RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH PROVINCE - World Bank · RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN ......
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. I I A STUDY ON INCOME GENERATING PROJECT FOR RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN Prepared for : THE WORLD BANK WASHINGTON D.C. SEPTEMBER 91 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Transcript of RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH PROVINCE - World Bank · RURAL WOMEN OF SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN ......
. I I
A STUDY ON
INCOME GENERATING PROJECT
FOR
RURAL WOMEN
OF
SINDH PROVINCE
OF PAKISTAN
Prepared for :
THE WORLD BANK
WASHINGTON D.C.
SEPTEMBER 91
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WB456286
Typewritten Text
83103
i
Team Leader :
Advisor:
Chief data Analyst : '
Analyst:
Senior Sociologist :
Sociologists :
Surveyors :
THE STUDY TEAM
Mr. Gul Mastoi
Dr. Hafiz A. Pasha
Mr. Salman Malik
Mr. Shoukat Ali
Mr. Aslam Pirzada
Mrs. Nasreen Gul Mastoi
Mrs. Azra Baloch
Miss. Shahla Arain
Mrs. Shamim Banbhan
Mrs. Maryam Shoukat Narejo
Miss. Farzana Bukhari
Mr. Zahid Hussain Keerio
Mr. Fida Hussain Qureshi
Miss. Roshan Miss. Azmat , Miss. Nasim Miss. Zarina Miss. Shama Miss. Aziz Khatoon Miss. Ghulam Bashiran Miss. Parveen Sultana Miss. Amina Miss. Mehrunissa Miss. Abida Miss. Farah Miss. Feroza Mrs. Shah Jahan Mrs. Razia Mrs. Zubeda Mrs. Basran Mrs. lrshad Baloch
(JC !(NCJ/4 LE JI6E NEN T
T h .i. :s .s t u d ';t' rep r e .s e n t .s a f .1: r c.:: t a t t e m p t. a t rf e 1·· e 1 or- .i n q ""
base on the · ru raJ C1 { S.indh c.~ nri on
identif')t'ing the critical. .input .s necessary for
establishing an i.ncomE qenet-"C~ting 111-oject
h'omen. The .support of the following .i.n this effort is
acknowledged:
Officials of the Sindh government in the
departments of Social Welfare~ 5indh 5mal
I n d u :s t r i e .s a n d Ed u c a t ion ~ 5 p e c i a 1 t h a nk s a r e due
t o N r • N a z i ,- 5 a 1 .i k .~ 5 e c r e t a r ).-' I n d us t r .i e s .• G 0 S . f
Mr. Bhattif Deputy Secretary, Social Welfare
Department.~ Mrs. Rukhsana Saleem~ Director~
Social Welfare Department.~Miss ~bida Heman~
Deputy Director (1vomen)_, Sindh Sm-'3.11 Industries
Corporation and Nr. ~bfJasi. of Education Deptt.
To the 1->/orld Bank .• espec.i,:ll.ly to Nr. Geoffrey
Read for arrangi.ng the fJ.nancing of the study and
, providing a .lot of encour.9gement_: toNs. Oyse
Kudat for technical assistance and guidance: to
Mr. Richard Pollard for organising the study and
t o 1'1 s • R o s h B n e h Z a f a r- f o r p -'3. 1- t i c .i p a t i o n .i n t he
field work and for helping us in crvstallisinq
our ideas regarding the project.
To Dr. Hafiz Pasha~ our proJect advisor, for all
his help in developing the methodology of the
study, in analysis of the data and in report
writing. Without his suRport it would have been
difficult to complete the study.
To all the members of study team, especially the
surveyors, who were willing to live in the
villages and work under adverse and sometimes
risky conditions to collect the necessary data.
Study Team Leader
GHAPTER ONE:
1 • 1 •
1. 2.
1 • . 3.
CHAPTER TWO:
2 .. l. ~
2.2.
2 . .3.
2.4.
2. 5.
? ' ~.a.
2.7.
2.t;J.
.., c;> L • .• •
OUTLINE OF REPORT
INTRODUCTION
0 b j e c t i \,. e .s
Scope of No rl:
Format of sf:.udv
PROCESS OF DflTA COLLECTION
VillBge Su r\··ey'
Su r\•er' of Skilled and Unskilled
Nomen
Sur\<ey of Nen
Survey of Time Allocation
Survey' of f'larketing In termed i.a r ies
Survey of I.V ho 1 e sa 1 e r and Retailers
Sur-vey of Train_ing Facilities
Survey of TrBinees
Sur \··e }-' Organisation
page
1.1
1.2
1. 4
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.10
CHAPTER THREE: SOURCES AND USES OF WATER
3 It 1 II
.3. 2.
CHAPTER FOUR:
4. 1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4
Sources of Water for Different Uses 3.1
Uses of Water from Different Sources3.3
PflTTERN OF TIME ALLOCATION
Data Collection and Analysis
Pattern of Time Allocation
Sequence of flctivities
Time Allocation by Men
4.1
4.4
4.9 4.12
( i)
r·tti'lf'!l'!'f FTVE: pV .. ~lL/lJ'<!LJT" tlND UTlLJSOT'J(}f'.i OF ShJl.l.':·:
.~ .. :z #" t r r= t hod '7 t r-l c r7 u .1 _., .i t :i. n n o t" S h .i .1 1 :::
5. :::; . fl c< t P. G r' I} t: _j .1 .i "= -=> I .i ·'7 n o f 5 !: .i. } } s
I
.I ncr:> f1' F? !_ e v"' 1 b j · C ;-,:; f t
C!·fi~ f" T E.f1· S 1 X ~ r'i u r r: u r r /7/l z h.l 1 l\' r:,· ; l·J s r 1 lil 7 1 n tJ s
7 F\ i'i ! N .l •'J n ! N S ! 7 T 1./ T l 0 N S
lr:-r.·r_1rn:::· .~nd E·.:rt=-ntf_i. .. ~·,_:r-e
TR-':Jl NEES
6.6. Profile of Tr~inees
C), 7,. C n n c:; t: r a .i. '7 7~ :;;
6. E3.
C f-Ir~ P 7 E r? .SF: V E _1\1 : M~!iKETlNG CH~NNELS
7 • t • !"! e t t1 tJ d r:> 1 o q ~ · c r 0 n M 1 y "" .i. s
7. 7. 7 )·· n e _,. o f i f << r· /; P t i n q C h 2 .·1 n e 1 s
7 I.::; >I S t .'l c; e s i .. r: t h e /'1 ,=; r i;· e t _i_ n q f' r o c e s s
Procurr?mPnt cf flat·; l'!,">te:~.i."l.ls
7.5 ..
7 .. 6 ..
N "' ,... f:· e t inc; t! ·-=' 1- (I f.. n s
(ii)
5.4
5.6
5.10
6.2
6.?
6. 11
6.11
6. 11+
6.16
6.22
6.22
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.6
7.9
7.12
Cf-1 (} P T E R E I G fl T :
B. 1 •
8.2.
8.3.
8. ·L
CfiRPTER NlNE:
9 .. L
9.2.
9 . .3.
9. 4-.
CW-WTER TEN:
10.1.
1(:>.2.
.l0 •. '3.
1r}. 4.
DemBnd for Cott~ge Cr3fts
Quality rating of Products
Narhet Grorvti1 F'roE"pec(_""
Sugge:;;t: .. iGn.s for fi.::<is.inq Def'lc>nd
,r.Oi?i"!/~f. RND TNFGR/'!t1!_ (~REP17-
Demc>nd for Credit
Preferred Source of Credit
COSE. STUDIES
The Noori Nomen 1-t'anrf.icrc>:tt Soc.i.etv
The Nasarpur Khes Producers
CocJ{'"" r-,~ t .i 1··e Soc i '? t ;,--
The '!-!unarmand' J.'.is{J_la).-' Centl-e
The Nater~ Nomen and Development
Project of Mexico
CHl1P TER E LE Vi.':N: I /\' C 0 r! E G E- f'-./ E f\ f-1 T I N G P!? 0 J E C T FOR fl'IJ R r:'J L
lvf7NEN
1 1 • 1 •
11. 2.
1 .l • '3 •
11 • 4.
Principal Findings
5 t r a t e g )-' f o r J n come G e n e _,.-a t i n C!
Project
I m p 1 e r: e n t: a t: .i. ::J n !'I e t h :• d o 1 c~ g ; ·
Detailed P~oject Pre{Ja~ation
1.L -1.1. Sr,:}._ncl:.iDn of P.·-ojl?ct ,q,-e.a
(iii)
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.6
9.1
9.4
9.7
9.9
10. 1
10.6
10.10
10.13
11.1
11.5
11.9
11.12
11. 12
C II {I P T E n fJ N E
A small survey of about 150 households in the rural areas of
Sindh province of Pakistan carried out in 1989 r·evea 1 ed that
development of. water supply schemes is likely to yield time
savings (from cartage of a household of
over three hours per· day on average. This saving will
to women expected to be served within the rwoject area of the
proposed World Bank Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
One of the key findinqs ·f n:1m thP. survey v"as that the \'mmen
likely to be benefited keen to devote a signif.i.c<wt
component of the time released to income generating activities
along ~-vi th attention to household V•JOrk and
tending of chil.dren. The province nf Sindh has, in fact, heen
famous for its traditiDnal cottage crafts af\d skills includ.inq
r-illi (patch) work, embroidery, cap making, etc. However, the
full potential of these activities has not been exploited
because of the lack of time with women and the severP
constraints of marketing and credit, especially in the
flung rural areas.
Given this situation, it is clear that if an income generating
component could
supply project,
be included with the hardware in a rural water
then the economic benefits flowing fl-om the
latter could be qreatly enhanced. ln fact, there is likely to
be synergy b-vo components. A pr·oj ec t focusinq
1.1
only on income generating activities would have limited
because the time and by women to fetch
impact
t--1.::~ t e r·
constr·ains. thP.rn fr·orn takinq advrHJtaqe of credit, rnark~ting or
training oppor~tuniti.Ps. Liket,J.i.se, a project focusing unly on
comrnun i ty water-- and sa.nitatiDn flE.'Pcis rnj_ght not be affDrcJ;3hlc'
to many housP.holds L>Vithout a schernP. for· inc t-F:'a':.; inq the.i.t·
income thr-c,uqh pr-c,duct.ivf' activities.
ThE' objE?ctivP. of .t~1.i.s study .is to r?:<aminF.' the sc:ope felt-- havi.r1q
an income generating Sindh in areas 11-Jher e ~-~a \ E' r·
s u p p 1 y f a r;: i l i t i e s ax e to b P r H" D v .i d e d a'; P. .::u~ t D f l: he Ii-I o r 1 d P a 11 J
project. It is also .in the study to identify the
types of in t e , .. v en t .i. on s that ar·e necesse1ry to
bottlenecks to r-E?al.isi'li:ion of the Dppor·tunitiE?S.
We describe below
of the study.
thE' objroct.ivE?S 2111d scope of work and format
1. .l. Cll3~J ECT I VE!3
The objectives Df the sh.tdy i=lt~e as follot>Vs:
j To s t u d y t h F? imp a c: t o f e >< .i. s t i n C,l nJ ,-a l l'·li:l t e r· sup p l y s c hem<? s
on the timP al.location p<l.tterns of t-vomPn and the n'a,t.ure of
utilisation of the time r e l e ''sed f r o rn c a,~ tag e o -F w a t e r cf u E'
to the improved t--Jater ";.uppl iPs.
ii. To identify thP typ~ of ~8ttagP crafts bei.nq pursued by
~,Jomen in diff~rent parts of the rural areas of the
province and to c n n d u r: t a n i n v e r 1 t: o r· y u f a v a i l a b 1 e <; k .i. l 1 :"
II·J i t h r u r a 1 IIJ om e r 1 •
iii.To study
cottage
the e;~.i.stjng m,'Jr-keting channels for products of
industry scJ as to ident.ify the nurniJer·- of sl:aqt.·s,
types of intermediaries,
assessment of the aclP.qu3cy of the marketing system and
industry.
iv. To study the existence of formal and informal credit
facilities tor tools, e tr:. , ar·1d tc1
i d en t i ·f y an y i n t e r- - n? 1 a t i on s h i p s be t "' e en c red i t a n d
mar-keting of output or· bondednes•,; of tema.lE? and or- chile!
with in the f.:1mily and the role of
training centres for var··.i.ous ski 1 J c:. establ islwd by thr:>
Sindh Small .1 nclustr ies CorporC'I t..iun ,"\ t various points in
the province.
vi. To quantify tht-o> rwesent and ·futuno> level~; of 'demand,
both domestic a n d i n t e n1 a t .i on tl .I , f o r· d .i. f f e r en t. t y p e s o f
vii.lo undertake case studies of any form~l or informal
1.3
1.4
innovative arrangements (coop~rative, community based
or-gan i sat: i 011 s su prnr tf?ci by f'-lf7f ls, P tc . that have
e s t a b 1 i ;.::, he d i n t he p ,- o v i n c e ,,Jil d t o j d en t i f y L1 c t o r- s
contr·ibut·inC] l:o the clevF?lnrmPrd: of <:;uch institution,
degree of
t he s c o p e f o r n'" p 1 .i. c cl t i n rJ t h <'' a p p ,-- o a c he,-, e l s e VJ h e r e i n t hE'
pr·ovince.
Based on the abovr:', the:> study i dr.?n U f .i es t-.l1e stt-ateqy Df the
income generating p I"(Jj E'C t i'H1 d the mL~ of differ--E''r1t components
(credit,. ~arketing, tr-aining, etc.) in the - +-prOJ ec ,_. The
implementation methndoloCJY is al-:;G outlined to m a ;.: .i. IT\ i s r~
benefits of the project.
_t. 2. SCDPE DF l·JOnK
rhe ·study cover~. all the ar--r:oas which arP expected to rece.ivF'
~~ater supply schPmes in ttl<"' l\lorlrl flank rwo_iect upto 1997-19'?tL
The ·focus j s 011 be 1 onq i 11q to ] CJHP r
income household-:;. Income" activities cnven?cl
i n c 1 u d e t he f o 1 1 01'-J i n CJ : r- i 1 l i ( p a t c h ) L"l o ,- k , em b r· o i d F? ,- y /
v.JOrk, bid i (rolling of tohi'lr~co 1 ea f)· m.:tk i ng, knitting, r·ope,
fan and mat making and cap making.
1.3. FORMAT OF ~"ilUDY
fhe study elevrn Chapt~rs. Chapter b"lo descr-ibE'S
t:he prOCPSS of data coller::t-:io11 for the study. It: Pr1U111F'r·a rPS
the various
to f\line pr.i.r1cip,;~l f.inri.ings .;nwlys.is of
U~~Ps
of water in d.iffen-:nt types nf v.illri(lE'Si Ch~pter Four giv~s
the pattPrn of t .i. mE! a l 1 oc a 1. ion vJomen; C.hapler Five
inventorises tlw .i.n cottaqr'? crafts and
their· utilisation, rP.views th~= r· CJ l e n f
institutions in the Chapter· ~:;e VF.'n dt:scribes
present mar-kerirH;J cr1tt:aqe cr-afts; Chapter·
analyses demCJnd p e r· s f".l e r:: t-: s f o r t he s !?' p r··oduc t ~' ar1 d Chapter·· [\).in e
assesses the ,- o l e o f f o nn a 1 a n cJ i r 1 f o nn a 1 c r P d .i t i n s t i m u 1 a t i n q
.income c:jener-aU.nq act.iv.i.tie'--:;.
Tet1 local
vJhich may be of some
generating projpct. The 1 i.1s t
a J 1 the findings to~ether to
d!1CI intPrnaticmal case studies
:i 11 de·,; i gr1 inc] the income
Ch~pter, Chapter Eleven, brings
cir;,velop tiH? I'"E-'cornmenc!ed st~·atE'CJY.
for- the income generating pr·ojec t in rura 1 Sindh. As requ.i.n=>d,
the mix of
pr-oject is
different c omprHl~'-'ll t s
indicat(od. Suggest..iofls
1: o m a:: i m i s e success of
made for· fur ti1ET
V-lork related l~o dete>ilerl dE"si.gning of thE' pr··ujE'Ct.
There are also a numbet'" of r1pper1d.i.ce-:::: .• (lppendi;~
the rur-al supply and sanitation sec tor· of Si.lld h anr1
Appendix II gives ,-., copy of all the survey instruments used.
2.1
c H A r 1 E n r w o
Given the multifarious nature of the objectives of the study, it
was necessary to undertake a large number of surveys to estabiish
the ar1d to obtain the cr-itical quest.i c.ns
n?lating to the designing of the income generating proje~t i 01"
rural WGm~n of ~3indh. subsequent sections describe
differ-ent su r·veys that have
descripL1Drt of the samples obtained lhe final section of t. he
Chapter gives thf-l survr=>y Ol""CJ<'H1is-=tt.ion.
2.1. VI LLAGf:= SUfiVEY
Villages wer·e sPlected randomly ir1 each ;::onE' of the
effor·t was m~de to t~ke at, more or- lr~ss, pro~-<imate locat.ir)ns a
matching pair elf vi.llages, nne l·Jith impr·nved water·· supply and tl1e
other without. Village level data was collected by a sociologist
by .int:erviet-JS of ti1P hE'Ad of the village or- the school tear~hET nr
some village notable.
The village level quE~sti:mnaire gives information on the sizl?,
location, source of drinking water, avajlability of services and
facilities, inventory of skills, landholding pattern, pr~sence of
2.2
community organisat-.ions, etc. copy of the v.i.llaqr"
que s t i on n a i r e , a 1 on g v~ i. t h o t h P , .. quP.stionnaires, is given ir1 the
Appendix J I.
There were some problems i.n implr~men Ling the original sarnpl irl'~
strategy. In thP. sweet \-.Jai.:er zone, vd. th v~idespread Df
handpumps, availability of drinking \•·Ia ter VJas good and most
sample villAges had to be c I ass i f ·i e. d as having improved
supply. Access province was limited by the
prevailing law and order situation.
AltogethP.r·, thP. <;o,amplP. consists Df e:lghteen villages, as siJDt·m .i.r1
Table 2.1. supr l y ,1tltl r1 i rH: dn
not. There are four villages ir1 thf? sample from thro sv-1eet
zone distt-icts of L.,-1t'ki.Hla and l·:haixpur), s.t~< from the h r a c k i ·:; h
z on e ( d i s t r i c \: s o f S a 11 g h i:u- , J a c o b a a b ;:~ d c:u1 d Hyderabad), tour from
the sandy and hil .ly ( d i. -o; t r· i c t s 'o f
Dadu) and fout- from the dF.'lta zone (distr.icts o·f ·lhatta <l n cl
Badin).
.. 2 -.l.- SIJRVEY r:JF SKILLED ()ND UNSKILLED ~oJfJ1'1F:N
The basic objer: tive of !his sur·vey Has to de t e nn in e the t. y I' P-::; c:J f
skills availablE? v~i th r·ur .-1l i r1 d iff e ,. en t of t:he
' p r o v i n c e an d t h u e :< !: en t to v.J h .i c l1 tl H,? s e s k i 1 l s a r e c u r- r en t l y be .i n g
, utilised in cottagE' cr-cdts. vhth.in e,'1c !1 sarnp 1 e v.i.llaqe, thr-ee
households were selected r-andomly. Within each
" ,
•
' •
"" "
' ..
'
-~
_ ..
2.3
TAHLE 2.1.
SAMPLE OF V r Ll ()[)ES flND DF WDME:N BY Z IJNE
Zone Nn.of
lmpnJvr~d Unirnprnvrc:.•d ~>killf'tl UnskillPd Men
Sweet Lar·k ana, 4 16 10
Khairpur·
Brackish Sanqhar, 2 4 7 29
,J a c n b a bad ,
llyderabad
Sandy /!, 2 2 17 6 27
Hilly Dadu
Desert
Delta Thatta, l .3 4
Badin
TOTAL. 9_
' ,
' IJ
IJ
, , • •
' ,
• •
' ,
household, at lr:oast onf~ skilled woman (if p~esent) was su~vey~j,
IIJhile fo~ eve~y two households at least
sam[Jled.
The questionnai~e administer~d on i:I1P v>Jomf''fl elicits irlform.CJf:jon
on of household to ,_,>hich bt-:> l onq,
knot>Jledge and e:q::>e~.ierlce Df cCJttage c~a-Fts, sour·ce of. i1Cquis.itiorl
of skills, pr-oduction of c r-F.t f ts,
rna t e r· i a l s an d rna r· 1-. e t i n ~J n f r) '- 11: p u t , a c c e s s to c ,- e d i t a n rl lE?VP) nf
use. In the cac_-,e of unskilled v-Jornen, the questionr1ai~E" focuses on
the potenti,:ll demand for tr.::tininq. A copy of U1e questiurln,'lire is
also enclosed in Appendix IT.
The total sample of skilled women covered du~ing the survey is 85
while the sample size of unskilled v-Jomen is 27. The sample of
skilled vmmen in E'ACh l6 to 30, as s hot•m l ll
Table 2.J. Al togF-?ther·, Dnly percE'nt of tile ta rqc t
sample size has been achieved. l he
t he s u ~ v e y a 1 on q w i t h t he d e t a i l e rl i,1 u d i t _o f t h P a J l D c a t j_ on CJ f t i. me
the sarnple tJf vJornen p~ovr:->d to IJe suhst:arlti.-3lly rnDI"P ex[lensivr? in
ter-ms of the costs CJf the Sl.H-vcyor·'s
o~iginally anticipated. CnnsPquerl t 1 y, budgetary
available for these surveys at
any one location, the u n rl e r l y i n q v a ,, i '" t .i. CJ n i rl no.''-"' p on s e s l'·J a c; llCJt
· ve~y pronounced. If mono,' funds had been a v a i l a b 1 e , t hen men· e
2.5
locations would of course, have been selected.
2.3. SURVEY DF t·1LN
A sma 11 survey ~--Jas also cat~ried out of men in the sample
villages. This was not envisaged in the original ter-ms of
re·ference of the study. However, fr-om the view point of
determining gendf.:'t- roles in the nJra 1 setting, it was cons.idered
necessary to survey men also. Of particular- interest is the role
of men in the fetching of water in the rural areas of Sinclh. Jn
addition, time alJoc<'lt.i.on to ot.her Activities was determined on a
memory r·ecall basis. Altogether~, the sample consists of .111 mer1.
From each zone, 24 to 31 men have been sur-veyed. A copy of thP
questionnaire is given in Appendix II.
2.~. SURVEY OF liME ALLOCATION
O~e of the major tasks of the study was to conduct a survey of
the patter-n of time allocation of 1--Jomen. The objectives were
f i r·s t, to the extP.nt of involvement. in income
gener-ating activities cur-rently and, second, to quantify the time
devoted to the fP.t.ching of water--. By com pat- ing
unimproved villages, the analysis of data was expC?c:ted to yield
the time savings r·esu l ting from impt~oved vJater· supply ar1d t. he
to which the t..irne relPasecJ is devoted to
participation in income generating activities.
..
2.6
The time allocation sur·vey tdas cnnduc:ted on all the skill~d and
unskilled t.-Jomen in the sample hy thE• cnncurrr=>n t
mP.thod (as npposPrl to memor-y r-ecn l 1).
at fifteen minute intervals from 5:00 A.M to 11:00 P.M each day,
over a period of tv~o r~unsecutive
r i c h bod y o f i n f o r m r:=1 t i rm , l-.J h i. c h i s p r· e sen t e d i n C h a p t P. r F D IJ r· .
2. 5. ~'lURVEY OF Mf'lnKETlNG TNTFf11"11::JHArnE!i
This survP.y v~as
char· act e r· is t i. c s
c u n ci u c t e d .i. r1 t h ro ::.:; a rn p l e v .i. l 1 .J g e s t rJ f .i. 1 Hi n u t t 11 f:'
nf ( i f any) VJho the
p t- o d u c t s f r o rn t h r~ v-.1 Cl m I'? r1 f o r· on V·J a n.i rn a 1 k E' t i J1 g t o vJ 11 o 1 e s :'l 1 e r· s I
n::eta.ilers. The qLJF'S t .1 onr1a in'.' on tlli-=; type of
respondent is also enclosed in !'1ppendi.x I T • I t mndules
relating to basic demographic and soc.i.o-ecrJnomic characteristics,
n a t u r e of bu 5 i r1 e 5 s , rna t- k e t i r1 CJ rH:>bvork, rnagnitude of comrnls·:ojons,
One of the significant find.i.nqs of the f.i.el d
relatively limited role played by rnidrllemen in ~3indhi villagE'S i11
t he m a r k E' t i ll q 0 f c 0 t t: rl q [! c r· <'1. f t 5 . J. n v i e \'I 0 f t h i 5 ' t. vJa5 pus::;it:JJp
to collect. information ·f t'· o rn 25 middlemen or1l y in t.he se1rnple
villages.
