTSS
MCENOTSS
Statistically significant reduction in MAJOR CORONARY EVENTS
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LDL-C TREATMENT PARADIGM
LDL-C < 2 mmol/L was achieved in ~ 50% of patients
Josan CMAJ 2008:178:576-84
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LDL-C TREATMENT PARADIGM
ezetimibefenofibrate, clofibratetorcetrapid, dalcetrapidfibrate + statin niacin + statin
Hayward Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012:5:2-5; Hayward Ann Intern Med 2006:145:520-30
Good for lipidsClinical Outcomes???
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PRIMAY PREVENTION SUMMARYIn patients without a history of coronary heart disease (but with risk factors for coronary heart disease), statins have been shown to reduce the risk of major coronary events. This benefit has not been documented for women or older adults.
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PRIMARY PREVENTION: Fixed Dosages
major coronary events in primary prevention
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SECONDARY PREVENTION SUMMARYIn patients with a history of coronary heart disease, statins have been shown to reduce the risk of major coronary events and all-cause mortality.In patients with a history of recent, ischemic stroke, statins have been shown to reduce the risk of major coronary events, but not all-cause mortality.
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SECONDARY PREVENTION: Fixed Dosages
all-cause mortality in secondary prevention
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NON-PHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS
www.bcguidelines.ca