Byzantine & Russian Empires. The Roman Empire divided in 294.
Russian Empire
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Transcript of Russian Empire
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Russian Empire
Chapter 18
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Mongol Rule
• Local administration in the hands of the Russians
• Reduced cultural and economic life
• Literacy declined
• All agricultural
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1480: Creation of a large independent state
• Ivan III, prince of Moscow, rose up against the Mongols– Strong central government– Head of Orthodox Church
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1547-1584: Ivan the IV reign
• Ivan the IV was a bit paranoid and killed boyars he believed to be working against his throne.– Beat daughter-in-law (was pregnant)– Attacked his son (when confronted)– Crowned Tsar of all Russians– Known to torture animals– Death led to time of troubles
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Time of Troubles (between two Dynasties)
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Romanov Dynasty
• Boyars chose Michael as czar– Order and stopped invaders
• Alexis– Expanded role of czar– Abolished assembly of the nobles– Wanted to cleanse the church of
changesthose that resisted were exiled to Siberia “Old Believers”
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Peter the GreatRomanov Dynasty
• 1682-1725• Western technology• Forced and rapid modernization• No representative government—bureaucrats
were from outside autocracy• Focuses on military—army & navy• Secret police• Western clothes & style; shave beards• Moved capital to St Petersburg• Added the Baltic—success against Sweden
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Catherine the GreatRomanov Dynasty
• 1762-1795
• Expanded the empire East to Alaska
• Institution of serfdom expanded– 1649 law tied serfs to landlords
• Strong centralized government was more important than Enlightenment ideas
• Patron of western arts and architecture
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Russian serfdom
• Free peasants fell into debt and forced to become serfs on large estates
• Used to make nobility happy and control the masses
• 1649 Act—serfs are born into the status, cannot get out of serfdom, could be bought and sold, punished by masters BUT not literally slaves
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Life of a serf
• Illiterate
• Poor
• Pay high taxes
• Owed labor service to their landlords—agriculture, mining or manufacture
• Grain exported to the West
• No real motivation for efficient agriculture practices
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Expansion
• Added Siberia
• Cossacks were sent to occupy new land
• Nobles & bureaucrats received land grants
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What is Westernization?
• Absolute monarchy with bureaucracy
• Systemized law code and tax system
• Peasants bear the brunt
• Metallurgy and mining
• Increased education in science and math
• Upper-class women’s lives improved
• All classes resisted
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1450-1750
• Russia has contact with the West
• Only a few big cities; 95% rural
• No strong merchant or commercial class
• Long-lasting multinational empire
• Autocrats bring Westernization and expansionism