2.6. SURVEY [IF WHDLESALFHS AND nErAILEHS
According to the terms o-F this survey to bE
under-taken at va·~ious taluka, distr·.ict and cf i v J. s i r.Jn a l
headquar-ters to de t e r rn i n e , f" i. r s t , t he sale prices
the share of women) and, second, to formulate a judgement of the
-Future prospects of demand for different products.
A compr-ehensive quPsti.cmnain" (enclosF?d in Apper1cf i ~: r I J
administered on tr-aders. Infor·mat:icJr1 tvJ'' been cullectr:'d on :_;uciu--
h
economic c:harac:terist:.ics, size of business, tvpes cf ct~afts solei
mar-ket ar1d rwocur0rnr:'nt-
area, demand prospects, quality nf products, commission paymer1ts,
n a t u ,- e of trans a c t .i. o r1 s t--Ji.th women, markE"t. segments, suggestionc;
for improvements in marketing channels, etc.
T he t o t a J n u m b e ,- CJ f v-J t 1 u 1 e s a 1 e ,- s an d r e !: a i 1 e ,- s i n t h e s i.1 rn p 1 E? i <; ·5 1.
and 81 n? spec t i v e 1 y . [J u t of thE' t: o t. a l u f t 12 , 57 ,- e spun den t s a r e
located in division head quarters, 25
and 30 in n l t CHJ e t he ,- , t hE:' t a r g r'." t sample
t'\las 50 (middlemen anrl t<Jholesa lers) and J nc~
retailers. This has been, more or less, achieved despite f:-_he li:1VJ
and order prob 1 ems in some? of thE~ cities of the province 0t the
tirne of sur-vey.
2.8
H\[JI_E 2./.
Sf'\t1PLE or=- I>JI HJLESf'\LEfm f'\1\lD 11[ I() l LF11~3
Numhr:>r nf
Loca t.inn
At Divi<:;ior1al Ht-:adquclt'"ter-.s 8 33 16 = 57
At District He ad C1 u a , .. t E' r oo. 0 24 1 :::: 25
7 21 2 At Taluka Headquarter--s
TllTAL 19 = 112
2. 7. SURVEY Or- TRfH N 1 NG F·-nc It 1 T T Erl
The objectives the to i n
e>;isting institutions, hui-_h C]OVF'I-flfllf?flt i)l"lcJ
the view point of skills being imparted, quality and 0 u t fJ t t j- 0 f
the training programmes, spatial coverage ar1d
strengthening is required. A dEtailed inventory has been can-_ied
out in each tr-aining institution of stai f, cour-sPs, ir·1corne
expF?nses, rooms, rnachjr\P.S Flfl'ci equipment. etc. Respondents (mostl'/
each in<;titutirm asked l~o identify the
p1-inr:ipal and tu qive suqqest-_iuns i rn p 1- D '·/ i r 1 q
performance . A copy o f t h F:' q u r:' s t: i o 1 1r1 a i r e i s g i v en in n fJ p e r1 cl i :< I I .
A-ltogether, gover-r11i1F?n t: i:lnd lJ non- gover-nment trair1ing
institutions have bF:::en CfJ'v'er-~?rl. ~-li >< of thesf" ins t 1_ t u t i_ D n s a. r C!
located at rJ i. v .i. s i em a 1 fj fteen if1 distr-ict
7.8. SURVEY or- TRAJNEFS
As an extension t:o the r e fer e r1 c e , it l'\135
to ,,1.l so rancinrn sample i_n Uw decided
tr-aining institutions survrc:yeci. Un the about f r.JI J t--
trainees were selected f c; r· t l1 i s p u r r r:1,;; :?. f r urn !? a. c: h i_ n s t i t u t 5 c n .
Ir-lf o r m a t i on c o l 1 e c t F' cl f r o rn t h P 1: r· A in P F=: c; r- I? J 4 j- C 5 r 0 !- hPj I' c:nc1n-
2.9
e c n nomic and c1 ern o gr-aph i r: c 11 cJ r· a c t P r· i_ '?• 1: i. r: ...,, , t: y p e o f 11 o use 11 o J d '; · t· o
v.1h.ic h they belr:mg, lor:,J!:inn, P>:pC'f'ld.i t.lJrP Dfl 1: r· a .i. r 1 i 1,1 q , lev e 1 ,., f
sal:isfaction v~ith tr·a.i11ir1q, constTair1ts faced and .sugqestir.1r1~' for
i. rn p t- n v G m r:e n t i n the t'·J n r· 1··. i. r1 q o f t he .i. r· c r 'r 1 1: t· P s .
institut.ions and 45 ·fr·orn non·-qoven1rner1t inst.itutior1s.
2. 9. SU!lVEY UHG~N I srn l ON
Ser·v ices of ~lady
ser-ving in the villaqe'; VJet-e r·rquisi.t.i.onr,:ocl
sil:r; hi
t.hP soc:iologist:s in l'.ilP team a1HJ madf? lar·gply n~sponsihle for the
sur-veys in t hr? nJr-a 1 men
i r1 t f" r- me d i aries . 11n l P rnernber-s of tl1c su 1''\;ey team
p r- i m ,3 r- i 1 y for- c on rJ u c t .i r1 g t I1P '3U r-vr>ys i. n the ur-ban ar-Pas 0 f
ir1stitutions, t.·.Jhr:Jlesnlr=::r s r-eta.i. lor·s.
Altogether-, the su r·vey CJ t 2Lir
rnales. ·rhe super·vi.sCJry staff cnr1sist:r'd of 3 econr.1mists all!.l
5
4
sucjcllog.ists. Cn.r-eful pr·p--·tests HE-:~t-e r:r:HlducL(-'d .i.r1 U1F' 'f.ielcl pri.r:H
to fin.=ll.isation of the survey .i.r1sl·n.tment.s.
2.10
2.10
ffHJLE 7.3.
SAMPLE OF Tnfl 1 N 1 NG 1 NST J TU r J fJNS AND TF<fl J NfT S
Number nf Tr·aininq NumiJPr of
Ins t:i ~-ll !:ions rr airlf'f:'S
Location [inv t. !\Inn Gov t. r>ov t. Non Gov t.
At Divisional Hearlqu~rters 5 l fl3 =
At District Headquarters 54 = 84
At Taluka Headquarters J 7 7 12 25 == 121
TOTAL 34 11 16(:1
..
..
, , ,
,
'
3.1
C II () P T F n l fl R E E
E. R
This chapter gives basic information on the sour·ces and usros of
water obtained the villaqe lr?vel sut-veys. ThP pr·im'lry
objective is to analyze the consequE?nces oi' in
water supply.
3.1. SOURCES or WATER FUR DIFFERENT USES
Table 3.1 indicates how water is obtained ·fot- differE'nt uses in
villages t-\Jith and without imrr-oved v~ater- supply respectively. In
the former· the primary sources are hand pump ar1d tap. Almost r:-:.
percent* of the samplP households use these sot.trces fnr o!Jt,-,.ining
drinking water**· A similar percentage is observed for all other
uses, except for livestock consumption, for which the only source
is a water-course.
* The percentage should not be interpreted as consumption. They merely inrlicate access.
s h a ,~ e s i n vFJ t e r-
**Even in .improvt?d villaqes, then:? are hCJuseholds l'Jh.icll ar-p Pxcluded ·fr·om the benefits of the waLP.r supply scllF?rne. ()lso, r:=>ven t h o u g h a h o u s e h o l rJ m a y h << v e a d om e s t i c p i p e r:i ""'a t e r· c o ll n ~; c + i o r1 ,
the service levr,:>] is usually i.n-=ldPquah~ to pt-·ovjdp v-Jater- fer ,:,ll uses.
.ABLE 3.1 SOURCES AND bSES OF WATER
IDislribu\ion by Sour[e of Water for Different Uses)
I SOURCE I Drinkino
I . Cooking
I I
l I I I
\ WatH[our;e \
II \ I~
I Pond
I I
I
I I I ~ell I I i
\ I Standpcst II 7 i I
I I
( I \ Handpu!p 48 ;,o
I I l ~.
I I Tap 1
I ,, I
,, Lv L •
I I l I I T r:\al 100 100
I
I I Watercourse 18 I I I I
I I l I I
\ Pond I 10 I 6 I
I I I
: ! i
I l Vell 20 20 !
1 S\andDost 20 ,,
i LJ
I
Hand puap l 25 ,, L J
I
) l !ln I I ') I
I i
I 1 o\al I
I 100 100 I I I
I I Hand/Fm
I Clean1r1~ I . I
Bathing I CJ~anino I U!mils I
IN VILLAGES WITH !~PROVED WATER SUPPLY
I I i
15 1 ~! I }:,
I I I
I I l
I I I 1 4 8 I J I i I
I
I I
I l
I to ,t( ;,~ 50 I I
\
I I I I I I 1
18 19 I 19 I l I I I I
100 I 00
IN VILLAGES WITHOUT !~PROVED WATER SUPPLY
I ~
I I b I 1 B 12
I I i I l
1
I I I I I I 13 \
11 I , ,, l
Lo
\ I
{ I I (
I I 21 I 21
\ 2q I
/
I I 26 26 "11 L I
I i i
I I I l I I I
I 00 100 100
tColuan totals tay not add uptc 100 hmuse of roundinq U Inclusive of mro drain.
Laundry
19
4
48
,, LL
100
23
2:,
2!
20
!00
Latrine
I 16 J I
I ! I 4
;,f
I 16
I
tov
27
I I
i 24
I 27
I
100
I Lives led: I I Comedian i I I
!00 I I I
I I
I I
I
. I i I I I
I I -I I
I
I
- I I
100
I
I 2q l
I !
I I
I !S i I
6 I I I I
I I I
18
! 00
3.2
3.3
The pattern differs fundamentally in the case of villages without
improved water- supply. Ther-e is rnuch gt~eater- diver-si~y of soUt··ces
use. Almost 65 percent of the sample households procure
their- dr-inking wate1 from a well, standpost or handpump. These
ar-e also the major SOUICeS of water fo1 cooking and hand/face
cleaning. Wate1cou1ses a1e used mole fo1 bathing and laur1dry,
while there is greate1 utilisation of wate1 f1om ponos fo1 ;
cleaning u ten s i l s , 1 a u n d 1 y , l a t r· 5. r1 e and livestock. l'J e 1 l s a 1 e a
major source of wate1 for- d1.i.nking and cooking .
.. 3.2 USES OF WATER FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
Unlike the p1evious analysis, Table 3.2. does not reveal
substantial diffe1ences in the patte1n o ·f use of water· from
diffe1ent sources beb\Jeen irnpr·oved .:1nd unimproved vill.:J.qPs .
Generally, wate1cou1ses are used mo1e ·for- laundry and bathing;
ponds fo1 laundry and latrine water; wells, standposts and
handpumps for drinking and conking water.
The basic conclusion from the analysis of sources and uses of
water in the rural areas of Sindh is that the primary consequence
of an impr-ovement of water- supply is that the dependence on
hand pump and tap pro~<imate to the dwell ir1g unit
significantly. In villages with sour-ces of
supply a higher share of water- consumption is fr·om sources like
w a t e ,~ c our-s e , p on d an d we 1 1 , \'' h .i c: h may be 1 o c a ted a t a s i g 11 i t i c a r 1 t ..
.,
~· 4
distance from the settlement. This has implications not on 1 y or,
the level of exposure to health hazards but also on the time
devoted for procur~ement of water by members of a typical
household.
C H f't P T E H F o u n
The pattern of time allocation by rural women of Sindl1~ as
r-evea 1 ed by our- sur-veys, is t hi~:; Chap Ler-. CJ f
particular interest is the time:> that is devoted on a·ver,<c:Je to
income Qt=;nerati.rlC] activities in different p.:1Tts of the pr-ovince
an d how t he de g r- e e o f i n v o 1 v F' men t i rl ':=.ll c h a c i.: i v i t i e s
by the provision of improved water supply.
Section 4.1. describes the data collection and arlalysis. f_)ect:iDrl
4. 2. gives the of ~time allocation to
a c t i v i t i e s . S e c t i em IJ. • ::..~ • p r- P s r~ r 1 t s an analysis of activity
by t .i. me of day . T h .i s is use f u 1 in d F' t P r- mining t h r~ nor· m a l seq 'J P n r: e
of activities. Finally Section 4.4. describes the allocation oi
time to different activities by men.
4.1. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
As described in sur·vey of time allocatior1 by
women was undertaken by female surveyors
observation
maintained
(as opposed to mernor··y
at fifteer1 minute
recall) basis. A
different activities
4.1
being performed by the samrlP women of thE:> hDUSehold. The tol.cll
time period covered was 5 : 0 0 A . /'1 to 11:00 P.l"l e a c: h cl a y -r o ,-
period of two consecutive days.
The approach adopted enables a very cal'··efu 1 documr?n ta tior1 of
activities performed by rural women and the time devoted to E?ac: h
activity. As such, .i.t has y.i.elcl<?dl per·haps for- the first timE?,
more or less, precise data or1 the time allocation patten1s of
rural women of S.i.ndh. HOl'-iever, desrite the obvious mer-its of thP.
approach, it still suffers from some shortcomings as follows:
(i) the use of ·fifl:eEm minut·e intervals mear1s that then:> is a.
tendency to allocate more time to short activities whic/1
take only a few minutes and, consequently, to report less
time than is actually the case for activities which take
longer time.
(ii) ·frequently, a number of act.ivit.ies ,"'lTe performPd
simultaneously by womer1. For example, a woman may be cookinq
and tend j_ n g to c ll il d r· f? r1 a t U1 e s "'me t i me . A 1 tern a t j v e 1 y l s h 2
may be listening to
ct~aft. In situations
a r~;Hiio vJI1ile er1qaged in sr::Hne cottagr?
1 ike this it is
to which activity is recorded as b~ing performed by the
surveyor~.
(iii) since the Stli'"VP.yot~ has to stay inc;.ide
record the activitiPs bPinq performed by
4.2
,.
'i:,.
'•·"·
i I ,.,
\ I \w
I .• I ;. I ,. I .. I ,. ! ~~ ,. I ,. I ,. I ~. I '·• I ....
4.~
dorumen t Lhe time taken for··
completing ac t.ivi t i_r:es discharqP.d outside the boundar-ies of
t he rl we 1 1 i n g u r1 i t . I h i '", pr-oblem h.=1s particular s.i~jnif.icancP
in the conte><t of rletennining the t- . .. l me taken to fetch
water. A woman may report that s h P h ,:u:l gone to f [' t c h VFl t e r· ,
when actually she devotes some time for a c h i t c h a t VJ i t. h
her friends. This V,Jill tend to ovpr·st.ate the time taker1
for procurement of V,Jater. ~11 ter--native] y, a l"!Oman may
.i n d i c a t e t h a t s he h a d q rm e t.o t t 1 e v.J a t t:? ,-- c o u r s E' f o r· b a l· h .i r: q
and laundry. HovJever-, shP may ha'./P. sper1t most of tl1e time::·
in walking to and
t he t i m e a l l o c a t e d to b a 1: h i ~l g a n d 1 a u fl d r· y v,) D u l d be over·
reported. As described .in tile previous Chapl~er, t.his lc~
more likely to be the case in unimpnJved villaqes whet"P a
high proportion of thP water for most uses is obtained from
sour-ces located at some distanco from the dt"!e] linq unit. Trl
such cases, we have allocated 50 Z of th~ time trJ the
fetching of the vJatet" ar1d ~'iO!. to actual per-fonnance of thF?
activity.
Given these caveats , the time a 1 J o c a t .i. on s u , .. v e y has g .i v e r1 a , .. ic h
body of irliormation. Data has been collected em 2 6 d i f f r? t" e r 1 t
activities. These have beer1 classi·fied .into the follol,Ji.ng tyrp of
activities- internal domestic actjvities, e~< ter-nal dDrnestic
activities, income activities, fetching of Hater,
leisure and others. Incomp generating activities include cnttr1ge
" 4.4 ,., II!!'
....._ crafts, teaching at a co-,chCJDl rw vJol~ving ir1 the fields. it is ;1lsc:J
'·· possible that some of the input into r: o t t a g e c r a f t s i s ·f o r h o r'l E
...._ '-9
consumption and not for the market.
--..... ..., .....
'l.2. PATTERN OF TIME ALL.DCATJ(JN
"" ,. The time devoted to d if feJ-en t types of activities by the sample
~. of women on average in each zone of the in
table 4 .1. A number of kEc:y c nne l. us i o1·1s eme,~ge from tl1e ta!Jlf". ... First, out of the e i g h t P e r1 11 ours available (n011-slr?eping Lime) . .., t he h i g he s t a m o u n r. o f t .i me , b e t. l'! e cc' r1 s i ;< to eight hour::;, is take!l ... by internal domestic activities including ~IH? making of IJc>rJs/
"" cots, house clean.inq, h:.>nd.ing to childn=n, P.tc. This i 5 f 0 l l CJ ('.) (0 d
"11' generally by leisun:> t 1 me . [J 11 1 11 E' aver-age about t h n? e to f o u r·
" h o u ,~ s are cons urn e cl 1. n ,~ e c rca t ion , chi t c hat , p ,~aye r , 1 is t e r1 J: n g to
~,, radio, etc. I n c om e g en P r a ti 11 CJ a c ti v i t i e s t a k e f rom t h ,~ e e to r o u r
I v
I ....
I ..,
hours to \.'e r-y little time is devoted to external
domestic ac ti vi t.ies like procurement o·f fodder or f i r-el·JUOrJ,
grazing of ani.mals, etc. The only r:lr:tiv.i ty which may involve
significant amount of time spent outside the owe] ling unit is
t v I fetching of water.
I ! 'II
..
I ' ' Second, there is ma1~ked di f fer·er1ce in the time
I '!I fetching water between villaqes \~ i t. h .i rn p r o v e c1
I ,' 'II
I ,
those v•ithout. In the hilly and s.=Jr1dy cJp:;er-t. zonr:>, t.llP avei-ZlCJ':"
t i me saved p e ,~ Hom t:" n h y p r· o v i s i on o f imp r-oved v< a t e t~ s u r p l y ( p i p e c:J
I ,, 1
\ "
'" 'Ill
~
\W
'"' -· -.., ,,
\ .. -.,
'·•
I ' .. ~
I '"' ! '. I ·•
I ...., ·."
I ' .. ~
I >"
I ,,
I ·,,
I '"
l '. I '·'
I \ ,,
1-,,
I ., '
I ., '
I· "'
I ·,,,'f
I ~~'
TABL£ t:
PnllERN OF liRE ALLDCATIDH BY ~OREN
IDHEITYPE' OF IJ!LLAGE
I
) mET WA TEP. ZONE l Jn Villms with hr•mEd Supply I In 1/illages ¥ithout hHove~ Supply
I I
Diffmnce
I i HILLY & SMlDY DESERT IOHE j l In \'illages ¥iHI Iaproved Supp!)· · l I In 'lillages without hom·ed Supply I I Diffmnce
) I
l BRACKISH ZOHE
l In Yillages wi.\h laprmd Supply In 1/illa~es ~i\hout laprcnd Supply I I
Diffmnce
l nEllA ZOf!E
In Villages with l1proved Suoply In Villages without llprmd Supply
Diifmnce
lrdm,<l Dmstic Adivi !ies
3b
469 394
" ~
389 F" Jl
J!
I
I
I The Iota l tire available is fr 01 5:00A.M. to 11:00 u.,
t I J
! I
I I
3~
~7
I
-13
22
-19
Equinlent
, J .. l
-37
28 I 09
-81
~3
121
-18
to 18
I
\ .~cti·ii\ies I
! ; I I ' I
I !
I
hGurs.
271 112
71
19 5 141
u.
272 180
rr
)
-12 I
I
220 m
I
-6 ~'
261 167
!.1
83
70 91
-\1 ~
134 !04
~
!12 l" JJ
-·11
4.5
Tat a lt
1080
I ~ I ' I
I
\ 1080 I
l 1 OB•j
\ 1
1 oao 1080
·~
' 1
4.
I '-..I
I
I ' ·' connection or- household handpump) is almost .L l/2 hours. lnP
I '" _,
corresponding ti~e savings zDne and delta
I '-• ar-e 1 hout- 21 minutes anrl 1 hour if] mirllltr?s resrectivPly. ~
' \ .
l "' Thit··d, there is s u b s tan t i a 1 v a r· i a t .i on s p a L i a 1 1 y i n t he e )d e r 1 t u f
I "'
I ,,
I ',,,
I ' ,,
involvement in income generating activities. The par-ticipation of
women in such activities appears to be the highest in the hilly
and sandy des e r- t z o r1 e ( d i. s t: ric t s of T h"' r-- park a r and D '' d u ) f o 1 1 m ·! e ci
by the delta ZDne (distr·icts D f 1 hc1tta and Badin)
brackish zone ( d i s tr· i c t s 0 f Hyderabad, J~cobabad ancJ ~':li1nghar).
I "• This may be due not only to the gr·ea \:pr·· pn?sence o·f tr·adi tic•r1al
I ~- skills but also because of g r c.::> a t e r· demand a rising f rom p r· o ~: i m i t y
I <"" ...
I '· "·•
I· ,, Fourth, time devoted to income ger1er·ating activities is genel-311 y
I ;.,.
I ""' ,._.
higher in villages t---Jater supply. 'The additional
time given to such activities ranges from 1 hour to 1 1/2 hours.
I ---. .....
The above findings lead to one of the pr·incipal cor1clusions of
I ... the study. A significant component of the time saved .in i"etcilinq
I ~ or water, following .improvement in water supply, is likely t:o be
I ..... diver-ted to the greater pursuit of incomP generating activities,
I • especially cottage Ct"i:Odts. T'tlis demor1st.r·i'3te:s that
I .. I ..
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation p t-o i ~? c t h a s t h e p CJ t e r1 t i a l
s t i m u 1 a t i n g i n c CJ rTH? q en e r· a t i n CJ a c t i v i t i e s o f vm m en ir1 the pr-oJect
subject to removed. I f \. 11 i. ~0
I ""
I ,.
,
' •
' ..
"
,
'
"
4.?
happens, then t.:hi=· can be seen a·c; one of U1e ma_iDr- benef_il_c, ui
the rr·o_iect.
Analysis of table 4.l. reveals tl1at in the hilly, s a n d y d r=c s f"' r t __
zones the time saved in
mostly be used ir1come generating inter-nal dnmr-cs t.i r:
activities; and tile delta ZOrle, in ir1come qr"rlerJt.irlq
activities or- leisur-e.
We have also conducted a c:;epar-,-ltE' ar1alysis of the time allcwati.on
patter-ns :~killed arl cl unskilled VKJmen i fl the
r-espectively. Results o 1 E' g i v £C> n i_ r 1
time devoted to income generatinq activities by,skilled v-JOrTIPfl i. ~;
substantia 1 1 y g r·ea t.e r . It e :: r:: e e d ~; ·f o u t-- h D u t-- s p e r d a y i n j_ m p r D v Fe cJ
villages. !'lost of thic::; work is performed d u r- i n g d a y t i me l1 o u t-- s ,
before surlset. Dne of the IE'asons fur· this is, of cour-se, is the
low level of vjllaqe electr-ification in Sindh. Other reasons are
the pr-esence usually of malP.s in thr-? hou':'.PS after sunset and t.ll''
need to complete othet-- activities like cook incJ, mak J_ncJ of the=:
beds, etc.
Table 4.2. indicates that the p u r· s 1 J i t of ir1comF'
activities by ski 11 ed ~.,;ornen .is nnt at thF'
activities but cuts largely irlto leisur-e tjme. ·rhet--efor-e, such
women appear to lead h a t·- de r· 1 i v e-=; . T h f.? i t· ur1 s k i 1 l e d cnur1 terp,lr-ts
or men have more leisure time.
..
' ,
' . ,, ,
! •
! ,
'• '
4.8
TABLE U
?ATTERH DF m£ AllOCAl!DH OF SKILLED AND UHSULLED WOnEH
I
I \ DAY mE ~~~:00 A~ TO 6:00 PMI
ACTIVITIES I
I I
1 \ In\mal Dom\ic Adivities
I
I ) Ellernal Domtic Activities
I
I 1 ~etch1no Vater I I
I I In COle Emratina Activi tiesl ! . i I I
I Leisure
1 I I
I 0\hm I I
I
I I I Total I
I
l I I
I I I
I I I I I'
8y tiom vi th hproved Water Supply
Skilled ) Unskilled I
290 I ~,7 u,
I
I 11 ) 101
l I -, 18
23? 76
166 30~
53 5 ~
780
l for sl;ilhd men, aostly school job or ml: in \he fields,
I By Wom with \ Unimproved Water Supply i
Skilled Unskilled I I
298 205 I I
) " 28 LJ
I I I
110 ~ L.O
136 H
146 318
67 63
!~inoles ~er Day)
NIGHT TIRE 16:00 P~ TO !):00 P~l
h Wnm with By W.om ~i th !!proved Water Supply Uniaproved Water Supply
Skilled Unskilled Skilled I Ur, ski 11 ed
172 132 ( P' /} I HO
I I I
l 1 ' 3
I 0 J
) I I . I '·
oc 11 LJ
71 pn 7~ 123
H 31 -,o J ~~ .JL
300
I
I I I
j
\
I
'· ,
,
'· ,
"' ..
... ,
4.9
4.3. SEQUENCE OF ACTIVITIES
Table 4. 3. pt-esen ts AnF.llysis of ;:dlucaticm by time. of ci:'\y uf
devoted either to slr.eping time or in ten1a 1
,-,ctivities. The is gene,- a l l y s p c r1 t 1 r1
income genera Li.ng Ul' domesl~.i.c: ac:t.ivitiE?~~. Du r i r1g the l a \:e
a f tern o on , a f b:c ,- lu n c h , t lv:? n=o i 5 a t e r1 rl en c: y Pi the r· to con t .i n u E'
with income generat.ing activities or to take some r-est. 5:00 f"J1.
to 9 : 0 0 F' • M i s us u a 1 l y f or· 1 e i 5 ut- e , a f t e r v! h .i c h m o 5 t o f t he tim~.,
is taken up jn c.omplr:et.i.r1q _inb?t'"nal domr:ostic: activities hefon"
going to bed.
The analysis of d i s t , .. i b u t i on b y t i rn e of activities is givr:on in
table 4.4. Intf:'rrla1 domestic ;1c:tivit.ies are spread throughout ti1F'
day, with peaks in thP uf the J a tr:>
night. External domestic activiti_r:=:'<="• t.encl tu J_ r1 the later
part of the mor·ning. Tit'" time for· fetching of v.Ja ter· is usu·.:.J l 1 y
between 9:00 A. !"1 tl:no A. 1'1 sur1set .. Incomr
generating activities between 11:00 A.M
and 5:00 p .1"1. is visible. Fetching
income generating activities tend to f 0 1 } 0 VJ e a c h o t h e r· .
explains why time savings i r·1 t h P i o nne r 1 fl
the time allocated to thE' Jattfor
""' ,.,.
,.,
...
.... ,..,
• I I
I I
j I I
I I I
Tille of Day
05:00 -
07:00 -
09:00 -
11:00 -
13:00 -
1 ~. :00 -
17:00 -
19:00 -
21:00 -
TOTAL
07:00 AM
09:00 AH
11:00 AM
13:00 PM
15:00 PM
17:00 PM
19:00 PM
21:00 PM
23:(\0 PM
4.10
iABLE 4.3
ANALYSIS OF ALLOCATION BY TIME OF DAY OF ACTIVITIES
i h)
\ I I . ! I
Internal lt):ternal \Income I Domestic )Domestic IFetchino • Generating Leisure Others Total I
I I I . I
)Activities)Activities Water Activities
I \
\ 41 7 2 I 0 51 3 100 ,, I I
61 :! 11 15 1or
41 3 9 24 20 3 100
32 < 7 37 18 7 1N1 ·' ·' ·'
24 ~ 2 11 ~· 15 100 £ ·-'L L .. ,
21 39 28 100
7~ 2 < 1 ~. 35 11 100 ._\f.. ,I
I : (
I I 7Q
I, 1 1 1 39
\ 16 100
\ ,, '
\ i I ' I
I I I I
) I I I I
I ) I
78 1 - 1 14 6 100 i ! I J i ! !
I ) I
I ! I I 11 7 4 I 19 26 1 1(!0 •' I I I ! ! I I
... ..
' ..
-----
"""' --
4.1
4.4. TIME ALLOCATHlN IlY MEN
The allocation of time by men was determined on a memory rr.c:all
basis. Therefor·e, ttlesP ,ar·e lih?ly l:o be mot'e approx.irn,Jte ttlrm .i11
the case of women. lhe results are shown in Table 4.5 below .
TAllLE '1.5
TIME ALLOCt'H 1 ON BY 1'1EN
TYPE OF ACl!VlrY (Minutes per rlay)
Internal Domestic 7
External Domestic 74
F'etching Water 4
Income Generating Activities * 576
Leisure 276
Ott1er (incl. acid.it:ional sleepinr;J t.imr=:) 143
TOTAL 1080
* primarily working in the fields or doing a labour job.
-.. -
....... -....... --
"' -
" -
...
..
..
4.13
The table clear-ly ind.i.c.:'lie<o; tflat: fE'lchirlg of water- is
essentially a female activity. The involvement
activity is minimal l1 u 1 k o ·f t h F.' t:i. me i s de v o ted b)' men e i U 1 E' r
to wor-k 01 exterr,rJ.l domestic ac:Liv.ii·ies (milkinq animal:;,
collecting fodder, animals, qather-inq f .i n:.ovJood ) o t tc1
1 e i s r . .1r· e ( c h j_ t chat at Otaq, hotel or shop; pr-ayer, list.Pnir1q to
r-adio, etc.)
Overall, a number .. of key conclusior1s hElVe been l-eached fr-om i.h<:=>
time allocation survey . lmp1·ovement in supply leads to
significant tlme s a v i r1 g s .i n most the· pr·ovince. ] h j c;
confers benefits V·IOfTlefl, vJhO tend to a 1 loc-ate t-hr=>
additional time available to income qener~ting activities,
be c au s e s u c h a c t i vi t i e s e i t h r! 1- t e r1 d to f o l l o vv D ,- c om e he f o I" P
the fetching of Wc:!ter- in thF? d<'lily sequence of activj tiE'S. This
e ~< p l a i n s t"l h y i f t h F.' hE' 1 1 e f i t s f r o rn a r u r ,, l t·\1 a t e r· s u p p l y p r· o j F.' c t
ar·e to bE' maximised ther1 it. is f?Sserltia] to include a ccHnponr?r·d
f o r p r om o t i on o f .i n c om p q en e 1- a t.i r1 q a c t .i. v i U P s b y ~<J om e n .
C H A P T E n F I V E
The objective of this chapter is to conduct an inventory of
skills in cottage crafts of women in the rural ar~as of Sindh.
This \tJ i 1 1 enable an identification of the capacity v-.:h i.ch
currently exists to undertake income ~JE?rlerating activities.
Section 5.1 of the Cllart.er- presents the level of skills pn:?serlt
by age, education or income level of a household. Sectior1 5.2
identifies the method of acquisition of skills by rural women,
while section 5.3 quantifies thE' pn:sent rate of utilisation of
available skills in income generating activities. Section 5. •1.
presents estimates obtained of income levels
realised from cottage craft activities.
5.1. INVENTORY DF SKII ... LS
The village survey elicited information from respondents about
the number of skilled women pr··e:serl t in thP village. Based c-m
these orders of magnitude it was then possible to identify tl1e
number of women who should be individually
the time allocation patterns and the natur-e and levr?l o·f their
income generating activities i 11 c n t t age c-: ,- a f !·_ s . ?l rFi 1 y c; i s o f t he
results from thr? vill~\C)f" survfc:ys r-eveal that on the aver-aqP. about
5.1
40% to 50% of adult Sinrlh appE>ar· tn
possess snme kind of skil). 1l1is is a r-elatively
and .ir1dicates the o r i en t a t i em . o f U1 P. pE?op 1 e of the
tov<ar-ds pur-suit of ccJttage craft activities.
highlights the potential which for- u \: i lis at i ur1 CJ f
available skills to ljUality of life of the r·ur·cl1
r-esidents.
A detailed inventor-y
administer-ed on Pacil ir1dividual sk j_ !l ecJ \'JDrrlPrl \AJi tl~in the
household. Table ~. 1 of· t:l1is irlVt?fllUIV.
Over· all it appr:oar-s tilF.TP i 5 dispF'I'':iion of ?· k [ I l ,,
among the sarnp 1 e v-H.Jmer1. This highliqhts
'"" the natur-e of activit.ifcS bF>.ing I.HldP.r·t:aken i.n the I'UI'Cll ar-e-'15. 'lhP
''"" ..._./ m o s t p rev a l en t s k i 1 1 i s P m h ,- o j cJ e ,. y . 1"\ l m o s t h "1 I. o f t. he 1 e s p D n d P r1 t '
...... had a c qui 1 e d t hi. c,; s k i. 1 l . f'.l r=• x t a r· e k r1 i t t i r1 g and p a t: c h vKll k s k i l l c; ,
. ..., possr:ossed by OVE'I" one tlli. r c1 '; of t ilE' Sti tchirlCJ -,, .,., capabilities an? n:ovea]Pd by c'lhDut ;::'1Z of t hF' wnrnen Hili l P t h'C'
-~
I ~ ar-eas of Sindh, amnnq ~ppr-oxim~tely 12Z of the women.
I -·.,.; l
---. .. I
It is interesting to note that the levEl of s k i l l d o E? s n o t ;'=· e f" rn I
to substantially by
I •• indications that the skill of mor-e concentr-ated .. .._,
I .... .....
I -"""'
arnong the younger women, while patch work is undertaken mor-e by
the older- .vJornen . It is also of sigr1ificsr1ce to
stitching skills i:lle pi"esent mo ,. e a.rnorl Cl \:he m i c.l d l e a g e d vJ o rn~ r 1 •
I -...,. I
""· I -"'
,
' I'
" ,
"" ""
TYPE OF WOMAN
I lA. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
1
I llliterat~
I I Literate
1
I lB. B'l t.GE. GRC!JP
I ~ 19 ~ 1
I I 20 - 39 I I
I qo and above I
l !C. BY HOUSEHOLD lNOCHE I (Rs./Month) I
l ~ 750
l 751 - 1500 ! l > 1000 I I
I
1 D I TOTAL
~ABLE 5.1 5. 3 INVENTORY OF SKILLS IN SAMPLE OF WOMEN
! OF WOMEN WITH Y.NOWLEDGE OF
Y.nit ting I Stitching I Embroidery I Patch-wort I Cap-matino I I . 1 1
I I I I I I •10 28 I ·~ 38 16 ... I 1
77 I I 22 ,)._\ 89 26 I
I I I
I 1 I
I I 36 21 I 86 21 0 I
I I
I 35 ::s I «; 36 15 I ,) .. •
I I I
I I 31 75 38 n I I
I'
I I; I
I I
I I I I
I I I
I I
38 75 12 63
I 50 18 68 41 0 I
I I
77 77 I
.._\,_l .j ... \ 60 34 I I
I I I
34 :9 6·1 34 12
,....._ -
Also, cap making skills i?lppear to have declined over time. None
of the young \AJomen revealed knowledge of cap ma.k inc~
skills, while about 1~/. of older women had this skill.
There is also signifjcant Vcl.r-i.:1linn in the prr~sence of skill:;, by
the level of education. Illiter-ate women to bP. morp
.in v o l v e d .in k n i. t tin g and p '' t r: I M ell-- k ""hi 1 e :o; t .i. t chin q and em tJ r- o .i cl P r~ y
skills amcn1q fhe level of
c; k i l 1 s by household i.nc:CJrne is revealed i r1 tatJle 5. 1.
Embr-oidery s k i l 1 s a r· e rn o r e poor-er- women, while
knitting and skills
belongi.nq to rn.iddlF' u fJ p e r· i. n c Cl rn P !lCJlJSr?hol ds. Cap rn<·l k .i 11')
svills also ap[Jear· to bP cor1cP.ntr-atPd rnor·e v".iULi.r1 the rur-41 pCH''·
5. 2. METHOD DF ACfJLI.EH T I UN or SKILLS
Table 5.2. [Jt-esent,s the sour-ces of acqu.i.sitior1 of skill by v.JDrnen.
The pr-irnar-y rnpchAnism for· tt-ansmi ssion of skills is
infor-mal in char-actET. ?Hrnost 89/. c1f the SilmplP 'vornen n=>veali that
they had acqu .i. r~ed the ski 1 ls ei tllPr· moti1P.r or- fr-rom
some other family rnemher. Therp
gener-a tiona 1 t r· i'l n s f e r·- n f s lc i 1 1 s t i:l I( i II g p l " c E' ir1 the vi.llaqec;.
T h i s h a s he 1 p e cl i n t h r" p r- e s e r v a t i or1 o f t r a d i t i. on a 1 s k i 1 1 s .
T he r- o l e o ·f t he f o nn a l t ,~ i1 .i r1 i n q s y "' tern i s e :< t r em e 1 y J i m i t E' d . llr1 l y
atJout 4/. of the women indicated that they had acquir-ed si·.i]J<; ir1
cottage cr-afts through vocational cPntr~'S. It i.s inter-esting to
5.4
T(1\ii .. E ~·. 2
...... T''" -- • -·-· '--- -·-- - - - -- - - ·---- - ·-··- • ----· -- - - ..... , ~-·····-··----- ·---· .... -................................... --··· ··- I ::: IJ r ~; r F: I n u r 1 o J.j n Y s n u F: c E !
I TYF'E OF WU11(iJ.I t From ··-r;:-;::·;·;·;;;····~~.~;~~;-~:r;.:;:;;;I .. ::~~·;: .. ;~·~·;--T""' ;.~·;;;n ...... ·)
! ........................ -........................................................................................................... J.... t'1 o t h c r 1 .... 1:11·:.~~~~:.~:~.~-- .. ----l~~~~~~~.-- .. ~·c.~~~-~-~~~· L~·IE~·~~~~-~-~t,c:~~-~· ....... J
/A. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I \ nute,··"'tc: I ~n I ~.J. I 3 I ::. 1 ' Lit<~l"<\tc l ~. I ?'? I :.1 I 1.1 ~
l l ' I I I I j l 1 I I !.-----·--··-···--·--·--·------·-·-·--·---·---··· .. ········-··-·-····--·-····-·---·-·--····--·· ···············-···-····· ·---· .. ····--·····---··-,·····-· ······-·--··--·-·-·-····--··-·· ...... J.,.___ ··- ...... ------!
l \ II ! !I i 1
1
,n. BY AGE GRour ~1 \
1
\
11 11
! i 19 17 67 8 8 :
I 20 - 39 I 3~ I 55 I 3 I l 40 and above I ~~ i 75 I 0 I 0
I j I I I 1-·-.. ·---.. ·-·-·--""""''""""" __ .. ,_ ........... - .... -... -........................... - ..................................................................... , ____ .J ............................................ _ ............. j ....... - ................................................... ; ................................. ..
lc. BY HOUSEHOLD ~~~oME l ! ! I ; I I I (Rs./Month) I I
~ 750 i so I 5o o l I , I ., -.·.".·. ',.) I I 1 7~·1 ·-· 1 :~oo J ~:,o o
I I I I I l I I
I > 1000 I 21 I 66 I 5 I f ........ ___ ....................... - ......... --........... --.... - ............. - ......................... .j. ........................ --............... ----·k .................. _ ............................... J ................. --.. ----·-· .......... .f. ..... -............ _______ ... - ........... \
l~-~-~~~~~~~-.. -····--··--·---····-"·····-··· ........................................... ! ? ? ......... l ...................... ~~-~'---·····-"'''"'"'•l ............................. : ....................... l ............................... ~ ................... i
0
I \
I I
i
l -I
I
I I 1 ') '-·
-.~
-., ' ·-
5.6
note that the training appears to
g r- e a t e r- am on g t he H urn P r1. T h i s h i q h l i g h t s t he f a c t t h a t , i. n IT' c o r1 t
years, with the expan:sion ir1 thP capabilities for v CJ r. ;:) t. i c lf 1 il l
training especially ir1 the puhl ic has been somF.?
incr-ease in the outrPach to rur-al areas of such centres.
5.3. nATE OF UTILTSilTTCJN UF ~3K1LLS
Table 5.3. presents estimates of the E?>( tent of utilisation of
available skills income activiti.es. r he r·e
substantial v,lr-.iaticlfl in utilizatiGn rates both among skills and
among different kinds nf women.
Highest utilization rates an:? obser·ved in case of v n i t t. i 11 g ar1d
patchwork skills, of elVer- 6·,,:;.-:,. lh.i.s is fell lovJPd by embr·oidery,
with utilization ratr of 57Z, whilP the uh lization rate .if1 cap
making, in parti.cul;o1T, is rPii'ltively lov.r ,lt only about ;';.() z.
ThPse utilization inciic:at.i.vE' of level of dernar1d
<=, k. i l 1 s a v ,1 i. l <.1 b l c• VJ i t h ntra 1 women. l,,Jp havro a currently for-- the
clear indication skills atP s 1 ovJ 1 y dying CJUt
because of the lack of grm'\Jth in rirrnand. ThC? market, hovJever·, for-
knitting, embroidery and patchwork skills appears to be buoyar1t.
Utilization r·at-.Ps byr level of education vary significantly, .-lr'cl
jt is interesting to note that rnon" l.itr>r·-at:e wornerr ar-e, in fnct,
inclined to utilise mon;~ the ~;kill:''· narticularly in knitting and
embroidery. HovJever-·, i ll.i t.E>raf:E> worn en demonst.r·ate
'· ,
-.,
A. I I
I I I I
I I
I B. I
I I I
I I
'
I I l \c. I
: I
I
I I
' ' ! I I
I I D.
TYPE OF WOMAN
BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Illiterate
Literate
E'' .f AGE GROUP
( 19
20 - 39
~0 and abovr
BY HOUSEHOLD INOCNE (Rs./Month)
i 750
m - mo
'· / 1000
TOTAL
5.7
EXTENT OF UTILIZATION OF SY!LLS BY WOHE~
'f. OF WOMEN WITH SKILL UTILIZING IT FOR INCOME GENERA T! ON
I -l Stitching I Embroidery Patch-;mrk I Cac-maUng I
I l; I I' l I I .,
5 47 73 77 ! Ji ~-J
\ 1 I
I 83 11 71 29 0 I I I
99 68 ''2 68 0
::: .,.~ 69 !::1 2·1
1<) 100 ~2 100 t_(\ ... ~'
I
I I
! I !
0 I 0 67 0 ~(\ l."..'
! l
"" 64 I :.r 40 LL 0 I I •
50 I 44 64 70 40 I I
64 40 ~~7 62 ~0
" ..
"
5.8
utilization rates in stitching, Al -=--u,
utilization the hic]hPst amnnq '/ 0! ! ll g p ,- in
knitting, while obsr,orved in sti tchir1~1 =mel
patchwork fnt- older women. ~mbroirlPry s~ills appear to !-1p mc1rp
intensively utilised case of middle aged women, F'onr-er-
women are more involved in embroidery.
Table 5.4 qucmLifir::>cc; thE' e1~tpnt of pr~rticiputicm of skilled V'DI'lPn
in ,'Jr::\iviti.es. This
combines both the availability of s lc _i 1 1 =:, Df
t 1 t i_ l i z "' t i o o . A "t t u q e !: he r· , '? ~i Z o f t he s a m p 1 e o·J om e n w co r e P n q a g e d u1
some ·form of inc orne activity. Of cour-·se, lhic;
percentage may he over stated because the pur sui t of p i'1 ,-- t i c u 1 =1 ,-
activity rnay not necessarily for income gener<'~ ti_ot1
purposes but may be oriented towards horne consumption.
The highest rate of par-ticipatiorl, appr-oaching :36!., is
in the case of ern bt--o ide r--y. l h.i. 5 j_ s f u l l ov;ecJ by knitting
patchwork ~Jith cor-responding rates CJf about 21 !.. As highlighted
earlier, both U1e avail,:Jbili_ty -1nd uhlizi'1tior1 1r1tes of stitchinq
and c a p rna k i rl g a r P r e l r1 t i v P. 1 y l o vL T her· e f n r e , t he ,~ e s u l t i n g ,- a t: e s
of participation in these activitiPS are also very low, at only
about 4Z in the case of cap mC'lk irHJ.
Par-ticipation highest arnor1g i 1 1 i t er-a t e , IN ornE' r 1
knitting, s t i tc h ir1q C1 [] ct while l i ter-e~ te v1omer·1
P.ngaged sut-::stantir1l ly in F?rnbt-oidery. S i rn i 1 at"" 1 y , y CJ Llrl q e r·
I
TABLE 5.4
EXTENT OF PARTICIPATION OF SKILLED NOMEN IN INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES RELATING TO CRAFTS
I
l I % OF WOMEN WITH SKILL UTILIZING IT FOR INCOME GENERATION TYPE OF WOMAN
I t:nittinq \ Stitching i EmbroidEry ~ Patch-worf: Cap-maUng
i I I
I A. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION 1
I
i
t
I < Illiterate 22 16 24 ·I 28 ~· I
I I
! Literate 19 63 I
1 (!
I
I I
I
Is. BY AGE GROUP I I
1 I
I I I !. 19 36 14 36 I 14 0
I 20 - 39 '20 13 38 I 18
I I I I
I 40 and above 12 6 31 I 38 6 I 1
I
I I
lc. BY HOUSEHOLD INOCHE I
(Rs./Monthl
I ~ 7 :.o "" 0 :,o 0 ,~
.(,) a
I I
' 751 - 1500 32 9 T7 23 0 .. ,
\ 1000 16 1:. 2.8 21 ·'
1°· TOTAL :1 12 ? ' .Jt 21
5.9
I
1 I I I
I I I I I
I I I
.I
I I
! 1
I I I
5.10
l'-JOmen are mon? involvrc1 ir1 krlil::l:irHJ, vJILilr? olrlrcr Homf'?ll
be engaged more in p-31::ci-Mork ancl embroicJer~y. 1 t i=; intere=,tirlr;J to
note that par-ticipat.ior1 ratrc•s decline systematically by
household income. Tili.s .i. s ohsPr-',;coc! .Ln t:he case of knittirHJ and
embr-oider-y b u t in s 1:: 'i t c hi r1 q :, n cl p a 1: c h vJ r::J r- V. ther-e is in ·fact, =;orne
indication that par-ticipation h.iqhrct" among the Jess
poor- house,holds ir1 tlno:> r-ur-<11 an:oas of Sir1dh.
5 .IJ.. I Nr:OME I_L:VFI._ BY CnliFT
Estimates of level of incomr:> q?rlC't<l t:ed ·f :··om c r· a f t: ;o, k .i 1 1 s
presented in Table:;.;), A numbr"'t~ of conclusions emer-CJe ft"OfTi tlliS
table. Fir-st, the monthly income fr~om utilizat.ion of tr-aditiur1al
skills is gener·a 11 y is cmly about ?81 rupees CJrl
average (equivaler1\: to a !Jou t L.' us dollars). Sl?concJ,
var-iation in incomE~ by ski·ll .is not ver·y pr--onDunced.
income is f 0 1 J CJVJP.d by e m b r· o i cl e r· y ond
pa tc hv-JOrk. PllQ<1Q ing in cap rna k inq o , ..
stitching activities is relativ~ly low.
Thir·d, variation among hous~hnlds in inconJP fnjm differ·ent cr·aft=;
is fair-ly pnmouncecl. About 30/. of thE" v1omen were a.b l e to rnan;<~JP
an income less than 150 ,~upees month only. {-) simi !at
percentage had relatively high incnmPs in excess
per month. rhe largest share of about ~0 "1. i. s c on c e rl t t" a ted i 11
the income r-ange of 150 tu ::soo r·-upees
the greatest variation in income levels is
-... ... .... ~ ,.,
"""" .. .. , --~
..... -.,..,
~
...... -._;
'""" ... ~
~
~""' """" ~
-~
I "'""\ -... -
I •
I -'""' -
I ...... ....,
I --., ,..,
! '
'liiP
I • I .. I -. I • I
,.
I 'liiJ
--
l<nitting
Stitching
Embroidery
Patchwork
Capmakinq
TOTAL
TABLE ~'. :-, 5.11
LEVEL OF INCOME GENERATED FROM CRAFT SKILLS
A'-.'elr aqe
Income
256
?H1
(F~s.Mon thly)
% OF WOMEN WITH INCOME (RS. PER MONTH)
~ 150 151-300 > 300 fDtAl
1l 39 tOO
40 40 20 100
19 100
45 22 100
t..7 0 33 100
41 30 100 ----------------- ... -------------L .................. --------------------------L----------------------------------------------J
,
" •
.. "' .. " .. "'
"' "'
... "" ... ..
...... .... ...... -
5.12
of knitting, followed and patchv.Jork. {~ l most. tv-m
third of the respondPnts engaged in cap making had income l<?vE:l5
less than 150 rupees per month.
The basic conclusions which emerge from the chapter are, first,
that traditim1al skills ar·e iair~ly vvidespn?ad in
of Sindh. There is also considerable diver·sification in the
presence of the skills not only by the r~eg.ion but alsu among the
women and households d.i.st.ingui.shr-ed by IO?duc:atiorl, aqe and inc orne
level. Because the primary means for tr··ansmission of ski.lls is
informal ai·1d essentially n~<e,tr·icteci to inter-~gerlerational
t r a n s f e ,~ s m a n y o f t. he t ,~ a d i t .i. on a 1 s k i l 1 s c on t i. n u e to s u r v i v e i r 1
t he r u r a 1 P. n v i ,~ on men t . Some s k i 1 l s , h r1 vv P v e r·· , l .i. k e c a p m a k .i. r1 g a r·· e
tending to decline over time because of the lack of demand.
The basic question, therefore, is not one of availability but 1.1 f
the quality of these tt~ac:H tiona 1 skills. also
indicates that the skill utilization rates vary significantly,
due perhaps more to factors relating to demand for .the products
of cottage crafts. The focus of the pr~oj E'C t, there for~e, at thE?
stage does not have to be a·:oo much towar-ds creation of sk.ills ac;
towards the affective utilization of e>~ is ting skills lor
enhancing income level of rural women.
' -
"'""'· ... ....
6. 1
C H fl I' T F n
This chapter~ i n v [' f1 t 0 , .. y in Pc-1rt. t r a i 11 i 11 q
institutions both in the public and the pr·ivate ~;eclor Hhi.ch ar-c:
curTently ir1 providing ·~ki 11:; to vJomen i.r1 tll:o
pr~ovince. This inverlt:ory nut by SUI'\Il'?Y
district and levE'l oi tr-aining i 11 s t i t u t i em s . F' a r- t f3
dr-=>velops a p,-ofile o·f womer1 curr-ently rereiving traininq at· thpsro
institutions. Such a profile has heen constructed by undertakinq
a survey of traineRs. Finally, the potential for- usirtq
existing training institutions for increasing the potential for
income generating activities by t"Ut"al l'JCJmP.n is e :<amine d at t h '?
end of the chaptP.r.
E_8 ___ ILI. __ _ _B __ : ___ _ TflOl N If\1(3 ___ Jf\I~_U r u r I u r'-:J s ___ __
Ther·e is insti tu ti or1s ir1 the pr-ov.irH~e.
Socio-economic centres and multipurpose
are finar1cccJ b)'
the Women's Division but mani'\qed by thP depar·tment of snr· i. a l
vJelfare. V CJ c a t i o r1 0. I t r· a i r1 in g c en t n:c s arE' also
Women's Division bu \: I"Un by the C'ducation and
technical education dPpartrnent. c-arptol:, V·!CJOd VJO r k ,
6.2
1 acquer wol-k, T.V r-ep~ir training
garment training centres have been sro t u r by the Sindh small
industries corporation. r ' f-.' \ '{"
6.1. COURSES UFFEFIED
The number of courses offered on average in both government <'Hld
n on - g o v e r n men t tt- a .i 11 i n g i r·1 s t i t u t i on s i s about three. (see Tab l '~
6.2) observed most in
the case of government vocational training schools and; soc io-
economic ce~tres in the public sect.CJr. As mentioned
training of Sindh ~3m all Industries Corporation ha vr'
essentially a S[JPCiC'll.izecJ 1~o 1 e in each
largely to one or crafts. Industrial homes appear to be
undertaking relatively diversified activities.
A coverage of coul-ses in terms of ski.lls is highlighted hy Table
6.3. The most commonly offered skill is hand I machine embroidery
-~ - f o 1 1 owed by k n j_ t t i n g vm de. a n d t a i 1 o r i n ~! , c u t t i n g a n d d 1~ e s s m a k i r 1 g
and ready made garments. lhe availability of training facilities
in macrame, flovoer making and rin hiClrk is very lirniterl.
Table 6.4. indicates that the·1··e is a subsL=mtial var·iat:ion in tt·1e
n u m be r o f t.'r a i. n e e s p e r c n u 1- s e by t y p e o ·f t r a i n i r1 g c en t ,~ ~, . L a r g e :. t
group sizes re obsr::>rved lfl non·-governmen t institutions, i.e,
industrial homes, ~>'Jhi l e in the public: sector relatively larqe
6.3
TYPES OF TRAINING I~lliTITUTIDNS IN SAMPLE
-·-------··--·· .. ···-··--·-·····----······- ······--···-·-···-···-··-···-····-······-······ ............................................... _ ... , .. _ .................... - ..................... ------·--······-··· ·-----·-·~~~-~~~-~-f·:····-·····--···· ''l
L
...................... -·--·--···-·---.. -·--.... -... - ------............. ___ , ___ ,,, ...... _ ............................... ______________ ......... 1
~!:\ I S:lnclh !:!m.o'!ll Industries TrAininn Centre
Commun :i. i:.7· Cent. rr:.· !~ ~ urban i.\n cl F:u , .. ,,, 1
c. Women's Welfare Centres
D. Government Vocational TraininQ Schools/Institutes
Sor.:io·tc:unomir.: Centre:::
I F. Multipurpuse Centres
I \
B
7
•; .::.
r··-·--···-------·-·--····---··--·······-······-······--··--····-····-··-······· ................................................................................................. -.......................... -.......................... +·· ............................... ___ , ..... .
!2. NON-GOVERNMENT
I j
A.
fl.
Women's Welfare Assoc:iaticns,Cent.res
Industl"ii:<l Home:::
I
I .. 1.J.
l-··-··---·-·----····-··----·-----··-··········-·--··--··--·········-·············· .......................................................................................................... -------·---·------·---··-""""·-- ---- ....... ,_ .. _______ _
I
l I
! !
\ 1 I
I I I I
........... .!
~ ,;
)
' ' I
I
' 11. I I I
' I I
I I
I
' I I
I
' I I
I
:,) l I I
' l I I I,
' l l, !'-• .., I
"'
"" .,;
~
"" • ,, ..
-..... ...
~
~
• • • "
•
-••
'"
TABLE U
NUMBER OF COURSES OFFERED BY DIFFERENT lYPES OF TRAINHJG INSTITLIT !OflS
GOVERHWH
A. Sindh S1all Industries Traininn Centre
B. Cotaunity C~ntres, urban and Rural
C. ~olen's Welfare Centres
D. Gmrnmt Vmtional Trainino Sd:ools/!nsli+utes
E. Socio-Emo•ic Centres
F, ~ul !impose Centm
~ON-GOVE RN~EHT
A. ~om's ~elfm Associa\ion~iCentm
R. lnd~strial Hom
I I
T ~o
13
Fin
6.4
i I
\
Av. f!o • . d I Cours;,
I
3 '1
2. 7
7 7 ,..\, J
':! 1 .... J
TABLE 6.3
TYPES OF COURSES OFFERED ~y DIFFERHll TYPES OF TRAINING IHSTITUTIONS
I
I I
I I
ll. GO'JERfl~ENT
I A. Sindh S1all Industries Trainina Centre I I I
I B. Conunily Centres, urb~r1 and Rural I i I c. ~om's ~elfare Centm
I l D, Gmrnmt 'locational lrainino Schools/Institutes
I E. Socidconcsic Cenlm
' I F • ~ulliourom Ctntm I I
I
12. HGH-GO'IERNmH
I I A. ~oHn's Welfm Associations/Centres I l B. In Gus trial Hoees l I I I
largH \raining, eaking of leather hags, handicrafts, de. tt Cuuerband, braid making, needle~ork, de.
·: OF !HSTITUTIOHS OFFERING COURSE
I I I
!Painting/ I I !lailorina,l Rilli- I Kandt I !Drm-ta~.-1 wert I Xathine lxakrm I Pimrk I CaroE! I I I ' \ino,P.ead"t I Y.nitling IE!broidmiFlom I I lr a in ing I I I
IMabng I ltade Gm.l I ' ' l
\ ) I I
! I I I ( 38 12 !2 12 5~
I
I I I
\ !00 67 100
I
I !00 36 100 29 H
I t'co 86 100
I I 100 100 100 86 71 I ' I 50 100 ~~o
I I
67 77 JJ 67
83 33 100
6.5
l I I
Othm
2 ~~ t
1 OOt
'·0
~
. ...., I -I l . ...., I
,_,
I ~
I ·~
I ~
1 ~
• I ~
! ~
I ~ I ~
I __,
~
I ~
I ... ~
I .......
~
I ~ I
I ~ ~
I ~
I :,:, I I ~
'
I .,
I -., ,., -.._
I '9
-"'
I """ .or·-...
I --,
I '!!<P
TABLE U
A'IERA6E f1U~BER OF lP.WIEES PER COURSE IH TRAIHHJG CENTRES
I
l .·
'
I I!. GOVEP.N~EHT
I I
I I i I I
I I I ! I I
A. Sindh Stall Industries Trainina Centre
B. Couunitv Crnlres, urban and Rural
C. ~om's ¥~lfm Crnlre;
0. 6o•mnmt 'locatio~al lrainino Schoalsl!nsti !ults
E. Socio-Econolir Centres
F. ~ul\impose Centres
h fiNI-GOHRHMENl i'' I
i I
I I I
A. Wom 's Welfare Amria\ic•nsiCen\m
B. Industrial Hom
/railoring, \Dress-1abnq, etc.
25
12
13
16
36
22
I I I I
I I
I i I i I I
I \
I Rillimk )Hand/ !nit tina IXachine
I
IEahroiden I I
30
HA
12
21
fiA
22
23 22
I I I Paintin~/ ) Pimrk Maf.rata etc • I
I
10 10
flA 10
6.6
I I I \ Carpel \ Others l I Tr ainino I
I i I
I I ! ' I I
12
6.7
enrolments ar·e observed .in the case of Small Scale Industries
training centres and the c;ocio-economic centrE's.
As far as duration of course is con~erned this depends on the
l eve 1 of soph~stic~tion and skill that is targeted for by
different institutions, as <e,ho\vn in Table 6.5. The smallest
duration o·f cour·ses are generally observed in industrial homes
followed by t-Jornen ' s Formalised traininq
arrangements, leading in some cases to certificates and diplomas,
are more common in the case of qovt:>rnrnent
schools, ~cale Industries tr·aining centres and socio·-econrnj c
centres. In such cases the' duration o·f cour·ses could bF' as much
as one year.
6.2. TRAININ(~ STAFF
Table 6.6. indicates that employment in training institutions is
small, r·anging from .:1 mi'l>:imum of seven to eight staff memiJ~or·s or1
the aver·age in gover·nmer1t vocational tr-aining sc hoo 1 s and soc i o--
economic cen tn?.s to a minimum of
institutions. The quality o·f tr·,=dnirHJ staff is gener·ally poor··.
Accor·d ing to Table (,. 7' only guvP.r·rlmr~n t vnr:at.i.onal training
schools, socio-economic centres and mul t.ipur·pose c£?ntre=>s had tt1P
major propor·t.ion of staff v1ith a Bachelor's degree. Trainir1o,
staff also appears to be underpaid. Only a small proportion
are in relatively senior government grades (BPS 16 or 17).
1,~
~
"""""' """" ~
~
~
~
-~ -·~ -~
~
.... .._;
~
~
I ~
I -~ I ~
I -I
....., 'IW
~ I ~ I
I ~
1 ' '\RIP
I \tp
I ' \9
I ,...,
""' ""' \liJ
,..,.
. :t,DL.E 6/8
DURATION OF COURSES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
~-~:-:R:,,·::.~=~~~~'' 101~ --- -------- --1~~-;';: ,:1v~, ,-, ,~,: 'i
1 Ccn.ti'Se \ (J'k•nt.h::;) I
t··--··--·--··•·"··--·----·-......................................... -............ . ........................................................................ _ .............. --·······- ····-····---···-·-··"'""'' ··t ........ ·····l 11. GOVEH>li'IEHT l I I I A. Sindh Small Industries Training Centre I 12 I i
I B. Community Cc·ntr·es, ui··b;,\n <"<nd F:ur·,:\1 ,
1
1 q ... 06 I i I C. Women's Welfare Centres 3-04 I I I D. Govocomool Vacotioool Tcoioioq Schnolo/Ioolitutool 0-12 I I l E. Socio .... Econom:i.c CF!ntr·e~:, I 6 .... J.2 l •1 l I F. Multfpurpose Centres I 4-12 I I ~--------·: ........ -.......... - .... -.................... -.......... _ ................................................ __ .............. --................................ . ...... -................................. ~ ...... ,_ .......... - ................... t--· ...... \ I I I I
'2. h!Ot--1·-()0\JEr::I·II'IEt·IT I ! ) I I I l I A. Women's Welfare Associations/Centres I 6-12 ! /
I B. lndus-t.r-L.-.1 riDmE·!:', I 3--l? I I l_ .. ___ ...... - .......... _ ...................................... -.-............................. __ ............. __ .... -............. - ...................... - ......................... - ...... - ..... _ ...... -........ L-.......... _ ........ _ ............. 1.. ... __ ...... I
6.9
HUKBER OF STAFF !H TRWIJNG !HST!lUT!O!lS
Hueber
=> ..
TYPE ! I - 3 J ~ - & 7 - 9 j 10 - 12 j Am aae i
I I ! i I I I'· GOVERH~EHT I I I I
I I I I Sindh Saall Industries lrainino Centre
I I I I A. I I I
I I I
B. Couunity Centres, urban and Rural I I I I I I
I c. Vcun's Welfare Centres I I I
I I
I I I I
I D. ilovmm! Vocational lrainino Srhools/lnstitutes I I I I I I I I
l I I I E. Soci o-hono•i c Cen !res I I I
l I I
I
! I F. Kulti mpose Cerdm
I I
k HOK-GOYERHMEHT i
I A. Vom's Velfm Associa\ioos/Centm
I I
I 3. Industrial Hom 7 I I
.. ,
•
i'
1. I I
I I I
j
I I
12. I I ' I I I '
6.10
TABLE 6.7
QUALITY OF STAFF IN TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
I OF INSliTS. WITH ANY STAFF MEMBER HAVING :
Bachelor's Masters BPS b BPS-16 Degree De9ree to BPS-15 or BPS-17
I I
I I I
I I I GOVERNMENT I I I
I I I I I A. Sindh Small Industries Training Centre I 38 I 13 75 50 I
I B. Community Centres~ urban and Rural I
?7 'I
.•J 0 0 0 :j I
C. Women s Welfare Centres 14 0 86 0
D. Government Vocational Trainino Schools/lnstitutes 57 43 71 14
E. Socio-Economic Centres 100 71 100 43
F. Multiourpose Centres ~.o ~.o 100 50
NON-GO'·IEP.NMEtiT
A. Women's Welfare Associations/Centres 0 0 0 0
B. Industrial Homes 0 0 0 0
6.11
6.3.· BUILDING AND EOUIPMENT
Most training institutions, especially those .in the pr·ivate
sector, appear to be ill-equipred both in terms of building space
and equipment. As shown in Table 6.8, the complement of machinery
and equ.i pmen t
and
consists of sevving, zig zag machines,
button hole machines. Small Industries
cutting
training machines
centres have mor·e specialised equipment, VJhi 1 e gover-nment
vocational schools and socio-economic centres are generally the
best equipped.
6.4. INCOME AND EXPENDITUnE
Table 6.9. highlights the diffP.rE?nces among thr2 diffP.rent typE?S
of training ins ti tu ti ons in total income and expenditure.lhe
largest budget is observed in the case of socio-economic centres,
l'Vi. th an annua 1 budqet of abour. Fh.173000, follovvF'd by
centres of Sindh Small Industr-_ic>s Corpor·.?~tion t'>~hicil have c"J burlqet
of Rs. 126000 on average. NP.xt in size are government vocational
training schools multipurpose centres. Non GovernmE'nt
institutions a[Jpear· to opprai.p P.ssr~nti..?~l ly on shoe string budgets
limited to only Rs.16000 to 19000
rupees.
The largest component of expenditurP. consists of th~ payment of
s a I a r .i e s t o tt~ a i n F? t" s a n cJ o t hE' r· s t a f f • T 11 i s a c c o u n t s f o r o v <? r 8 0 i'.
,,. 6.12
b~ --'
~ l ~BLE b.S
~ ~'I~IWTUTY OF FAC!LlliESl Vl1H TP.AH!HlG HISTITUTIOHS
.. ._ _.J
~~
"'~
J)~
.~. ._/
l ~
... I
.../
~ ....
I __,/
-~ i ~
I .... I
.__,
-~
I """' I -.1
-<'~
I ~
I ~
I ~
I -"'"~
I ._
......
I H u "
B E R
I I I I
l TYPE OF TP.AlNIHG lHSTITUllJN I HHb~r I I BuHon I I I Ziq Z•! I Y.ni \ \inq I I HG! E I Cu\\inol I I in Roo!s Se~i no I ron
I I I <
I I Saole ! ~Hhines j "achim 1 "achim 1 ~.achines I ~achif:E'! I I I I
I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I
I II. G0 11EP.NMEHT ! I
I I I I I I
Sindh Stall Industries Trainin~ Centre I qo 3~ I I I I A. I I I
I I
I i I
B, Couuni\y Cen\ns, urban and Rural I I I I I l I I I
I I I I
I c. Vom's V!lfm Cen.\m 19 57 I I
I I
! I ~. Gomnm\ 1loca\ional Traininq Schoolsllns\ilu\es 14 168
\
2~
I E. Sotio-Econoaic Cen\ns IS 105 I 26 38 I l F, Xul\icurpose Centres 11 I I
I I I I
I \ I
I l I I I
i2· MOH-GO\'HHWIT I I A. Vom's Velfm Amcia\ions/Cen\m 14 I
I Industrial Hom 19
I
B. II I
I I
t Only equipm\ required for itpar\inq skills po~ular ~i\h rural vom.
I """ I .r... I "'Jr.
I ,,. I <-
.....,..,,"
1. SOVERHMEHT
A. Sindh Siall Industries Training Centres
8. Comn!ty Centres
C. Wom's Velfm Centres
D. Sovmmt Vm\ional Training Schools
E. Sodo-Econolic Centres
F. Multipurpose Centr,es ~
2, NON-SOYERN"ENT
A. Vom's Welfare Amciation/Centm
B. Industrial Hom
TABLE 6.9
fXPE~DITURE AN~ IHCOME OF TRAINING IHSTITUTIONS Average Per Insti tnt ion
Total Shm of Etpendi tm Heads nl Expendi lure (Rs.in 000) Salary Fill Uti I i ties Ren I 0\hm
12b BS 2 7 6
IS 100 - - -
36 86 2 B 4
95 94 2 - 4
173 80 I 12 7
87 84 s I 10
19 50 25 16 9
16 89 3 B 8
6.13
-Total Extent of lncoae SelHinan-
Total (Rs. in 000) cing ( ~)
I 00 I B 14
100 0 0
100 0 0
\
100 13 14
I 00 30 17
100 7 B
100 0 0
I 00 9 56
~ 6.14
~
~ of total expenditu~e. Next in irnpo~tance f o 11 ovJec1 by
~ utilities.
::J I ~
1 ~ l
The component of income gPner·ation th~ough sale of prcJduc ts
p~oduced by t~a.i.r.ees and tr·aine~s is ~elatively small. It: is most
significant in the case of socio-economic centres and vocational I ~
l training schools, finance 1.4 to .17/. of their·
I ~
I ~ ~ I ~ I !)
I ~ I ~ I
I ~
expenditure through sale of crafts. Industrial homes in the
p~ivate appea~ to have the g~eatest '=luccess in SC?lf
financing, as on the? ave~age? they are able to cover as much 56/.
of their expenditure through the sale of products. This ca.n be
attributed to their low level of expenditure.
6.5. CONSTnAINTS
The requi r·emen t of facilities as ~eported by the staff of
training institutions .is pr-esented in table 6.10. 1 he hiqhest
I ~ ~ I ~ I
i ;)
pe~centage of r-espondents have expressed the need fo~ additional
instr'uments and equipment follovJed bV r-ooms And additional staff.
The requir-ement for- vehicles for- development of mobile
facilities-· and for~ m,;u-kr-.,t.ing of output has also been emphasized
by staff in socio-economic cer1tres and community cent~es.
I ~ as non-gover-nment t~i'lining institutions i'lre concer-ned, the
I. ~ principal constr-aint again is building space, instruments
I ~ I ·~
equipment. In addition, as highlighted ea~lje,~, ther·e is Cl"itir.:al
shor-tage of paid training staff in such institutions.
i """"· •
I ~ ....,
I ,.,
6.15
TAFLE 6.10
REQUIREMENT OF FACILITIES AS REPORTED BY STAFF OF TRAIHING JNSTITUTIOHS
i I ~ OF RESPONDENTS RfPORW/6 REQUimEHT OF
I TYPE OF TRAINING INSTITUTION ! .
llnstrumd I I /Technical I Roots 1/Equimnt I v~hicles I Staff I Training !Assistaml Oth~rs
I I II. GOVERNXENT I I A. Sindh Stall Industries lrainina Centn 63 50 50 ~.o 38 '9 Jw 63
I I B. Couuni\y C~nlres. urban and Rural 100 67 67 67 67 33 67
' I c. Voapn's Welfare Cenlr~s Sb 100 43 100 14 43 29
I ' Govmmt Yocalional lrainina Schools/Institutes I '· 71 71 43 57 43 57 S7
I I E. Sodo-Econotic Centres 100 I 00 86 86 71 71
,, ·'•
l I F. ~ulli nurpose Centres I 00 100 ~.o 100 50 ~~o 100 I ' ' l l l I i l I I
I I I I I '
I I I I 12. NOH-GOVERN"EWT I ' I I
I A. Vom's Welfare Associations/Centres
l l '
l I I
I 100
\ 100 I 33 100 67 33 I 33
I I I ' I I I !. Industria! Hom I 88 100 39 75 I ~.o I 13 50 I
I
6.16
The principal c on s t r· i'l .i. n t t6 more effective discl1arge of the
training role is finances (see Table 6.11).
A significant portion of the respondents have also indicated that
one of the constraints is the wrong choice of location and the
lack of display centres. Also, in many cases non-cooperation by
shopkeeper·s in procuremP.n t of [lt""Oducts has beE?n emphasized as a
constraint to oper-atiorls. Within norl-~JovenlmPnt institutior1s, the
principal constr-aints, as mentioned earlier, are lack of suitable
b ll i 1 d in g a riT1 ava.ilability o·f adequate tr-ained and remuner-ated
staff.
6.6. PROFILE OF TRniNEES
Altogether 112 tt-aini?P.S t"-'E'r-e sur·vryed dur-ing the survey of
training institutions. 73% of the trainees wen:? in
institutions and 27% in non-government institutions.
The distribution by age qroup of residents in Table 6.13 reveal~~
a concentration within the age group of 15 to 24 years. Almost
half the trainees are in aqe group of 15 to 19 years, followed
by 1 8% i n the age g r-oup o f 2 0 to 2 4 y e .:1 r s . T he presence o f y curl g
6.17
:mE u 1
TYPES OF COHSIP.AH/TS FACED BY GOVERHKEHT IRAIHIHG !NSTIIUTIOHS
~ OF RESPOHDEHJS P.EPORIIHG COHSIRAIHT OF TYPE OF TP.AIHIHG IHSTITUTIOH
"ronq lark of Karket lack Shop- Dept. Transport Fi nantes Location Display Cospeti- of Sales Keepers Hon- Hiqi
Centres lion Staff Hon-Co-op. Co-opera\. Pri tl
I~. GOVERHXENT I
I A. Sindh Stall Industries Traininq Centre 25 38 25 13 25
B. Conunity. Centm. urban and Rural 13 67 ., )J 33 67 33
c. Vwn 's Velfare Centres 19 86 57 14 14 14 29 14
~
D. Govmml Vocational lrainir.q Schoolsllnstilu\es 1 ~ 43 14 14
E. Sotio-Etonolit Cenlm 57 57 14 14 n 29 14
F. Kul\ipurpm Cenlm so 50 50 50
'·"
!ABLE 6.12
TYPES OF COHSTRAINTS FACED BY NON-GOIJERNXEWT TRA!HIMG INSIITUTIONS
HON-GO!JERNHNT • ~
A. ~om's Welfm Associations/Centres
B. Industrial Hom
I \lack I I lad. of \ of
Stipends Suitable I I I \ Bui l dir:os
i '
33
50 )0
r I I
I l I
I I
I I
lov Salary , of
Staff
33
50
lack of
25
lack of
Trained Staff
13
6.'18
lack of I ' "achinen I
I ar:d ltQuimnt !
I
33
25
6.19 PROFILE OF TRAINEESt
[_~~--~ ~--~- •=:~-~---·-::::~=~~~~=:~:---~~=~~~~=_:_~----] I I !A. BY INSTITUTION TYPE I I I I I
I Trainees in Government Institutions 73 I Trainees in Non-Government Institutions 27 I TOTAL \ 100 I
l---··-·-·-···--·-···--··:: ........ w···------·····----······-···--···--·····---·-···----·-·----··----····--·--·--··----------·------.............. _ ................................. ______ , ................. - ...... l ...... -.......... -....... - .......... ; ............... _ ......... 1 I ,I lB. BY AGE GROUP
l Btelol~ 9 ver.1r;; 1. I I
I
09 15 20 "'I" ~.:.J
J.iJ )'CE\I"S
1 ·-:; Yei.\r·r::.
£~4 YE·ar·s 2 (:i> ·~· e ,;{ lr s
30 and above years
TDTtrL.
t·-------·-------·-------···· .. ··----··-----.. I ,C. BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
I I
U.t.Prah• Primary Middle St.? cond ''' l"Y
Intermediate Colle~o B.A./B.Sc.
TOTr1L
::·o ~~o
l.B I 7 I
I 10: l I I
····--··· ............ _ ........................... --........... _ ..................... _________ .. ,, .... -----·--------·----f·· ........... ----··------ .......................... ,
I :
I I
l \ I
10 ?0 19
1
100
I
I I I
I I ' I
I [ _____________________________ .. _________________ .................. _ .... ________ ............... --.. --·-----··--·-··-----..... _ ......................... ____ .................. J_ ..................... -....... _ ...... _____________ _]
6. 20
TI'1EII..E 6 .. 1.3
PROriLE 2F TRAINEES (Contd.)
············-··········--··-···-····-····-·······----······-·······--·······--······-····-·----·· ····-······-·········-·--····--····--·········-··-···1
··-·-·---------------------------....,.···-·······-----·-·······-----------··:·--····--·······-·······-·--·······-·--·-······-······--·--·····--·····--·······--····"'''-"'--·-·--·····-·-·····
I !D. DISTANCE TRAVELLED TO TRAINING CENTRE (kms) I
j 0 l
l lj
I TOTAL
87 l1
10()
r-·-·----···-·-·---·····--··-······-···-·-·······--·······-·-··········· ··--······--··········-······-·······-·······---· ·········-·····-··--·-······---······-·········-··· ·····-·---- ·······----·-----·----··········-
!E. TRANSPORT COST INCURRED MONTHLY fRs.)
I I
t·lone 00 31
30 F-:s .• '1 5 F:~; .• I
l
B3 8
1.00 TOTAL I L------··-··---··----··-..,·-·----·--··--···--··-··---······-··-····-··· ...................... ·-·····-··-·-··-·-·····-····-····-··············----····--··-····-····-······ ······-·-··-·--·-·-·--·------··--··-.l·--··-----··-·-·--····-······-····----···
I
I I
6. 21
girls among trainees is also indicated by the fact that almust
20/. are in the age group n~ 9 to 14 year~s. By and 1 arge, o l cier
and middle aged vmmen do not appear to be receiving tr-aining.
1
The distr-ibution oy erlucat.l.On level reveals a high propor-tion
v<i th lower levels of education. Over 50/. of the trainees have
r-eceived primary or less education. Approximately 30/. have some
secondary education. The pr·opor t ion of those with col:lege
education is relatively small at about 20/..
One of the "most significant points to note is thP. closP. pr-o:<.im.ity
of location of tr-a.ineP.s to the training centr-es. 87/. tr-avel 1 E?d a
distance of Jess than one kilometre to the tr-aining c er1 t r e. On 1 y
about 2/. rnovP.d r-elatively long di.st_ance;o, of 4 to 6 kilornetno:>s.
This is an impor-tant finding and indicates clear-ly that most of
the tr-ainees ar-e ur~barl in char-acter~. The out r-each of tr·ainir1g
institutions cur-r-ently to rural areas is very limited.
The sur-vey o·f tr-ainees ccmfirms that negligible pr-opor~tion of the
enrolment institutions is of rura 1 \">~omen. This is
consistent w i. th the earLier fi~1cling that most of the sk.i.lls jn
traditional cr-afts with rur-al wom~n appear- to have
informal mechanisms like inter-generational tr-ansfrrs or
by tr·aining impar~ted by the other members of the family.
6.22
6.7. CONSTRAINTS
Constraints faced by trainees (see TablE' 6.14) he
similar by st-aff of training institutions.
The principal factor- lirni.ting the effectiveness o f t r a i n i r1 q i s
the availability of proper· machines or equipmE'nt. Almost half the
trainees feel the need for more machines and equipment.
6. f:l. SUGl3E~3l I UN:3
As shown proportion of trainees felt
that the provision of more mach.i.nes <:md their· proper- r-epair- could
contribute greatly in the improvement of quality of instr-uction
in their- institutiorls. Jntere";t.ir1gly, almost 37/.
reported the rH"f?d for· mono;' stipP-nrl or- for somp stipend during tl1e
per-iod of training. In addition, suggestions have been made
relating to provi;o,ior1 of more tt-Aining staff, more funds anrl more
building space.
Altogether, it exist a fairly elaborah' net
work of traininq insti\:ut.iorls cicJVvn to the taluka level, both .in
the public and int he private sector, in the province of Sindh.
However, murh of the role of these institutions is r-estricted to
training of ur-ban vJornPn and little or no ou tr·eac il
capability currently to the rural areas of the pr·ovinc:e. Subject
to improvements ir1 quality staff and the
fJr-ovision of machir1P.S and eq.uipmelll, . .it is nP.verthele~s feasible
I ~ l 6.23
I ~ j ~ Tt1BLE 6.1tl
I ~ I ~ I ~ I ;)
• I ~ I ~ I .;}
' ~
I ~ I .;) I ~ I ~ I ~
I -I ~ I ~
r=~~~~~~;;_:,;=~, ·:_ .. _:_-::::-:=_--_-:· .. · -::~-·-= --~-=I' £:~~:-~::: ~~., I I I I
Le1ck o'f Tci:lcl·ir!r·s:. I 1 7 I
l------------------------------------··-------------·--'-·-------------···---------------------------------- ·---------------·-----·--·--------·--·---···---·-···--·---------- ------·------ --------------------------------------·--------·-· ----·-1
[_L:~-"-'-~:'--"~~:~~-':':~----- --- ----- ----------- -- --------------="-- --·-'
ll -~" ~_'__'~~~'~:'_"_:_ :':"'·:"_' - --- - -- --- ----- --1----'~- -I
Latl:. of Fur·ni!nrc: ! 1::, j --------------·--·----···-- -- ----"-----~ --- .. ··--- ---- .. ·--- ..... -- .... -"- ---- ---- ---- . ---------- ------ - - -- --- ----- - ---- --.. - --- ---1------------- - !
I I I I f E • J J . '' I 17 1 .. <0\C·~- 0" .(Ul .C lllCJ ;:;pilCC
I~-~~~~;~~~;:;:-----------~---::·--:=:~---~---=-~· -=:J~~~--:-~•= --:J r 1 •
! L '" c: k o ·f D , .. i n 1-:. :i. n Cl bJ ,'t t r:o ,- ! 1 8 I f--------·-------------·--·---------·--··--------------------------------------------·------ ······----··---··--------·--------·--·-------··------·····--··--······--···--·······--····--···--·--····--··----······-------f--------------······------·· ···1
~---~-:.~~~~-~:_c!..~-~)-:~ ___ ::.~:.(~-~: __ :~:·.~:_c::_i: .. ':.>.'. .................. - ..... ······----·-···-·-----·---------······-······--·-·······--·-····---------··-··------····-·1---·---·----·----~~----··· ......... J ' I l I Lctck o'f Tr·<Hi!::nor t l fJ i ~----------- ---------------- ------------ ---- ------ ---- --~----- --------~
1 _______ :~~~~-~-~~--~~~~~~:-~~-----·----·---··----·--···--····--··--·-····-····--·------··---·--··-·--·-····---·-----·------····----- -----····--·······--·---------·-·-------..1 .. __________________ =···--·--·--··-·····----·J
r ~
I -I
' . ., -, . ., --•
I '9 ' I I .• 1'. ,,_,
6.24
SUGGUHIOI·n FOP IW'F:Cl'.JFl'1!JIT Ill H:r~HHI,!G BY n::t\HJEE<-J
r-·---------------------------·······--····-----····--·-· -···--····-------··· ·-·· ·· ·····--···-·· .......... ·-·-····-·· ...... -- -- -· .T ;~ -- ~1-f--1 t .. ,-, ·i 11 ~, • ·~ l
l~~~-~~~~~~~,~~-~-~~-~~:~-::=--~-~-~~~-:-:~-----~ ___ --1--~":'·~-~ ,, " -! I I ' t_ _____ t~~:.: .. ~·---~~lt·~-~-~~-~;-·-···-··-···-·-····· ............................................ _ ................................................................. - ................................................... ____ ,,,,,, __ j ····---· ...... _. :: .. ~ .. -·---·· ···- J
j ., . .. "" ., . (c • - . .. . ·r .......... ,. l .. ... . ... \ I lkre ot .oUI1E· ,tliJE·itd to , 1 r.\Hit.'t.'., I .:>/ I [ .......... _ .. ,_ ....... - ........... -......... - .... -...... - .............................. ,_,, .......... ,, _____ ,, __ ...... ,,, .. ,_,,, ......................................................... _ ... --.. ·····--...................... ____ "'''f··-- ............. _,,,, __ ,, ........... ____ ,
~---"~':_'_"~'~'~--~'_"_'':"'_·':: _c•:•_h:' _______ -·· _____ ---------------- J _ _ :_ __-I
l More Duildiny Spaco ! 23 i ~, ......... - ........................................................... ,_ ............... - .......... __ .................................. - .............................................................. - ............................................... ,_ ........ - ................. j... .. ....... !
I ! \ 1'1ol"e F'u1·n:i.turE- I 7 I I I I .............................................. _ ......................... _ ......................................... - ............. _ ................................. -............................................................................................................. L .. -....... _ ................... - ... , ....................... j
I l I l ___ ''" '" __ "_::·~-~~~-:·~"- ~:'~~~~~ '~':_"'~-~ ------ -- ----------- -- ---+ 1 } -1 I I I i Introduction of New Trades \ 4 \ f" ___ , _____ ,_, ________ .. _,_ ......... : .......... -·--·--................................................... _ ........ _ .......................... -..................................................................... _, __ ,_, _____ .................. t ................................. -.............................. 1 I I I
1 Provision of More Paw Materials ! 15 l ... _ .................. -...... _ ................. _ ............................. _,, ________ ............. f ......... _.,, ............... -..... . ···I
I B ! ...................................................................................................... __ ........... .). .... ,_.................... .. ...................... !
Provision of Water Facilities
I l I 1 ............. ~-~:~~~: .. i. ;,,~;:.~~ ....... '·.·~-~ .. --~-:.:_:''.li .. ~~:'.~:.'.: ... t: ...... '·: ... ·~-~·.j·-~·i"'"t'~(::~·····---· ........... ,,, _______ ,, .............. _,,,,_,,, ......... - ............... _,,,,,_, .1............... ·: ..... \
6.25
to use these insti tutior1s for- dr.veloping a cadr-e of t r- a .i. n e r·,c; t--Jhn
could then move out on a mobile basis and pr-ovide periodic
tr-aining to women in t:he villages. For- this pur-pose it appear-~
that socio-economic centr-es in the public sector- and to somE'
extent industr-ial homes in the pr-ivate sector- could be used as a
vehicle for- imparting training to potential rur-al tr-ainers.
7.1
C ll A P T E n S E V E N
The previous Chapters have highlighted the impor-tance of
adequate mar-ketir1g link betw~en skilled women in r-ural areas and
consumers of their products.The latter are generally located in
the ur-ban ar-eas of the, pr-ovince or elselrJhen" in tf1e count.r-y.
Given the dispersed char'ar:ter- of set tl em en t s if"l
to develop, the pr-oblem of m a r- k e t i n g c: han n r? 1 s an d t he i r· a cJ f~ q u .:H~ v
i s o b v i o u s 1 y u f i rn p o r· t <":J n c: e i r1 i n f lll en c i r 1 g s u c c "" s s o f
for- i nco me gener-a t i r 1 g tl c t i v i t i e s o f r- u r· a 1 vm rn en i n t. he p r· o v i n c P. •
Section 7.1 describes the methodology of analysis that has hPpn
adopted to study the mar·keting channels ·fCJr- cottage cr·afts. !hie:
is follow~d in sectiun 7.? de~; c r- i p t i o 11 of t'he?
rnar-ketinc;:~ channels U1at cUt-r-Pntly exist for these pr-oducts and in
section 7.3 by identification Di thr var-ious stages in
mar·keting process product finally
ultimate consumer-. An attempt is made in the section to .ir1r:Jicatr
to extent which spP.cialization has tCJkE·n place .. ir1 the rnC1r·k.2ti.ng
wholesale~s and ~etaile~s.
7.2
Section 7.4 describE'S the various mechanisms that curr·ently e::ist
for procurement of r~w materials for cottage crafts by vvumen.
This is followed by section 7.5 which describes the process of
disposal of output by these \--Jomen. Impact of access to transprJrt
levels is analyzed and of nature of ~arkP-tir1g ch21nnels c.m income
in sections 7.6 and 7.7 respectively. Section 7.8 quantifies the
margins at different stages ~n the marketing process and thereby
indicates the ex ten(: of the r<?t<'lil price which actually is
received by the pr··oducer·s .i. .e, the rural womP.n of the province .
.. 7. 1 • METHDDot.DGY ur-· ()NAL y~.; I r;
The basic approach to analysis of marketing channels that has
been adopted in the study is to examine these flows at both ends
of the process. On the onr:> hand, an attempt has been made thnJllCJh
the village and women level surveys to find out the natur·e of
marketing channels for disposal of output and procurement of raw
materials. 0 n t he o t he r· en d , r e L::t i Jr.'" r s a n d \-.J h o l e s a l e r s h a v e bee r1
surveyed to determine the nature of demand for various products,
pr-ospects for demand gr-owth <Hld the level of profits, etc. lhis
two pr-onged approach makes it possible to determine the degreG of
consistency in responsr:>s and to idEen t.i fy the pr-oblem-=; as
perceived at both ends of the marketing process.
""'' ..... 7-3
""" -~ 7.2
~
:J As highlighted above, given betvJeen r:nnsumers ,1r1rl
, thE' producers e>f cot\:e1ge c r·a ft.: s pDor· qua 1 i ty of
transpor-tation system, it can br" r'?:·:p<c>ctE-'d that mar·keti:nq ct1'1rH1r>ls , are and i r1-..;D 1 \IP .'1
~ -- Perhaps, the most common pat.tP.rn t.hat or·1e v-Jould expect .in such a
;, situation is for women to market their o u t p u t t o m i d d 1 erne r> f r· D rn
,;) nearby tot~-ms who would then market the rn·oducl. to
~ such towns. The or1warc1 supply of I a t t F? :- t'-J o ll l d t t 1 e r1
goods to ·a Clf. cities,
~ Hyderahad. Tn practicP, hnwever, rna r· k ? t i n q r: han n e l s i:PrHI to be
......
""" relatively ~nformal in many cac:;c:s a
~ stages have bel?n collapsed whereby, for· e~:arnple;
~ also acts as a mi.dd 1 ernan or .=~ reta.iler p 1 aye; the role of a
;;;) 1-Jho l esa 1 r~r- Dt" evo l vec1 a 1: the village levPl
where:by one ir1 thE? village vJhCJ has mon" mobility '\ .,
H.cts as a rnidd J ernc:lfl and supplies goods in the ne,'J t" by tuv.1r1
..;;
I .:J
I
r
~ 7. 3. STAGES IN THE ~1ARKFT I NFi l'fHJCESS
l -f It is one of the obiect.i.ves of the> study tcJ identify thE' e:<tEr1t
t - to which the r e is s~Pcializatinn in the mar·ket.ing
I ~ take up f j_ r s t. t he <-' )( t P n t o f s p e c.i a J i z cl t .i. C1 r1 i 11 t r ad i n g a c t i v i t i. c' s
l ""' related cottagr: cr-afts. r.lur Slll'-1(:?\/S of
. "
I -I ' 1Jll!iDI
I -, ..
l•
7.4
that approximately 58/. (see Table 7.1) of the
wholesalers also act as ~etailer·s of cottage crafts.
it appears that is no dist.i.nct. separation
wholesalir1g and r-eta.i .irlCJ activities in c-:ott"lCJe cr~atts.
As far as the process of initiation of supply of handicrafts to
vJholesalers and retailers JS concerned, Table
approximately 47/. of the tr·ader·s rersonally c:or1tact. the ar·tisans
or the r-ural womrn for orders. As opposed to this, ~bout ?SZ of
the women personally arrroac:l1 the traders to stock their product
and ther·e!Jy help thr:>m .i.r1 r~e,"1chi.nq the consumers. The special i;::ed
r-ole of middl erm?n is j 11 only 2H/. of the
Altogether-, according
self pr-ocured hy brClUC)ht over- hy art.i.sar1::; and
28% ar-e supplied thrClugh m1ddlcmen.
Ther-e also doF:s not appear· cf i s t: .i r 1 c ~~- s P p a r- a t: i on
market between \··Jhulesa lers un the DI1P
middlemen on the oth,~r· harHL fablP. !.<1 .i.rHii.cab~s th"lt almost. ~:\'"7/.
of wholesalP.~s and retaile~s ,:dso act a~ middlemen. lherefor·E,
although the possibility exists of four stages
pr-ocess, i. . P. • ' v.~omen . \:o micldlerner1, m i d d 1 e rn P. r1
that in practice there are only one nr two stages.
In fact, in a hi g h pr-op or· t i on is a d.ir·cc t 1 i. [1 k
" ...... """'
""'\ ... """'\ .....
~
~
~
~
~
~
""'' -...... -..... -'""" el
..... ._;
~
~
-, ,...,
~
~
l . ....,
IIJDI
(
I ~
\, ~
'""" -l ' I
_.;
1
;)
I . ...., ... -
l..Jholesa.ler·s Reta.i 1 et··s
TABLE 7. 1.
STAGES IN MARKETING PROCESS
Wholesal~rs and Retailers TotEd
1.4 77 19
:1-:..Q_(!
7.5
·-··--·---------.... --·~---·--·-··.:..---·-~--·-··--··---·····-··-·---.. -... ·-·-·--·-·-·--·--· .. --.. ·---·--"-·-·--·--·- _ .. ·--··-···-····--·--·-----·---.. ~--------·--· ..... - ...
TABU':": 7.:2
Personally Contact the Artisan for Order Artisan Contacts for Order 1'1.i d d .l ern an Dther Total
TABL.E 7. :.::;
SOURCE OF SUPPLY OF GOODS TO SHOP
47 25 :28
0 100
Self Procured 43 Artisan 29 Middleman 28 Total 100
-~ 7.6
~
-~ between retailers and the prnducers of the cottage crafts in the?
~ villages. This link is established either by supply directly tn
., the shop by women or by the retailer goir1g to the v·i 1 J agr:?s -~
the pr·odur: ts. An imrJOr·tant featUrE' o'f' the mar-keting
relationships that obser-ved .is the implicit natur-e of
~ cr-edit, which is pr-ovided tJy the women to the the
~ cottage cr-afts. Table 7.5 demonstr-ates that as high a proportion
~ as 52X of the wholesalers and the retailers buy cottage crafts on
~ deferred payment f t"Om thE' vJomen. .i t is likely that thio..
per-centaqe is, in fact, under~stated in the wholesaler-retailer ~
surveys in ~iew of the potentially exploitative character oi this
~ r-elationship. 4Z of such trader-s make paymer1t nnly after "''a 1 e of
~ a particular- product. 23% make weekly payment; 28X, for t n i q h t l )'
~ payment and another 36%, monthly payment. I t is in teres t i r·1 g to
~ observe that 9% of the traders pay lower- prices for- the products.
...... This discount represPnts the implicit inter·est cost of any loan '111111
e1.dvanced ee1.r 1 ier- to tllP womC?n. ----'
l ..
I ~ 7. 4 PROCUnEMENT {)F f'lnt-J 1'1fHER I f\LS
I ;J
I ~ I ' ..
Table 7.6 procurement of highlights the mechanism for·
mater-ials. Almost obtai. n r a l'-l m a t e r· i a 1 s tvm thir-d of
fr-om the op2n market, 5X fr-om midd l emer1 and 28% from the local
I .. village shop. The !"able: r~eveals that distance fr-om the market is
I ~ a crucial factor- in tile emergence of middlemen in the process of
i .....,_
"'liiJ' marketing p roc u r- P rn en t o f r a vi m .=1 t e r i a 1 . The s> . .tch of
1
.....,_ ... .....,
! ....,
~
"""
""'
•
'
'
"
,.
.,
"
.,.
.,
..
H1BL.E: 7, 11
EX TEI'H TO \•~1-li CH \\!IIDLES(.~L.EF\1 RE: TA IL.E:F\ ACT~3 AS t·i I DDL..EI'1At·.l
Wholesaler/Retailer who also acts as a r·1i.dd l eman
Wholesaler/Retailer who does not act fl.S a 1'1.i.dd l ern;:-1n
TOTm.
TAfJL.E 7. 5
EXTENT OF CREDIT GIVEN BY SUPPLIERS TU t'JIIULCHtlL.FF:~:;/F:CT(.)Ji. .. FF:S
On after sale payment On weekly payment On fortnightly payment On monthly payment On discounted rates against advance loan
TOTAL
59
lj. J
10()
4
~~8
36 '1
.100
7.8
TABLE 7.C.
MECHANISMS FOR PRuCUREMENT OF RAW MATERIAL
------·-·--·---------.. ---·----- ····-····--··· -,.---·- -·--·- ---·----·" ··1···-·--·- -- -·" ..... Open By Middle
~1,H·ket Man
-·-----~------·---·--··-·-----··---- . ---·-- -- -·--·--·- -- ---·------- -·-- ·---·-- ----- ·-· --- ··---.·---··--··· .. -·----·- ---·---··----·---·-·
From Village Total
Shop
A. BY DISTANCE FROM PUCCA ROAD
0 - 1. 5 KMS c. 34 100
> 1.5 KMS 89 0 11 100
B. BY DISTANcr FROM MARKET
0 - 6 KMS 76 0 24 100
> 6 KMS 50 13 37 100
TOTAL 67 5 28 100
middlemen is observed more at locations relatively
remote from the market~
7.5 DISPOSnL OF OUTPUT .BY WUMEN
The predominant mechanism for·· d .is p o sa l o f output 0 f
crafts is basically by the worner1
vi 1lage or~ by travP.ll ir1g to th~ near·est markrt. Almost 70/. of tl12
women reported that they supplied goods directly to the mad· e t-..
Approximately nne fmwths (see Table 7.7) ir1dicated that th.is
function was performed by family members. Surprisingly the role
of middlemen appears to b2 r~elative1y Limited in pr~ocur·ing goocls
·f o r s u p p l y t o t he t r a d e r· s . f I m,; e v e r , as revealed by the table;as
distance increases from the market vH:~ observe ar1 .i.r1c rea sed role
of middlemen in the process of marketing of output.
7.6 INCOME BY CRAf=T r\ND MrmJ<ET [1\JG r:llt"\NNEUI
Table 7. 8 exami.nes the relatiortshi p the r1atur·e 0 f
marketing channels and the level of incomE' of rural
cottage crafts. The hypothesis .i.s that t,;ilt?revflr a middlemen .1:s
involved the level of income of v1omen
the total value of pr·odtJct is preempted by t he s e m .i d d l em e 11 • r he
Table 7.0 however, indicates that vJhi 1 e t. he 1 Dl~es t CJ f
income is observed .i.n t·. he VJomerl who thr>i.r·
output~ to middlemen for· supply· to other villages, then" is i 11
...... -TABLE 7.7
MARKETING CHANNEL FOR DISPOSAL OF OUTPUT
A. BY DISTANCE FROM PUCCA ROAD
0 L 5 KI'IS
> 1 .. 5 1<~·1s
B. BY DISTN~CE FROM MAF\KET
0 6 Ki'IS
> 6 KriS
TOTAL
75
"/'1
69
F'e r· cent By F<1.mi.ly ~!ember
18
44
29
70 ;~4
By Middle ~I an
7
0
0
16
7.10
100
100
100
100
100
--···-····-····-····--·······--····-··-·----···---··- -···-····-··-··-·-·--·--·-··-···--·J·--·--·--·--···-·--·--···--· ·----·----·--·--·-----·-·· ·---··--·--·-·
* Self has to be allocated to middlemen in the following way: Self remains Self in large villages Self becomes Middleman in small villages
-, -
--
Tt1t:L..F
LEVEL OF INCOME FROM CRAFT WORK BY r·1TT: UF' 1·1()1'\:I<FTIIIU C:J!(liiiiFI...
MARKETING CHANNEL I ~~CCJ1'1E
A. DISPOSAL OF OUTPUT
By Self in Village 275
To Middleman for City
To Middlpman for Other Village~ 26()
B. PROCUREMENT OF RAW MATERIAL
271
From 1'1 i d d 1 (=.?man 241
From Village Shop 261
7
7.12
marketing cr,annPls. :3irni.la.rly, to the extent
women procure r-aw middlPmen, it appearj:o th,<t
their income lE:vels ar·e r··educ!?cl somevJflat.
7. 7 Mf'ti<KF.:T I NFi Mflfm I N~3
Estimation cd m a ,- k e t i n CJ is in of
determ.i.ning the level of income that by t•Jc;men
from cottage crafts. I r it l:ur·ns DLJ t tl1at a hiqh pror•cn·tior1 of
the final pricP ra i r:J hy cnnsurne1-s 1 s p :·· e !? rn p t e r:i by
retailP.rs or- m.icJdle mPil anci of ti1F' va] u~?
accrues tD the actual pt--clduc:er-, then thic:. 1.--HJL.ild terHJ to limit t.lw
gains fr-om CJr'nE.'rating activil.ie'~ ar1d restr.ict
fpasibility CJ f t h P i I" P ;~ !'cHI 5 j r.111 i r I a ] <it g e I·\' a y .1 11 thE' pI. C1 V ill C F' .l I~
tile absence of rn,"ljor ciL">I1C]C"i .in markPting chanr1els.
vJ e have a t t E' rn p t e cJ a q u CJ r 1 ~- i "f.i c: a t i o 11 C1 f Uw ,~ P. t 0 i 1 rn r1 r g in s i r1
various products from the sur-vey o·f v-! h CJ 1 c? s a 1 e r s a 11 d r P t a i l e r· '" •
AveragP prices -'ll: the v-JholE?s;-de anci r-F-'t:ai 1 leve1 are qiven i.11
rable 7.9. Tt1PrE' i 5 i:1 rnar·qirl<O,. arnur·1q
products. For e:<arnple, i.r1 the CciSP CJf r·iJ.li. t.hP. averag'":7 r~etail
mark up is estimAted as 27.i:. r'ls Dproscorl of tl1is, in the ca:.;e Clf
embroidered half fronts the margin is as high as 57i:. Also, i. 11
the case of caps v.irtually half r.he pn1fits ''ccrue to retailpr·s
... ~ I
I
I ;.J
I ~ I ~ I
~-
-- AVERAGE WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICE OF MAJOR COTTAGE CRA~TS
I ..... -
I ""' 'Jill
I ., -~.
I ----I
'"' ....
I ' -I
~ .....
I ' _.
•rct..
I ' -... ;\\. -
""' -~ -~"' ' ~
----------- -- ------ -----1~:j·~-~~~-~:_;~i'~~i-;·:·f;-- - ;·: i=.: ; c: f; ~._ -1
;!;(l ~:;: :: I :·;/.I__ 1
. --- - - ··)- ·-- ···, . . ..- -~- --···-- ---- + --- ----- -----·----\ 300 1 365 l ~~ \
----------------------- ............ J .. ___ ........................................ J_. .. .............................. j .................................... 1
j ~;n ' 47 l ,,_.... I ,_, __ , __________ , ______________ .... _.............................. . ..................... ______ ,., ·-····----t--............................. -.... ! ..................................................... "'"'!' .............. /
·-· ............ ___ J........... ::::oo ______ ] -~~:~:> _________ J..._ t' .. J ! 1.10 ) l ::>) l J.] )
............ t ...... -............ - -1 .. ------.. ·--1---·-- ---·--· . - I
I ;=,o ; ;:\ \ ~~~l l .. --·------... -r-........ ··;:·,:,----· I 19 ----1 1 " i
I I I I __________ , ___ ,__ --1 ----------+--- -1 I I ! ! l 1 ,.. I I r.:: ~:·· I I .. . ,:."t I . ..: : ... .:• I -... ~ ... : ' !
·:_:·:: .. =::_ :_L ,.,,;~I __ =:~;::~J~: tl(, ----J
F:ill.i.
Embroidered Half
Embroidered Sheet
I I EmbroiderPrl Full
[--·---·----·---·------·-----··:··-~-
1 ...... ~:~::'~~---····-·--·--··-----····------···· I Cumrn(C:!''bi::lr .. ,c.l
t· I
I Br·a.i.d ~ .................................... _,_.,_,,, .............. .
I Ch.i.l. d' E · Dt'T'!,o! .(0.""'
l .... ·-·--·--· .. --·-·-·-........ - ...................... . , __ -A':·Jt
-~ --,
----~
... -~ ,.,.,
~-- ' w
-, -.. -.. -, til>
... .. -.... ~ ..... , ... "'V
--, -...
7.14-
however, appear to be relatively low, 0t about 17 to 18%,
indicating that these items probably have large volumes and t~1ere
is greater deal of competition amnng retailers in the supply of
these cottage crafts.
Information on commissions paid tn middlemen was also cnllected
during the wholesaler- clrld ret.ailET sur-veys. Table 7.10. indicates
a vJide disperasion also in these margins. We have
whether the rate of commission depends upon the location of the
marketing outlet. ldhoJ e~;a l er s and located at i hP.
divisional headquat-ters level i'H-e paying somewhat higher marqins
to middlemen as compared ; to situated at
headquarters. The Table indicates, for e~<ampl~:, that in almost
60% of the cases of tr-aders divisional head qua 1- ters the
commission given to the middlemen is in excP.ss of 11Z and for 13Z
it is over 20%. As comrared to this, at district headquarters
there is no case reported of middleman receiving a commission .i.n
excess of 10Z. Overall, the margin of middlemen ranges from 6 to
20%, depending upon the location of the out-.lPt CJnd !.:he nature of
the pr·oduc t.
T he s e res u 1 t s c om b i n e d VJ .i t: il t h o s e D n r- P L3 i l rn ;u- g .i n s .i n d i c a t e t h a t
on the average almost 40 to 50Z of the final price of a· cottage
craft is, in fact, pr-eempt-.E'cJ by and middlemen and
only about 50 to 60% of tl1e !Jri.ce accr·-ues to the nll-al women.
This clearly indicates that mar k e t .i r1 g channels have to
7.15
TABLE 7.10
RATE OF COMMISSION PAID TO MIDDLEMEN
\ ~ore 16-20% than 20% Total
By Outlets in Division Headquarters 13 27 20 27 13 100
By Outlets in District Headquarters 50 50 100
By Outlets in T~luka Headquarters 20 40 40 100
lQ.O
,.,
7.16
d n \' P 1 Cl p P d f < J l l: J 1 P :· ,e> I 1 l I I J 1f' r I r~ 'l : C co 1 ! ' t ~
[JI DC. f''oS CJ 111,'11 kp!-__ir1q <J
! I> c r: :· :1 f L '·' 1: h" t· t·. l1 r· y
i I,, 1
, .. .,.
8.1
C II A P T E 11 E ~ G H T
D E M A N D F 0 n C 0 T T A G E C n A F T S ~--7--------------------··-------~------~----·-·- ...
This chapter analyses the characteristics of demand for cottage
crafts produced by the rural women of Siridh. Sec tior1 8 .. 1
identifies the characteristics of market demand for d i f fer erl t
products. This 1s followed in Section 8.2 by a ranking of quality
by wholesalers and retailers of thesF.' pr·oduc ts. Sec t.i. on
analyses market growth prospects for cottage crafts.
' 8. l. DEMAND FUI~ COTTIIUE Cnr'IFTS
The nature D·f the mar-ket by city size for- cottage cr·afts i.s
analyzed in Table 8.1 The salF? oi rilli, embroidered items and
children's dress~s is largely concentrated in the big citi<:.•s of
the province, viz. ,l<.ar··aclli, 1-!ycJer·ai::Jad, Sukkur- and Lar··J<ana.
~arket for other items like raps, cummerband and tJi-aid is mot'R
w i d e s p r- e a d an d a h i g h p ,- o p o ,- t.i. on o f t he c on sum p t i on i s i n s rn a l l F.' r·
towns and villages. Caps, in par·ticular, are sent to Baluchistan
in large numbers.
I I :;,
'
8.2
I ...., ....
I ' "" I "' ...
SHARE OF ~ARKETI~ill OF COTTAGE CRAFTS DY SIZE OF CITY
I ~ !ESTIMATED SHARE OF MARKET)
I .;;;
I .;;
I ....,
--I ~
I ~
I ~ I ~ I .;)
I .;)
I ;)
I .;-;
I ~ I ;)
'
"~:=:~:~~~~::~--~:_-] ~~~~~;,::}~;::~;,;_~:;~ f_~,~~~-;~·::~-~~~l:- -_.':'~'--_-!;: :i. u i I S1 0 l -::- _.. 1 o .·' 1. o o
_., ________ .... --.. ··-·-.. ·--.... ___ ... ,.-·-·--.. -·--····--................ , ............. --.... - ........ _____ ... , .... _ ........... -·-···-f-.. -............ -.. -.-....... _ .......... : ......... -......... _ ................ ·--·-................... _,,
Embroidf?red H~,l-f Front I 90 ~ <........... 1.2 -...... -> \ 100 /
:;;;;;-;;:;==:-~ =~~:--~~~==~~::=~~~=~-~=~:~~r=~,~---- i I 1
~ .... :::.rr~:.~ ::~~-~~~r- E·~- .. r:.~~l-1_ .. ~--~~~n-~ _ -1-- ........ _ ........... _r~~- ·---........ _________ :::~~~-:: __ ..... ~~ .. --.. ~:~-=~~:: .... _ .. __ J_
(_:'_"_"_ ________ ------ --l-- _____ c"__ -- - + -= _: 6__ - '-- -1----'o~ .... -........................... J ··--··--......... ---~~~-- ........... -- --! ---- ·--~-- ~~~ -- ~~'. .......................... - __ L _______ ~·:~:) __
l tA ::; 6 ··- .... ··· ·· ~ Ul<' ............ t·····-·-·-··· .. -............. -....... -..................... --............. -.................. _ ...................................... _ ... ______ ... -·}· ... -.... ·--···-·-···-· .. .
L. .. =~~:i:.:.~:~-~~--~-~·-~:.~~\~-f~~~- .............. -............ ' ! .......... -.. ... ........ ?1 ................ J... ·-- .:·:_:~:.:: ............ : ____ .. ::~ .. -~:~. ______ 1 __ .. _ .. ::~~)-----
100
I ~ I ~ ,. ~·
I ~ .,,.,.
I w ,.,.,.
I ,;)
... ,.,.
I ;; .. ,. "'~ ;; I A_ .. ,~
'-- .;)
I .-:..,.,_ ~,M,< w I I'
w
<~>~, - 8.3 ..,., --.._ .... 8.2 QUALITY RATING dF PRODUCTS
"""' """' ~ During the retailer survey, respondents asked to
~ different cottage cr~f~s in quality as perceived by
~ consumers. The scale was good, fair or poor. Results of this
rating are presented in Table 8.2. It is interesting to note
"""' _, the relatively low proportion of respor1ses that the quality of
~ products is poor.
~
:!! The highest rating of quality is given to rilli. Almost 69% () f
. the tr-aders indicated that the flUa li ty of this pr·oduct
~ - On the average between 25% to 40% indicated that the quality of
~ cottage crafts was good. The largest proportion of
~ ltElS fair. This rar1c]ed fr·om a l ov' of '23Z in r i 11 i tu a higrl of 7!\1.
:, i n t he c a s e o f c cl p s an d b r- ~ i d . A 1 t o q E' t he r , i t a p p e a r- s t h a t L ~ h i 1 P
;:,) ·their· exists scope in of quality of cntt.ar;Jr:o
~ crafts, this .i.s not perceived gPnerally as a major i:onstr-,,int to
creating demand for these pr-oducts.
:>
~ 8.3 . M()RKET Gm.JWTH r'FHJSPEC1 S
.;:,
~ Prospects for growth ir1 demand for cottage crafts were determined
also from ret~iler survey . R~spondents were askPd to categorise • products into tho~e whict1 are likely to experience fast growth in
;;, coming years and i:hose 11'h.ich ar·p morP l.ikely to demonstrate slnv1
I ~ I ~ I ::-,
I I ~
gr·mv th only. It is hear·t.erl.ing to note irom Table 8.3 the
•
8.4
QUALITY RATING OF COTTAGE CRAFTS
:"
Embroidered Sheets
lOU
"
.,
,
8.5
TABLE:: ~3. ::;.
PROSPECTS OF DEMAND GROWTH FOR COTTAGE CRAFTS (%)
---·---··--···--··---·-··-·"----·-····---·--···-····-··-······-·······················-········ ·······-···--·-·-·····--·-······l··F:;:·~;~~-~;-~··,~;·t:.~,······;;;·.~--1··;.:;:~~-~;·~~:-~;-~-~~-~:~----·~:::·:;T--··-----···---·········-·-·······-··1
-~~-~~--1~~~ (3 ~---=~~:_::::.~~~- F' ~~:J !:)_:::~.~:~................... F:~~--l~ ....... ~-~.:, •.. ~~~·~-= J···,··-···1--~~~-~~:·~---~~~-~:~~J~: ...... +.---·-····~-~~~:.~.~':: ............... --~ F\i.ll.i. ;~:o 1
70 \ tuu \ ----------- ----- ------ -----------· _____ j --------- ---------- -------------------+---- --------- -:
Embroidered Half Front 63 7~ lOU 1 --------··-----···---~---······-·········--···-· ··-·····--········-····--··· ... ' l I .. "!" ··········-····-·--· ······--·-·····-···--·······-·-- ·-···--·-·-··-------······-··--·-·~. ···-·-·-··--··-- ............ .
1 EmbJ···o.i.deJ··E:d ~3ht,:;·t-:-~t!::; I ~'·0 \ ;_::,o 1 .100 1 1------·--····-·· .. --···-··------··"''""•"""--···-·······-··-···-·-···-·-·....................................... ····--···l·-···-·-··---·-.. ·-·--······-· .... -··--·-···-·-··t·-·---·-·-·--·--................. , ... _____ , _____ .,.t···------"····-··-·-·-···-·-···-···-·-··-·-····1
l_=:-b _' ~_'_ d ·_:~-~"'-~-'~:'t_____ - -_1
____ ---'~---- -~ -----"'~ ----1- 1 J 0 _I l I I I
I···---~~~~~ .. -----·-··-·-·--·--·-·-··· ................................................................. ] ...... - .. - .............. _ ...... :~.:~. ·-·---··-····1···-···--·-·-··-····-··--~-:.:.~······-···----·-·1................... .\. (:) , •• ) ............... )
Cummrc·r··br.<r-,cl
l---·----· .. -·-········--····----·····-··--····· I I I I I u~ j 37 I 100 j
--·-,,,,,---1
I ....... ..!
8.6
pr-oportion of r·espor1",es relatinq to fi'lst growth in d.emand. T 11.is
ranges from a high of '7'0/. in thE'
72/. in the cases of t:.t1e r:,OJcp
of caps to ::;ot. of rilli. nltogether,
cottage crafts are r-·e.Jateci to tiH" skills of erntn-oider·y, kr1il:tirq
and stitching.
8. <'I • SUGGEST 1 !lNS r·DI< f(() T !) I Nf3 DEt1AND
also AskPd tu Sl.IQCJPS t \'-li'IYS in o·Jhich
cottage c:oul.cJ br-c enhanced i.r1 coming then·~ h)·
increasing the pDtential fCJI'" income activities of
rural women. The results C'lr-l'' presented in Table 8.4. A rlumiJPr r1f
conclusions emerge from thi~ table
br.o pr.ice elastic:. The hiqllE"st por Lion of tr-acler··s have ind.ic:<1trod
tl1at low and n=.:asor1,;1blP pr--.ice'.o for·· r:ot.+·aqe cr·--afts ano~ cn_rcial fC'r
increasing demand. Secund, t hEc· display (.l fl c1
methods of adver ti-:_;illCJ f or i n c: r P ,, s i r1 g a VJ i1 r e r1 e s s am CJ n q C Dfl SllfTIP r S
highl iqhtrd. l hirrl, tllP ~uality of products
ernphasised.
for- CrPal:ing a hi.c]ileo>t lPvel rJpmanc1 i or· cnttcl<;F'
Du<Cllity is not st1c:h a sr~ve1~2 rr·ublem and could be impnJ\·ed n\.'F'I"
time. The
~~ I ~ l ,~
,~
..
\~ \~ I i~
~
·, ..;)
., ..,J
-.;)
-· .., ~ •• .;, ... ~ -~ --li,;)
~~
-~ ~;:;~
~~
;li
~
~
~
~
j
RA~KING OF SUGGESTIONS MADE BY WHOI.ESALERS/RETAILEPS r:·ur:: I I'IFT::U'·) I liD l'lt:r:: l<t:::T l HC:i CW C::U TT (,L<L cr::tii:·T~:;
Fixation of Low and Reasonable Prices l
Provision of Displav Centres
Proper Duality of Products
8.7
~···---··· .. ·······--····························-·········--·········--····--··········-···-··········-··········--···········-·········-·····-···-·--·-·1··- ----·-·--·--·--···············-·-
Maintenance of Prooer Delivery Schedule
Property Trained Sales Staff
r.:: c.l
8. E
development of a rroper retail marketing net work and pr.icinq At
reasonable levels.
·,·,t,•
''V
, ... '3 ..
.. , ~
.. ,:;:)
., ~ c 11 f1 I' r E n N I N E
,.. :~
... Ill' ~
E._!L.rLti __ fl __ ,"'·-·J~ N D ___ L_N __ F __ p .rLt1 .. fLL __ G_JL r:_ P __ I __ ..
-II' -~
... .. :~ T h i s r: 11 a p t e r· .i 11 Sf i fl11 I 1 a j i. I 1 r:]
... " -~ inc orne q en P r- a l: i n q ci c t .i v i t i G? s il rn em g L h"' n.n c=t .1 I•Jornr-'fl of
... ~ attempt is marl!? to ldq111iqht thr F•>:t·.Pnt t·.o v1h.ir.-h ,c:ccess to c1·rc-rii 1.
.... '"' .... . ....,
... . ..... .... .....
..... .... . ..... h.igt11 icJhts c r e c1 j_ t VJ !1 i I e S 2 c t.i r) 1 1 '7' .
...... '"" .... qives t t1C? rnod2 nr r··e'ri<l)'rnen l:. o f c n? cl i. t . Fin ,JJ 1 y, SF?r:tiun '7'.fJ
....... r "" ..... hiqhl iqhts the=• credit: Dl'l thE'' p<lr t u f
_, ·-'"' ,_, ..
, ,, '7. l. DEMAND FUn Cl (f':[) T T
, ·y
,_, . .., 1t1P. d12mand fnr· Ct"edit for· r:nmmenr:.ir1q irrr:rJrriP IJPilE'r·atinq ,>ctiv.itif.'5
'"' either- by the CJC::flllisit-ioll nf sr1rne
f 0 r- pur-chase CJ f r a vJ
'\I
arnonq r·ur-al v-rorner1. (!]most~ 71/. CJf the sarnplP I;JCJr:l<='fl
, ··v
I
'"' ,,,
'"' .. ,_ l,.'V
' /,"\.
\.~
~.,.,
!>J
)
'l'l
JI·ICIDFIICF en:· r:UF<:F\:Uit!IIIU l::·ur;: li·ICUI·II::: UFJ-IE::F<:rYTII·IU (1CTI\.IITTE:S FlY ~<JCJt-ID~
A. FlY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
I ll.i ter,O\ tE?
Litera tEe
B. BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME
.::; 750
75.1. - 1.500
.1:'501 >
C. BY INCOME FROM INCOME GENERATING ACTI VITI EB
.::; 150
151 - ~::oo
% 0 f vlomen \'-!110
h-3 vr,? bor r·o\·.Jr.~d
66
78
73
75
60
t33
9.2
TOTAL 71 I -------··-----·-··---·---····-··-·-·----------····-----·--·--·--·----··-----·----··---··"--······--··-----·-··-···----- ···---·-·---------·-------·-·----·------·
education, household income and the income derived from income
generating activities. It is interesting to note that there is a
some v-rha t higher~ clernanrl for credit amclllg 1 iter-ate women in
r-elat.ion to illiter-ate women. \lov,f?VE?r, elf particular si.gnifictHlCP.
is the fact
This is per-haps une:<pected and highlights the fact that credit
' wor-thiness is the pr"ir1c:ipal factor- influencing access to cr-ed i. t..
Only 25/. of wumpn l.iv.ing in households ~~ith income
Rs. 750 per month to borrow for income gener-atinq
activities, while the percentage was
\"' i t h i n c orne l n e x c e s s o f F~ s . l ~j 0 0 p e r· rn on t_ h .
The differential access to credit indicates that efforts or1 thE'
part of the of the vicious cir-cld Df
poverty by bor-rovJinq for~ incom£? generating activities is seven"ly
limited due t-.o the lack of demonstrated credit
importance of credit, ther-pfor·e, IB'; to be str·ont:Jly emphasisr?d as
factor- in helping poor· tmusP.holds areas to improve
their livinq stAndards.
I t i s a 1 s o o f s i g n i f i. c an c e t o n o t e f ,- om T a !J 1 e 9 . l t h n 1: c n= d i t h i3 co
--· ...... sorne trnpact on r-<'!i.sing income levels. Bcn-rov,ing r-.c3t:es tend to be \}1
higher~ ·for- those vJornen ar.::hiF~ving higher incorne
income gener0 t. inrJ act.i·-ti.ties. This est<'lb1 J~shes t. hp
r-elationship between credit and income generation.
--~
9.4 -~ ---·~
"""' 9.2 SOURCES OF CREDIT
.;)
.;:, Table 9.2 gives the dist~ibution of c~edit by source for income
-~ gener·ating activities. rhe pr·incipal conclusion f~om this talJle
is that bulk of the credit .is little or- 110
~ access to the formal cr-edit system. Only 4/. of the vJornen had
-~ bor-r-owed fr-om the Agricultural Oevelnpment Bank. Dve~ two thirds
-~ obtained cr-edit on an informal basis from neighbou~s and 17 !.
:.:) from family members. It is also of special significance to not~
. ...._. that ve~y little cr·ecjit is macJe available by the middlemen to ...,;
coEtage crafts. The link between c~edit and ma~keting •;:,
does not seems to hav~ developed. ·~ .,..I
-~--- Table 9.3 gives the Jev2l of bon'"owing for income generating
-~ activities in ter-rns Df the si?e of t.he lo<'H1S. Among the V<OI11E'fl v<hrl
-~ borrowed, almost 47/. loc:H1 of 2500 to 5000 -......., ~upees. 31/. had borrowed an amount less than Rs 2500, while only
•• 22/. had taken loans in excess ~f Rs. 5000. The t ... E"latively small
........ ·'lf!lll
size of loans is p~ima~ily due to li.mitatior·1s of infot ... mal cr·edit..
·~ This not-. only the problE'm of access but also
. ...., ·- highl iqhts thP .i nvnl vemen t
~ credit mechanisms in thr P~<t:ensiorl of cn=,dit to r-ur-al women. T f, \14lf
i.n fact, the potential rlemanrl .lS ~estr-icted to -. 1\V
r e 1 a t i v e 1 y s m a 1 l l o an s t. h <'Hl t he c o s t s CJ f s e r· v i c i n g s u c h loarls is ....., .,..,
likely to be r·elatively high fur ... fi11a11cial institutions like tl1e
... ... commercial banks or thP
" ""' ·"" ill"
... "' ill"
""' r;{:" liP'
~"·-'"1.. ~ ..,.
... ....
..... .,,;
IIJ!!'
A.
~'
c.
BY LEVEL OF EDUCA liON
llli \era \e
Li\m\e
~
H HOUSEHOLD H1COM£
mo 751 - 1500 1501 >
BY IHCOKE FROM CRAFTS
i 150 1~1- m ) 300
TOTAL
TAFLE 9.2
SOURCE OF CREDIT TO VOMEN FOR IWCO~E GEtlERATIHG ACTIVITIES
' ~ SHARE OF SOURCE
Agrirullur. Dmlopml Money- Lan dlnrd Village Neighbour
~an~. lender Shop
5 5 5 8 58 - - - - 79
- ~- - - - I 00 7 - - - 79 3 5 5 9 58
- - 7 - n 7 7 - 4 74 - - 7 13 67
q ~ ~ b b7
9.5
I
Faily To\al Melber
13 I 00 22 100
- 100 14 100 17 100
29 I 00 7 100
13 100
17 100
:~
·~ -
-.........
IIi"
0 -., ... "'·'
SIZE OF LOAN FO~ INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES
A. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Illiter·atr~
Li. ter,:..te
B. BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME
9':.i0 751 -- l )()() 1501 >
C. BY ~~~OME FROM CRAFlS
:': 150 151 ·- ~;oo
> 300
~ DISTRIBUTION BY LOAN SIZE
2 ~50 l -~ 2500 Rs. 5000 Rs.
14
?9
50 38
> 5000 f;~s.
19 ~)l
1.?
Tnl.'\1
100 100
100 100 100
100 lOC< 100
JOO
9.6
' ' ' ' , , '
9.7
these institutions are unlikely tn have significant interest i fl
providing credit for income generating activities of rural wome11.
The variation in the size of loan by level of household income
(st-'e Table 9.3) i·;; qtJite E:>nhanced. It is interesting to note, for
example, that the largest loans have been taken by the middle
income group in Tl1is can be explained by the
fact that vJhi 1 e t!H?re is relatively high .level of (~,.prj it
vJorth.iness among suc/1 lmusPholds, their~ ab.i.lity to financE? income
generating activities is somewhat more limited
households~ Table 9.::::. alsrJ relatively large loans
have bE?en taken by those t·'JCJmE~n t-Jho want to inc rE:>ase income from
income generating activities.
9.3 MODE UF REPAYMENl OF LOANS
Given the infor·mal char·ncter of firlAncing that is taking place in
the villages, there dof'S not e><ist any forrnal repaymEnt schedule,
in terms of period of repayment or interest rates. By and large,
most of these loans are rel~tively short term in character ~nd do
not carry an explicit irlh?t~est r·ate. Table 9.<'1 indicates ttHl. the
highest proporl:ion of women ~referred to return the loan :in rhp
form of installments folluwecJ by lumpstJm repayment. A ver·y SrTL':Jll
percentage wer~e able to obtain any adjustment against the prices
of goods. This is lanJely explainPrl by the fact t h -=1 t- m i d d 1 em ell
ar--e not playing a significant lEnding role in the vi 11 ,.,ges uf
,;.,
9.8
MODE OF REPAYMENT OF LOAN DY WOMEN
[-- ···----·--··--······-·-·-··- ····-··---·-·····-··-···-·-·-··T···----···---········-·--··-·········-··-·-·--··-···----··-···-·-···----··--··-··---··-·-··--····--···-·-··--·---···-····--······-··-····-··1
I (:;) I
I r- -r.:~;-;~;·;~~E~;--·--1 ~;.~,--~~~~---I r~~ 1 ~~~vi~- r~ q-~~;>~--~~;; ll~~-----,--- - - - ----j I CE1Sh Jrl in H.-.r'JE·st- \Aq<<inst f'r.
L.ttrn[E.lln< Instalment!", of C1·ops !of Goods .;,t 1ntc<l
----·--------··---·------------·-···-··------·--··-·-1··---·----------·-----·- ·-·-----------·----1-----------·-----·-· 1-':~-~~~~--~-"-:~·.:~_j_ ·····---·-····-····-----·--- .... j L\. BY LE:IJEL OF EDUCtYr I Dl·l l ! l )
I 18 I ''6 I " 3 ! ; :; .I I1.1i tF:I'€<l.t:
B. BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME
I l~~ I ·I 64 3 3 .I
100 I
I 7~,1 ·- 1500 100
.100
·----+--:-. I
·--····-···---·-:-····-·-··----·-----·····---------·-··--····--t···-·- ··-······---·---···--···--· ·····---········---·····--·--··- \ I
BY INCOME FROM CRAFTS
:'~ 1 ~:.o t :H ·-- 300 > ~;oo
' I I I I 15
l 31
t
l TOTAL . I ---------···-----····---·---.. ··-··---··· ··--······-·-····-········------·· .! _________________ ,,,
100
1 ,1 l I
100 100 6?
I 68 l 2 I 2 I l ()•) I
J .. ·---········-·····-·-········-----··_..1 ········-·-·--··-··-----·-·-..1.-·---····-··· ---·-··-··.1.. .. ~---····--·····-······--····-··...1
9.9
Sindil.
9.4 PREFERRED SOURCE OF CREDIT
Table 9.5 clearly ~emon~trate~ r·ur·al
vvomen of Sindil have for bon--oHing fr·orn nml--governrnent rJgencies
as opposed to gover-r1rner·1t charmels .. Almost three fourths o·f thP
women have indicated that they would from the
former. T h i s p e r· c e r1 L'l q e i s r·· e I a t i v e 1 y h i g h f o r· t he p o o n? s t \AJ o rn P n
developing" N1eir income generating activities, because of lac~
of access to credit.
Given the small siZf:o of loans, hi.qhligl1ted earlier, and thE"
the par· t of the rural wDmen nor1
governmental ager1c .i es, i t is there exists
potentially significant role that c .. e~n hE? played by Nl1Us
rura I ar-eas in the provision of cred.i.t o:md in the pr·omotion of
income generating activities for rural women of sindh.
9.10
(:';;)
-------- - ---- --- ------ -- - ---- }: __ -,~,:,:,~~:,~ ·;,:~~~;-;;;,:,
Aqencies 1
"'""'"''-'""'-'"'""'"''"'""'"'·"""'"'""''''"'''"''"•••"•••""''•"•"'"'"''"'"'-•"'"'''"''''''"'"'"'"'-"''"'' ·••••••••""J••-•"'''""""''""""'0•"""''"""""''"""'""' "''"'"'''""'"'"''''"''""'""'""••"""'"""""''
01"•"""·"'"'-""'••••••"• •••·•••••••••l
Tutc, 1
l 1 l I A. BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION I I I I
I Illil:.C'I'"E\t.C I 2fJ ! 72 l lOU I I Li l:.c·r·;cd:.P I 21 I 79 I, 100 I ·····----·--···""-··--·-······ ··-·····-·-.. ····-······-········"-······-······-·"· ..... .f ...... - ............. -............ . .f .. ····--·········-·-··-····-··-·· .. ··-t··-· ·-·· .. -······---- ··\
BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME I \ I :5.750 0 I 1.00 I l(H) \
\
1 751 1500 14 I 86 I 100 i 1so1 I 38 I 62 I 1oo I
I i I I I r-----.. ···-- ···--·-·····---···--······-··--··-·---·····--··--·· .. ···-- ·---.. ·--!·--·--··-·--·-·-··--···--·-~---·---··---····- ---·--+--·- ---- -- -- ·I
jc- ;:~:;c::: FRoM CRAFTs I !; =~ I ~~~ I I 21 79 I 1oo I
D •.
> ::.oo I I i
TOTAl. ________________ l __ :-_ _L ---~~--'·----~~ .. )~:~ I I L. ..................... _._,,,_,, ............... .
.... "'
'
... ,,.;
....
10.1
C H A P T E R T E N
We present in this Chnpt:er case studies of innOVi'ltive
ar-rangements (co-operatives, community based organisations,
public sector efforts) tl1a t have been established in Sindh
promote income generating activities. We give for each case
study a description of the institutional arrangements, degree
of succes~ or _failure and the major constraints identified .
In additiorl, we present an irlter-naU.onal cast=' study relating to
the VJa ter, Vlomen and Developroent Project of tile vJor··ld Bank in
1'1ex ico. This the attempt by the Bank .i. tl
integrate an income generating component for women with
a conventional ru.ral \>Jater supply ancl sanit.::Jtion project .
10.1. THE NDDRI WDI'1EN HANDICnnFT S()CIETY
!)_e s c r i p t i on
This society L~as esL'Jhl i.slled
registered as a cooperative society. The society has multipurpose
functions. The objective .is to impar-t. t r a j_ n .i. n g i 11 hand.icraft
ski l 1 s and to establish i'H1 income generating c erl t r e
-\ .... \.'II'
\,
'·"'
10.2
tr-ainees. The society has rented a five room building -3nci
purchased sewing machines tc facilitate the process. It has
stat-ted pre-schoCJl classes and an industrial home tD trair1 git"lS·
for local handicrafts. The aim is 1:o make the society larg~ly
self ,-eliant.
Currently there are about 75 s"tudE'rlts in [Jre-scllool classes V!i til
four teachers. The fee is Rs. 40 per month. There are 25
students in the handict-ait training centre with one teachet-. rhe
fee is Rs. 20 per month. lhere is no capacity to accommodate more
students, ·a }-though the society is under pressurE? to get fH?L·-J
building or extend rnot-e c 1 asses. Due of funds thE
society is unable to rent more space.
This society has an elected executive body with 30
of the members are illiterate or government employees. Tl1.i s
soc i e t y v~ as e s t a b 1 i s he d o r1 t he i n i t .i. a t i v e o f an i'l c t i v e g o 'I e :- n rn P n t
employee. She l'llaS e 1 ec tecJ as a the ·f ir·st President of the
society. She was trying to get a qrant-.i.n-aid from government.
obtain orders in the kat"·achi mar-ket. Ur1fortunately,
transferred to another place. ThP.n=• ~~as no other member- of t.hP.
soc i e t y to 1 o o k a f t e r· the Soc i e t y , e :< c e p t one sen i or 1 ad y tea c l1rcT
who herself is a non matric and a put .. dah observant Syed. ::1he .i.s
unable to exercise effective leadership.
T he t e a.c he r f o r- L~e 1
'10.3
q 11 a 1 i f i e rJ i n he r· s k i l 1 s , b u t s he i. s '.J e r y low pairl at Rs. 250 per
month. She is the HPad Mistress nf pt·e- school centre r:~lso. ~}he
is running both khe centres --~ - since she is the build.inq, hcor· interest is in
getting rent fot- her· bui !ding.
T he s o c i e t y h a s h a d so me s u c c: e s s i n i t s r· o 1 e a s a tt- a i n i n g
c e r1 t r e · i n han d i c ,- a f t-. s f o ,- v-J c1 men . T h i s r 1 i g h l i CJ h t s t he h i g h
l eve l o f d en\ a r.:1 d t tl il t:_ p CJ t-. P r1 t i ;:\l l y e ~< i s t s a m CJ n g j ow i n c o me VJ om e r1
fCJI receiving tt-aining in incomrc> genet·ating skills. The
society has hCJwever, failed in marketing its products. The
result is that it has not achieved its target of being a
1 a r g e 1 y s e l f- f in an c: in g i. 11 c; t i t u t .ion .
A n u m be r o f m a j o r rl P f e c t s h clV F-' IJ P. en i d en t _i f i P cJ i n . t he
institutional spt-up and v'JOI"kings of thP Society, as follo\-~s:
i. The Society is run by govpt-rlment employees and not based
on community involvemet1t dPspite beinq a cooper~tive.
much dependence on
running of the institution on government functionaries,
who have only limited motiv~tion. Also, the approach is
one of obtCJ.ini_ng handouts fr·om the gDvernment t·athe?t"
10.Ll
qua 1 if ied in her~ ski 1 l s, tJu t she is ver-y low paid at Rs. 250 per
month. She is the Head Mistr-ess of pn,,- school centr-e N.lso. ~3he
is r-unning both the centr-es ·on a
since she is the the bu i 1 ding , her- inter-est is in
g e t t: i n g r en t f o r· he r b u .i 1 d i n g .
Degr-ee of Success
The society has had some success in its role as a tr-aining
centr-e in handicrafts for- women. This highlights the high
level of dem~nd that potentially exists amonq low income women
for- receiving training in income generating skills. The
society has however-, failed in marketing its products. The
r-esult is that it has not achieved its tar·CJet of being a
lar-qely self-financing institution.
Constr-aints
... ;)
A number- of major defects have been identified in the
institutional set-up and v;ork.ings of thE' Society, as follows:
1) T he Soc i e l: y i s r u n h y g u v e r n men I~ em p 1 o y e e s an d n o t b a s e d
on community invo!vemer1l: despite being a cooperative.
\,,~~ The consequence is that ther-e is ton much dEO>pendence on
running of the .insLi.tution on qover~nmpnt-. functionaries,
who have only limitPd motivation. Also, the approach is
one of obtaining h<'Hldnuts fr-orn thP QOVfc'r-r1men t rather
10.5
th~n in ope~ating a~ a t~ue cn-opP~ative with
cont~ibutions from trainees and revcnu~ irom sale of
br·oadned in by irtvolvi.ng pen,plP of all v~alks of 1 ife.
ii) The Society has cortCI'-'rlt~ated lat~gely em its training
income gr'"rtet~ati.nq actJvi.tiPs pr-·oc:eed on ;1 sustainPd basis.
on a ~o~ope~ative basis is minimal. The martaqement funct.iun
iv) The inability to successf~lly market output has created
severe fin;oHtcial constraints to the n.tnninq of the
institution. !_pvel of fE?es is too lo1-·J. HovJever·, vJillir1gr1E'';s
to pay mo~e is limited t1y the lack of CJffonJabil{ty on thP
pa~t o·f most t~ainccs and by the absencF' of ber1ei its ft~om
t~aining in thf" for·m of hiqher-· income gene~ati.on.
1'\;1
'"""'
-
10.6
10.2. TilE NASARF'UT< KIIFS PrlrJDUCFnS CfJUPHUH IVE SUC I ETY
r,J a s a r p u r- i s a b o u t 50 k .i 1 o rn P t n.? s e a s 1: i rom H y d e r a b 'A d . · T h .1 s t c1 vJ 11
has a very old history.
bank of river Indus and cr.nh·r:o for rnanuf.:1cturing ar1d
colouring the cloth ar1d potter-y rnakirHJ. It also acted as a small
port for boat tr--iJcle to otl1r~r countries.
The town is ·famous few its hand rne1de s.i.lk cloth called "U_INGI",
w h i c h r i c he r· p eo p 1 e IIH" ;u- cw1 head as a symbol of wealth, and for
"KHF:S".
a blanket. Both Lungi and Khes take one month to make just Oil F'
piece. During the Talpur's rule of ~1indh, l:hesP items
as gifts to .other r~.if1r:JS Of the sub-continent.
D .i f fer· en t types of c 1 o t h an? made in the t-. o vm . F o t" r .i c 11 l ad i e s
silk cloth is callPd "f3ARBI" or "~·3UUSJ" and for roor people it
is made from cotton and called "r·JCJTHFW" and "r:JiADAR" or "niADI"
All the cloth is·made fr·orn hand loomc;. Beautiful qua 1 i ty pot ter·v
and tiles are alsn m~de in N~sarpur. It is nnt surprising
this town was called thr:• tovm of art.isans. ~·Jher1 river Ir1dus
changed its direction, this town collapsed and people migrated
to the other towns and cities.
10.7
A t p r- e 5 en t t he r o p u L'l t: i on o f t h i s to vm i 5 a b o u t 1 0 , 0 0 0 . T he r- e ~ "'
a hiqh school for- boys and r .. ·-imar·y and middle scttoC11 for- boys anci
gir-ls, cer-amics and health centr-e,
vetP.rinary ho~;pital, banks <'Hld a telP.phone !?)~Change. It
a water supply and dr-ai~aqo system.
Mr. Ashfaque Qazi, former- Regis~r-ar of Cooperative Societies,
visited Na~arpur- town in 1982 and met with KHES ar-tisans. The
trade was in very poor condition and skilled worker-s had left
khes making and if-Jere lookirHJ sources of incomE'. Jr1
r-esponse tQ this pr-oblem, the Khes Producers Co-oper-ative Societv
was established irt clune 19El2 to r-E?v.i.talise of artisans CJ.nd thr?.ir-
businE?ss. Thrc: Sindh government pr-ovided a building, ten h"lflrl
looms and initial cCJ.pital for- raw material to the Society.
A number- of factors have contr-ibuted to success of the society,
as follm"ls:
.1. Pr-eviously a l 1 U1e mrc>mber-s wer-r~ vmr;- king on individual basis.
material was done on a
personnl basis. (~ f tE;-r- \-he est.':IIJl.ishrnent of thE> soc.i.e.>ty this
prob 1 em has bocn c:,o l ved and with collective efforts thP
pr-oducers are able to get good pr-ices from the mrJrket. Ther-e
eas\ly
'
., L •
4.
5.
'10.8
contact and place orders. This has created a stable market
of raw materials nnw takes
place on a bulk b0sis. C:onsrooquently, it is .possible t.o qe?r ,,
d i. s co u n t , '" /1 i c h h ,-, s t ... 2 ri t.J c r,-:- c1 U lf'.-' cos t. of pro ri l J c t .ion .
in advance, br='Crli.J"·r", pt .. ices HPre increasing day by day.
they have f u n d s t u h 11 y r- ,-:H\1 mi'd:cot-.ials on a collective basis.
A 1 so , d u e t o 1 a r·: k o f ·f .i. n .. 3 11 c e , p t' o dt 1 c P r s vJ e n:-~ f o r c e d t: o sc J J
their product at very loH rates or even at loss. Now they can
get raw~material and cash as a loan from the society.
But no'" the society has tr-air1pd over .. 30 younq boys in tl1.is
skill.
P r e v i o u s 1 y t h rc~ p r .. n d u c e , .. s did not havE' ,"'\rly mar .. keting
experience
The Society now h~~ a slock of products of Rs. 1,50,000 and
o f , .. a Vv m a I.e i i. a l D f A h o u t R c:; • l . ~' () , 0 0 0 .
DE.'spi te t:.he ohvirJUS rc;ucCF'SS Df tiH"' S(:>ciF>I.y,
rlumber o·f rn.i.ti.cJat..ir-ICJ f,.'.\Ctor-o.; wl1i.ch h.=Jvc·' li.rnited ito=.
operations, as follows:
10.9
i. Due to lack of education, workers are under constant
pressur-e of go·.;ernment co--operative depar-tment offici.3]c: ..
' These officials treat the society as their personal
pr-operty ,-.nd on eac~1 tr-ip they take some output l"...ithuut
pr-oper paymen 1:.
ii. Due to old tPc~mology, the productivity is low in
comparison to the private sector which is using power
looms, with four times more output than hand looms. This
' comr;?etition is limiting Ul~C0 returr1 from proc1uction of
' Khes cloth.
' '
iii. In the CP.rltn'" there is no display corner. If any
potential customer visit~ the society office or building
' he cannot select immediately from the range of pr-oduc 1:s
' available.
' iv. There is no marketing staff to develop new business.
' v. Theno> is need for tr-aining .i.n modern tPchnology and
market: or-iented dPsigning.
'
10.10
10.3. THE "HUNnRI'lAND" Tt-fE nrcr>r_rw CENTRE
OF THE SOCIAL l!JELFAIH':: DEPilFn MENT
)
The department of social welfare of thc> government of . S.i.nd/1 is
running 14 full--flP.dqe?d socio--economic CE'ntr·es few vvornen ir1
at the taluka tovm leve'l. It t'\/aS nonnal prac Lice of the
d e p a r t men t t.o s e l 1 t h C? products from these centres at fairs,
exhibitions and melas. However, producers have to wait long tim<='
to dispose of their good<;. T/lis is difficult for· Drtisans and
who cannot afford to wait such long tjme lo get their
labour charge. It is Also very expensive to Dt·ganisC? a st.all or>
these occasions plus tH-?at'" the e:-:penses of staff deputed
purpose.
In viet'! o·f the ner?d for conti.rlUCJI..Is marketing, it t-Jas essential trJ
set up the department· s ovm display cent_r·e in a large city like
Karachi. This sch~me was approved in 1987. fhe centre camel in to
operation recently in 1991. It hAs U1c llclme "I-11Jf'.J()flf'1AND" vJh.i c 11
s k i ] l Eo' rJ w or k p r· . (J h j P. c t i v p <; o f til i ~"
-follOhiS:
1. To support low income skilled workers of the p r o v .i. r1 c e b)'
10.1"1
selling their products.
2. To provide regular income to the low income women folk through
regular sale of their product.
3. To maintain quality ~s required by the market,
4. To encourage and intl~od;_;ce nev-J technology through mobile
training and guidance to the rural women.
5. To intr.oduce trad.itionFd and cultural crafts .in big cities as
vvell as in the intenlational mal-kf't
6. To study the mar·kpt tr-end and requir·ernents and provide proper
training to the local artisans.
"""' ... , project preparation the future requi ncmen ts u f
technical staff and budget to run the centre were not careful Jy
workP.d out. As a result,the display centre is lacking pt-oper
technical trained staff. The existing staff has recently beerl
transferred from other projects or locations and they an? still
getting their salaries from these projects. Consequently, they
are not working VJi th .i.n teres t. 1 h"?y hnve not been given <HlY
s p e c i a 1 t r a .i n in g to run t he c en t 1 e • T hE' y f e e 1 t h a t t hey been s e r1 t
on punishment so they are not motivated to increase the sale or
demand.
-----~---------
10.12
This centr-e does own budqet. Ther-rfor-e,
buy goods m~de to ar-tisans nr-
sale basis. i 3 no incPntivr::-! sprcial allowance to
employees or· me1k.i.nq effor··ts nt
incr-easing the sale.
To date the cer1 tno" has only C1r1e sur:cpsc; in its br-iPf history.
This was a t t hE! t_i_ m f:' o f i r 1 e1 u CJ u r a l: i o r1 , t--Jhr"fl bPC:<'JUSc oF publici t_- y
' ol t.o dispose ?f year- - c; h -~ c k 1 o q i n o rl e cl .--. y . ! .l u t_- t: her- re> 2 f t F' r· 1: I 1 e
irlitial momP.nturn has rlot: beerl sust,3.ir-1ecJ. The" cenf:xro did
r-eceive many or-dPts hul: c:crJlci 1111t <o=0L.ic,fy 1:11Pm. Thc=> basic
the exper-t in the prir-tir:trlar pr-oduc:l:.
An o the r- b a 5 i c c o rl s tt- a i r 11 to ;-; u c c <=> s 5 f u 1 o fl P r-- c:1 t: i or 1 o f t he c <=> r 1 t.r· e i s
its location. Tt is curr-cr1tly lor::atP.ci .in
ar-ea. It should idr:cc:~ I 1 y have in an U p p E' I i fl C CHTH?
'41
. .._
~, __
10.13
lO.lJ. THE WfYTEI1, WDMF:N f\ND DFVL':t_or~MENT r'PO,H:OCT OF MEXICO
I n t 9 8 9 , t h e W o r 1 d Ban 1·: <'lf') p t· o v e d a l o an o f $ 2 0 m i l 1 i on for· this
project: The project is unique in that .i.t ir1tE'grates ar1 incom~-?
gener·ating compo11enl: for-· v-JDrnr=:rl hrith i1. corlvF'nl-.icmal r·ur··a] wat:c>r-
supply and sanitation project. lhe objective is to maximise thP
benefits from t.he 1 at ter ar1d to mobi 1 ise t·esources for adequate
cost r-ecover-y.
The borrower of the loan is the Natior1al Development Bank for
Publit Works (8ANDBI1AS) and the beneficiaries are the State Water
Companies and ·financ.ial in b=:rmed iar i es .in three stat'es
(t"licheacan, Duen=:taro, Hidalgo). cornponE'n t
constitutes 72 Z of the project cost .:u1d the income generating
component, 19 /.. fJ r· i m <1 r y .i. n p u t s in the latter are
,:;va.i.lable \!-! i l l be used, first, by financial
intermediaries in f:llP p,lrtic i.pating states to support th~?
investment and vvorking capital n2eded by the beneficiaries to
productive activities i'lnd, SPCOfld, to provide technical
assistance to the ager1cy ( .-m [\IG[J) in eac r1 state in charge uf
project promotion at c ommun .i. t. y l eve 1 • Ir1c:ome g E'fl e I" ;1 t. in q
activiti~s will most likely involve micro~ent~rprises under som~
forrn of co-operative Dv·Jf'1e.t·ship.
The estimated number ike1y to benefit from the?
10.1 1+
income generation component is 5000. A special set of criteria
has been p I' 0 j E' C t , r hE' S I? C r· i t_ E' I' j_ c.'!
include cost o ·f vsa ter s CJ u r c e , p o t E" r1 t i a 1 t_irrH:o savings i 11 hi a t P. r
related activities, deqree of community marqinality (as assessed
by social indicators) and deqree of participatory experience CJ f
community. Estimat:c.ori fir1i:Jrlc5al returns ·from the income genrcr-at:i.n]
fr·orn 2'7' I. to
of 'J I. to 15 /..
Irlformaticm on the degn-~e of the success that the projpc t l1ac-, h:'>d
to date and the constraints identified is not available.
,,..._ -- 11. 1
C II () P T E R E L E V F N
.·:;, This is the last ChaptP.r of the Study. It br- inqs together· l:h'"
p r- i n c i p a l fi n d i n t;.l s o f t h e f i e l d i.rw e s U. q a t i. em ~; 0nd analysis, and
u s e s · t hem t o cl F? v e 1 n p t he <; tx a t e g y f o r p r om o 1: i. r 1 q i n c om e C,.l en e r a 1: i n q
activities by wnmPn in the rursl areas o f ~.:; .i. r1 d h w t1 i r: h a r· f"> 1 i. k e 1 y
to benefit in the ne><t few years from irnpr·oved provis.i.on of 1·;at'?r-
supply. As such, ~3r.~c t .i. on ll. L. briefly hi.ghliqllts
conclusions of the previous Chapters. Section 11.2. presents lhe
strategy for development of income generating activities. Section
11.3. highl iqhts the irnp 1 E'fTlf?fl ta tior1 methodology. Section 11.4
f:)I"E?Sents the pr .. OpOSPd [II"OQI"i)fllllle CJf WCWK fDI" detailed des.ignir1q of
the pr-oject.
ll.l PHINCIF'AL F!ND1Nr;s
The prinr:.ip=!l fir1dings of l'l1e study are as follm.,;s:
The commissioning
11.2
time savi.ngc.; .in the pr-ocurerm?nt of water-.
of the tirnP
saved in fetching watpr following impr·ovem2nt in supnly is likely
to be diverted to the pursuil: of income qerwrat.ing activit.ie; hy
women. This is bF?c,Juse t<-Jomen r--espons.i.t11P f CJI'
procur :i ng and in their· daily seque:?nce of a c t i v i I·_ i P "' ,
fetching VJ<'l ter and .income activities f 0] 1 Ot'V
other. Ow tile average, a skilled woman can increase the tirne
devoted tCJ productive activities by 1 to 1 J/2 hours per day,
subject to other constraints to incomE? generating activities
being removed.
skills ;,re
·fairly t'Videspn=>ad in ~.3inc11li v.i.ll<H]P~'3 and lar~ely acquired on
.infor·mal basis transfer. Util.i:;at.iDrl
rates of skills var-y significantly depend.inq on t.he
characteristics of the woman and her household and on loc<'ll
demand factors for different cottage cr-afts. The basic quP.stion
is not one of the availability but of the quality
relevence of existing skills.
"'ch s of
11.3
We l fat~e Department and the specialised training
~3 .i. n d h S m a J. l I n d u s tr· i e s r:: o ,- p o ,-a t i on • B a s i c c on s t r a i n t s to P :' p c:m d E' rl
rna.CIIitH"s, equ.i.pment:, h11i lc1.i.nq spC~cP, f .i nances anrl
adequate training staff. r·1os!: of
female~ .• The out.r·ec1Ch to r·ural a1··eas .i_s vet-y 1 i.mited.
c: lianr1<~ 1 s ii r· e 1 J r1 ci e ~ · rle v e J c; p e c.! ar1d
largely 1 A C k D -f S p 2 C: i a 1 .i ~; :; t i C fl
has c:rec.lit ~larketiflrJ
essentially t.hr·ough
payments to them following sole
middlemen, t•JholesalE'IS ,'1nd r·rtai.lF't-s ar·e cumulat.i.vro'ly high. Or1! y
about 50% tb 60% to r:·or·Jsurnerc;; a:-::r:r-ues t~cl
f·lyder·a bad and Sukktlr. Prt-ceptior1 of quality Df prDdr . .Jcts of
consumer··s is generally e~: is 1:. i 11
tradet- · s assessment of fu tun;: pn:1=opec ts for cJ iff '-~r ~=>nl·.
cot taqe c ra ftc;. Th!? mCJ5 t. huoyan t: e;-; pF:>r: tat i rms of q r OL'J th in dF'rnarJd
ar·e related to skills of rornbrojcito·r·y, kr1ittir>c: ,'"r'd c-:,t-itrhi_rlg.
; ::.)
1'1.4
gpner-ally small, belcH<! ~;ono f'lc;. rviD~t o-f t.he cr-Prjit is .infonn:<l .i.r1
char·acter-, obtained relatives. Acce~s
to for-mal e1 g r- .i c u l t u r· a 1 d e v e I o r 1rn"' r 1 t
hank. or- commerci._:tl har1ks is nPgliqii:J.le. i'1D'-5 t 0 f
shor-t ter-m .in do not
Ther-e is
-from non-government ClqPncies.
~I
~· t hr?rne r·u rl r1 i r1 g l: h r· ou CJ h the local C2SP.
studiro>s is the i.mf1C11'- !:.FJflCP 0 f m i3 r·- 1·:. E' t .i_ 11 C) and credit in en<:;ur· i ng
success of iflCOmro gener--,l tinq Flct:iv.i ty. The [\!oor i
Handicr-aft (:)ociety ha.s hAd some succp<:.s in its training r-ole,; bul: !
t:he ef-fort has fl 0 1: beer1 sustained due to lack of in r: ornr~
gr?ner-ation causeci ll)' the aLF3E?rlce of rnFu--ket:ing 1 inks. In
of 1\1 as a r- p u ,- I< he s P r· CJ d u c e r· s Couper a !: i v P S D c i e t y , r e v i t a J j s a t i or 1 u f
ski 11 s in carl c1 t t:r· i bu terj to the
availability of working canital fnr bulk purchase at lower prices
of ra~ materials and for timing CJf sales tu maxJ.mlse rev~nues.
Social
lAJelfare Depar-tment ~v1oc; alr-r?ady nm into rliffjcr!lties du<c> to 1 a c: k
of deve1Dpmen1:. of rn a I" k F' (: i r 1 q t1 r· 1-- i'l r1 g r:o m ~ r 1 t s ,1 r1 d
policy for CJutput.
. ]ilp i.nt-Prnal:.i.DI\a] CcJS~ r.trrd)l or1 thE' l•.),li:.!?r, 1-0ornc:·n ar1d DE?ve l opmer1 t
Project in rv!f?X.iCD, highlights Lhe
imrnriFJnce of ar1d tr airl.i.fllJ i fl stimule1ting i r1 r: orn2
.. .•
:~ 11.5 _i
generating activities.
11..2. SH?A fEGY FDH I f\ICmlE !3LNERnl I NG PfW,JECI
The above findings clearly highlight the impor-tance of thP inputs
- credit, marketing and tt-ainirlg-in an income generating project
based on cottage crafts for th~ rural women of Sindh. Among i tfw
inputs, the ranking of priority appe~rs to be first, c.n=:rlit;
second, mark e t in g a r1 d t hi r· d , t r· a in i r1 g . The highest ranking for
) credit is established by the fCJ.ct tl1at in a lar·ge number- of coses
) women can .only commence income generating act-ivities in any
) significant way if they have some c c1 pi t a 1 j n i t i a l 1 y for- pur- c il <0 s e
of tools, equipment and is ne)< t: .i.r1
importance bf'cause the activit.y can only be sustained if adequate
arrangements exist for transport and for generating a stream of
income from sale Jarge being pre-empted by
intermediaries and ensuring that the women get a fair deal ·for·
labour). T he i_ m p o r- t a m~ e o f at least in the
initial stages, is not so great because skills appear to be
widely prevalent. l!-Jha t is r·efir1ernent of the
existing skills to improve quality and to increase markrot
relevence of these 5kills.
The key to success Cr:Juld lt!EC J l ] .i. P in _intr~qrAting
marketing, 1'"ithout the n'? l a t j o ll s h i p acqu i r'"ing an e x p l r:J i t i '-.t e
as is lilcr?ly t·_o ; f
11.6
link be ttAJeen su pp 1 y and demand of tl1e cot tagP pn1duc t.s.
function cDuld
in the nJra 1
such an agency, as IJy their· pre fr..:>r·er1ce for
The need for· a cornrnuni ty b.o1sed V i 1 ] 3 CJ 2 l 0 J f" ] , ·c
also clear-ly ir1dir::ated. I:=: <C. tab l. .i :; hrnen t of i n d j v .i. ci u 3 1 r:rerli.t-.
r- e l a t i on s ~1 i .p s t·~ i U 1 Horne n b y <'lrl y f i n '"' n c .i ri .1 i. n 1: e nne d i a r· y a r e l .i k F' J '/
to be expensive g.i.ven thf? small. s.i.:::e potentially of lo,=,ns and thE?
inherently
gener-ally
r.-isky charActer· of sucl1 ler1dinq in t:he aiJSPilCP
'~ornen. C 1 ear 1 y, fJ r- o u p b a sed 1 e r1.d i n g i s t h e on 1 y o p t i on . J t t··J i 1 l
not only cr-P.ctte sorne PCCJnnrn.i.r'S of ''iCF11P. .i.n lP.nding Of'JE:'r--at.i.on·:; btJt
thr-ough peer- group rn=>ssur·e ( ,;~c; in the ()r-;'!rneen Bar1k modr"l) er1sure
enforceability of r·f=>payrnerl t.. [ t ~~ i 1 I a I "' o facilitate
repeat borrowing as a credit rpcorrl is establish~d.
In addition, for- special txar1spor·t and mar· k r-? t .. i. n q a, .. ,-a 11 q erne n t. s t: o
be evolved it is llE?.C>?SSi'll-y that tilP c-; u p fJ l y o f r· a w rna t. e r- i. ii 1 ·; '' r 1 cl
cJut:r>ut· is in bu.lk for"m,
prohibitivE? t. hP. rl is pro? r .. ~·~'d Vi.] ] i-lflPS ·'lf1d
s e v (o> r· E' l y c u t .i. n t o f: 11 P n=:> t u r- n 1: n v-.' D rn ~ n f r ·om p r- o d u c t .i. v P ;H · t .i. v i. f .i. r"' s .
rlP~ci for .. ,:1 :;pr: onri l eve 1 .i n t e r- rn p cl .i .=ll'· y ( l.i k P ,:,
[\)(~0) to per .. · form UlP joint rune Lion of c n"ci it prCJvis.Lcn ;Hlci
rnarket.i.r1g. This also builds .irt ti1P pn>sp'?ci: of h.i.<;JflPI" , .. or:r1vpr \' ,,f
:~
:~
... ,
'\ .,
,
loans through deductions at SOIHCE' at the time t·dl!?n
made to thP \'JCHnrrl for· the.i1~ oul:r:>~Jl· .. This vJill minimise the dP(_ll'·ce
of exposun:> to 1110rkr:>t risk o·f
f l Cll'V of incomE' clrld -=m incE'rltive
operation. Women may even be vJi l .ling to accept ::-.omP
The village be s 1.1 p p o r !: r: d .i rl i t s
oper·atic:fnc;;, as i.rHiicated in tt1e scl1ematic r-epr·esental:ior·l of
project in Char· 1:. I t v.J.i.l l nr?ed access displ.oty
preferably loc~terl in the largest citi~s of the provinr:~, !· .. '!,F.""'t.0-'
bulk of thE? consumers reside. In a.ddil:ior1, .it \'-Jill
c , .. P d i t 1 i n e f r" o rn A. ·f i. r1 i'l n c i a 1 i n ""· t i t u t i on 1 i k e l-\1 om ell · s EJCJI'i· fOI"
on t-\1 a r d 1 e r Hi .i. n q to lA' o rn c n <'lfl d f o ,.. p ,.- o '/ i d i r 1 q w o , .. k in q c a p j_ t a 1 lo its
marketing 1: he dPVP.l Oflf!IC'fl t- of -'1 t_ I' •'1 j [1 j f I CJ
ol--gi'lfl i sed t i·lrCJurJ 11
t , .. a i n .i n g .i n s !: .i 1: u t i c1 r·1 , Jjke the s~~in-economJc centres, L·_,j th
cievelopment of mobi.le trc-d.ll.inr;J fac.il.il:ir,~s.
I t r'1 !l j V 0 l· r'l 1 n1 1 F' in the success Df t: h C:' i : 1 c rvn C'
qenerating project will he played by the f\IGCJ in rnotivati.r1q ar1d
or-ganising t.he COOs level and in deve 1 Dpirl'J the
and there:
initially be a thP ~.\(_)[] idPntifier:l fd1-- ll1i.s
of -c1clrl i! i rJrl-J l
CHART-I
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE INCOME GENERATING PROJECT
MARKET
CONSUMERS
l DISPLAY
CE:NTRES
SOCIO-ECONOMIC 1------1 r----____.._ __ 1
WOMEN'S CENTRE
TRAINING
VILLAGE
SALE OF CRAFTS
COMMUNITY (WOMEN WITH
SKILLS)
BANK
1'1.8
)
11.9
f u n d 5 f o 1 h i r- i n g t he r- e q u i. s i t e s L'1 f f .
tl. 3. H11'LEt-1!::NTA T J UN t1E T f lfJD[]LOL3Y
e>-<pect that the for· nrganisinq tl:e irH nn1r· i
generating project will first be tested on~- pilot project hasis.
The recommended stages in implementation process are descr·ibed in
2. There are essentially four stages. ThP first stage is
Th<=> ~-IL30 to perform its functions. T h i ,, i n c J r _ _r d -oo""
identificatior: of an r~i th somP e~~peri<:er1r:e
alr-eady in i.ncorne genE-ra Ling act . .i. v j_ 1: .i es, i t:_s
strengthening,development of plans and identification of f:ilP
project are~s.
The secomi stage is preparatiorl CJr the village cornrnuniiy n F
skilled women for embarking in a bigger way in income qcner-a tir:g
ac:t:ivitiE>s. This V! .i I l motivat.ional by s L i.1 f f
in these villages to .assess thf?ir rlPE'ds ·for- credit, rn,"lrketing ar1c:i
assistance in thE> forrnaticm of vi l 1 age g r· ou p s
receive credit and coll.E>c:t cJul:put f o ,- m OJ r· k P t i r 1 q .
Following needs 1-1 I_~ [I c a r1 p r o c e 12 d to !.he t.hi ,-d
stage o·f esta.b.lishirH] ,:Jr·-r-allCJP.flH"nt:~" few cn::clit: hl.i. th the f inar:c id J
institution the vJorn'''rl · s narlk)' marke t.i.r:q
designated display cen tt· Ps in t.he fnr
Ol"ganisat.i.on of mobile t:r-a in j r1cJ
institution (probably r/:p or the Scc::i-•1
Welfare Depa•tment:).
' "
' •
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CHART-II
STAGES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS OF TH:::: PILOT PROJECT
IDENTIFICATION OF NGO
I STRENGTHENING OF NGO
I DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS
I IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT VILLAGES
I COMMENCEMENT OF MOTIVATIONAL .,
VISITS TO VILLAGES
I GROUP MEETINGS WITH WOMEN TO IDENTIFY CREDIT, MARKETING AND
TRAINING NEEDS
I FORMATION OF VILLAGE GROUPS
ESTABLISHMENT OF ARRANGEMENTS BY NGO FOR CREDIT, MARKETING & TRAINING
CREDIT DISBURSEMENT, TRAINING ENSUES PROCUREMENT OF OUTPUT •
ON - GOING REVIEW OF ABOVE METHODOLOGY
It is expected that monthly visits will made by the NGO staff to obtain repayment of credit and to procure the output.
11.1G
11.11
The four-th stage w j l 1 be the -"1 c 1-. u a 1 c o rn m '=' r·1 c em P n t of
gener-ating activities by thP. v.ill.=~qe gnJups f o l 1 ot"i in q
e><tension of c r· PrJ i t n n d l: r- a .i. n i. n q . f he Nl)(J t'·' i 1 l
output at this fo1- tl-anspor- t
centres f 01- f i n 2 l s '1 l P
volume of activ.ity incl-teases the NGO could evPntually e::otabli:ch
its ov;n mar-ket.ing outl'ets .in the ci.ties. nt- this st;1~7e,
going can be ttncle ,- 1.: .=~ken D f. the succr:=:ss of tilE:' a i!D'.· C'
implementation methodology.
-~
' '
' ' ' ,
.., ..
' ,
11. 12
11.'1. DETAILED PR(J,H':C:T PFHT'nfUH lfJN
This study
income generating pl~oj ec: t rul'"r'l 1 VJomen, \·;hi ch is to be
th.., nur'al kla:tel'" SUfJply :Hld Sc1nitation pr·oject
of the World Bank. Ttv~ c, tudy VJas a i rned ,3 t c'Stabl i.sh.ing the'
data base a n d p 1·· o v i cl i n q iHI the cr·iticcJl
questions relating
the nrc>xt phase vve fJI'O[JClSP detailed p~·D_iect
preparation. Th.i s wi 11 consist c1f Lhe foll oHing tasrcs:
recommended str~tPgy in
the previous sr:>ction that imp l emer1 te1 t ion
methodology should bo>sted out on a pilot projro•ct
basis before it i:~ replicated on a large scale in the World
Bank pt-oject an?a. Ideally, the pilot should be in
oper·u tion and be evaluated prior to ccmrnencernent of the rna_iotf
investments .in \'>lc1 tr:' I'" supr:ll y as part of tile El a nl:
project. Based on t h i s e >: p P ~- i en c e i t VJ .i. J 1 then be possible to
i.ntegrate the i.n c orne
investmr~nt i.n supply j ll villages included
improvement in service provi~ion.
The first task, t ll e r· e f o n? , i s t o i d en t .i f y the location of th~
pilot project. T h .i. s t'>~ i I J .i. lTv o l v E' s e l P r.. t i o 11 r?ight to r:erl
villaqes lm.::ated close d i 5 t 1·· i C t .
Clear-ly, the select.ion r1 i.ltO>ria should tJp such as t o m i3 '< j_ rr1 i s e
the likelihood of SLICCr'SS. rls the tasks in the
11.13
second phase of pl~oj ec t pr oj ec t ion w i l l be devE?lOj::'fTH?nt of
cr.i t:E?ria for- sEc:lecLinn oi ir1c:omEc' .genE>rat.irlg
activities should bP lDcated. ThP doof.ined in
l'-Ja t-er, Women and Development Project could r:onsti tute t:hf_~
T he s e -c l:t i t e r- i a include cost of s t a ~~ t i n g p o i n t .
pot-.P.ntial time savings in water related activities, degree of
cornrnun i ty rni:llg in,'ll i ty and degree of participatory
In addi ticm, l"le i:ll'- P .i r1 c l i r1 r? d to i. n c lu c1 e the e;~ is t.inq 1 eve 1 of
skills and degree of
additional criteria.
p 1·· o :< _i_ m i t_ y to a major consumer- market
Based on the above criter-ia, it st:ems at
pilot pr-oject b<? in the delta
i:1.S
zone, located as closF? FlS poss.iblF.? e.i ther· t_ () Hyderilbad en
~(arac hi. If the choice is the district of Thatta, for example,
then d~monstratecl in Chapte1~ pad:icipation in incomP
gerlETating activit.i.Ps in this a>E'''1 is hir]ll, [lntential t .i rne
savings from .imprDverl Sllpply r~r-e sigr·Li.ficarl1-, the loc3tion is
close to K2rachi and f'.lf.J(Js are more active in tllis area. In
addition, SCOflC' for ir1tegrat.ion V-J.ith ha rclv~a r·e investmer1ts
subsequl~rltly .is r-nmponents of the
Bank pr~oj ec t j s pi 1 r• t- lfl tiH? cielta zone
villages wit-h popr_1] -'1 t. i rms fr-om to 1000. Th"'
proposed executing aC_]rr1cy is t-.he F'fiF:"D and tllr0 likely choice of
technology is commun;:l tanks h'.ith a canal vJa trc?l~ sour~ce ancJ
treatment by means of slow sand filter u~its and chlorinators.
Costs are likely to be high , the r<c l 1 y s t 1- e r1 g 1: hen i rH] t: he
·for an incomf' CJ P n f" r r1 t. j IHl p r o _j f? c: t t. CJ p n s LH- P a higher cJpqrE'E' cf
11.14
c o s \: r· e c o v e 1 y f r· om tJ r-' r H~ f i c i a 1 i e s .
ind.ical:rcd e;ul ier, the key
e:<ecuting agency for the income generating project is the NGO.
It IAJ i 1 1 not est.Abl ishinq CBO~; of
skilled women
on 1 y t, e
but alsrJ for provision of credit, marketing Df
output and arranging the training. se)pr:ted
s h o u 1 d a 1 1 e a c! y have h.::< d s D n1 e e x p E? 1 i. r. r1 c e i n p ,~om D t i on o F i n r: cHn e
generation activities r~rnong If nr"J t, j t <;::,hou 1 ri
have Pxhib.itecl some int:r~rrost rJct-ivities
and a willi_ngrH?ss to extend
Alternatively, it '-'>houl d a 1 ready r-ural wnrnen
in the
sanitation, education, health, etc.
CJur·· task will be to assPss differPnt c,?!fld.i.cirJl:e f\JCiCJs and selr2ct
one which has tile greatest potential for· SUCCF?SS.
this \'-! i 1 1 inputs nf t.Pr::lmical assic~\:ance,
staffing, etc, n::L]Uired to strer1gthen it
of initiating the Pl""()j E'C t: in the t-3rqPt
ar·ea.
r1umbe1 0 f
p o s s i b i 1 i t i e ~, ex i s f·. vv i. t 11 r e q a r· r.l t u t 11 e c 11 o i c F' n f t h c:o
i n s t i t u t .i on f D t~ f u r1 n e l l .i llfJ r: r-ed _i t t.o tilE' skilled v1Dmen '/i,OJ th::?
NGU. The (igr-icull:ur-al f)r-'vF'loprnPrll. ill
the r-ural
agriculture only. It rn F1 '>' b r:.;, i. n t·• e t. I· "'-' r- posjtion to explnit its
11. 15
)
cr-edit to women and tha:_ too .i.r1 the'! for-m of srnall ]oi'HlS,
generally without pr-oper c o 1 1 a t e r- -:< .1 I t h ,, s h i. s l: o r· i c a J l y bPP11
involved in dir~ct rwuvi<;i.orl nf
' NGO. Commercial i.Janl<s h,-:~ve simi.li31" pr-ob l erwo;.
the att.r~acti.ve pr-nspP.ct at t. h .i. s s t a q e
vJomen. 5 Ela.nk v.Jh ich has the m.:HJCiatr:: for-· promoting in r: or~·'?
g~nerating activities amonq Nomen throuqh provision of credit.
Given the absr:r1cP of ll c t v-J or-- k .i t
prefer to \'-!or--k_ (hrnuqrl Lhe 1\JGQ.
We will atb;,rnpt in the to determine the ]PVC'! n·f
interest of d j_ f f P /"ell t f j flclnC iFll ir1sUtutions in cr-ecJjL
provision in an income generating pr·oj ec t for
This vJ.i.ll IJ E' f n l l Q l-.' P d by devP.loprnRnt n·f i'Hl OfJer-at.i.onal C:J''f"CI.i. f·
plan which will specify t/lrc-> pnJpor t ion of credit that can be
pnJv ided by the f.i.nanc.ial. inst:i.tuti.r:m thl=l
project fr-om
t 11 E' donor- agency . T 11 e plan h'ili also cJetenni fiE'
the number of potential borrowprs, size of loan and repayment
ter~rns.
ClUJ" pre.lirnirl-'H-y
identi-Fi.cation nf t-.I1P f:")~ecut.inq agency few the rnobi.le .tr--airJir:n
programme in ptnjpct-_ are. Soc .i u--rc nr1 0111 i c_
r·', r. Vo i, _ ..
!1ave
, .. ; l i. ':. ··'·' < -· :; ::1 ._ .. ,,,,hi r: l P·:-;.
Another agency program are thr?
Multipurpose centres, also of the Social v;elfare De par tmen t .
These centrE'?s less endowed v'i th training faculty
equipment, but because of 1 oca t ior1s at the tal.uk;J
headqua~ters level 2re closer to the potential rural trainees.
In the choice of the train.ing institution, is,
therefore, a trade-off betw~en location and capability.
We will make a recommendation as to wll_i c h type of trair1ing
rcollo~·dng institution should be included in project~
detailed .m~etings staff .in the recommended
institution located within the project area, we ~'"i 11 then
identify the detailP.d requin"ment of techrliCill assistance,
staff, vehicles, equj pmPnt, E?tc., to launch a mobile training
program.
area is to develop thP r e c: e r1 t~ l y E? s tab 1 ish f? rl t£~J_a_c_m_<.:UJ g_ dis p l a y
centre in Karachi of the Social Welfare Department to act as
one of the key marketing outlets for- thl"' pr--oject. This vJ.i_ll
require a detailed study of the in terms
training of staff, rr-ovision uf wor-king capital, irnprovernPrlts
ir1 mFlnagernent, ct1i'H1QP of location, etc, to make .it
effective as a displ.~y centr~ and point of sale.
detailed
c1 i f f e t"' en t
project
inputs of each
of the key outputs of the
e :-: e r· c: _i's e vJ .i. l 1 be costing of
,"\qf?rlcy involvPd in the incornro
11.16
11.17
Tilt='Si? he,
pn=:>c i se fol- thP j:li1Cll pr oj f'C t s \>'ltlE'
the evt~~"ni:IJ<ll
pn1j ec t.
vJ i. l l IJ e i n t ro q r a t e d vn th the D 0Jr1 k
1 ilP ~f i lhlllC i IH] p r r 1 j r" c t~ t·.r ~i 1 1 01lso be c!eveloprd.
lh.is vd.ll i r I P n ~ .i f y , i n p a 1 1·. i. c t 1 l a t ~
available as
c CJ u n t e r p C\ ,- t f u n t:l i n q i. 11 c as l1 <'lf 1 d
ar1d the v.i] 1 <HJf? r~ClflllnlJI1 i i.E's.
\c.irHI fr'CJrn [}r:JVPr'"tlfllPf1t o~f Sir1dl1
